23. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available for sale and derivatives are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other assets on a non-recurring basis, such as mortgage loans held for sale, certain impaired loans, OREO and certain other assets.

Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs. Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure.

In determining fair value, we use various valuation approaches, including market, income and cost approaches. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, which are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of FNB. Unobservable inputs reflect our assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:


Measurement Category		Definition

Level 1		valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

Level 2		valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments traded in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by market data.

Level 3		valuation is derived from other valuation methodologies including discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value.

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies we use for financial instruments recorded at fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis:

Securities Available For Sale

Securities available for sale consist of both debt and equity securities. These securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. At December 31, 2016, 99.9% of these securities used valuation methodologies involving market-based or market-derived information, collectively Level 1 and Level 2 measurements, to measure fair value. The remaining 0.1% of these securities were measured using model-based techniques, with primarily unobservable (Level 3) inputs.

We closely monitor market conditions involving assets that have become less actively traded. If the fair value measurement is based upon recent observable market activity of such assets or comparable assets (other than forced or distressed transactions) that occur in sufficient volume, and do not require significant adjustment using unobservable inputs, those assets are classified as Level 1 or Level 2; if not, they are classified as Level 3. Making this assessment requires significant judgment.

We use prices from independent pricing services and, to a lesser extent, indicative (non-binding) quotes from independent brokers, to measure the fair value of investment securities. We validate prices received from pricing services or brokers using a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, comparison to secondary pricing services, corroboration of pricing by reference to other independent market data such as secondary broker quotes and relevant benchmark indices, and review of pricing information by corporate personnel familiar with market liquidity and other market-related conditions.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We determine fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity and uses observable market based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities.

We incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of non-performance risk, we consider the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees.

Although we have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of our default and the default of our counterparties. However, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we have assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and have determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives. As a result, we have determined that our derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Residential Mortgage Loans Held For Sale

These loans are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. Under lower of cost or fair value accounting, periodically, it may be necessary to record non-recurring fair value adjustments. Fair value, when recorded, is based on independent quoted market prices and is classified as Level 2.

Impaired Loans

We reserve for commercial loan relationships greater than or equal to $500,000 that we consider impaired as defined in ASC 310 at the time we identify the loan as impaired based upon the present value of expected future cash flows available to pay the loan, or based upon the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs where a loan is collateral dependent. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable.

We determine the fair value of real estate based on appraisals by licensed or certified appraisers. The value of business assets is generally based on amounts reported on the business’ financial statements. Management must rely on the financial statements prepared and certified by the borrower or their accountants in determining the value of these business assets on an ongoing basis, which may be subject to significant change over time. Based on the quality of information or statements provided, management may require the use of business asset appraisals and site-inspections to better value these assets. We may discount appraised and reported values based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation or management’s knowledge of the borrower and the borrower’s business. Since not all valuation inputs are observable, we classify these non-recurring fair value determinations as Level 2 or Level 3 based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

We review and evaluate impaired loans no less frequently than quarterly for additional impairment based on the same factors identified above.

Other Real Estate Owned

OREO is comprised principally of commercial and residential real estate properties obtained in partial or total satisfaction of loan obligations. OREO acquired in settlement of indebtedness is recorded at the lower of carrying amount of the loan or fair value less costs to sell. Subsequently, these assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. Accordingly, it may be necessary to record non-recurring fair value adjustments. Fair value is generally based upon appraisals by licensed or certified appraisers and other market information and is classified as Level 2 or Level 3.

The following table presents the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

(in thousands)

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

December 31, 2016

Assets Measured at Fair Value

Debt securities available for sale

U.S. Treasury

—

29,953

—

29,953

U.S. government-sponsored entities

—

365,098

—

365,098

Residential mortgage-backed securities

Agency mortgage-backed securities

—

1,252,798

—

1,252,798

Agency collateralized mortgage obligations

—

535,974

—

535,974

Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations

—

894

897

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

—

1,291

—

1,291

States of the U.S. and political subdivisions

—

35,849

—

35,849

Other debt securities

—

9,487

—

9,487

Total debt securities available for sale

—

2,230,453

894

2,231,347

Equity securities available for sale

Financial services industry

—

492

Insurance services industry

148

—

148

Total equity securities available for sale

148

—

492

640

Total securities available for sale

148

2,230,453

1,386

2,231,987

Derivative financial instruments

Trading

—

44,951

—

44,951

Not for trading

—

9,269

—

9,269

Total derivative financial instruments

—

54,220

—

54,220

Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

148

2,284,673

1,386

2,286,207

Liabilities Measured at Fair Value

Derivative financial instruments

Trading

—

45,973

—

45,973

Not for trading

—

1,294

—

1,294

Total derivative financial instruments

—

47,267

—

47,267

Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

—

47,267

—

47,267


(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
December 31, 2015
Assets Measured at Fair Value
Debt securities available for sale
U.S. Treasury	$	—	$	29,796	$	—	$	29,796
U.S. government-sponsored entities		—		367,994		—		367,994
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency mortgage-backed securities		—		704,831		—		704,831
Agency collateralized mortgage obligations		—		495,830		—		495,830
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations		—		6		1,184		1,190
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		—		4,287		—		4,287
States of the U.S. and political subdivisions		—		11,057		—		11,057
Other debt securities		—		14,286		—		14,286

Total debt securities available for sale		—		1,628,087		1,184		1,629,271

Equity securities available for sale
Financial services industry		97		632		439		1,168
Insurance services industry		128		—		—		128

Total equity securities available for sale		225		632		439		1,296

Total securities available for sale		225		1,628,719		1,623		1,630,567

Derivative financial instruments
Trading		—		50,017		—		50,017
Not for trading		—		3,185		—		3,185

Total derivative financial instruments		—		53,202		—		53,202

Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis	$	225	$	1,681,921	$	1,623	$	1,683,769

Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
Derivative financial instruments
Trading		—	$	50,510		—	$	50,510
Not for trading		—		1,095		—		1,095

Total derivative financial instruments		—		51,605		—		51,605

Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis		—	$	51,605		—	$	51,605

The following table presents additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:


(in thousands)	Equity Securities			Residential Non-Agency Collateralized Mortgage Obligations			Total
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Balance at beginning of period	$	439		$	1,184		$	1,623
Total gains (losses) – realized/unrealized:
Included in earnings		—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income		53			(7	)		46
Accretion included in earnings		—			6			6
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
Purchases		—			—			—
Issuances		—			—			—
Sales/redemptions		—			—			—
Settlements		—			(289	)		(289	)
Transfers from Level 3		—			—			—
Transfers into Level 3		—			—			—

Balance at end of period	$	492		$	894		$	1,386

Year Ended December 31, 2015
Balance at beginning of period	$	475		$	1,420		$	1,895
Total gains (losses) – realized/unrealized:
Included in earnings		—			—			—
Included in other comprehensive income		20			(4	)		16
Accretion included in earnings		—			5			5
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
Purchases		—			—			—
Issuances		—			—			—
Sales/redemptions		—			—			—
Settlements		—			(237	)		(237	)
Transfers from Level 3		(56	)		—			(56	)
Transfers into Level 3		—			—			—

Balance at end of period	$	439		$	1,184		$	1,623

We review fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in/out of Level 3 at fair value at the beginning of the period in which the changes occur. See the “Securities Available for Sale” discussion within this footnote for information relating to determining Level 3 fair values. There were no transfers of assets or liabilities between the hierarchy levels for 2016. During 2015, we transferred an equity security totaling $56,000 to non-marketable equity securities, reflected in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no gains or losses included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held as of those dates. The total gains included in earnings are in the net securities gains line item in the consolidated statements of income.

In accordance with GAAP, from time to time, we measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These adjustments to fair value usually result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. Valuation methodologies used to measure these fair value adjustments were previously described. For assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis still held at the balance sheet date, the following table provides the hierarchy level and the fair value of the related assets or portfolios:


(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
December 31, 2016
Impaired loans		—	$	500	$	5,883	$	6,383
Other real estate owned		—		11,017		3,181		14,198

December 31, 2015
Impaired loans		—	$	124	$	3,704	$	3,828
Other real estate owned		—		5,705		2,126		7,831

Substantially all of the fair value amounts in the table above were estimated at a date during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Consequently, the fair value information presented is not as of the period’s end.

Impaired loans measured or re-measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during 2016 had a carrying amount of $9.5 million and an allocated allowance for credit losses of $3.2 million at December 31, 2016. The allocated allowance is based on fair value of $6.4 million less estimated costs to sell of $0.1 million. The allowance for credit losses includes a provision applicable to the current period fair value measurements of $2.3 million, which was included in the provision for credit losses for 2016.

OREO with a carrying amount of $16.0 million was written down to $12.5 million (fair value of $14.2 million less estimated costs to sell of $1.7 million), resulting in a loss of $3.5 million, which was included in earnings for 2016.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each financial instrument:

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable. For these short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities. For both securities available for sale and securities held to maturity, fair value equals the quoted market price from an active market, if available, and is classified within Level 1. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities or pricing models, and is classified as Level 2. Where there is limited market activity or significant valuation inputs are unobservable, securities are classified within Level 3. Under current market conditions, assumptions used to determine the fair value of Level 3 securities have greater subjectivity due to the lack of observable market transactions.

Loans. The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities less an illiquidity discount. The fair value of variable and adjustable rate loans approximates the carrying amount. Due to the significant judgment involved in evaluating credit quality, loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities. See the “Derivative Financial Instruments” discussion included within this footnote.

Deposits. The estimated fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date because of the customers’ ability to withdraw funds immediately. The fair value of fixed-maturity deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows using rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Short-Term Borrowings. The carrying amounts for short-term borrowings approximate fair value for amounts that mature in 90 days or less. The fair value of subordinated notes is estimated by discounting future cash flows using rates currently offered.

Long-Term Borrowings. The fair value of long-term borrowings is estimated by discounting future cash flows based on the market prices for the same or similar issues or on the current rates offered to us for debt of the same remaining maturities.

Loan Commitments and Standby Letters of Credit. Estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items were not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties. Also, unfunded loan commitments relate principally to variable rate commercial loans, typically are non-binding, and fees are not normally assessed on these balances.

Nature of Estimates. Many of the estimates presented herein are based upon the use of highly subjective information and assumptions and, accordingly, the results may not be precise. Management believes that fair value estimates may not be comparable to other financial institutions due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and numerous estimates which must be made. Further, because the disclosed fair value amounts were estimated as of the balance sheet date, the amounts actually realized or paid upon maturity or settlement of the various financial instruments could be significantly different.

The fair values of our financial instruments are as follows:


					Fair Value Measurements
(in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2016
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	371,407	$	371,407	$	371,407	$	—	$	—
Securities available for sale		2,231,987		2,231,987		148		2,230,453		1,386
Securities held to maturity		2,337,342		2,294,777		—		2,293,091		1,686
Net loans and leases, including loans held for sale		14,750,792		14,446,274		—		—		14,464,274
Derivative assets		54,220		54,220		—		54,220		—
Accrued interest receivable		58,712		58,712		58,712		—		—

Financial Liabilities
Deposits		16,065,647		16,045,323		13,489,152		2,556,171		—
Short-term borrowings		2,503,010		2,503,277		2,503,277		—		—
Long-term borrowings		539,494		536,088		—		—		536,088
Derivative liabilities		47,267		47,267		—		47,267		—
Accrued interest payable		7,612		7,612		7,612		—		—

December 31, 2015
Financial Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	489,119	$	489,119	$	489,119	$	—	$	—
Securities available for sale		1,630,567		1,630,567		225		1,628,719		1,623
Securities held to maturity		1,637,061		1,643,416		—		1,640,721		2,695
Net loans and leases, including loans held for sale		12,053,209		11,863,882		—		—		11,863,882
Derivative assets		53,202		53,202		—		53,202		—
Accrued interest receivable		44,920		44,920		44,920		—		—

Financial Liabilities
Deposits		12,623,463		12,610,914		10,157,997		2,452,917		—
Short-term borrowings		2,048,896		2,048,943		2,048,943		—		—
Long-term borrowings		641,480		637,935		—		—		637,935
Derivative liabilities		51,605		51,605		—		51,605		—
Accrued interest payable		7,457		7,457		7,457		—		—