UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-14585

FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware		99-0156159
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

999 Bishop Street, 29th Floor

Honolulu, HI

96813

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)

(808) 525-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class:	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	FHB	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☒

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 127,612,083 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of October 31, 2023.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX




			Page No.
	Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)		2
		Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022		2
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022		3
		Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		4
		Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022		5
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022		7
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)		8
	Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		53
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		95
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		95
Part II Other Information				95
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		95
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors		95
	Item 5.	Other Information		95
	Item 6.	Exhibits		96
	Exhibit Index			96
	Signatures			97

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest income
Loans and lease financing	$	194,098	$	134,646	$	551,777	$	350,294
Available-for-sale investment securities		18,426		19,644		55,208		68,394
Held-to-maturity investment securities		18,271		17,950		55,510		36,239
Other		9,004		4,150		20,054		7,828
Total interest income		239,799		176,390		682,549		462,755
Interest expense
Deposits		74,651		13,653		176,006		20,999
Short-term and long-term borrowings		6,838		1		20,057		1
Other		1,162		—		2,152		—
Total interest expense		82,651		13,654		198,215		21,000
Net interest income		157,148		162,736		484,334		441,755
Provision for credit losses		7,500		3,183		21,300		(1,564)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		149,648		159,553		463,034		443,319
Noninterest income
Service charges on deposit accounts		7,524		7,089		22,001		21,433
Credit and debit card fees		15,748		17,746		47,507		49,652
Other service charges and fees		9,546		9,179		27,764		27,851
Trust and investment services income		9,742		9,800		28,804		27,442
Bank-owned life insurance		1,872		(341)		10,263		(1,617)
Other		1,665		2,384		6,129		6,613
Total noninterest income		46,097		45,857		142,468		131,374
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits		55,937		51,372		169,873		149,500
Contracted services and professional fees		16,393		16,625		50,204		52,389
Occupancy		6,711		8,115		22,047		22,859
Equipment		11,826		10,791		32,562		24,522
Regulatory assessment and fees		4,149		2,487		11,661		7,012
Advertising and marketing		2,289		1,902		6,174		5,924
Card rewards program		8,358		8,141		24,124		22,309
Other		13,720		13,899		42,186		42,034
Total noninterest expense		119,383		113,332		358,831		326,549
Income before provision for income taxes		76,362		92,078		246,671		248,144
Provision for income taxes		18,141		23,060		59,190		62,047
Net income	$	58,221	$	69,018	$	187,481	$	186,097
Basic earnings per share	$	0.46	$	0.54	$	1.47	$	1.46
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.46	$	0.54	$	1.47	$	1.45
Basic weighted-average outstanding shares		127,609,860		127,377,713		127,552,255		127,534,746
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares		127,936,440		127,796,617		127,897,829		127,996,672

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	58,221	$	69,018	$	187,481	$	186,097
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Net change in investment securities		(36,985)		(84,164)		(10,746)		(531,086)
Net change in cash flow derivative hedges		990		(3,135)		1,269		(5,977)
Other comprehensive loss		(35,995)		(87,299)		(9,477)		(537,063)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	22,226	$	(18,281)	$	178,004	$	(350,966)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except share amount)	2023		2022
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	246,028	$	297,502
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks		967,400		229,122
Investment securities:
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $3,172,031 as of September 30, 2023 and $3,549,599 as of December 31, 2022)		2,722,704		3,151,133
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value: $3,433,029 as of September 30, 2023 and $3,814,822 as of December 31, 2022)		4,104,114		4,320,639
Loans and leases		14,332,335		14,092,012
Less: allowance for credit losses		154,795		143,900
Net loans and leases		14,177,540		13,948,112

Premises and equipment, net		277,805		280,355
Other real estate owned and repossessed personal property		—		91
Accrued interest receivable		84,327		78,194
Bank-owned life insurance		477,698		473,067
Goodwill		995,492		995,492
Mortgage servicing rights		5,855		6,562
Other assets		853,561		796,954
Total assets	$	24,912,524	$	24,577,223
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Deposits:
Interest-bearing	$	13,612,493	$	12,824,383
Noninterest-bearing		7,898,996		8,864,646
Total deposits		21,511,489		21,689,029
Short-term borrowings		500,000		75,000
Retirement benefits payable		99,685		102,577
Other liabilities		450,341		441,612
Total liabilities		22,561,515		22,308,218

Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12)

Stockholders' equity
Common stock ($0.01 par value; authorized 300,000,000 shares; issued/outstanding: 141,330,663 / 127,609,934 as of September 30, 2023; issued/outstanding: 140,963,918 / 127,363,327 as of December 31, 2022)		1,413		1,410
Additional paid-in capital		2,545,659		2,538,336
Retained earnings		823,895		736,544
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net		(648,731)		(639,254)
Treasury stock (13,720,729 shares as of September 30, 2023 and 13,600,591 shares as of December 31, 2022)		(371,227)		(368,031)
Total stockholders' equity		2,351,009		2,269,005
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	24,912,524	$	24,577,223

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
								Accumulated
				Additional				Other
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Retained		Comprehensive		Treasury
(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Stock		Total
Balance as of June 30, 2023	127,608,037	$	1,413	$	2,543,226	$	799,045	$	(612,736)	$	(371,210)	$	2,359,738
Net income	—		—		—		58,221		—		—		58,221
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)	—		—		—		(33,178)		—		—		(33,178)
Equity-based awards	1,897		—		2,433		(193)		—		(17)		2,223
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(35,995)		—		(35,995)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	127,609,934	$	1,413	$	2,545,659	$	823,895	$	(648,731)	$	(371,227)	$	2,351,009


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
								Accumulated
				Additional				Other
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Retained		Comprehensive		Treasury
(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Stock		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2022	127,363,327	$	1,410	$	2,538,336	$	736,544	$	(639,254)	$	(368,031)	$	2,269,005
Net income	—		—		—		187,481		—		—		187,481
Cash dividends declared ($0.78 per share)	—		—		—		(99,468)		—		—		(99,468)
Common stock issued under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	9,548		—		163		—		—		—		163
Equity-based awards	237,059		3		7,160		(662)		—		(3,196)		3,305
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(9,477)		—		(9,477)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	127,609,934	$	1,413	$	2,545,659	$	823,895	$	(648,731)	$	(371,227)	$	2,351,009

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FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
								Accumulated
				Additional				Other
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Retained		Comprehensive		Treasury
(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Stock		Total
Balance as of June 30, 2022	127,451,087	$	1,409	$	2,533,407	$	654,777	$	(571,457)	$	(365,525)	$	2,252,611
Net income	—		—		—		69,018		—		—		69,018
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share)	—		—		—		(33,112)		—		—		(33,112)
Common stock issued under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	10,411		—		224		—		—		—		224
Equity-based awards	2,809		1		1,970		(250)		—		(34)		1,687
Common stock repurchased	(106,627)		—		—		—		—		(2,478)		(2,478)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(87,299)		—		(87,299)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	127,357,680	$	1,410	$	2,535,601	$	690,433	$	(658,756)	$	(368,037)	$	2,200,651


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
								Accumulated
				Additional				Other
	Common Stock			Paid-In		Retained		Comprehensive		Treasury
(dollars in thousands, except share amounts)	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings		Loss		Stock		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021	127,502,472	$	1,406	$	2,527,663	$	604,534	$	(121,693)	$	(354,998)	$	2,656,912
Net income	—		—		—		186,097		—		—		186,097
Cash dividends declared ($0.78 per share)	—		—		—		(99,475)		—		—		(99,475)
Common stock issued under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	10,411		—		224		—		—		—		224
Equity-based awards	241,982		4		7,714		(723)		—		(3,561)		3,434
Common stock repurchased	(397,185)		—		—		—		—		(9,478)		(9,478)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		(537,063)		—		(537,063)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	127,357,680	$	1,410	$	2,535,601	$	690,433	$	(658,756)	$	(368,037)	$	2,200,651

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	187,481	$	186,097
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision (benefit) for credit losses		21,300		(1,564)
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net		32,425		44,142
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision		(13,322)		13,807
Stock-based compensation		7,163		7,718
Other losses		1,243		2,780
Originations of loans held for sale		(11,483)		(14,243)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale		12,613		13,452
Change in assets and liabilities:
Net decrease in other assets		20,495		7,348
Net (decrease) increase in other liabilities		(44,095)		62,054
Net cash provided by operating activities		213,820		321,591
Cash flows from investing activities
Available-for-sale securities:
Proceeds from maturities and principal repayments		345,798		752,306
Proceeds from calls and sales		25,236		1,080
Purchases		—		(938,268)
Held-to-maturity securities:
Proceeds from maturities and principal repayments		238,722		254,157
Proceeds from calls		7,950		395
Purchases		—		(79,470)
Other investments:
Proceeds from sales		78,746		5,496
Purchases		(102,639)		(29,514)
Loans:
Net increase in loans and leases resulting from originations and principal repayments		(214,539)		(521,025)
Purchases of loans		(48,911)		(225,844)
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance		5,632		—
Purchases of premises, equipment and software		(8,283)		(10,747)
Other		313		(2,994)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		328,025		(794,428)
Cash flows from financing activities
Net (decrease) increase in deposits		(177,540)		275,592
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		500,000		—
Net decrease in other short-term borrowings		(75,000)		—
Dividends paid		(99,468)		(99,475)
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes		(3,196)		(3,561)
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan		163		224
Common stock repurchased		—		(9,478)
Net cash provided by financing activities		144,959		163,302
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		686,804		(309,535)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		526,624		1,258,469
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,213,428	$	948,934

Supplemental disclosures
Interest paid	$	173,712	$	21,006
Income taxes paid, net of income tax refunds		50,098		23,471
Noncash investing and financing activities:
Operating lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations		3,239		5,603
Transfers to loans and leases from loans held for sale		—		834
Transfers to loans held for sale from loans and leases		1,133		—
Obligation to fund low-income housing partnerships		25,836		3,569
Transfers of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity		—		4,550,748

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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FIRST HAWAIIAN, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

First Hawaiian, Inc. (“FHI” or the “Parent”), a bank holding company, owns 100% of the outstanding common stock of First Hawaiian Bank (“FHB” or the “Bank”), its only direct, wholly owned subsidiary. FHB offers a comprehensive suite of banking services, including loans, deposit products, wealth management, insurance, trust, retirement planning, credit card and merchant processing services, to consumer and commercial customers.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of First Hawaiian, Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, which consist of normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the interim period consolidated financial information, have been made. Results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the entire year. Intercompany account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Loan modifications are assessed by the Company to determine: (1) whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) whether the Company granted the borrower a modification or combination of modifications in the form of one or more of the following modification types: principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay and/or a term extension. If both criteria are met, then the loan modification is subject to additional evaluation for credit losses and enhanced disclosure requirements.

Generally, a non-accrual loan that has been modified with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty remains on non-accrual status for at least six months to demonstrate that the borrower is able to meet the terms of the modified loan. However, performance prior to the modification, or significant events that coincide with the modification, are included in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual status at the time of loan modification or after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment terms is uncertain, the loan remains on non-accrual status.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses for loans and leases (the “ACL”) is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net amount expected to be collected from loans and leases. Loans and leases are charged-off against the ACL when management believes the loan or lease balance is deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. The Company’s ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments under the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) approach consist of quantitative and qualitative estimates. The Company’s methodology leverages two quantitative models: a one-variable forward-looking macroeconomic model that estimates the impact of management’s economic outlook and a transition probability matrix that estimates expected losses over the long run. The quantitative estimation is overlaid with qualitative adjustments to account for current conditions and forward-looking factors not captured in the quantitative model. Qualitative adjustments that are considered include adjustments for regulatory determinants, model limitations, model maturity, and other current or anticipated events that are not captured in the Company’s historical loss experience.

The Company generally evaluates loans and leases on a collective or pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. However, loans and leases that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Such loans and leases evaluated individually are excluded from the collective evaluation. Individually assessed loans are measured for estimated credit loss (“ECL”) based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs, if the loan is collateral-dependent.

Management reviews relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors.

The Company utilizes a Probability of Default (“PD”)/Loss Given Default (“LGD”) framework to estimate the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments. The PD represents the percentage expectation to default, measured by assessing loans and leases that migrate to default status (i.e., nonaccrual status, 90 days or more past due, partial or full charge-offs or bankruptcy). LGD is defined as the percentage of the exposure at default (“EAD”) lost at the time of default, net of any recoveries, and will be unique to each of the collateral types securing the Company’s loans. PD and LGD’s are based on past experience of the Company. The ECL on loans and leases is calculated by taking the product of the credit exposure, lifetime default probability (“LDP”) and the LGD.

The ECL model is applied to current credit exposures at the account level, using assumptions calibrated at the portfolio segment level using internal historical loan and lease level data. The Company estimates the default risk of a credit exposure over the remaining life of each account using a transition probability matrix approach which captures both the average rate of up/down-grade and default transitions, as well as withdrawal rates which capture the historical rate of exposure decline due to loan and lease amortization and prepayment. To apply the transition matrices, each credit exposure’s remaining life is split into two time segments. The first time segment is for the reasonable and supportable forecast period over which the transition matrices which are applied have been adjusted to incorporate current and forecasted conditions over that period. Management has determined that using a one-year time horizon for the reasonable and supportable forecast period for all classes of loans and leases is a reasonable forecast horizon given the difficulty in predicting future economic conditions with a high degree of certainty. The second time segment is the reversion period from the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period to the maturity of the exposure, over which long-run average transition matrices are applied. Management elected to use an immediate reversion to the mean approach. Lifetime loss rates are applied against the amortized cost basis of loans and leases and unfunded commitments to estimate the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments, respectively.

On at least a quarterly basis, management convenes the Bank’s forecasting team which is responsible for reviewing the economic forecast model inputs and outputs and approving the resulting economic adjustment. The model uses a one-variable econometric model to produce factors that modify the long-run default rate assumptions used in the CECL model. These factors are applied to calculate the economic adjustment over the Reasonable and Supportable Forecast Period. At the meeting, management is presented with the economic forecast model input and output as well as the resulting economic adjustment. Depending on the current economic conditions, a range of inputs and outputs may be presented, in which case, using judgment, management will select an input and output.

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The economic forecast framework also allows management to use judgment in selecting the economic model input in cases where management’s outlook diverges from the official forecasts, and to apply qualitative dollar overlays to account for other economic related conditions not captured in the economic forecast model but are expected to potentially impact losses.

The team also reviews other relevant economic variables and economic factors at the time of the meeting that could potentially impact future losses. These materials are presented to the economic forecasting team as they are economic in nature. If determined to be relevant and needing to be considered in the ACL estimate, these risks will be included in the ACL estimate through a qualitative dollar overlay that is determined using either quantitative analysis or qualitative judgment, or a mix of both. These other factors could include inflation indicators, personal income, or visitor arrivals, for example.

At present, the Company has identified three portfolio segments in estimating the ACL: commercial, residential real estate and consumer lending. The Company’s commercial portfolio segment is comprised of four distinct classes: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. The key risk drivers related to this portfolio segment include risk rating, collateral type, and remaining maturity. The Company’s residential real estate portfolio segment is comprised of two distinct classes: residential real estate loans and home equity lines of credit. Specific risk characteristics related to this portfolio include the value of the underlying collateral, credit score and remaining maturity. Finally, the Company’s consumer portfolio segment is not further segmented, but consists primarily of automobile loans, credit cards and other installment loans. Automobile loans constitute the majority of this segment and are monitored using credit scores, collateral values and remaining maturity. The remainder of the consumer portfolio is predominantly unsecured.

Regarding accrued interest receivable, the Company made accounting policy elections to (1) not measure an ACL on accrued interest receivable, (2) write-off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income and (3) present accrued interest receivable separately from the related financial asset on the balance sheet. Furthermore, regarding collateral-dependent financial assets, the Company elected the practical expedient to use the fair value of collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the ACL for a financial asset for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty based on the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

In March 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Fair Value Hedging –Portfolio Layer Method. This update clarifies the guidance in Topic 815 on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk for portfolios of financial assets. Under current hedge accounting guidance, the “last-of-layer” method enables an entity to apply fair value hedging to a stated amount of a closed portfolio of prepayable financial assets without having to consider prepayment risk or credit risk when measuring those assets. The hedged item represents a single layer within that closed portfolio. This update expands the scope of this guidance to allow entities to apply the “portfolio layer” method to portfolios of all financial assets, including both prepayable and nonprepayable financial assets. The current model is expanded to (1) explicitly allow entities to designate multiple layers in a single portfolio as individual hedged items and (2) also allow entities the flexibility to use any type of derivative (or combination of derivatives) by applying the multiple-layer model that aligns with its risk management strategy. Although no assets may be added to a closed portfolio once it is designated in a portfolio layer method hedge, at any time after the initial hedge designation, new hedging relationships associated with the portfolio may be designated and existing hedging relationships associated with the portfolio may be dedesignated to align with an entity’s evolving strategy for managing interest rate risk on a timely basis. Under the portfolio layer method, the basis of the portfolio assets is generally adjusted at the portfolio level rather than being allocated to individual assets within the portfolio, except when the allocation of basis adjustments is required by other areas of GAAP. The intent of this update is consistent with the FASB’s efforts to better align an entity’s financial reporting with the results of its risk management strategy and to further simplify the hedge accounting model. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2022-01 on January 1, 2023, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. This update eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in Subtopic 310-40 and amends the guidance on vintage disclosures to require disclosure of current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination. This ASU also updates the requirements related to accounting for credit losses under Topic 326 and adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU No. 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. See “Note 4. Allowance for Credit Losses” for required disclosures related to this new guidance.

Enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) which, among other changes, created a new corporate alternative minimum tax (AMT) based on adjusted financial statement income and imposes a 1% excise tax on corporate stock repurchases. These provisions became effective January 1, 2023. The enactment of the IRA did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following ASUs have been issued by the FASB and are applicable to the Company in future reporting periods.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842), Common Control Arrangements. This update clarifies the accounting for leasehold improvements associated with common control leases. Prior to this update, Topic 842 generally required leasehold improvements to have an amortization period consistent with the shorter of the useful life of those improvements or the remaining lease term. This update will require leasehold improvements associated with common control leases to be (1) amortized by the lessee over the useful life of the leasehold improvements to the common control group (regardless of the lease term) as long as the lessee controls the use of the underlying asset (the leased asset) through a lease, and (2) accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control through an adjustment to equity if, and when, the lessee no longer controls the use of the underlying asset. In addition, this update also subjects leasehold improvements to the impairment guidance in Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU No. 2023-01 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. This update expands the population of tax equity investments for which a reporting entity may elect to apply the proportional amortization method (“PAM”). Under current guidance, an entity can only elect to apply the PAM to investments in low-income housing tax credit (“LIHTC”) structures. This update permits an entity to make an election to account for tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the PAM if certain conditions are met. An accounting policy election is made to apply the PAM on a tax credit program-by-program basis rather than electing to apply the PAM at the reporting entity level or to individual investments. By applying the PAM, a reporting entity must account for the receipt of the investment tax credits using the flow-through method under Topic 740, Income Taxes, even if the entity applies the deferral method for other investment tax credits received. For all tax equity investments accounted for using the PAM, this update also requires the use of the delayed equity contribution guidance. LIHTC investments not accounted for using the PAM will no longer be permitted to use the delayed equity contribution guidance. In addition, LIHTC investments accounted for using the equity method must apply the impairment guidance in Subtopic 323-10, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures—Overall. Further, LIHTC investments that are not accounted for using the PAM or the equity method must use the guidance in Topic 321, Investments—Equity Securities, when accounting for equity investments. In addition, the amendments in this update require specific disclosures that must be applied to all investments that generate income tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the PAM, including investments within that elected program that do not meet the conditions to apply the PAM. Such disclosures include the nature of its tax equity investments and the effect of such investments and related income tax credits and other income tax benefits on its financial position and results of operations. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU No. 2023-02 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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2. Investment Securities

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, investment securities consisted predominantly of the following investment categories:

U.S. Treasury and debt securities – includes U.S. Treasury notes and debt securities issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises.

Mortgage-backed securities – includes securities backed by notes or receivables secured by mortgage assets with cash flows based on actual or scheduled payments.

Collateralized mortgage obligations – includes securities backed by a pool of mortgages with cash flows distributed based on certain rules rather than pass through payments.

Collateralized loan obligations – includes structured debt securities backed by a pool of loans, consisting of primarily non-investment grade broadly syndicated corporate loans with additional credit enhancement. These are floating rate securities that have an investment grade rating of AA or better.

Debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions – includes general obligation bonds issued by state and local governments.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s investment securities were classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	September 30, 2023								December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value		Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities	$	126,264	$	—	$	(12,105)	$	114,159	$	163,309	$	—	$	(12,327)	$	150,982
Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities		20,000		—		(740)		19,260		45,000		—		(699)		44,301
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		61,768		—		(9,406)		52,362		66,792		—		(7,069)		59,723
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		1,185,269		—		(179,487)		1,005,782		1,317,718		—		(157,263)		1,160,455
Commercial - Government agency		272,432		—		(60,535)		211,897		282,700		—		(44,847)		237,853
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		94,021		—		(9,101)		84,920		130,612		—		(11,039)		119,573
Commercial - Non-agency		21,964		—		(362)		21,602		21,964		—		(493)		21,471
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		661,207		—		(95,355)		565,852		738,524		—		(85,202)		653,322
Government-sponsored enterprises		479,217		—		(78,469)		400,748		533,103		—		(70,971)		462,132
Collateralized loan obligations		249,889		21		(3,788)		246,122		249,877		50		(8,606)		241,321
Total available-for-sale securities	$	3,172,031	$	21	$	(449,348)	$	2,722,704	$	3,549,599	$	50	$	(398,516)	$	3,151,133

Government agency debt securities	$	53,105	$	—	$	(7,901)	$	45,204	$	54,318	$	—	$	(5,674)	$	48,644
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		44,379		—		(8,024)		36,355		46,302		—		(6,294)		40,008
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		100,905		—		(18,151)		82,754		106,534		—		(12,978)		93,556
Commercial - Government agency		30,733		—		(8,756)		21,977		30,544		—		(5,229)		25,315
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		1,132,818		153		(194,471)		938,500		1,150,449		—		(138,451)		1,011,998
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		1,010,551		—		(153,260)		857,291		1,080,492		—		(122,378)		958,114
Government-sponsored enterprises		1,677,519		—		(271,248)		1,406,271		1,798,178		—		(207,045)		1,591,133
Debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions		54,104		—		(9,427)		44,677		53,822		—		(7,768)		46,054
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	4,104,114	$	153	$	(671,238)	$	3,433,029	$	4,320,639	$	—	$	(505,817)	$	3,814,822

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reclassified at fair value approximately $4.6 billion, in available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category. The related total unrealized after-tax losses of approximately $372.4 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive loss to be amortized over the estimated remaining life of the securities as an adjustment of yield, offsetting the related accretion of the discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of reclassification. Management considers the held-to-maturity classification of these investment securities to be appropriate as the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. There were no securities transferred from available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Accrued interest receivable related to available-for-sale investment securities was $8.7 million and $8.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable related to held-to-maturity investment securities was $7.4 million and $7.5 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable is recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of investment securities on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

Proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $0.2 million and nil, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, and $8.0 million and $25.2 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Proceeds from calls and sales of investment securities were $0.3 million and nil, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2022, and $1.5 million and nil, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company recorded gross realized gains of nil and gross realized losses of nil for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The income tax expense related to the Company’s net realized gain on the sale of investment securities was nil for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Gains and losses realized on sales of securities are determined using the specific identification method.

Interest income from taxable investment securities was $33.4 million and $33.8 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $100.7 million and $94.5 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Interest income from non-taxable investment securities was $3.3 million and $3.8 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $10.0 million and $10.1 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, government agencies, government-sponsored enterprises and states and political subdivisions, non-agency mortgage-backed securities and collateralized loan obligations as of September 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises are disclosed separately in the table below as remaining expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers have the right to prepay obligations.

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	September 30, 2023
	Amortized		Fair
(dollars in thousands)	Cost		Value
Available-for-sale securities
Due in one year or less	$	19,884	$	19,534
Due after one year through five years		60,651		57,469
Due after five years through ten years		172,717		161,989
Due after ten years		164,865		162,151
		418,117		401,143

Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		61,768		52,362
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		1,185,269		1,005,782
Commercial - Government agency		272,432		211,897
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		94,021		84,920
Total mortgage-backed securities		1,613,490		1,354,961
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		661,207		565,852
Government-sponsored enterprises		479,217		400,748
Total collateralized mortgage obligations		1,140,424		966,600
Total available-for-sale securities	$	3,172,031	$	2,722,704

Held-to-maturity securities
Due in one year or less	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years		—		—
Due after five years through ten years		10,280		8,732
Due after ten years		96,929		81,149
		107,209		89,881

Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		44,379		36,355
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		100,905		82,754
Commercial - Government agency		30,733		21,977
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		1,132,818		938,500
Total mortgage-backed securities		1,308,835		1,079,586
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		1,010,551		857,291
Government-sponsored enterprises		1,677,519		1,406,271
Total collateralized mortgage obligations		2,688,070		2,263,562
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	4,104,114	$	3,433,029

At September 30, 2023, pledged securities totaled $6.3 billion, of which $3.5 billion was pledged to secure public deposits, $2.6 billion was pledged to secure borrowing capacity and $180.1 million was pledged to secure other financial transactions. At December 31, 2022, pledged securities totaled $3.2 billion, of which $3.0 billion was pledged to secure public deposits and $207.8 million was pledged to secure other financial transactions.

The Company held no securities of any single issuer, other than debt securities issued by the U.S. government, government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, taken in the aggregate, which were in excess of 10% of stockholders’ equity as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

The following tables present the unrealized gross losses and fair values of securities in the available-for-sale portfolio by length of time that the 279 and 275 individual securities in each category have been in a continuous loss position as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities.

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Time in Continuous Loss as of September 30, 2023

Less Than 12 Months

12 Months or More

Total

Unrealized

(dollars in thousands)

Losses

Fair Value

Losses

Fair Value

Losses

Fair Value

U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities

—

(12,105)

114,159

(12,105)

114,159

Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities

—

(740)

19,260

(740)

19,260

Mortgage-backed securities:

Residential - Government agency

—

(9,406)

52,362

(9,406)

52,362

Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises

—

(179,487)

1,005,782

(179,487)

1,005,782

Commercial - Government agency

—

(60,535)

211,897

(60,535)

211,897

Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises

—

(9,101)

84,920

(9,101)

84,920

Commercial - Non-agency

—

(362)

21,602

(362)

21,602

Collateralized mortgage obligations:

Government agency

—

(95,355)

565,852

(95,355)

565,852

Government-sponsored enterprises

—

(78,469)

400,748

(78,469)

400,748

Collateralized loan obligations

(973)

75,258

(2,815)

169,131

(3,788)

244,389

Total available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses

(973)

75,258

(448,375)

2,645,713

(449,348)

2,720,971


	Time in Continuous Loss as of December 31, 2022
	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Unrealized				Unrealized				Unrealized
(dollars in thousands)	Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities	$	(2,962)	$	83,870	$	(9,365)	$	67,112	$	(12,327)	$	150,982
Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities		(699)		44,301		—		—		(699)		44,301
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		(7,069)		59,723		—		—		(7,069)		59,723
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		(73,954)		645,338		(83,309)		515,117		(157,263)		1,160,455
Commercial - Government agency		(15,852)		108,842		(28,995)		129,011		(44,847)		237,853
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		(7,348)		94,657		(3,691)		24,916		(11,039)		119,573
Commercial - Non-agency		(493)		21,471		—		—		(493)		21,471
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		(74,797)		596,907		(10,405)		56,415		(85,202)		653,322
Government-sponsored enterprises		(21,916)		198,108		(49,055)		264,024		(70,971)		462,132
Collateralized loan obligations:		(8,606)		170,042		—		—		(8,606)		170,042
Total available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses	$	(213,696)	$	2,023,259	$	(184,820)	$	1,056,595	$	(398,516)	$	3,079,854

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position with the intent to sell and determined it was more likely than not that the Company would not be required to sell these securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. As the Company had the intent and ability to hold the remaining available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, each security with an unrealized loss position in the above tables has been further assessed to determine if a credit loss exists. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not expect any credit losses in its available-for-sale debt securities and no credit losses were recognized on available-for-sale securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s investment securities were comprised primarily of debt securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, with under 5% of the investment securities comprised of collateralized loan obligations rated AA or better and obligations issued by local state and political subdivisions rated AA or better. For investment securities issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises, management has concluded that the long history with no credit losses from these issuers indicates an expectation that nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero, and these securities are explicitly or implicitly fully guaranteed by the U.S. government. The U.S. government can print its own currency and its currency is routinely held by central banks and other major financial institutions. The dollar is used in international commerce, and commonly is viewed as a reserve currency, all of which qualitatively indicates that historical credit loss information should be minimally affected by current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For collateralized loan obligations and debt securities issued by local state and political subdivisions, these securities are investment grade and highly rated and carry either sufficient credit enhancement or days cash on hand to support timely payments of principal and interest. As a result, the Company does not expect any future payment defaults and has not recorded an allowance for credit losses for its available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

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The Company held approximately 120,000 Visa Class B restricted shares as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. These shares continued to be carried at $0 cost basis as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

3. Loans and Leases

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, loans and leases were comprised of the following:


	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Commercial and industrial	$	2,101,442	$	2,235,897
Commercial real estate		4,387,751		4,132,309
Construction		885,112		844,643
Residential:
Residential mortgage		4,303,924		4,302,788
Home equity line		1,167,388		1,055,351
Total residential		5,471,312		5,358,139
Consumer		1,154,203		1,222,934
Lease financing		332,515		298,090
Total loans and leases	$	14,332,335	$	14,092,012

Outstanding loan balances are reported net of deferred loan costs and fees of $58.5 million and $56.1 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable related to loans and leases was $67.9 million and $61.6 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is recorded separately from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

As of September 30, 2023, commercial real estate and residential real estate loans totaling $4.8 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”), and consumer, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential real estate loans and pledged securities totaling $4.8 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”). As of December 31, 2022, residential real estate loans totaling $3.5 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the FHLB, and consumer, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate and residential real estate loans totaling $1.7 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the FRB. Residential real estate loans collateralized by properties that were in the process of foreclosure totaled $7.3 million and $2.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

In the course of evaluating the credit risk presented by a customer and the pricing that will adequately compensate the Company for assuming that risk, management may require a certain amount of collateral support. The type of collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, land, buildings, equipment, income-producing commercial properties and residential real estate. The Company applies the same collateral policy for loans whether they are funded immediately or on a delayed basis. The loan and lease portfolio is principally located in Hawaii and, to a lesser extent, on the U.S. Mainland, Guam and Saipan. The risk inherent in the portfolio depends upon both the economic strength and stability of the state or territories, which affects property values, and the financial strength and creditworthiness of the borrowers.

4. Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company maintains the ACL that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases. While management utilizes its best judgment and information available, the ultimate appropriateness of the ACL is dependent upon a variety of factors beyond our control, including the performance of our loan portfolio, the economy, changes in interest rates and the view of the regulatory authorities toward loan classifications. The Company’s methodology is more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled.

Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Commercial Lending

Residential Lending

Commercial

Home

and

Real

Lease

Residential

Equity

(dollars in thousands)

Industrial

Estate

Construction

Financing

Mortgage

Line

Consumer

Total

Allowance for credit losses:

Balance at beginning of period

13,810

39,887

9,871

1,447

32,803

11,806

38,957

148,581

Charge-offs

(784)

—

(3,665)

(4,449)

Recoveries

2,637

—

303

1,746

4,739

Provision

(1,963)

3,911

333

263

4,143

(682)

(81)

5,924

Balance at end of period

13,700

43,798

10,204

1,710

36,999

11,427

36,957

154,795

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Commercial Lending

Residential Lending

Commercial

Home

and

Real

Lease

Residential

Equity

(dollars in thousands)

Industrial

Estate

Construction

Financing

Mortgage

Line

Consumer

Total

Allowance for credit losses:

Balance at beginning of period

14,564

43,810

5,843

1,551

35,175

8,296

34,661

143,900

Charge-offs

(2,572)

—

(122)

(272)

(12,963)

(15,929)

Recoveries

3,175

—

110

539

5,640

9,464

Provision

(1,467)

(12)

4,361

159

1,836

2,864

9,619

17,360

Balance at end of period

13,700

43,798

10,204

1,710

36,999

11,427

36,957

154,795


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of period	$	15,924	$	44,726	$	5,367	$	1,398	$	33,635	$	4,734	$	43,158	$	148,942
Charge-offs		(328)		(750)		—		—		(1)		—		(3,986)		(5,065)
Recoveries		240		—		—		—		37		356		1,653		2,286
Provision		(703)		416		(643)		235		248		164		2,283		2,000
Balance at end of period	$	15,133	$	44,392	$	4,724	$	1,633	$	33,919	$	5,254	$	43,108	$	148,163


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of period	$	20,080	$	42,951	$	9,773	$	1,659	$	34,364	$	5,642	$	42,793	$	157,262
Charge-offs		(1,277)		(750)		—		—		(1)		(1,163)		(11,754)		(14,945)
Recoveries		594		14		—		60		245		575		5,741		7,229
Provision		(4,264)		2,177		(5,049)		(86)		(689)		200		6,328		(1,383)
Balance at end of period	$	15,133	$	44,392	$	4,724	$	1,633	$	33,919	$	5,254	$	43,108	$	148,163

Table of Contents

Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Commercial Lending

Residential Lending

Commercial

Home

and

Real

Lease

Residential

Equity

(dollars in thousands)

Industrial

Estate

Construction

Financing

Mortgage

Line

Consumer

Total

Reserve for unfunded commitments:

Balance at beginning of period

6,354

1,991

9,789

—

18,015

36,199

Provision

3,577

(129)

(382)

—

(6)

(1,475)

(9)

1,576

Balance at end of period

9,931

1,862

9,407

—

16,540

37,775

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Commercial Lending

Residential Lending

Commercial

Home

and

Real

Lease

Residential

Equity

(dollars in thousands)

Industrial

Estate

Construction

Financing

Mortgage

Line

Consumer

Total

Reserve for unfunded commitments:

Balance at beginning of period

7,811

2,004

7,470

—

16,483

33,835

Provision

2,120

(142)

1,937

—

(17)

(15)

3,940

Balance at end of period

9,931

1,862

9,407

—

16,540

37,775


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Reserve for unfunded commitments:
Balance at beginning of period	$	7,640	$	3,750	$	6,084	$	—	$	32	$	11,423	$	29	$	28,958
Provision		478		(1,397)		630		—		(4)		1,473		3		1,183
Balance at end of period	$	8,118	$	2,353	$	6,714	$	—	$	28	$	12,896	$	32	$	30,141


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Reserve for unfunded commitments:
Balance at beginning of period	$	8,615	$	2,114	$	8,963	$	—	$	15	$	10,546	$	69	$	30,322
Provision		(497)		239		(2,249)		—		13		2,350		(37)		(181)
Balance at end of period	$	8,118	$	2,353	$	6,714	$	—	$	28	$	12,896	$	32	$	30,141

Credit Quality Information

The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses.

Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk.

Table of Contents

An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment.

Pass – “Pass” (uncriticized) loans and leases, are not considered to carry greater than normal risk. The borrower has the apparent ability to satisfy obligations to the Company, and therefore no loss in ultimate collection is anticipated.

Special Mention – Loans and leases that have potential weaknesses deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for assets or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – Loans and leases that are inadequately protected by the current financial condition and paying capacity of the obligor or by any collateral pledged. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – Loans and leases that have weaknesses found in substandard borrowers with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection of debt in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss – Loans and leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type.

Table of Contents

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of September 30, 2023 was as follows:

Revolving

Loans

Converted

Term Loans

Revolving

to Term

Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

Loans

Amortized

(dollars in thousands)

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Prior

Cost Basis

Total

Commercial Lending

Commercial and Industrial

Risk rating:

Pass

55,062

294,558

368,460

35,603

150,195

147,197

906,094

3,427

1,960,596

Special Mention

31,427

730

1,125

1,569

2,677

37,711

Substandard

217

532

245

847

1,839

1,034

13,947

—

18,661

Other ⁽¹⁾

13,438

12,424

5,575

2,856

2,226

1,513

46,442

—

84,474

Total Commercial and Industrial

68,718

338,941

374,375

40,036

155,385

151,313

969,160

3,514

2,101,442

Current period gross charge-offs

130

108

2,163

—

2,572

Commercial Real Estate

Risk rating:

Pass

288,996

881,117

665,048

329,663

559,287

1,508,430

60,613

—

4,293,154

Special Mention

2,322

7,643

41,304

543

6,935

13,039

12,483

—

84,269

Substandard

—

5,110

2,004

170

—

2,599

300

—

10,183

Other ⁽¹⁾

—

145

—

145

Total Commercial Real Estate

291,318

893,870

708,356

330,376

566,222

1,524,213

73,396

—

4,387,751

Current period gross charge-offs

—

Construction

Risk rating:

Pass

129,160

209,227

335,433

59,164

64,168

28,916

3,826

—

829,894

Special Mention

—

197

669

—

866

Other ⁽¹⁾

10,194

24,825

10,313

2,260

2,115

3,932

713

—

54,352

Total Construction

139,354

234,052

345,746

61,424

66,480

33,517

4,539

—

885,112

Current period gross charge-offs

—

Lease Financing

Risk rating:

Pass

83,255

88,367

19,869

35,583

34,828

69,043

—

330,945

Special Mention

—

341

—

379

Substandard

747

440

—

1,191

Total Lease Financing

84,002

88,807

20,210

35,621

34,832

69,043

—

332,515

Current period gross charge-offs

—

Total Commercial Lending

583,392

1,555,670

1,448,687

467,457

822,919

1,778,086

1,047,095

3,514

7,706,820

Current period gross charge-offs

130

108

2,163

—

2,572

(continued)

Table of Contents


															Revolving
															Loans
															Converted
	Term Loans												Revolving		to Term
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Loans		Loans
(continued)													Amortized		Amortized
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Cost Basis		Cost Basis		Total
Residential Lending
Residential Mortgage
FICO:
740 and greater	$	195,053	$	527,072	$	1,018,441	$	536,878	$	231,038	$	1,012,924	$	—	$	—	$	3,521,406
680 - 739		29,006		78,642		116,247		73,209		32,906		131,547		—		—		461,557
620 - 679		2,847		11,153		15,830		10,678		5,705		36,289		—		—		82,502
550 - 619		269		3,343		4,037		2,458		249		11,724		—		—		22,080
Less than 550		—		196		2,362		1,573		50		5,373		—		—		9,554
No Score ⁽³⁾		5,589		19,402		11,729		6,343		9,757		53,515		—		—		106,335
Other ⁽²⁾		10,518		17,079		17,682		12,840		8,733		26,171		7,467		—		100,490
Total Residential Mortgage		243,282		656,887		1,186,328		643,979		288,438		1,277,543		7,467		—		4,303,924
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	122	$	—	$	—	$	122

Home Equity Line
FICO:
740 and greater		—		—		—		—		—		—		961,974		1,503		963,477
680 - 739		—		—		—		—		—		—		148,629		2,382		151,011
620 - 679		—		—		—		—		—		—		34,333		1,326		35,659
550 - 619		—		—		—		—		—		—		9,099		948		10,047
Less than 550		—		—		—		—		—		—		5,257		264		5,521
No Score ⁽³⁾		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,673		—		1,673
Total Home Equity Line		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,160,965		6,423		1,167,388
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	254	$	18	$	272

Total Residential Lending	$	243,282	$	656,887	$	1,186,328	$	643,979	$	288,438	$	1,277,543	$	1,168,432	$	6,423	$	5,471,312
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	122	$	254	$	18	$	394

Consumer Lending
FICO:
740 and greater		85,839		139,753		84,741		39,390		27,790		13,589		116,342		153		507,597
680 - 739		60,184		79,628		43,948		20,531		16,192		8,577		74,428		416		303,904
620 - 679		21,797		32,632		18,094		8,650		9,214		6,191		33,543		892		131,013
550 - 619		3,745		10,422		7,898		4,953		5,597		4,069		12,456		684		49,824
Less than 550		774		5,629		4,519		3,175		3,048		2,459		4,567		560		24,731
No Score ⁽³⁾		1,455		297		—		—		5		13		41,852		150		43,772
Other ⁽²⁾		—		1,188		1,007		340		1,086		1		89,740		—		93,362
Total Consumer Lending	$	173,794	$	269,549	$	160,207	$	77,039	$	62,932	$	34,899	$	372,928	$	2,855	$	1,154,203
Current period gross charge-offs	$	152	$	1,710	$	1,723	$	880	$	1,500	$	1,995	$	4,541	$	462	$	12,963

Total Loans and Leases	$	1,000,468	$	2,482,106	$	2,795,222	$	1,188,475	$	1,174,289	$	3,090,528	$	2,588,455	$	12,792	$	14,332,335
Current period gross charge-offs	$	282	$	1,779	$	1,797	$	908	$	1,608	$	4,280	$	4,795	$	480	$	15,929

(1)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score.

(2)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating.

(3)	No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance.

Table of Contents

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2022 was as follows:

Revolving

Loans

Converted

Term Loans

Revolving

to Term

Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

Loans

Amortized

(dollars in thousands)

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

Prior

Cost Basis

Total

Commercial Lending

Commercial and Industrial

Risk rating:

Pass

359,881

422,567

54,656

170,222

51,476

137,257

894,384

15,715

2,106,158

Special Mention

2,059

240

1,371

2,643

184

1,431

22,897

378

31,203

Substandard

625

289

1,117

1,092

668

885

14,733

19,474

Other ⁽¹⁾

17,679

7,721

4,329

3,965

1,881

1,167

42,320

—

79,062

Total Commercial and Industrial

380,244

430,817

61,473

177,922

54,209

140,740

974,334

16,158

2,235,897

Commercial Real Estate

Risk rating:

Pass

889,583

695,882

319,838

565,587

395,474

1,173,163

48,081

—

4,087,608

Special Mention

170

—

555

14,878

512

11,398

675

—

28,188

Substandard

—

173

—

1,704

14,485

—

16,362

Other ⁽¹⁾

—

151

—

151

Total Commercial Real Estate

889,753

695,882

320,566

580,465

397,690

1,199,197

48,756

—

4,132,309

Construction

Risk rating:

Pass

124,464

261,536

96,423

97,000

88,973

84,704

25,957

—

779,057

Special Mention

—

221

—

221

Substandard

—

490

—

511

Other ⁽¹⁾

29,694

21,339

4,686

2,201

3,784

2,196

954

—

64,854

Total Construction

154,158

282,875

101,109

99,422

92,778

87,390

26,911

—

844,643

Lease Financing

Risk rating:

Pass

113,563

24,052

43,497

37,502

6,004

67,687

—

292,305

Special Mention

—

411

2,498

1,299

—

4,208

Substandard

—

197

1,357

—

1,577

Total Lease Financing

113,563

24,463

46,192

38,813

6,015

69,044

—

298,090

Total Commercial Lending

1,537,718

1,434,037

529,340

896,622

550,692

1,496,371

1,050,001

16,158

7,510,939

(continued)

Table of Contents

Revolving

Loans

Converted

Term Loans

Revolving

to Term

Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

Loans

(continued)

Amortized

(dollars in thousands)

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

Prior

Cost Basis

Total

Residential Lending

Residential Mortgage

FICO:

740 and greater

557,636

1,064,444

560,463

245,241

165,258

920,100

—

3,513,142

680 - 739

73,929

112,672

82,416

40,355

22,126

130,508

—

462,006

620 - 679

12,320

13,804

9,881

3,649

3,054

35,441

—

78,149

550 - 619

2,455

2,246

1,791

263

601

6,955

—

14,311

Less than 550

—

1,321

367

—

966

5,304

—

7,958

No Score ⁽³⁾

22,289

14,671

6,820

10,599

15,921

47,245

—

117,545

Other ⁽²⁾

18,970

18,211

15,287

9,201

9,124

29,128

9,202

554

109,677

Total Residential Mortgage

687,599

1,227,369

677,025

309,308

217,050

1,174,681

9,202

554

4,302,788

Home Equity Line

FICO:

740 and greater

—

817,123

2,059

819,182

680 - 739

—

171,117

2,714

173,831

620 - 679

—

45,368

2,100

47,468

550 - 619

—

7,485

1,029

8,514

Less than 550

—

1,151

481

1,632

No Score ⁽³⁾

—

4,724

—

4,724

Total Home Equity Line

—

1,046,968

8,383

1,055,351

Total Residential Lending

687,599

1,227,369

677,025

309,308

217,050

1,174,681

1,056,170

8,937

5,358,139

Consumer Lending

FICO:

740 and greater

200,887

111,047

53,534

43,912

24,951

8,432

125,126

185

568,074

680 - 739

99,787

67,140

37,260

31,751

15,874

7,665

72,101

514

332,092

620 - 679

25,949

29,587

14,226

16,872

9,672

6,488

31,854

937

135,585

550 - 619

3,017

5,475

5,226

8,056

5,396

3,924

11,269

854

43,217

Less than 550

656

1,351

2,286

3,779

1,869

1,593

3,541

443

15,518

No Score ⁽³⁾

3,205

258

—

38,805

227

42,599

Other ⁽²⁾

1,615

4,082

353

1,368

—

78,430

85,849

Total Consumer Lending

335,116

218,940

112,885

105,789

57,786

28,131

361,126

3,161

1,222,934

Total Loans and Leases

2,560,433

2,880,346

1,319,250

1,311,719

825,528

2,699,183

2,467,297

28,256

14,092,012

(1)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score.

(2)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating.

(3)	No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance.

There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Table of Contents

Past-Due Status

The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows:

September 30, 2023

Past Due

Loans and

Greater

Leases Past

Than or

Due 90 Days

30-59

60-89

Equal to

or More and

Days

90 Days

Total

Total Loans

Still Accruing

(dollars in thousands)

Past Due

Current

and Leases

Interest

Commercial and industrial

3,989

673

1,277

5,939

2,095,503

2,101,442

289

Commercial real estate

—

300

170

470

4,387,281

4,387,751

170

Construction

—

885,112

—

Lease financing

—

332,515

—

Residential mortgage

3,239

—

6,575

9,814

4,294,110

4,303,924

1,430

Home equity line

6,741

938

3,320

10,999

1,156,389

1,167,388

—

Consumer

20,327

3,967

1,681

25,975

1,128,228

1,154,203

1,681

Total

34,296

5,878

13,023

53,197

14,279,138

14,332,335

3,570


	December 31, 2022
	Past Due												Loans and
					Greater								Leases Past
					Than or								Due 90 Days
	30-59		60-89		Equal to								or More and
	Days		Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans		Still Accruing
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		and Leases		Interest
Commercial and industrial	$	2,682	$	769	$	1,441	$	4,892	$	2,231,005	$	2,235,897	$	291
Commercial real estate		4,505		—		727		5,232		4,127,077		4,132,309		—
Construction		109		—		—		109		844,534		844,643		—
Lease financing		—		—		—		—		298,090		298,090		—
Residential mortgage		3,681		1,983		2,572		8,236		4,294,552		4,302,788		58
Home equity line		5,161		1,381		2,072		8,614		1,046,737		1,055,351		—
Consumer		29,927		6,801		2,886		39,614		1,183,320		1,222,934		2,885
Total	$	46,065	$	10,934	$	9,698	$	66,697	$	14,025,315	$	14,092,012	$	3,234

Nonaccrual Loans and Leases

The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible.

The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no ACL as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	September 30, 2023
	Nonaccrual
	Loans
	and Leases
	With No		Nonaccrual
	Allowance		Loans
(dollars in thousands)	for Credit Losses		and Leases
Commercial and industrial	$	503	$	988
Residential mortgage		2,674		7,435
Home equity line		596		6,200
Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases	$	3,773	$	14,623

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	December 31, 2022
	Nonaccrual
	Loans
	and Leases
	With No		Nonaccrual
	Allowance		Loans
(dollars in thousands)	for Credit Losses		and Leases
Commercial and industrial	$	665	$	1,215
Commercial real estate		727		727
Residential mortgage		1,560		6,166
Home equity line		596		3,797
Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases	$	3,548	$	11,905

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases

Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans were $7.5 million and $8.2 million, respectively. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property and the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company adopted the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, on January 1, 2023. This update eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in Subtopic 310-40, updates the requirements related to accounting for credit losses under Topic 326 and adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For additional information, see “Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation.”

Commercial and industrial loans with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty may be modified through interest rate reductions, term extensions, and converting revolving credit lines to term loans. Modifications of commercial real estate and construction loans with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty may involve reducing the interest rate for the remaining term of the loan or extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. Modifications of construction loans with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty may also involve extending the interest-only payment period. Interest continues to accrue on the missed payments and as a result, the effective yield on the loan remains unchanged. Modifications of residential real estate loans with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty may be comprised of loans where monthly payments are lowered to accommodate the borrowers' financial needs for a period of time, including extended interest-only periods and reamortization of the balance. Modifications of consumer loans with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty may involve interest rate reductions and term extensions.

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Loans modified with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, whether in default or not, may already be on nonaccrual status and in some cases, partial charge-offs may have already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. Loans modified with a borrower experiencing financial difficulty are evaluated for impairment. As a result, this may have a financial effect of impacting the specific ACL associated with the loan. An ACL for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or if the loan is collateral-dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. An ACL for impaired residential real estate loans is measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercises significant judgment in developing these estimates.

The following tables present, by class of financing receivable and type of modification granted, the amortized cost basis as of September 30, 2023, related to loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:

Interest Rate Reduction

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30, 2023

Amortized

% of Total Class

Amortized

% of Total Class

(dollars in thousands)

Cost Basis⁽¹⁾

of Financing Receivable

Cost Basis⁽¹⁾

of Financing Receivable

Consumer

255

0.02

889

0.08

Total

255

n/m

889

0.01

n/m – Represents less than 0.01% of total class of financing receivable.

(1)	The amortized cost basis reflects all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

Term Extension

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30, 2023

Amortized

% of Total Class

Amortized

% of Total Class

(dollars in thousands)

Cost Basis⁽¹⁾

of Financing Receivable

Cost Basis⁽¹⁾

of Financing Receivable

Commercial and industrial

145

0.01

248

0.01

Commercial real estate

—

1,214

0.03

Construction

669

0.08

897

0.10

Residential mortgage

—

n/m

Consumer

n/m

130

0.01

Total

831

0.01

2,522

0.02

n/m – Represents less than 0.01% of total class of financing receivable.

(1)	The amortized cost basis reflects all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

The following tables describe, by class of financing receivable and type of modification granted, the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	Interest Rate Reduction
	Financial Effect
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Consumer	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate by 13.31%.	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate by 13.22%.


	Term Extension
	Financial Effect
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Commercial and industrial	Added a weighted-average 2.6 years to the life of loans.	Added a weighted-average 3.0 years to the life of loans.
Commercial real estate	—	Added a weighted-average 1.0 years to the life of loans.
Construction	Added a weighted-average 1.0 years to the life of loans.	Added a weighted-average 1.4 years to the life of loans.
Residential mortgage	—	Added a weighted-average 5.9 years to the life of loans.
Consumer	Added a weighted-average 2.9 years to the life of loans.	Added a weighted-average 3.6 years to the life of loans.

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The following table presents, by class of financing receivable and type of modification granted, the amortized cost basis, as of September 30, 2023, of loans that had a payment default during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and were modified in the 12 months before default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company is reporting these defaulted loans based on a payment default definition of 30 days past due:


	Amortized Cost Basis of Modified Loans That Subsequently Defaulted⁽¹⁾
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Interest Rate Reduction		Interest Rate Reduction
Consumer	$	166	$	186
Total	$	166	$	186

(1)	The amortized cost basis reflects all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

Performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is monitored to understand the effectiveness of the Company’s modification efforts. As of September 30, 2023, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months related to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty was as follows:


		September 30, 2023
		Past Due
						Greater Than
						or Equal to
		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days		Total
(dollars in thousands)		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Total
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	248	$	248
Commercial real estate		—		—		—		—		1,214		1,214
Construction		—		—		—		—		897		897
Residential mortgage		—		—		—		—		33		33
Consumer		62		18		18		98		921		1,019
Total	$	62	$	18	$	18	$	98	$	3,313	$	3,411

The Company had commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and commercial letters of credit totaling $7.0 billion as of September 30, 2023. Of the $7.0 billion at September 30, 2023, there were commitments of $5.0 million to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for which the Company had modified the terms of the loans in the form of an interest rate reduction or a term extension during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Troubled Debt Restructuring Disclosures Prior to Adoption of ASU No. 2022-02

Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2022-02, the Company accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty as a TDR. On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU No. 2022-02, which eliminated TDR accounting prospectively for all restructurings occurring on or after January 1, 2023. Loans that were restructured in a TDR prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2022-02 will continue to be accounted for under the historical TDR accounting until the loan is paid off or subsequently modified. The disclosures below related to TDRs for prior periods are presented in accordance with Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors.

Commercial and industrial loans modified in a TDR may have involved temporary interest-only payments, term extensions, and converting revolving credit lines to term loans. Modifications of commercial real estate and construction loans in a TDR may have involved reducing the interest rate for the remaining term of the loan, extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or substituting or adding a new borrower or guarantor. Modifications of construction loans in a TDR may have also involved extending the interest-only payment period. Interest continued to accrue on the missed payments and as a result, the effective yield on the loan remained unchanged. Residential real estate loans modified in a TDR may have been comprised of loans where monthly payments were lowered to accommodate the borrowers' financial needs for a period of time, including extended interest-only periods and reamortization of the balance. Modifications of consumer loans in a TDR may have involved temporary or permanent reduced payments, temporary interest-only payments and below-market interest rates.

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Loans modified in a TDR may have already been on nonaccrual status and in some cases, partial charge-offs may have already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. Loans modified in a TDR were evaluated for impairment. As a result, this may have had a financial effect of impacting the specific ACL associated with the loan. An ACL for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, that had been modified in a TDR was measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or if the loan was collateral-dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. An ACL for impaired residential real estate loans that had been modified in a TDR was measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercised significant judgment in developing these estimates.

The following presents, by class, information related to loans modified in a TDR during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 presented in accordance with Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors:


	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022					September 30, 2022
	Number of	Recorded		Related		Number of	Recorded		Related
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts⁽¹⁾	Investment⁽²⁾		ACL		Contracts⁽¹⁾	Investment⁽²⁾		ACL
Commercial and industrial	2	$	201	$	4	2	$	201	$	4
Residential mortgage	—		—		—	1		252		32
Consumer	50		387		114	234		2,286		424
Total	52	$	588	$	118	237	$	2,739	$	460

(1)	The number of contracts does not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

(2)	The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

The above loans were modified in a TDR through an extension of maturity dates, reduced payments, or below-market interest rates.

The Company had commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and commercial letters of credit totaling $7.0 billion as of December 31, 2022. Of the $7.0 billion at December 31, 2022, there were commitments of $0.1 million to lend additional funds related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR.

The following table presents, by class, loans modified in TDRs that have defaulted in the periods below within 12 months of their permanent modification date for the periods indicated, presented in accordance with Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors. The Company was reporting these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 30 days past due:


	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022			September 30, 2022
	Number of	Recorded		Number of	Recorded
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts⁽¹⁾	Investment⁽²⁾		Contracts⁽¹⁾	Investment⁽²⁾
Commercial and industrial	1	$	216	2	$	541
Consumer	123		1,561	219		2,939
Total	124	$	1,777	221	$	3,480

(1)	The number of contracts does not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

(2)	The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

Foreclosed Property

As of September 30, 2023, there were no residential real estate properties held from foreclosed residential mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2022, residential real estate property held from one foreclosed residential mortgage loan of $0.1 million was included in other real estate owned and repossessed personal property shown in the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

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5. Mortgage Servicing Rights

Mortgage servicing activities include collecting principal, interest, tax, and insurance payments from borrowers while accounting for and remitting payments to investors, taxing authorities, and insurance companies. The Company also monitors delinquencies and administers foreclosure proceedings.

Mortgage loan servicing income is recorded in noninterest income as a part of other service charges and fees and amortization of the servicing assets is recorded in noninterest income as part of other income. The unpaid principal amount of residential real estate loans serviced for others was $1.4 billion as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Servicing fees include contractually specified fees, late charges, and ancillary fees and were $0.8 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $2.6 million and $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Amortization of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) was $0.3 million for both three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and $0.8 million and $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The estimated future amortization expenses for MSRs over the next five years are as follows:


	Estimated
(dollars in thousands)	Amortization
Under one year	$	852
One to two years		757
Two to three years		671
Three to four years		592
Four to five years		523

The details of the Company’s MSRs are presented below:


	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Gross carrying amount	$	69,406	$	69,273
Less: accumulated amortization		63,551		62,711
Net carrying value	$	5,855	$	6,562

The following table presents changes in amortized MSRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	6,072	$	7,152	$	6,562	$	8,302
Originations		65		47		133		151
Amortization		(282)		(333)		(840)		(1,587)
Balance at end of period	$	5,855	$	6,866	$	5,855	$	6,866
Fair value of amortized MSRs at beginning of period	$	14,557	$	14,969	$	15,193	$	12,243
Fair value of amortized MSRs at end of period	$	14,520	$	14,945	$	14,520	$	14,945

MSRs are evaluated for impairment if events and circumstances indicate a possible impairment. No impairment of MSRs was recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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The quantitative assumptions used in determining the lower of cost or fair value of the Company’s MSRs as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	September 30, 2023							December 31, 2022
						Weighted							Weighted
	Range					Average		Range					Average
Conditional prepayment rate	6.89	%	-	11.27	%	7.02	%	7.02	%	-	13.58	%	7.11	%
Life in years (of the MSR)	4.26		-	7.25		7.11		3.35		-	7.37		7.20
Weighted-average coupon rate	3.57	%	-	5.84	%	3.70	%	3.55	%	-	6.24	%	3.68	%
Discount rate	10.36	%	-	10.55	%	10.52	%	10.41	%	-	10.54	%	10.51	%

The sensitivities surrounding MSRs are expected to have an immaterial impact on fair value.

6. Transfers of Financial Assets

The Company’s transfers of financial assets with continuing interest may include pledges of collateral to secure public deposits and repurchase agreements, FHLB and FRB borrowing capacity, automated clearing house (“ACH”) transactions and interest rate swaps.

For public deposits and repurchase agreements, the Company enters into bilateral agreements with the entity to pledge investment securities as collateral in the event of default. The right of setoff for a repurchase agreement resembles a secured borrowing, whereby the collateral pledged by the Company would be used to settle the fair value of the repurchase agreement should the Company be in default. The counterparty has the right to sell or repledge the investment securities. The Company is required by the counterparty to maintain adequate collateral levels. In the event the collateral fair value falls below stipulated levels, the Company will pledge additional investment securities. For transfers of assets with the FHLB and the FRB, the Company enters into bilateral agreements to pledge loans and/or securities as collateral to secure borrowing capacity. For ACH transactions, the Company enters into bilateral agreements to collateralize possible daylight overdrafts. For interest rate swaps, the Company enters into bilateral agreements to pledge collateral when either party is in a negative fair value position to mitigate counterparty credit risk. Counterparties to ACH transactions, certain interest rate swaps, the FHLB and the FRB do not have the right to sell or repledge the collateral.

The carrying amounts of the assets pledged as collateral to secure public deposits, borrowing arrangements and other transactions as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:


(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Public deposits	$	3,511,412	$	2,977,693
Federal Home Loan Bank		4,817,865		3,451,070
Federal Reserve Bank		4,801,873		1,704,803
ACH transactions		135,512		133,173
Interest rate swaps		585		31,091
Total	$	13,267,247	$	8,297,830

As the Company did not enter into reverse repurchase agreements or repurchase agreements, no collateral was accepted as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. In addition, no debt was extinguished by in-substance defeasance.

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7. Deposits

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deposits were categorized as interest-bearing or noninterest-bearing as follows:


(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
U.S.:
Interest-bearing	$	12,667,072	$	11,936,775
Noninterest-bearing		6,931,032		7,978,046
Foreign:
Interest-bearing		945,421		887,608
Noninterest-bearing		967,964		886,600
Total deposits	$	21,511,489	$	21,689,029

The following table presents the maturity distribution of time certificates of deposit as of September 30, 2023:


	Under		$250,000
(dollars in thousands)	$250,000		or More		Total
Three months or less	$	202,932	$	1,093,989	$	1,296,921
Over three through six months		268,176		540,418		808,594
Over six through twelve months		785,036		496,157		1,281,193
One to two years		114,912		57,576		172,488
Two to three years		41,313		7,422		48,735
Three to four years		26,248		5,529		31,777
Four to five years		17,012		3,452		20,464
Thereafter		313		646		959
Total	$	1,455,942	$	2,205,189	$	3,661,131

Time certificates of deposit in denominations of $250,000 or more, in the aggregate, were $2.2 billion and $1.5 billion as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Overdrawn deposit accounts are classified as loans and totaled $2.0 million and $2.5 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

8. Short-Term Borrowings

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, short-term borrowings were comprised of the following:


(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Federal funds purchased	$	—	$	75,000
Short-term FHLB fixed-rate advances⁽¹⁾		500,000		—
Total short-term borrowings	$	500,000	$	75,000

(1)	Interest is payable monthly.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s short-term borrowings consisted of $500.0 million in short-term FHLB fixed-rate advances with a weighted average interest rate of 4.71% and maturity dates in September 2024. The FHLB fixed-rate advances require monthly interest-only payments with the principal amount due on the maturity date. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s short-term borrowings consisted of $75.0 million in federal funds purchased with a 4.35% annual interest rate that matured in January 2023. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had a remaining line of credit of $2.8 billion and $2.5 billion available from the FHLB, respectively. The FHLB borrowing capacity was secured by commercial real estate and residential real estate loan collateral as of September 30, 2023 and residential real estate loan collateral as of December 31, 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, the Company had an undrawn line of credit of $3.8 billion and $1.2 billion available from the FRB. The borrowing capacity with the FRB was secured by consumer, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, residential real estate loans and pledged securities as of September 30, 2023 and consumer, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate and residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2022. See “Note 6. Transfers of Financial Assets” for more information.

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	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Federal funds purchased:
Weighted-average interest rate at September 30,		—	%		—	%
Highest month-end balance	$	150,000		$	—
Average outstanding balance	$	23,059		$	55
Weighted-average interest rate paid		4.45	%		1.67	%
Short-term FHLB repo advance:
Weighted-average interest rate at September 30,		—	%		—	%
Highest month-end balance	$	400,000		$	—
Average outstanding balance	$	156,319		$	—
Weighted-average interest rate paid		5.25	%		—	%
Short-term FHLB fixed-rate advances:
Weighted-average interest rate at September 30,		4.71	%		—	%
Highest month-end balance	$	500,000		$	—
Average outstanding balance	$	20,147		$	—
Weighted-average interest rate paid		4.34	%		—	%

9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss is defined as the revenues, expenses, gains and losses that are included in comprehensive loss but excluded from net income. The Company’s significant items of accumulated other comprehensive loss are pension and other benefits, net unrealized gains or losses on investment securities and net unrealized gains or losses on cash flow derivative hedges.

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:


			Income
			Tax
	Pre-tax		Benefit		Net of
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		(Expense)		Tax
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at June 30, 2023	$	(835,647)	$	222,911	$	(612,736)
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Investment securities:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(61,874)		16,505		(45,369)
Reclassification of net losses to net income:
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities		11,434		(3,050)		8,384
Net change in investment securities		(50,440)		13,455		(36,985)
Cash flow derivative hedges:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(373)		100		(273)
Reclassification of net losses included in net income		1,723		(460)		1,263
Net change in cash flow derivative hedges		1,350		(360)		990
Other comprehensive loss		(49,090)		13,095		(35,995)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at September 30, 2023	$	(884,737)	$	236,006	$	(648,731)

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			Income
			Tax
	Pre-tax		Benefit		Net of
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		(Expense)		Tax
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2022	$	(871,813)	$	232,559	$	(639,254)
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Investment securities:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(50,861)		13,567		(37,294)
Reclassification of net losses to net income:
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities		36,206		(9,658)		26,548
Net change in investment securities		(14,655)		3,909		(10,746)
Cash flow derivative hedges:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(2,868)		765		(2,103)
Reclassification of net losses included in net income		4,599		(1,227)		3,372
Net change in cash flow derivative hedges		1,731		(462)		1,269
Other comprehensive loss		(12,924)		3,447		(9,477)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at September 30, 2023	$	(884,737)	$	236,006	$	(648,731)


			Income
			Tax
	Pre-tax		Benefit		Net of
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		(Expense)		Tax
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at June 30, 2022	$	(779,352)	$	207,895	$	(571,457)
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Investment securities:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(130,000)		34,677		(95,323)
Reclassification of net losses to net income:
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities		15,217		(4,058)		11,159
Net change in investment securities		(114,783)		30,619		(84,164)
Cash flow derivative hedges:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(4,372)		1,165		(3,207)
Reclassification of net losses included in net income		98		(26)		72
Net change in cash flow derivative hedges		(4,274)		1,139		(3,135)
Other comprehensive loss		(119,057)		31,758		(87,299)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at September 30, 2022	$	(898,409)	$	239,653	$	(658,756)


			Income
			Tax
	Pre-tax		Benefit		Net of
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		(Expense)		Tax
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2021	$	(165,967)	$	44,274	$	(121,693)
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Investment securities:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(759,437)		202,580		(556,857)
Reclassification of net losses to net income:
Amortization of unrealized holding losses on held-to-maturity securities		35,146		(9,375)		25,771
Net change in investment securities		(724,291)		193,205		(531,086)
Cash flow derivative hedges:
Unrealized net losses arising during the period		(7,611)		2,030		(5,581)
Reclassification of net gains included in net income		(540)		144		(396)
Net change in cash flow derivative hedges		(8,151)		2,174		(5,977)
Other comprehensive loss		(732,442)		195,379		(537,063)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss at September 30, 2022	$	(898,409)	$	239,653	$	(658,756)

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The following table summarizes changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, for the periods indicated:



	Pensions								Accumulated
	and		Available-for-Sale		Held-to-Maturity		Cash Flow		Other
	Other		Investment		Investment		Derivative		Comprehensive
(dollars in thousands)	Benefits		Securities		Securities		Hedges		Loss
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	(5,431)	$	(284,100)	$	(318,782)	$	(4,423)	$	(612,736)
Other comprehensive (loss) income		—		(45,369)		8,384		990		(35,995)
Balance at end of period	$	(5,431)	$	(329,469)	$	(310,398)	$	(3,433)	$	(648,731)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	(5,431)	$	(292,175)	$	(336,946)	$	(4,702)	$	(639,254)
Other comprehensive (loss) income		—		(37,294)		26,548		1,269		(9,477)
Balance at end of period	$	(5,431)	$	(329,469)	$	(310,398)	$	(3,433)	$	(648,731)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	(24,390)	$	(220,021)	$	(324,204)	$	(2,842)	$	(571,457)
Unrealized net losses related to the transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity		—		33,603		(33,603)		—		—
Other comprehensive (loss) income		—		(95,323)		11,159		(3,135)		(87,299)
Balance at end of period	$	(24,390)	$	(281,741)	$	(346,648)	$	(5,977)	$	(658,756)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	(24,390)	$	(97,303)	$	—	$	—	$	(121,693)
Unrealized net losses related to the transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity		—		372,419		(372,419)		—		—
Other comprehensive (loss) income		—		(556,857)		25,771		(5,977)		(537,063)
Balance at end of period	$	(24,390)	$	(281,741)	$	(346,648)	$	(5,977)	$	(658,756)

10. Regulatory Capital Requirements

Federal and state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends the Company may declare or pay. The Company depends primarily on dividends from FHB as the source of funds for the Company’s payment of dividends.

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements imposed by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s and the Bank’s operating activities and financial condition. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of its assets and certain off-balance sheet items. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital to risk-weighted assets, as well as a minimum leverage ratio.

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The table below sets forth those ratios at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


					First Hawaiian				Minimum		Well-
	First Hawaiian, Inc.				Bank				Capital		Capitalized
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Ratio⁽¹⁾		Ratio⁽¹⁾
September 30, 2023:
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	$	2,004,248	12.21	%	$	1,990,261	12.12	%	4.50	%	6.50	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		2,004,248	12.21	%		1,990,261	12.12	%	6.00	%	8.00	%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets		2,196,818	13.38	%		2,182,831	13.30	%	8.00	%	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage ratio)		2,004,248	8.45	%		1,990,261	8.39	%	4.00	%	5.00	%

December 31, 2022:
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	$	1,912,767	11.82	%	$	1,895,693	11.71	%	4.50	%	6.50	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		1,912,767	11.82	%		1,895,693	11.71	%	6.00	%	8.00	%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets		2,090,502	12.92	%		2,073,428	12.81	%	8.00	%	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to average assets (leverage ratio)		1,912,767	8.11	%		1,895,693	8.04	%	4.00	%	5.00	%

(1)	As defined by the regulations issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).

Federal regulations require a 2.5% capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The capital conservation buffer is composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk weighted asset ratios, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) 7% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 8.5% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and (iii) 10.5% total capital to risk-weighted assets. As of September 30, 2023, under the bank regulatory capital guidelines, the Company and Bank were both classified as well-capitalized. Management is not aware of any conditions or events that have occurred since September 30, 2023, to change the capital adequacy category of the Company or the Bank.

11. Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company enters into derivative contracts primarily to manage its interest rate risk, as well as for customer accommodation purposes. Derivatives used for risk management purposes consist of interest rate swaps and collars that are designated as either a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge. The derivatives are recognized on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets as either assets or liabilities at fair value. Derivatives entered into for customer accommodation purposes consist of various free-standing interest rate derivative products and foreign exchange contracts. The Company is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, the Company does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes.

The following table summarizes the notional amounts and fair values of derivatives held by the Company as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
			Fair Value						Fair Value
	Notional		Asset		Liability		Notional		Asset		Liability
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Derivatives⁽¹⁾		Derivatives⁽²⁾		Amount		Derivatives⁽¹⁾		Derivatives⁽²⁾
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	$	267,500	$	9,829	$	(3,731)	$	267,500	$	7,276	$	(6,840)
Interest rate collars		200,000		—		(951)		200,000		491		(63)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps		2,811,284		3,073		(1,198)		2,849,776		3,178		(42,365)
Visa derivative		102,587		—		(1,200)		121,013		—		(851)
Foreign exchange contracts		191		—		—		210		—		—

(1)	The positive fair values of derivative assets are included in other assets.

(2)	The negative fair values of derivative liabilities are included in other liabilities.

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Certain interest rate swaps noted above, are cleared through clearinghouses, rather than directly with counterparties. Those transactions cleared through a clearinghouse require initial margin collateral and variation margin payments depending on the contracts being in a net asset or liability position. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of initial margin cash collateral posted by the Company was $0.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the variation margin was $1.9 million and $39.2 million, respectively.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company pledged $0.6 million in cash and received $49.1 million in cash as collateral for interest rate swaps. As of December 31, 2022, the Company pledged $29.9 million in financial instruments and $1.2 million in cash and received $48.1 million in cash as collateral for interest rate swaps. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the cash collateral includes the excess initial margin for interest rate swaps cleared through clearinghouses and cash collateral for interest rate swaps with financial institution counterparties.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company received $68.5 million and nil, respectively, in securities collateral for interest rate swaps, which is held in a custodial account and is not recorded on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value Hedges

To manage the risk related to the Company’s net interest margin, interest rate swaps are utilized to hedge certain fixed-rate loans. These swaps have maturity, amortization and prepayment features that correspond to the loans hedged, and are designated and qualify as fair value hedges. Any gain or loss on the swaps, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, is recognized in current period earnings.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company carried one interest rate swap with a notional amount of $67.5 million, which was designated and qualified as a fair value hedge for a commercial and industrial loan. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the interest rate swap had a positive fair value of $9.8 million and $7.3 million, respectively. The swap matures in 2041. The Company received a USD Federal Funds floating rate and paid a fixed rate of 2.07%.

The following table shows the gains and losses recognized in income related to derivatives in fair value hedging relationships for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Gains (losses) recognized in

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

the consolidated statements

September 30,

(dollars in thousands)

of income line item

2023

2022

2023

2022

Gains (losses) on fair value hedging relationships recognized in interest income:

Recognized on interest rate swap

Loans and lease financing

2,159

745

2,553

6,888

Recognized on hedged item

Loans and lease financing

(2,256)

(839)

(2,833)

(7,185)

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the following amounts were recorded in the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets related to the cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

Cumulative Amount of Fair Value

Hedging Adjustment Included in the

Carrying Amount of the Hedged Asset

(dollars in thousands)

September 30, 2023

December 31, 2022

September 30, 2023

December 31, 2022

Line item in the consolidated balance sheets in which the hedged item is included

Loans and leases

57,627

60,189

(9,873)

(7,311)

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Cash Flow Hedges

The Company utilized interest rate swaps to reduce asset sensitivity and enhance current yields associated with interest payments received on a pool of floating-rate loans. The Company entered into interest rate swaps paying floating rates and receiving fixed rates. The floating-rate index (Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index, or “BSBY”) corresponds to the floating-rate nature of the interest receipts being hedged (based on USD Prime). The swaps provided an initial benefit to interest income as the Company received the higher fixed rate, which persisted while the floating rate remained below the swap’s fixed rate. By hedging with interest rate swaps, the Company minimized the adverse impact on interest income previously associated with a low interest rate environment on floating-rate loans.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company carried two interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $200.0 million, with a negative fair value totaling $3.7 million and $6.8 million, respectively. The swaps mature in 2024. The Company received fixed rates ranging from 1.70% to 2.08% and paid 1-month BSBY.

The Company also utilized interest rate collars to manage interest rate risk and protect against downside risk in yields associated with interest payments received on a pool of floating-rate assets. The floating-rate index of the collars (Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or “SOFR”) corresponds to the floating-rate nature of the interest receipts being hedged (based on SOFR). Interest rate collars involve the payments of variable-rate amounts if the collar index exceeds the cap strike rate on the contract and receipts of variable-rate amounts if the collar index falls below the floor strike rate on the contract. No payments are required if the collar index falls between the cap and floor rates. By hedging with interest rate collars, the Company mitigates the adverse impact on interest income associated with possible future decreases in interest rates.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company carried two interest rate collars with notional amounts totaling $200.0 million. As of September 30, 2023, these interest rate collars had a negative fair value of $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, these interest rate collars had a positive fair value of $0.5 million and a negative fair value of $0.1 million. The collars mature in 2025 and 2027. The interest rate collars had a floor strike rate of 2.00% and cap strike rates ranging from 5.31% to 5.64%.

The interest rate swaps and collars are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges. To the extent that the hedge is considered highly effective, the gain or loss on the interest rate swaps and collars is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same period that the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The following table summarizes the effect of cash flow hedging relationships for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30,

(dollars in thousands)

2023

2022

2023

2022

Pretax net losses recognized in other comprehensive income on cash flow derivative hedges

(373)

(4,372)

(2,868)

(7,611)

Pretax net losses (gains) reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest income from loans and lease financing

1,723

4,599

(540)

The estimated net amount to be reclassified within the next 12 months out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings is $3.7 million as a decrease to interest income from loans and lease financing. As of September 30, 2023, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately four years.

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Free-Standing Derivative Instruments

For the derivatives that are not designated as hedges, changes in fair value are reported in current period earnings. The following table summarizes the impact on pretax earnings of derivatives not designated as hedges, as reported on the unaudited interim consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Net gains (losses) recognized

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

in the consolidated statements

September 30,

(dollars in thousands)

of income line item

2023

2022

2023

2022

Derivatives Not Designated As Hedging Instruments:

Interest rate swaps

Other noninterest income

—

(532)

—

Visa derivative

Other noninterest income

(1,350)

273

(5,129)

(1,084)

As of September 30, 2023, the Company carried multiple interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $2.8 billion, all of which were related to the Company’s customer swap program, with a positive fair value of $3.1 million and a negative fair value of $1.2 million. The Company received floating rates ranging from 5.82% to 8.33% and paid fixed rates ranging from 2.39% to 5.86%. The swaps mature between October 2023 and June 2040. As of December 31, 2022, the Company carried multiple interest rate swaps with notional amounts totaling $2.8 billion, all of which were related to the Company’s customer swap program, with a positive fair value of $3.2 million and a negative fair value of $42.4 million. The Company received floating rates ranging from 4.62% to 7.12% and paid fixed rates ranging from 2.39% to 6.13%. These swaps resulted in net interest expense of nil during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The Company’s customer swap program is designed by offering customers a variable-rate loan that is swapped to fixed-rate through an interest rate swap. The Company simultaneously executes an offsetting interest rate swap with a swap dealer. Upfront fees on the dealer swap are recorded in other noninterest income and totaled nil and $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.5 million and $1.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Visa Class B Restricted Shares

In 2016, the Company recorded a $22.7 million net realized gain related to the sale of 274,000 Visa Class B restricted shares. Concurrent with the sale of the Visa Class B restricted shares, the Company entered into a funding swap agreement with the buyer that requires payment to the buyer in the event Visa reduces each member bank’s Class B conversion rate to unrestricted Class A common shares. During 2018 through 2023, Visa funded its litigation escrow account, thereby reducing each member bank’s Class B conversion rate to unrestricted Class A common shares from 1.6483 to the current conversion rate of 1.5875. Under the terms of the funding swap agreement, the Company will make monthly payments to the buyer based on Visa’s Class A stock price and the number of Visa Class B restricted shares that were sold until the date on which the covered litigation is settled. A derivative liability (“Visa derivative”) of $1.2 million and $0.9 million was included in the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to provide for the fair value of this liability. There were no sales of these shares prior to 2016. See “Note 16. Fair Value” for more information.

Counterparty Credit Risk

By using derivatives, the Company is exposed to counterparty credit risk if counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. If a counterparty fails to perform, the Company’s counterparty credit risk is equal to the amount reported as a derivative asset, net of cash or other collateral received, and net of derivatives in a loss position with the same counterparty to the extent master netting arrangements exist. The Company minimizes counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures, executing master netting arrangements and obtaining collateral, where appropriate. Counterparty credit risk related to derivatives is considered in determining fair value.

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The Company’s interest rate swap agreements include bilateral collateral agreements with collateral requirements, which begin with exposures in excess of $0.3 million. For each counterparty, the Company reviews the interest rate swap collateral daily. Collateral for customer interest rate swap agreements, calculated as the pledged asset less loan balance, requires valuation of the pledged asset. Counterparty credit risk adjustments of nil were recognized during both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and nil and $0.1 million were recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Credit-Risk Related Contingent Features

Certain of the Company’s derivative contracts contain provisions whereby if the Company’s credit rating were to be downgraded by certain major credit rating agencies as a result of a merger or material adverse change in the Company’s financial condition, the counterparty could require an early termination of derivative instruments. The aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with such credit-risk related contingent features that are in a net liability position was nil at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, for which the Company posted nil in collateral in the normal course of business. If the Company’s credit rating had been downgraded as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company may have been required to settle the contracts in an amount equal to their fair value.

12. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

Contingencies

On November 2, 2020, a lawsuit was filed in Hawaii Circuit Court by a Bank customer related to the sale of credit facilities that the Bank had previously extended to the customer. The customer asserts claims against the Bank for interference with the customer’s contract and business opportunity, unfair methods of competition and declaratory and injunctive relief. The outcome of this legal proceeding is uncertain at this point. Based on information available to the Company at present, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a range of potential loss, if any, for this action. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any liability associated with this action. Management disputes any wrongdoing and the case is being vigorously defended.

In addition to the litigation noted above, various legal proceedings are pending or threatened against the Company. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not expect that the aggregate liability, if any, resulting from these proceedings would have a material effect on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit which are not reflected in the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

Unfunded Commitments to Extend Credit

A commitment to extend credit is a legally binding agreement to lend funds to a customer, usually at a stated interest rate and for a specified purpose. Commitments are reported net of participations sold to other institutions. Such commitments have fixed expiration dates and generally require a fee. The extension of a commitment gives rise to credit risk. The actual liquidity requirements or credit risk that the Company will experience is expected to be lower than the contractual amount of commitments to extend credit because a significant portion of those commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. Certain commitments are subject to loan agreements containing covenants regarding the financial performance of the customer that must be met before the Company is required to fund the commitment. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments to extend credit as it does in making loans. In addition, the Company manages the potential credit risk in commitments to extend credit by limiting the total amount of arrangements, both by individual customer and in the aggregate, by monitoring the size and expiration structure of these portfolios and by applying the same credit standards maintained for all of its related credit activities. Commitments to extend credit are reported net of participations sold to other institutions of $65.5 million and $90.5 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Standby and Commercial Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are issued on behalf of customers in connection with contracts between the customers and third parties. Under standby letters of credit, the Company assures that the third parties will receive specified funds if customers fail to meet their contractual obligations. The credit risk to the Company arises from its obligation to make payment in the event of a customer’s contractual default. Standby letters of credit are reported net of participations sold to other institutions of $8.2 million and $8.1 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company also had commitments for commercial and similar letters of credit. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate commerce whereby the commitment is typically drawn upon when the underlying transaction between the customer and a third-party is consummated. The maximum amount of potential future payments guaranteed by the Company is limited to the contractual amount of these letters. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Collateral held supports those commitments for which collateral is deemed necessary. The commitments outstanding as of September 30, 2023 have maturities ranging from October 2023 to September 2026. Substantially all fees received from the issuance of such commitments are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the commitment.

Financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:


	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk:
Commitments to extend credit	$	6,722,595	$	6,760,395
Standby letters of credit		238,704		244,275
Commercial letters of credit		5,410		7,299

Guarantees

The Company sells residential mortgage loans in the secondary market primarily to the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation that may potentially require repurchase under certain conditions. This risk is managed through the Company’s underwriting practices. The Company services loans sold to investors and loans originated by other originators under agreements that may include repurchase remedies if certain servicing requirements are not met. This risk is managed through the Company’s quality assurance and monitoring procedures. Management does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these transactions.

Foreign Exchange Contracts

The Company has forward foreign exchange contracts that represent commitments to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date at a specified price. The Company’s utilization of forward foreign exchange contracts is subject to the primary underlying risk of movements in foreign currency exchange rates and to additional counterparty risk should its counterparties fail to meet the terms of their contracts. Forward foreign exchange contracts are utilized to mitigate the Company’s risk to satisfy customer demand for foreign currencies and are not used for trading purposes. See “Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments” for more information.

Reorganization Transactions

On April 1, 2016, a series of reorganization transactions were undertaken to facilitate FHI’s initial public offering. In connection with the reorganization transactions, FHI distributed its interest in BancWest Holding Inc. (“BWHI”), including Bank of the West (“BOW”) to BNP Paribas (“BNPP”) so that BWHI was held directly by BNPP. As a result of the reorganization transactions that occurred on April 1, 2016, various tax or other contingent liabilities could arise related to the business of BOW, or related to the Company’s operations prior to the restructuring when it was known as BancWest Corporation, including its then wholly owned subsidiary, BOW. The Company is not able to determine the ultimate outcome or estimate the amounts of these contingent liabilities, if any, at this time.

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13. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, revenues are recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services that are promised within each contract and identifies those that contain performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues, which includes net interest income on financial instruments and noninterest income, disaggregated by type of service and business segments for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Treasury

Retail

Commercial

and

(dollars in thousands)

Banking

Other

Total

Net interest income⁽¹⁾

119,070

45,913

(7,835)

157,148

Service charges on deposit accounts

6,724

714

7,524

Credit and debit card fees

—

13,990

1,152

15,142

Other service charges and fees

6,461

425

529

7,415

Trust and investment services income

9,742

—

9,742

Other

2,599

(48)

2,637

Not in scope of Topic 606⁽¹⁾

1,821

1,130

686

3,637

Total noninterest income

24,834

18,858

2,405

46,097

Total revenue

143,904

64,771

(5,430)

203,245

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Treasury

Retail

Commercial

and

(dollars in thousands)

Banking

Other

Total

Net interest income⁽¹⁾

332,227

128,348

23,759

484,334

Service charges on deposit accounts

19,723

2,002

276

22,001

Credit and debit card fees

—

42,044

3,687

45,731

Other service charges and fees

18,681

1,268

1,592

21,541

Trust and investment services income

28,804

—

28,804

Other

413

6,449

2,037

8,899

Not in scope of Topic 606⁽¹⁾

5,277

4,069

6,146

15,492

Total noninterest income

72,898

55,832

13,738

142,468

Total revenue

405,125

184,180

37,497

626,802

(1)

Most of the Company’s revenue is not within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance explicitly excludes net interest income from financial assets and liabilities as well as other noninterest income from loans, leases, investment securities, derivative financial instruments and bank-owned life insurance.

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		Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
					Treasury
	Retail		Commercial		and
(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Banking		Other		Total
Net interest income⁽¹⁾	$	117,060	$	39,586	$	6,090	$	162,736

Service charges on deposit accounts		6,421		621		47		7,089
Credit and debit card fees		—		15,831		1,312		17,143
Other service charges and fees		6,081		509		472		7,062
Trust and investment services income		9,800		—		—		9,800
Other		93		1,250		304		1,647
Not in scope of Topic 606⁽¹⁾		2,085		1,637		(606)		3,116
Total noninterest income		24,480		19,848		1,529		45,857
Total revenue	$	141,540	$	59,434	$	7,619	$	208,593


		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
					Treasury
	Retail		Commercial		and
(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Banking		Other		Total
Net interest income⁽¹⁾	$	318,476	$	111,500	$	11,779	$	441,755

Service charges on deposit accounts		19,155		1,380		898		21,433
Credit and debit card fees		—		44,099		3,734		47,833
Other service charges and fees		18,950		1,708		1,327		21,985
Trust and investment services income		27,442		—		—		27,442
Other		396		6,708		849		7,953
Not in scope of Topic 606⁽¹⁾		4,337		5,023		(4,632)		4,728
Total noninterest income		70,280		58,918		2,176		131,374
Total revenue	$	388,756	$	170,418	$	13,955	$	573,129

(1)

Most of the Company’s revenue is not within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance explicitly excludes net interest income from financial assets and liabilities as well as other noninterest income from loans, leases, investment securities, derivative financial instruments and bank-owned life insurance.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, substantially all of the Company’s revenues under the scope of Topic 606 were related to performance obligations satisfied at a point in time.

The following is a discussion of revenues within the scope of Topic 606.

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts

Service charges on deposit accounts relate to fees generated from a variety of deposit products and services rendered to customers. Charges include, but are not limited to, overdraft fees, non-sufficient fund fees, dormant fees and monthly service charges. Such fees are recognized concurrent with the event on a daily basis or on a monthly basis depending upon the customer’s cycle date.

Credit and Debit Card Fees

Credit and debit card fees primarily represent revenues earned from interchange fees, ATM fees and merchant processing fees. Interchange and network revenues are earned on credit and debit card transactions conducted with payment networks. ATM fees are primarily earned as a result of surcharges assessed to non-FHB customers who use an FHB ATM. Merchant processing fees are primarily earned on transactions in which FHB is the acquiring bank. Such fees are generally recognized concurrently with the delivery of services on a daily basis.

Trust and Investment Services Fees

Trust and investment services fees represent revenue earned by directing, holding and managing customers’ assets. Fees are generally computed based on a percentage of the previous period’s value of assets under management. The transaction price (i.e., percentage of assets under management) is established at the inception of each contract. Trust and investment services fees also include fees collected when the Company acts as agent or personal representative and executes security transactions, performs collection and disbursement of income, and completes investment management and other administrative tasks.

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Other Fees

Other fees primarily include revenues generated from wire transfers, lockboxes, bank issuance of checks and insurance commissions. Such fees are recognized concurrent with the event or on a monthly basis.

Contract Balances

A contract liability is an entity’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the entity has received consideration (or the amount is due) from the customer. The Company received signing bonuses from two vendors in prior years, which are being amortized over the term of the respective contracts. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had contract liabilities of $2.1 million and $2.7 million, respectively, which it expects to recognize over the remaining term of the respective contracts with the vendors. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s recognized revenues increased and contract liabilities decreased by approximately $0.2 million and $0.6 million due to the passage of time. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s recognized revenues increased and contract liabilities decreased by approximately $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, due to the passage of time. There were no changes in contract liabilities due to changes in transaction price estimates.

A contract asset is the right to consideration for transferred goods or services when the amount is conditioned on something other than the passage of time. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no material receivables from contracts with customers or contract assets recorded on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

Other

Except for the contract liabilities noted above, the Company did not have any significant performance obligations as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company also did not have any material contract acquisition costs or use any significant judgments or estimates in recognizing revenue for financial reporting purposes.

14. Earnings per Share

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company made no adjustments to net income for the purpose of computing earnings per share and there were 611,000 and 609,000 antidilutive securities, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company made no adjustments to net income for the purpose of computing earnings per share and there were no antidilutive securities. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	58,221	$	69,018	$	187,481	$	186,097

Denominator:
Basic: weighted-average shares outstanding		127,609,860		127,377,713		127,552,255		127,534,746
Add: weighted-average equity-based awards		326,580		418,904		345,574		461,926
Diluted: weighted-average shares outstanding		127,936,440		127,796,617		127,897,829		127,996,672

Basic earnings per share	$	0.46	$	0.54	$	1.47	$	1.46
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.46	$	0.54	$	1.47	$	1.45

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15. Noninterest Income and Noninterest Expense

Benefit Plans

The following table sets forth the components of net periodic benefit cost for the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


	Income line item where recognized in	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
(dollars in thousands)	the consolidated statements of income	2023		2022		2023		2022
Three Months Ended September 30,
Service cost	Salaries and employee benefits	$	—	$	—	$	136	$	197
Interest cost	Other noninterest expense		2,053		1,523		171		118
Expected return on plan assets	Other noninterest expense		(883)		(783)		—		—
Recognized net actuarial loss (gain)	Other noninterest expense		719		1,269		(379)		(101)
Total net periodic benefit cost		$	1,889	$	2,009	$	(72)	$	214

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Service cost	Salaries and employee benefits	$	—	$	—	$	430	$	626
Interest cost	Other noninterest expense		6,171		4,245		611		405
Expected return on plan assets	Other noninterest expense		(2,648)		(2,348)		—		—
Recognized net actuarial loss (gain)	Other noninterest expense		2,157		3,806		(1,137)		(303)
Total net periodic benefit cost		$	5,680	$	5,703	$	(96)	$	728

Leases

The Company recognized operating lease income related to lease payments of $1.6 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.7 million and $4.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, the Company recognized $1.5 million and $1.7 million of lease income related to variable lease payments for three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $4.8 million and $4.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

16. Fair Value

The Company determines the fair values of its financial instruments based on the requirements established in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 820 (“Topic 820”), Fair Value Measurements, which provides a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP and requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Topic 820 defines fair value as the exit price, the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability, in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date under current market conditions.

Fair Value Hierarchy

Topic 820 establishes three levels of fair values based on the markets in which the assets or liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The levels are:

◾

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

◾

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

◾

Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (“Company-level data”). Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using unobservable inputs to pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

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Topic 820 requires that the Company disclose estimated fair values for certain financial instruments. Financial instruments include such items as investment securities, loans, deposits, interest rate and foreign exchange contracts, swaps and other instruments as defined by the standard. The Company has an organized and established process for determining and reviewing the fair value of financial instruments reported in the Company’s financial statements. The fair value measurements are reviewed to ensure they are reasonable and in line with market experience in similar asset and liability classes.

Additionally, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as other real estate owned, other customer relationships, and other intangible assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve the application of lower-of-cost-or-fair-value accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Disclosure of fair values is not required for certain items such as lease financing, obligations for pension and other postretirement benefits, premises and equipment, prepaid expenses, deposit liabilities with no defined or contractual maturity, and income tax assets and liabilities.

Reasonable comparisons of fair value information with that of other financial institutions cannot necessarily be made because the standard permits many alternative calculation techniques, and numerous assumptions have been used to estimate the Company’s fair values.

Valuation Techniques Used in the Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities Carried at Fair Value

For the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (categorized in the valuation hierarchy table below), the Company applies the following valuation techniques:

Available-for-sale securities

Available-for-sale debt securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based on quoted prices, including estimates by third-party pricing services, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using proprietary valuation models that utilize market observable parameters from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers whereby securities are valued based upon available market data for securities with similar characteristics. Management reviews the pricing information received from the Company’s third-party pricing service to evaluate the inputs and valuation methodologies used to place securities into the appropriate level of the fair value hierarchy and transfers of securities within the fair value hierarchy are made if necessary. On a monthly basis, management reviews the pricing information received from the third-party pricing service which includes a comparison to non-binding third-party broker quotes, as well as a review of market-related conditions impacting the information provided by the third-party pricing service. Management also identifies investment securities which may have traded in illiquid or inactive markets by identifying instances of a significant decrease in the volume or frequency of trades, relative to historical levels, as well as instances of a significant widening of the bid-ask spread in the brokered markets. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, management did not make adjustments to prices provided by the third-party pricing services as a result of illiquid or inactive markets. The Company’s third-party pricing service has also established processes for the Company to submit inquiries regarding quoted prices. Periodically, the Company will challenge the quoted prices provided by the third-party pricing service. The Company’s third-party pricing service will review the inputs to the evaluation in light of the new market data presented by the Company. The Company’s third-party pricing service may then affirm the original quoted price or may update the evaluation on a going forward basis. The Company classifies all available-for-sale securities as Level 2.

Derivatives

Most of the Company’s derivatives are traded in over-the-counter markets where quoted market prices are not readily available. For those derivatives, the Company measures fair value on a recurring basis using proprietary valuation models that primarily use market observable inputs, such as yield curves, and option volatilities. The fair value of derivatives includes values associated with counterparty credit risk and the Company’s own credit standing. The Company classifies these derivatives, included in other assets and other liabilities, as Level 2.

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Concurrent with the sale of the Visa Class B restricted shares, the Company entered into an agreement with the buyer that requires payment to the buyer in the event Visa reduces each member bank’s Class B conversion rate to unrestricted Class A common shares. During 2018 through 2023, Visa funded its litigation escrow account, thereby reducing each member bank’s Class B conversion rate to unrestricted Class A common shares from 1.6483 to the current conversion rate of 1.5875. The Visa derivative of $1.2 million and $0.9 million was included in the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to provide for the fair value of this liability. The potential liability related to this funding swap agreement was determined based on management’s estimate of the timing and the amount of Visa’s litigation settlement and the resulting payments due to the counterparty under the terms of the contract. As such, the funding swap agreement is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s funding swap agreement are the potential future changes in the conversion rate, expected term and growth rate of the market price of Visa Class A common shares. Material increases (or decreases) in any of those inputs may result in a significantly higher (or lower) fair value measurement.

Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized below:

Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2023

Quoted Prices in

Significant

Active Markets for

Other

Significant

Identical Assets

Observable

Unobservable

(dollars in thousands)

(Level 1)

Inputs (Level 2)

Inputs (Level 3)

Total

Assets

U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities

—

114,159

—

114,159

Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities

—

19,260

—

19,260

Mortgage-backed securities:

Residential - Government agency⁽¹⁾

—

52,362

—

52,362

Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises⁽¹⁾

—

1,005,782

—

1,005,782

Commercial - Government agency

—

211,897

—

211,897

Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises

—

84,920

—

84,920

Commercial - Non-agency

—

21,602

—

21,602

Collateralized mortgage obligations:

Government agency

—

565,852

—

565,852

Government-sponsored enterprises

—

400,748

—

400,748

Collateralized loan obligations

—

246,122

—

246,122

Total available-for-sale securities

—

2,722,704

—

2,722,704

Other assets⁽²⁾

1,287

12,902

—

14,189

Liabilities

Other liabilities⁽³⁾

—

(5,880)

(1,200)

(7,080)

Total

1,287

2,729,726

(1,200)

2,729,813

(1)	Backed by residential real estate.

(2)	Other assets classified as Level 1 include money market funds that have quoted prices in active markets and are related to the Company’s deferred compensation plans. Other assets classified as Level 2 include derivative assets.

(3)	Other liabilities include derivative liabilities.

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	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in		Significant
	Active Markets for		Other		Significant
	Identical Assets		Observable		Unobservable
(dollars in thousands)	(Level 1)		Inputs (Level 2)		Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities	$	—	$	150,982	$	—	$	150,982
Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities		—		44,301		—		44,301
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency⁽¹⁾		—		59,723		—		59,723
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises⁽¹⁾		—		1,160,455		—		1,160,455
Commercial - Government agency		—		237,853		—		237,853
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		—		119,573		—		119,573
Commercial - Non-agency		—		21,471		—		21,471
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		—		653,322		—		653,322
Government-sponsored enterprises		—		462,132		—		462,132
Collateralized loan obligations		—		241,321		—		241,321
Total available-for-sale securities		—		3,151,133		—		3,151,133
Other assets⁽²⁾		5,376		10,945		—		16,321
Liabilities
Other liabilities⁽³⁾		—		(49,268)		(851)		(50,119)
Total	$	5,376	$	3,112,810	$	(851)	$	3,117,335

(1)	Backed by residential real estate.

(2)	Other assets classified as Level 1 include mutual funds and money market funds that have quoted prices in active markets and are related to the Company’s deferred compensation plans. Other assets classified as Level 2 include derivative assets.

(3)	Other liabilities include derivative liabilities.

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:


	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2023
				Significant
(dollars in thousands)	Fair value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range
Visa derivative	$	(1,200)	Discounted Cash Flow	Expected Conversion Rate - 1.5875⁽¹⁾	1.5289-1.5875
				Expected Term - 3 months⁽²⁾	0 - 6 months
				Growth Rate - 17%⁽³⁾	7% - 24%


	Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022
				Significant
(dollars in thousands)	Fair value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range
Visa derivative	$	(851)	Discounted Cash Flow	Expected Conversion Rate - 1.5991⁽¹⁾	1.5514-1.5991
				Expected Term - 3 months⁽²⁾	0 - 6 months
				Growth Rate - 26%⁽³⁾	10% - 38%

(1)	Due to the uncertainty in the movement of the conversion rate, the current conversion rate was utilized in the fair value calculation.

(2)	The expected term of 3 months was based on the median of 0 to 6 months.

(3)	The growth rate was based on the arithmetic average of analyst price targets.

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Changes in Fair Value Levels

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers between fair value hierarchy levels.

The changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are summarized below:


	Visa Derivative
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Three Months Ended September 30,
Balance as of July 1,	$	(1,200)	$	(3,786)
Total net (losses) gains included in other noninterest income		(1,350)		273
Settlements		1,350		1,154
Balance as of September 30,	$	(1,200)	$	(2,359)
Total net (losses) gains included in net income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses related to liabilities still held as of September 30,	$	(1,350)	$	273

Nine Months Ended September 30,
Balance as of January 1,	$	(851)	$	(5,530)
Total net losses included in other noninterest income		(5,129)		(1,084)
Settlements		4,780		4,255
Balance as of September 30,	$	(1,200)	$	(2,359)
Total net losses included in net income attributable to the change in unrealized losses related to liabilities still held as of September 30,	$	(5,129)	$	(1,084)

Assets and Liabilities Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following tables summarize for the periods indicated the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments that are not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis, excluding leases and deposit liabilities with no defined or contractual maturity.

September 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Quoted Prices in

Significant

Active Markets

Other

Unobservable

for Identical

Observable

Inputs

(dollars in thousands)

Book Value

Assets (Level 1)

Inputs (Level 2)

(Level 3)

Total

Financial assets:

Cash and cash equivalents

1,213,428

246,028

967,400

—

1,213,428

Investment securities held-to-maturity

4,104,114

—

3,433,029

—

3,433,029

Loans⁽¹⁾

13,999,820

—

13,166,377

Financial liabilities:

Time deposits⁽²⁾

3,661,131

—

3,625,116

—

3,625,116

Short-term borrowings

500,000

—

495,306

—

495,306

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	December 31, 2022
			Fair Value Measurements
			Quoted Prices in		Significant		Significant
			Active Markets		Other		Unobservable
			for Identical		Observable		Inputs
(dollars in thousands)	Book Value		Assets (Level 1)		Inputs (Level 2)		(Level 3)		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	526,624	$	297,502	$	229,122	$	—	$	526,624
Investment securities held-to-maturity		4,320,639		—		3,814,822		—		3,814,822
Loans⁽¹⁾		13,793,922		—		—		13,138,787		13,138,787

Financial liabilities:
Time deposits⁽²⁾	$	2,476,050	$	—	$	2,423,231	$	—	$	2,423,231
Short-term borrowings		75,000		—		74,991		—		74,991

(1)	Excludes financing leases of $332.5 million at September 30, 2023 and $298.1 million at December 31, 2022.

(2)	Excludes deposit liabilities with no defined or contractual maturity of $17.9 billion as of September 30, 2023 and $19.2 billion as of December 31, 2022.

Unfunded loan and lease commitments and letters of credit are not included in the tables above. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $7.0 billion of unfunded loan and lease commitments and letters of credit. The Company believes that a reasonable estimate of the fair value of these instruments is the carrying value of deferred fees plus the related reserve for unfunded commitments, which totaled $52.3 million and $48.5 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. No active trading market exists for these instruments, and the estimated fair value does not include value associated with the borrower relationship. The Company does not estimate the fair values of certain unfunded loan and lease commitments that can be canceled by providing notice to the borrower. As Company-level data is incorporated into the fair value measurement, unfunded loan and lease commitments and letters of credit are classified as Level 3.

Valuation Techniques Used in the Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities Carried at the Lower of Cost or Fair Value

The Company applies the following valuation techniques to assets measured at the lower of cost or fair value:

Mortgage servicing rights

MSRs are carried at the lower of cost or fair value and are therefore subject to fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis. The fair value of MSRs is determined using models which use significant unobservable inputs, such as estimates of prepayment rates, the resultant weighted average lives of the MSRs and the option-adjusted spread levels. Accordingly, the Company classifies MSRs as Level 3.

Collateral-dependent loans

Collateral-dependent loans are those for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. These loans are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using collateral values as a practical expedient. The fair values of collateral are primarily based on real estate appraisal reports prepared by third-party appraisers less estimated selling costs. The Company measures the estimated credit losses on collateral-dependent loans by performing a lower of cost or fair value analysis. If the estimated credit losses are determined by the value of the collateral, the net carrying amount is adjusted to fair value on a nonrecurring basis as Level 3 by recognizing an ACL.

Other real estate owned

The Company values these properties at fair value at the time the Company acquires them, which establishes their new cost basis. After acquisition, the Company carries such properties at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated selling costs on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is measured on a nonrecurring basis using collateral values as a practical expedient. The fair values of collateral for other real estate owned are primarily based on real estate appraisal reports prepared by third-party appraisers less disposition costs, and are classified as Level 3.

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Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company may be required to record certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These assets are subject to fair value adjustments that result from the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets to fair value.

There were no assets with nonrecurring fair value adjustments held as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Additionally, there were no nonrecurring fair value adjustments for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

17. Reportable Operating Segments

The Company’s operations are organized into three business segments – Retail Banking, Commercial Banking, and Treasury and Other. These segments reflect how discrete financial information is currently evaluated by the chief operating decision maker and how performance is assessed and resources allocated. The Company’s internal management process measures the performance of these business segments. This process, which is not necessarily comparable with similar information for any other financial institution, uses various techniques to assign balance sheet and income statement amounts to the business segments, including allocations of income, expense, the provision for credit losses, and capital. This process is dynamic and requires certain allocations based on judgment and other subjective factors. Unlike financial accounting, there is no comprehensive authoritative guidance for management accounting that is equivalent to GAAP.

The net interest income of the business segments reflects the results of a funds transfer pricing process that matches assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity and maturity characteristics and reflects the allocation of net interest income related to the Company’s overall asset and liability management activities on a proportionate basis. The basis for the allocation of net interest income is a function of the Company’s assumptions that are subject to change based on changes in current interest rates and market conditions. Funds transfer pricing also serves to transfer interest rate risk to Treasury.

The Company allocates the provision for credit losses from the Treasury and Other business segment (which is comprised of many of the Company’s support units) to the Retail and Commercial business segments. These allocations are based on direct costs incurred by the Retail and Commercial business segments.

Noninterest income and expense includes allocations from support units to the business segments. These allocations are based on actual usage where practicably calculated or by management’s estimate of such usage. Income tax expense is allocated to each business segment based on the consolidated effective income tax rate for the period shown.

Business Segments

Retail Banking

Retail Banking offers a broad range of financial products and services to consumers and small businesses. Loan and lease products offered include residential and commercial mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and loans, automobile loans and leases, secured and unsecured lines of credit, installment loans and small business loans and leases. Deposit products offered include checking, savings, and time deposit accounts. Retail Banking also offers wealth management services. Products and services from Retail Banking are delivered to customers through 50 banking locations throughout the State of Hawaii, Guam and Saipan.

Commercial Banking

Commercial Banking offers products that include corporate banking related products, commercial real estate loans, commercial lease financing, secured and unsecured lines of credit, automobile loans and auto dealer financing, business deposit products and credit cards. Commercial lending and deposit products are offered primarily to middle-market and large companies locally, nationally and internationally.

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Treasury and Other

Treasury consists of corporate asset and liability management activities including interest rate risk management. The segment’s assets and liabilities (and related interest income and expense) consist of interest-bearing deposits, investment securities, federal funds sold and purchased, government deposits, short- and long-term borrowings and bank-owned properties. The primary sources of noninterest income are from bank-owned life insurance, net gains from the sale of investment securities, foreign exchange income related to customer-driven cross-border wires for business and personal reasons and management of bank-owned properties. The net residual effect of the transfer pricing of assets and liabilities is included in Treasury, along with the elimination of intercompany transactions.

Other organizational units (Technology, Operations, Credit and Risk Management, Human Resources, Finance, Administration, Marketing, and Corporate and Regulatory Administration) provide a wide range of support to the Company’s other income earning segments. Expenses incurred by these support units are charged to the business segments through an internal cost allocation process.

The following tables present selected business segment financial information for the periods indicated.

