Revenue (Notes)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

REVENUE

REVENUE

The following tables disaggregate our revenue by major source for the years ended December 31 (in millions):

	2021
	Company Excluding Ford Credit		Ford Credit		Consolidated
Vehicles, parts, and accessories	$	120,973	$	—	$	120,973
Used vehicles	2,358		—		2,358
Services and other revenue (a)	2,651		161		2,812
Revenues from sales and services	125,982		161		126,143
Leasing income	286		5,291		5,577
Financing income	—		4,560		4,560
Insurance income	—		61		61
Total revenues	$	126,268	$	10,073	$	136,341

	2022
	Company Excluding Ford Credit		Ford Credit		Consolidated
Vehicles, parts, and accessories	$	144,471	$	—	$	144,471
Used vehicles	1,719		—		1,719
Services and other revenue (a)	2,688		100		2,788
Revenues from sales and services	148,878		100		148,978
Leasing income	201		4,569		4,770
Financing income	—		4,254		4,254
Insurance income	—		55		55
Total revenues	$	149,079	$	8,978	$	158,057

	2023
	Company Excluding Ford Credit		Ford Credit		Consolidated
Vehicles, parts, and accessories	$	161,052	$	—	$	161,052
Used vehicles	1,873		—		1,873
Services and other revenue (a)	2,797		105		2,902
Revenues from sales and services	165,722		105		165,827
Leasing income	179		4,105		4,284
Financing income	—		5,980		5,980
Insurance income	—		100		100
Total revenues	$	165,901	$	10,290	$	176,191

__________

(a)Includes extended service contract revenue.

Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs when we transfer control of our vehicles, parts, or accessories, or provide services. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. For the majority of sales, this occurs when products are shipped from our manufacturing facilities. However, we defer a portion of the consideration received when there is a separate future or stand-ready performance obligation, such as extended service contracts or ongoing vehicle connectivity. Sales, value-added, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. The expected costs associated with our base warranties and field service actions are recognized as expense when the products are sold (see Note 25). We do not have any material significant payment terms as payment is received at or shortly after the point of sale.

NOTE 4. REVENUE (Continued)

Company Excluding Ford Credit

Vehicles, Parts, and Accessories. For the majority of vehicles, parts, and accessories, we transfer control and recognize a sale when we ship the product from our manufacturing facility to our customer (dealers and distributors). We receive cash equal to the invoice price for most vehicle sales at the time of wholesale. When the vehicle sale is financed by our wholly-owned subsidiary Ford Credit, the dealer is obligated to pay Ford Credit when it sells the vehicle to the retail customer (see Note 10). Payment terms on part sales to dealers, distributors, and retailers range from 30 to 120 days. The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize varies with changes in return rights and marketing incentives we offer to our customers and their customers. When we give our dealers the right to return eligible parts and accessories, we estimate the expected returns based on an analysis of historical experience. Estimates of marketing incentives are based on expected retail and fleet sales volumes, mix of products to be sold, and incentive programs to be offered. Customer acceptance of products and programs, as well as other market conditions, will impact these estimates. We adjust our estimate of revenue at the earlier of when the value of consideration we expect to receive changes or when the consideration becomes fixed. As a result of changes in our estimate of marketing incentives, we recorded an increase in revenue of $252 million and $209 million during 2021 and 2022, respectively, and a decrease in revenue of $147 million during 2023 related to revenue recognized in prior annual periods.

We have elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when control over vehicles, parts, or accessories has transferred to the customer as an expense in Cost of sales.

We sell vehicles to daily rental companies and may guarantee that we will pay them the difference between an agreed amount and the value they are able to realize upon resale. At the time of transfer of vehicles to the daily rental companies, we record the probable amount we will pay under the guarantee to Other liabilities and deferred revenue (see Note 25).

Used Vehicles. We sell used vehicles both at auction and through our consolidated dealerships. Proceeds from the sale of these vehicles are recognized in Company excluding Ford Credit revenues upon transfer of control of the vehicle to the customer, and the related vehicle carrying value is recognized in Cost of sales.

Services and other revenue. For separate or stand-ready performance obligations that are included as part of the vehicle consideration received (e.g., free extended service contracts, vehicle connectivity, over-the-air updates), we use an observable price to determine the stand-alone selling price or, when one is not available, we use a cost-plus margin approach. We also sell separately priced service contracts that extend mechanical and maintenance coverages beyond our base warranty agreements to vehicle owners. We receive payment at contract inception and the contracts generally range from 12 to 120 months. We recognize revenue for vehicle service contracts that extend mechanical and maintenance coverages beyond our base warranties over the term of the agreement in proportion to the costs we expect to incur in satisfying the contract obligations. Revenue related to other future or stand-ready performance obligations is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the period in which services are expected to be performed.

We had a balance of $4.3 billion and $4.4 billion of unearned revenue associated primarily with outstanding extended service contracts reported in Other liabilities and deferred revenue at December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We recognized $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion of the unearned amounts as revenue during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. At December 31, 2023, the unearned amount was $4.8 billion. We expect to recognize approximately $1.5 billion of the unearned amount in 2024, $1.2 billion in 2025, and $2.1 billion thereafter.

We record a premium deficiency reserve to the extent we estimate the future costs associated with extended service contracts exceed the unrecognized revenue. Amounts paid to dealers to obtain these contracts are deferred and recorded as Other assets. These costs are amortized to expense consistent with how the related revenue is recognized. We had a balance of $315 million and $317 million in deferred costs as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively. We recognized $81 million, $88 million, and $103 million of amortization during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 4. REVENUE (Continued)

We also receive other revenue related to vehicle-related design and testing services we perform for others, various Ford Next operations, and net commissions for serving as the agent in facilitating the sale of a third party’s products or services to our customers. We have applied the practical expedient to recognize Company excluding Ford Credit revenues for vehicle-related design and testing services over the two to three year term of these agreements in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice.

Leasing Income. We sell vehicles to daily rental companies with an obligation to repurchase the vehicles at an agreed upon amount, exercisable at the option of the customer. The transactions are accounted for as operating leases. Upon the transfer of vehicles to the daily rental companies, we record proceeds received in Other liabilities and deferred revenue. The difference between the proceeds received and the agreed upon repurchase amount is recorded in Company excluding Ford Credit revenues over the term of the lease using a straight-line method. The cost of the vehicle is recorded in Net investment in operating leases on our consolidated balance sheets and the difference between the cost of the vehicle and the estimated auction value is depreciated in Cost of sales over the term of the lease.

Ford Credit Segment

Leasing Income. Ford Credit offers leasing plans to retail consumers through Ford and Lincoln brand dealers that originate the leases. Ford Credit records an operating lease upon purchase of a vehicle subject to a lease from the dealer. The retail consumer makes lease payments representing the difference between Ford Credit’s purchase price of the vehicle and the contractual residual value of the vehicle plus lease fees, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease agreement. Depreciation and the gain or loss upon disposition of the vehicle is recorded in Ford Credit interest, operating, and other expenses.

Financing Income. Ford Credit originates and purchases finance installment contracts. Financing income represents interest earned on the finance receivables (including sales-type and direct financing leases). Interest is recognized using the interest method and includes the amortization of certain direct origination costs.

Insurance Income. Income from insurance contracts is recognized evenly over the term of the agreement. Insurance commission revenue is recognized on a net basis at the time of sale of the third party’s product or service to our customer.