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Retirement Benefits (Notes)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
RETIREMENT BENEFITS RETIREMENT BENEFITS
Defined Benefit Plans - Expense

The pre-tax net periodic benefit cost/(income) for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for the periods ended June 30 were as follows (in millions):
Second Quarter
 Pension Benefits  
 U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansWorldwide OPEB
 202220232022202320222023
Service cost$125 $75 $107 $61 $11 $6 
Interest cost264 405 133 242 37 57 
Expected return on assets(643)(480)(259)(223)— — 
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
1 — 5 5 — 1 
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss— 81 16 8 — — 
Separation programs/other7 10 10 57 (1)— 
Settlements and curtailments
— 3 — 1 — — 
Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$(246)$94 $12 $151 $47 $64 
First Half
 Pension Benefits  
 U.S. PlansNon-U.S. PlansWorldwide OPEB
 202220232022202320222023
Service cost$250 $147 $218 $122 $21 $11 
Interest cost527 813 267 479 74 115 
Expected return on assets(1,285)(966)(527)(442)— — 
Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
1 — 12 10 (1)2 
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss— 194 16 8 — — 
Separation programs/other11 12 17 61 (1)— 
Settlements and curtailments
— 45 — 1 — — 
Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$(496)$245 $3 $239 $93 $128 

The service cost component is included in Cost of sales and Selling, administrative, and other expenses. Other components of net periodic benefit cost/(income) are included in Other income/(loss), net on our consolidated income statements.

In the second quarter and first half of 2023, we paid lump sums for two of our pension plans, which resulted in a remeasurement of $89 million and $202 million, respectively, and settlement expenses of $4 million and $46 million, respectively.

Pension Plan Contributions
During 2023, we continue to expect to contribute between $500 million and $600 million of cash to our global funded pension plans. We also expect to make about $400 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans. In the first half of 2023, we contributed $234 million to our global funded pension plans and made $199 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans.