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Retirement Benefits (Notes)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2019
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
RETIREMENT BENEFITS RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Defined Benefit Plans - Expense

The pre-tax net periodic benefit cost/(income) for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for the periods ended June 30 were as follows (in millions):
 
Second Quarter
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
Service cost
$
136

 
$
114

 
$
151

 
$
127

 
$
13

 
$
11

Interest cost
366

 
409

 
173

 
173

 
49

 
52

Expected return on assets
(722
)
 
(649
)
 
(329
)
 
(281
)
 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
35

 
21

 
7

 
9

 
(28
)
 
(17
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
—

 
(10
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Separation programs/other
3

 
—

 
16

 
232

 
1

 
—

Settlements and curtailments
—

 
(50
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(182
)
 
$
(165
)
 
$
18

 
$
260

 
$
35

 
$
46

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
First Half
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
Service cost
$
272

 
$
228

 
$
303

 
$
256

 
$
27

 
$
22

Interest cost
733

 
818

 
349

 
349

 
98

 
105

Expected return on assets
(1,444
)
 
(1,298
)
 
(663
)
 
(567
)
 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
71

 
43

 
13

 
17

 
(55
)
 
(35
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
(26
)
 
(10
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Separation programs/other
14

 
1

 
18

 
244

 
1

 
—

Settlements and curtailments
(15
)
 
(50
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(395
)
 
$
(268
)
 
$
20

 
$
299

 
$
71

 
$
92



The service cost component is included in Cost of sales and Selling, administrative, and other expenses. Other components of net periodic benefit cost/(income) are included in Other income/(loss), net on our consolidated income statement.

As part of our ongoing global redesign activities, we recognized additional pension expense of $232 million and $245 million in the second quarter and first half of 2019, respectively, related to separation programs.  In addition, in the second quarter, we recognized a settlement, which required a plan remeasurement at current discount rates, asset returns, and economic conditions.  This resulted in a remeasurement gain of $10 million and a settlement gain of $50 million.  Until our global redesign actions are completed, we anticipate further adjustments to our plans in subsequent periods.

Pension Plan Contributions

During 2019, we expect to contribute about $650 million (most of which are mandatory contributions) from cash and cash equivalents to our worldwide funded pension plans and to make about $350 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans, for a total of about $1 billion. In the first half of 2019, we contributed about $400 million (including $140 million in discretionary contributions in the United States) to our worldwide funded pension plans and made about $150 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans.