FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Cash equivalents, marketable securities, and derivative financial instruments are presented in our financial statements on a recurring basis at fair value, while other assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as when we have an asset impairment.

Fair Value Measurements

In measuring fair value, we use various valuation methodologies and prioritize the use of observable inputs. The use of observable and unobservable inputs and their significance in measuring fair value are reflected in our fair value hierarchy assessment.


•	Level 1 - inputs include quoted prices for identical instruments and are the most observable


•	Level 2 - inputs include quoted prices for similar instruments and observable inputs such as interest rates, currency exchange rates, and yield curves


•	Level 3 - inputs include data not observable in the market and reflect management judgment about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the instruments

We review the inputs to the fair value measurements to ensure they are appropriately categorized within the fair value hierarchy. Transfers into and transfers out of the hierarchy levels are recognized as if they had taken place at the end of the reporting period.

Valuation Methodologies

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Included in Cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash, and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value due to interest rate, quoted price, or penalty on withdrawal. A debt security is classified as a cash equivalent if it meets these criteria and if it has a remaining time to maturity of 90 days or less from the date of acquisition. Amounts on deposit and available upon demand, or negotiated to provide for daily liquidity without penalty, are classified as Cash and cash equivalents. Time deposits, certificates of deposit, and money market accounts that meet the above criteria are reported at par value on our balance sheet and are excluded from the tables below.

Marketable Securities. Investments in securities with a maturity date greater than 90 days at the date of purchase and other securities for which there is more than an insignificant risk of change in value due to interest rate, quoted price, or penalty on withdrawal are classified as Marketable securities. We generally measure fair value using prices obtained from pricing services. Pricing methodologies and inputs to valuation models used by the pricing services depend on the security type (i.e., asset class). Where possible, fair values are generated using market inputs including quoted prices (the closing price in an exchange market), bid prices (the price at which a buyer stands ready to purchase), and other market information. For fixed income securities that are not actively traded, the pricing services use alternative methods to determine fair value for the securities, including: quotes for similar fixed-income securities, matrix pricing, discounted cash flow using benchmark curves, or other factors to determine fair value. In certain cases, when market data are not available, we may use broker quotes to determine fair value.

A review is performed on the security prices received from our pricing services, which includes discussion and analysis of the inputs used by the pricing services to value our securities. We also compare the price of certain securities sold close to the quarter-end to the price of the same security at the balance sheet date to ensure the reported fair value is reasonable.

NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Derivative Financial Instruments. Our derivatives are over-the-counter customized derivative transactions and are not exchange traded. We estimate the fair value of these instruments using industry-standard valuation models such as a discounted cash flow. These models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based expectations for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments. The discount rate used is the relevant interbank deposit rate (e.g., LIBOR) plus an adjustment for non-performance risk. The adjustment reflects the full credit default swap ("CDS") spread applied to a net exposure, by counterparty, considering the master netting agreements and posted collateral. We use our counterparty's CDS spread when we are in a net asset position and our own CDS spread when we are in a net liability position. In certain cases, market data are not available and we use broker quotes and models (e.g., Black Scholes) to determine fair value. This includes situations where there is illiquidity for a particular currency or commodity or for longer-dated instruments.

Ford Credit's two Ford Upgrade Exchange Linked securitization transactions ("FUEL Notes") had derivative features that included a mandatory exchange to Ford Credit unsecured notes when Ford Credit's senior unsecured debt received two investment grade credit ratings among Fitch, Moody's, and S&P, and a make-whole provision. Ford Credit estimated the fair value of these features by comparing the fair value of the FUEL Notes to the value of a hypothetical debt instrument without these features. In the second quarter of 2012, Ford Credit received two investment grade credit ratings, thereby triggering the mandatory exchange feature and the FUEL Notes derivatives were extinguished.

Finance Receivables. We measure finance receivables at fair value for purposes of disclosure (see Note 7) using internal valuation models. These models project future cash flows of financing contracts based on scheduled contract payments (including principal and interest). The projected cash flows are discounted to present value based on assumptions regarding credit losses, pre-payment speed, and applicable spreads to approximate current rates. Our assumptions regarding pre-payment speed and credit losses are based on historical performance. The fair value of finance receivables is categorized within Level 3 of the hierarchy.

On a nonrecurring basis, when retail contracts are greater than 120 days past due or deemed to be uncollectible, or if individual dealer loans are probable of foreclosure, we use the fair value of collateral, adjusted for estimated costs to sell, to determine the fair value adjustment to our receivables. The collateral for retail receivables is the vehicle financed, and for dealer loans is real estate or other property.

The fair value measurements for retail receivables are based on the number of contracts multiplied by the loss severity and the probability of default ("POD") percentage, or the outstanding receivable balances multiplied by the average recovery value ("ARV") percentage to determine the fair value adjustment.

The fair value measurements for dealer loans are based on an assessment of the estimated fair value of collateral. The assessment is performed by reviewing various appraisals, which include total adjusted appraised value of land and improvements, alternate use appraised value, broker's opinion of value, and purchase offers. The fair value adjustment is determined by comparing the net carrying value of the dealer loan and the estimated fair value of collateral.

Debt. We measure debt at fair value for purposes of disclosure (see Note 17) using quoted prices for our own debt with approximately the same remaining maturities, where possible. Where quoted prices are not available, we estimate fair value using discounted cash flows and market-based expectations for interest rates, credit risk, and the contractual terms of the debt instruments. For certain short-term debt with an original maturity date of one year or less, we assume that book value is a reasonable approximation of the debt's fair value. The fair value of debt is categorized within Level 2 of the hierarchy.

NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Input Hierarchy of Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables categorize the fair values of items measured at fair value on a recurring basis on our balance sheet (in millions):



	December 31, 2012								December 31, 2011
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Automotive Sector
Assets
Cash equivalents – financial instruments
U.S. government	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	—		718		—		718		—		319		—		319
Non-U.S. government	—		139		—		139		—		168		—		168
Non-U.S. government agencies (a)	—		365		—		365		—		820		—		820
Corporate debt	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
Total cash equivalents – financial instruments (b)	—		1,222		—		1,222		—		1,309		—		1,309
Marketable securities (c)
U.S. government	4,493		—		—		4,493		2,960		—		—		2,960
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	—		5,459		—		5,459		—		4,852		—		4,852
Non-U.S. government agencies (a)	—		4,794		—		4,794		—		4,558		—		4,558
Corporate debt	—		1,871		—		1,871		—		1,631		—		1,631
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed	—		25		—		25		—		38		—		38
Equities	142		—		—		142		129		—		—		129
Non-U.S. government	—		1,367		—		1,367		—		598		—		598
Other liquid investments (d)	—		27		—		27		—		17		—		17
Total marketable securities	4,635		13,543		—		18,178		3,089		11,694		—		14,783
Derivative financial instruments
Foreign currency exchange contracts	—		218		—		218		—		198		14		212
Commodity contracts	—		19		4		23		—		1		1		2
Other – warrants	—		—		—		—		—		—		4		4
Total derivative financial instruments (e)	—		237		4		241		—		199		19		218
Total assets at fair value	$	4,635	$	15,002	$	4	$	19,641	$	3,089	$	13,202	$	19	$	16,310
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments
Foreign currency exchange contracts	$	—	$	486	$	—	$	486	$	—	$	442	$	6	$	448
Commodity contracts	—		112		12		124		—		289		83		372
Total derivative financial instruments (e)	—		598		12		610		—		731		89		820
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	598	$	12	$	610	$	—	$	731	$	89	$	820

__________


(a)	Includes notes issued by non-U.S. government agencies, as well as notes issued by supranational institutions.

(b)

Excludes time deposits, certificates of deposit, money market accounts, and other cash equivalents reported at par value on our balance sheet totaling $3 billion and $4.6 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, for the Automotive sector. In addition to these cash equivalents, our Automotive sector also had cash on hand totaling $2 billion and $2.1 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.


(c)	Excludes an investment in Ford Credit debt securities held by the Automotive sector with a carrying value of $201 million and an estimated fair value of $201 million at December 31, 2011. This investment matured in 2012.


(d)	Includes certificates of deposit and time deposits subject to changes in value.


(e)	See Note 18 for additional information regarding derivative financial instruments.

NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)



	December 31, 2012								December 31, 2011
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Services Sector
Assets
Cash equivalents – financial instruments
U.S. government	$	200	$	—	$	—	$	200	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	1
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	—		20		—		20		—		75		—		75
Non-U.S. government	—		103		—		103		—		15		—		15
Non-U.S. government agencies (a)	—		—		—		—		—		150		—		150
Corporate debt	—		1		—		1		—		—		—		—
Total cash equivalents – financial instruments (b)	200		124		—		324		1		240		—		241
Marketable securities
U.S. government	620		—		—		620		619		—		—		619
U.S. government-sponsored enterprises	—		12		—		12		—		713		—		713
Non-U.S. government agencies (a)	—		95		—		95		—		778		—		778
Corporate debt	—		1,155		—		1,155		—		1,186		—		1,186
Mortgage-backed and other asset-backed	—		67		—		67		—		88		—		88
Non-U.S. government	—		142		—		142		—		444		—		444
Other liquid investments (c)	—		15		—		15		—		7		—		7
Total marketable securities	620		1,486		—		2,106		619		3,216		—		3,835
Derivative financial instruments
Interest rate contracts	—		1,291		—		1,291		—		1,196		—		1,196
Foreign currency exchange contracts	—		9		—		9		—		30		—		30
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts	—		—		—		—		—		12		—		12
Other (d)	—		—		—		—		—		—		137		137
Total derivative financial instruments (e)	—		1,300		—		1,300		—		1,238		137		1,375
Total assets at fair value	$	820	$	2,910	$	—	$	3,730	$	620	$	4,694	$	137	$	5,451
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments
Interest rate contracts	$	—	$	256	$	—	$	256	$	—	$	237	$	—	$	237
Foreign currency exchange contracts	—		8		—		8		—		50		—		50
Cross-currency interest rate swap contracts	—		117		—		117		—		12		—		12
Total derivative financial instruments (e)	—		381		—		381		—		299		—		299
Total liabilities at fair value	$	—	$	381	$	—	$	381	$	—	$	299	$	—	$	299

__________


(a)	Includes notes issued by non-U.S. government agencies, as well as notes issued by supranational institutions.


(b)	Excludes time deposits, certificates of deposit, and money market accounts reported at par value on our balance sheet totaling $6.5 billion and $6 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. In addition to these cash equivalents, we also had cash on hand totaling $2.6 billion and $3 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.


(c)	Includes certificates of deposit and time deposits subject to changes in value.


(d)	Represents derivative features included in the FUEL Notes.


(e)	See Note 18 for additional information regarding derivative financial instruments.

NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Reconciliation of Changes in Level 3 Balances

The following table summarizes the changes recorded through income in Level 3 items measured at fair value on a recurring basis and reported on our balance sheet for the years ended December 31 (in millions):



	2012								2011
	Marketable Securities		Derivative Financial Instruments, Net			Total Level 3 Fair Value			Marketable Securities			Derivative Financial Instruments, Net			Total Level 3 Fair Value
Automotive Sector
Beginning balance	$	—	$	(70	)	$	(70	)	$	2		$	38		$	40
Realized/unrealized gains/(losses)
Cost of sales	—		11			11			—			(99		)	(99		)
Interest income and other income/(loss), net	—		(4		)	(4		)	(1		)	(1		)	(2		)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) (a)	—		—			—			—			—			—
Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)	—		7			7			(1		)	(100		)	(101		)
Purchases, issues, sales, and settlements
Purchases	—		—			—			7			—			7
Issues	—		—			—			—			—			—
Sales	—		—			—			(1		)	—			(1		)
Settlements	—		65			65			—			(14		)	(14		)
Total purchases, issues, sales, and settlements	—		65			65			6			(14		)	(8		)
Transfers into Level 3	—		—			—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (b)	—		(10		)	(10		)	(7		)	6			(1		)
Ending balance	$	—	$	(8	)	$	(8	)	$	—		$	(70	)	$	(70	)
Unrealized gains/(losses) on instruments still held	$	—	$	9		$	9		$	—		$	(69	)	$	(69	)

Financial Services Sector
Beginning balance	$	—	$	137		$	137		$	1		$	(89	)	$	(88	)
Realized/unrealized gains/(losses)
Other income/(loss), net	—		(81		)	(81		)	—			382			382
Other comprehensive income/(loss) (a)	—		—			—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Interest income/(expense) (c)	—		—			—			—			90			90
Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)	—		(81		)	(81		)	—			471			471
Purchases, issues, sales, and settlements
Purchases	—		—			—			5			—			5
Issues (d)	—		—			—			—			73			73
Sales	—		—			—			—			—			—
Settlements (e)	—		(56		)	(56		)	—			114			114
Total purchases, issues, sales, and settlements	—		(56		)	(56		)	5			187			192
Transfers into Level 3	—		—			—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3 (b)	—		—			—			(6		)	(432		)	(438		)
Ending balance	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	137		$	137
Unrealized gains/(losses) on instruments still held	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	65		$	65

_________


(a)	Represents foreign currency translation on derivative asset and liability balances held by non-U.S. dollar foreign affiliates.


(b)	The transfer out of Level 3 of $432 million in 2011 was primarily the result of management's validation of the observable data and determination that certain unobservable inputs had an insignificant impact on the valuation of these instruments. The remaining transfers were due to the increase in availability of observable data.


(c)	Recorded in Interest expense.

(d) Represents derivative features included in the FUEL Notes.

(e) Reflects exchange of the FUEL Notes to unsecured notes.

NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Input Hierarchy of Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following table summarizes the items measured at fair value subsequent to initial recognition on a nonrecurring basis by input hierarchy at December 31 that were still held on our balance sheet at those dates (in millions):



	December 31, 2012								December 31, 2011
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Services Sector
North America
Retail receivables	$	—	$	—	$	52	$	52	$	—	$	—	$	70	$	70
Dealer loans	—		—		2		2		—		—		6		6
Total North America	—		—		54		54		—		—		76		76
International
Retail receivables	—		—		26		26		—		—		39		39
Total International	—		—		26		26		—		—		39		39
Total Financial Services sector	$	—	$	—	$	80	$	80	$	—	$	—	$	115	$	115

Nonrecurring Fair Value Changes

The following table summarizes the total change in value of items for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment has been included in our income statement for the years ended December 31, related to items still held on our balance sheet at those dates (in millions):



	Total Gains/(Losses)
	2012			2011			2010
Financial Services Sector
North America
Retail receivables	$	(13	)	$	(23	)	$	(29	)
Dealer loans	(1		)	—			(3		)
Total North America	(14		)	(23		)	(32		)
International
Retail receivables	(11		)	(14		)	(25		)
Total International	(11		)	(14		)	(25		)
Total Financial Services sector	$	(25	)	$	(37	)	$	(57	)

Fair value changes related to retail and dealer loan finance receivables that have been written down based on the fair value of collateral adjusted for estimated costs to sell are recorded in Financial Services provision for credit and insurance losses.

NOTE 4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (Continued)

Information About Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following table summarizes significant unobservable inputs and the variability of those inputs to alternate methodologies for the year ended December 31, 2012 (in millions):



	Fair Value	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Fair Value Range
Automotive Sector
Recurring basis
Net commodity contracts	$(8)	Income Approach	Forward commodity prices for certain commodity types. A lower forward price will result in a lower fair value.	$(7) - $(8)
Financial Services Sector
Nonrecurring basis
Retail receivables
North America	$52	Income Approach	POD percentage	$38 - $52
International	$26	Income Approach	ARV percentage	$25 - $27
Dealer loans	$2	Income Approach	Estimated fair value	$1 - $3