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Retirement Benefits (Notes)
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Compensation and Retirement Disclosure [Abstract]  
RETIREMENT BENEFITS
RETIREMENT BENEFITS

Defined Benefit Plans - Expense

The pre-tax expense for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for the periods ended September 30 was as follows (in millions):
 
Third Quarter
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$
128

 
$
147

 
$
116

 
$
133

 
$
13

 
$
15

Interest cost
381

 
454

 
190

 
236

 
49

 
59

Expected return on assets
(673
)
 
(732
)
 
(329
)
 
(372
)
 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
43

 
38

 
9

 
13

 
(35
)
 
(51
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Separation programs/other
6

 
4

 
16

 
11

 
(1
)
 
—

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(115
)
 
$
(89
)
 
$
2

 
$
21

 
$
26

 
$
23


 
First Nine Months
 
Pension Benefits
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Plans
 
Non-U.S. Plans
 
Worldwide OPEB
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Service cost
$
383

 
$
440

 
$
358

 
$
401

 
$
37

 
$
45

Interest cost
1,143

 
1,363

 
587

 
707

 
146

 
178

Expected return on assets
(2,020
)
 
(2,196
)
 
(1,018
)
 
(1,116
)
 
—

 
—

Amortization of prior service costs/(credits)
128

 
116

 
28

 
36

 
(106
)
 
(154
)
Net remeasurement (gain)/loss
—

 
—

 
11

 
—

 
—

 
—

Separation programs/other
9

 
6

 
88

 
30

 
(1
)
 
1

Net periodic benefit cost/(income)
$
(357
)
 
$
(271
)
 
$
54

 
$
58

 
$
76

 
$
70



Beginning in 2016, we changed the method used to estimate the service and interest costs for pension and OPEB plans that utilize a yield curve approach. We now apply the specific spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant cash flows instead of using a single effective discount rate. Service and interest costs in the third quarter and first nine months were about $145 million lower and about $435 million lower, respectively, with the new method than they would have been under the prior method.

Pension Plan Contributions

During 2016, we expect to contribute about $1.2 billion from cash and cash equivalents to our worldwide funded pension plans (including discretionary contributions of about $100 million), down about $300 million from our previous plan due to recalendarization of contributions into 2017, and to make about $300 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans, for a total of about $1.5 billion. In the first nine months of 2016, we contributed about $800 million to our worldwide funded pension plans and made about $200 million of benefit payments to participants in unfunded plans.