Treasury

Retail

Commercial

and

(dollars in thousands)

Banking

Other

Total

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Net interest income (loss)

119,070

45,913

(7,835)

157,148

Provision for credit losses

(2,359)

(3,565)

(1,576)

(7,500)

Net interest income (loss) after provision for credit losses

116,711

42,348

(9,411)

149,648

Noninterest income

24,834

18,858

2,405

46,097

Noninterest expense

(77,873)

(24,976)

(16,534)

(119,383)

Income (loss) before (provision) benefit for income taxes

63,672

36,230

(23,540)

76,362

(Provision) benefit for income taxes

(15,209)

(8,334)

5,402

(18,141)

Net income (loss)

48,463

27,896

(18,138)

58,221

Treasury

Retail

Commercial

and

(dollars in thousands)

Banking

Other

Total

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Net interest income

332,227

128,348

23,759

484,334

Provision for credit losses

(6,913)

(10,447)

(3,940)

(21,300)

Net interest income after provision for credit losses

325,314

117,901

19,819

463,034

Noninterest income

72,898

55,832

13,738

142,468

Noninterest expense

(231,313)

(79,832)

(47,686)

(358,831)

Income (loss) before (provision) benefit for income taxes

166,899

93,901

(14,129)

246,671

(Provision) benefit for income taxes

(39,836)

(21,546)

2,192

(59,190)

Net income (loss)

127,063

72,355

(11,937)

187,481

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					Treasury
	Retail		Commercial		and
(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Banking		Other		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net interest income	$	117,060	$	39,586	$	6,090	$	162,736
Provision for credit losses		(773)		(1,227)		(1,183)		(3,183)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		116,287		38,359		4,907		159,553

Noninterest income		24,480		19,848		1,529		45,857
Noninterest expense		(76,820)		(28,079)		(8,433)		(113,332)
Income (loss) before (provision) benefit for income taxes		63,947		30,128		(1,997)		92,078

(Provision) benefit for income taxes		(16,093)		(7,458)		491		(23,060)
Net income (loss)	$	47,854	$	22,670	$	(1,506)	$	69,018


					Treasury
	Retail		Commercial		and
(dollars in thousands)	Banking		Banking		Other		Total
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Net interest income	$	318,476	$	111,500	$	11,779	$	441,755
Benefit for credit losses		682		701		181		1,564
Net interest income after benefit for credit losses		319,158		112,201		11,960		443,319

Noninterest income		70,280		58,918		2,176		131,374
Noninterest expense		(220,397)		(81,546)		(24,606)		(326,549)
Income (loss) before (provision) benefit for income taxes		169,041		89,573		(10,470)		248,144

(Provision) benefit for income taxes		(42,139)		(21,962)		2,054		(62,047)
Net income (loss)	$	126,902	$	67,611	$	(8,416)	$	186,097

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the documents incorporated by reference herein, contains, and from time to time our management may make, forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “might,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “would,” “annualized” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. Statements that are not historical or current facts, are forward-looking statements, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

A number of important factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including the following: conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally and in Hawaii, Guam and Saipan in particular; the impact of the recent wildfires in Maui, including in respect of the Bank’s loan portfolio; turmoil and volatility in the financial services industry, including failures or rumors of failures of other depository institutions, which could affect the ability of FHB to attract and retain depositors, and could affect the ability of financial services providers, including us, to borrow or raise capital; increases in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assessments due to bank failures; actions taken by governmental agencies to stabilize the financial system and the effectiveness of such actions; a sustained period of high inflation; our dependence on the real estate markets in which we operate; risk arising from conditions in the commercial real estate market; concentration of exposures to certain asset classes and individual obligors; interest rate risk and fluctuations in interest rates; events resulting from the discontinuance of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”); the possibility of a decline in the value of the investment securities we own; the possibility of a deterioration in the credit quality of, or defaults by, third parties who owe us money, securities or other assets or whose securities or obligations we hold; the possibility we might underestimate the credit losses inherent in our loan and lease portfolio; our ability to attract and retain customer deposits; our inability to receive dividends from our bank, our ability to raise additional capital in the future; our ability to maintain, attract and retain customer relationships; our ability to attract and retain key personnel and other skilled employees; the effectiveness of our techniques for managing risk and our use of data and modeling both in our management decision-making generally and in meeting regulatory expectations in particular; the effectiveness of the appraisals and other valuation techniques we use; the occurrence of fraudulent activity, breaches or failures of our information security controls or cybersecurity-related incidents; the possibility of employee misconduct or mistakes; changes in the actual or perceived soundness or condition of other financial institutions; consumer protection initiatives related to the foreclosure process; risks in connection with any sale of loans; the possibility that certain external vendors on which we rely experience difficulty, terminate their services or fail to comply with banking laws and regulations; issues regarding the accuracy and completeness of information about customers and counterparties; risks associated with our accounting estimates and risk management processes and controls. changes in our accounting policies or in accounting standards; risks relating to the geographic concentration in our existing markets; risks relating to competition in a highly competitive industry and market area; the possibility that new lines of business, products, product enhancements or services may subject us to additional risks; a change in the key role of dealers within the automotive industry or our ability to maintain or build relationships with them; technological change; future legislative or regulatory change; risks relating to our bank in times of stress; capital adequacy requirements; the possibility that we may not pay dividends on our common stock in the future; the possibility of rulemaking changes implemented by the CFPB; the possibility of litigation and regulatory actions; the possibility of increases in FDIC insurance premiums; the risk of non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act or other laws and regulations; risks regarding regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection, and differences in regulation; risks relating to our use of third-party vendors and our other ongoing third-party business relationships; environmental liability risks associated with our bank branches and any real estate collateral we acquire upon foreclosure; the possibility of litigation pertaining to our fiduciary responsibilities; the impact of pandemics, epidemics or other health-related crises; the effects of severe weather, hurricanes, tsunamis, natural disasters, pandemics, acts of war or terrorism or other external events; volatility in our stock price; the possibility of future sales and issuances of our common stock; the possibility of unexpected tax liabilities and unexpected tax liabilities that may be applicable to us as a

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result of the reorganization transactions to facilitate FHI’s initial public offering; and damage to our reputation from any of the factors described above.

The foregoing factors should not be considered an exhaustive list and should be read together with the risk factors and other cautionary statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

Company Overview

FHI is a bank holding company, which owns 100% of the outstanding common stock of FHB, its only direct, wholly owned subsidiary. FHB was founded in 1858 under the name Bishop & Company and was the first successful banking partnership in the Kingdom of Hawaii and the second oldest bank formed west of the Mississippi River. The Bank operates its business through three operating segments: Retail Banking, Commercial Banking and Treasury and Other.

References to “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company” refer to the Parent and its subsidiary that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of the Company reflect the results of operations, financial position and cash flows of FHI and its wholly owned subsidiary, FHB. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and accompanying notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods.

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of the Company should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Hawaii Economy

Hawaii’s economy reflects some decline during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, but the forecast for the remainder of the year is still highly uncertain as the State navigates the aftermath of the wildfires that affected the island of Maui in early August. According to the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, the statewide seasonally adjusted unemployment rate has decreased to 2.8% at September 30, 2023, compared to 3.5% at September 30, 2022. Nationally, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 3.8% at September 30, 2023, similar to the 3.5% rate at September 30, 2022.

Although visitor arrivals to Maui decreased in response to the fires that swept across Lahaina and the subsequent closures that occurred in West Maui, domestic visitor arrivals for the entire state continue to remain strong. The average daily domestic passenger counts for the first nine months of 2023 were approximately 6.4% higher than the average daily passenger counts during the first nine months of 2022, according to the Hawaii Tourism Authority.

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The housing market has slowed compared to previous periods. Both volume of real estate sales and housing prices decreased when comparing the first nine months of 2023 with the first nine months of 2022. According to the Honolulu Board of Realtors, the volume of single-family home sales decreased by 30.5%, while condominium sales decreased by 31.2%, as compared to the same period in 2022. The median price of a single-family home sold on Oahu in the first nine months of 2023 was $1,050,000, a decrease of 5.4% from the same period in 2022. The median price of a condominium sold on Oahu in the first nine months of 2023 was $505,000, a decrease of 1.0% from the same period in 2022. As of September 30, 2023, months of inventory of single-family homes and condominiums on Oahu remained low at approximately 2.7 and 3.0 months, respectively.

Lastly, state general excise and use tax revenues increased by 5.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, according to the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism.

Effect of Recent Natural Disasters

In early August, wildfires swept across several areas of Maui, impacting residents in upcountry Maui and devastating the historic town of Lahaina. Relief efforts from across the State of Hawaii commenced and continues to this day to aid those who have lost their homes, businesses, and loved ones. We have contributed $250,000 to the Hawaii Community Foundation’s Maui Strong Fund, granted loan payment deferrals for our borrowers affected by the wildfires, waived all ATM fees on Maui, and assisted affected employees with financial aid for temporary housing. Our operations on Maui also recovered quickly. Although the Lahaina branch and ATM were fully burned down, our vault withstood the fire and we were able to account for safe deposit box contents and are in process of returning them to our customers. The remaining branches in Maui have remained fully operational.

The outstanding balance of real estate-secured loans in the Maui fire zones totaled approximately $116 million as of September 30, 2023. We require our borrowers to maintain adequate levels of insurance, including fire insurance on residential mortgages. We do not currently know the full extent of damage to our loan collateral, the amounts of available insurance coverage, the availability of government assistance for our borrowers or whether our borrowers’ ability to repay their loans has been diminished. There was no exposure to the electric utility as of September 30, 2023.

We expect that the aftermath of the wildfires will continue to impact commercial activity throughout the island of Maui, but there remains much uncertainty as to how long it will take Maui to rebuild, resume tourism, and recover economically. Since there is significant uncertainty with respect to the full extent of the negative impacts due to the nature of the wildfires, the Company’s estimates concerning the impact of the wildfires, including those with respect to the loan portfolio potentially impacted, are based on judgment as of the date of this report and subject to change as conditions evolve. We will continue to closely monitor the impact that the wildfires has on our customers and will adjust the means by which we assist our customers during this period of financial and emotional hardship.

Effect of Financial Events and Inflation

The consolidated financial statements and related financial data presented in this Form 10-Q have been prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, which require the measurement of financial positions and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation.

Although inflation is not rising as quickly as it did in previous periods, prices remain high due to, among other factors, continued global supply chain disruptions, changes in the labor market and geopolitical tensions.

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Our operating costs continue to increase as inflationary conditions put upward pressure on the Company’s expenses. As virtually all of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature, interest rates (which do not necessarily move in the same direction or the same extent as the prices of goods and services) generally have a more significant impact on our performance than do general levels of inflation. Rising interest rates may contribute to increased yields on assets and higher costs on funding, which generally improves net interest margins when balance sheet composition remains constant. However, changes in interest rates could influence not only the interest rates we receive on loans and securities and the interest rates we pay on deposits and borrowings, but also the composition of loans and deposits. The changing composition of our loans and deposits following a large interest rate change may cause periods where net interest margin compresses as fixed rate loans pay off at a slower pace and deposits migrate to higher cost categories. Our ability to originate loans and deposits could also be impacted. In addition, changes in interest rates have had an impact, and may have a significant impact on (i) the carrying value of certain assets, including loans, real estate and investment securities, on our balance sheet and (ii) the level of loan refinancing activity in our portfolio, which impacts the amount of prepayment penalty income we receive on loans we hold.

There also remain many uncertainties given the closures of Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) and Signature Bank in March 2023 and the subsequent appointment of the FDIC as the receiver for those banks. In May 2023, the FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (“NPR”), which proposed an annual special assessment rate of approximately 12.5 basis points to an assessment base that would equal an insured depository institution’s estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion, to be paid in eight quarterly installments beginning in the first quarter of 2024. If the rule is adopted as proposed, the total amount of the special assessment would be expected to be accrued and recognized as a loss in the period the rule is adopted. The ultimate impact and timing of recognition will depend on the final outcome of the ongoing FDIC deliberations.

In addition, the closures and adverse developments affecting certain banks in the first half of 2023 resulted in heightened levels of market activity and volatility, as well as the potential for increased regulations and more stringent capital requirements going forward. In response to the deterioration in the operating environment and funding conditions for U.S. banks, in April 2023, Moody’s lowered the macro profile of the U.S. banking system and downgraded the credit ratings of the Bank, among other regional banks. In light of volatility in the capital markets and economic disruptions, we continue to carefully monitor our capital and liquidity positions.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company was “well-capitalized” and met all applicable regulatory capital requirements, including a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 12.21%, compared to the minimum requirement of 4.50%. In light of the volatility in the banking sector, we continue to maintain high levels of liquidity. For additional discussions regarding our capital and liquidity positions and related risks, refer to the sections titled “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Capital” in this MD&A.

Economic conditions and therefore our results of operations may be impacted by a variety of other factors as well, such as other natural disasters, an economic slowdown or recession, financial market volatility, supply chain disruptions, monetary and fiscal policy measures, heightened geopolitical tensions, fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates, the political and regulatory environment, changes to the U.S. Federal budget and potential changes in tax laws.

These and other key factors could impact our profitability in future reporting periods. See Item 1A. Risk Factors, beginning in the section captioned “Summary of Risk Factors,” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

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Selected Financial Data

Our financial highlights for the periods indicated are presented in Table 1:


Financial Highlights										Table 1
	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Income Statement Data:
Interest income	$	239,799		$	176,390		$	682,549		$	462,755
Interest expense		82,651			13,654			198,215			21,000
Net interest income		157,148			162,736			484,334			441,755
Provision for credit losses		7,500			3,183			21,300			(1,564)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses		149,648			159,553			463,034			443,319
Noninterest income		46,097			45,857			142,468			131,374
Noninterest expense		119,383			113,332			358,831			326,549
Income before provision for income taxes		76,362			92,078			246,671			248,144
Provision for income taxes		18,141			23,060			59,190			62,047
Net income	$	58,221		$	69,018		$	187,481		$	186,097
Basic earnings per share	$	0.46		$	0.54		$	1.47		$	1.46
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.46		$	0.54		$	1.47		$	1.45
Basic weighted-average outstanding shares		127,609,860			127,377,713			127,552,255			127,534,746
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares		127,936,440			127,796,617			127,897,829			127,996,672
Dividends declared per share	$	0.26		$	0.26		$	0.78		$	0.78
Dividend payout ratio		56.52	%		48.15	%		53.06	%		53.79	%
Other Financial Information / Performance Ratios⁽¹⁾:
Net interest margin		2.86	%		2.93	%		2.96	%		2.65	%
Efficiency ratio		58.31	%		53.98	%		56.86	%		56.63	%
Return on average total assets		0.93	%		1.10	%		1.01	%		0.99	%
Return on average tangible assets (non-GAAP)⁽²⁾		0.97	%		1.14	%		1.06	%		1.03	%
Return on average total stockholders' equity		9.76	%		12.08	%		10.72	%		10.55	%
Return on average tangible stockholders' equity (non-GAAP)⁽²⁾		16.84	%		21.53	%		18.68	%		18.26	%
Noninterest expense to average assets		1.92	%		1.80	%		1.94	%		1.74	%
											(continued)

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(continued)	September 30,			December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023			2022
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,213,428		$	526,624
Investment securities available-for-sale		2,722,704			3,151,133
Investment securities held-to-maturity		4,104,114			4,320,639
Loans and leases		14,332,335			14,092,012
Allowance for credit losses for loans and leases		154,795			143,900
Goodwill		995,492			995,492
Total assets		24,912,524			24,577,223
Total deposits		21,511,489			21,689,029
Short-term borrowings		500,000			75,000
Total liabilities		22,561,515			22,308,218
Total stockholders' equity		2,351,009			2,269,005
Book value per share	$	18.42		$	17.82
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP)⁽²⁾	$	10.62		$	10.00

Asset Quality Ratios:
Non-accrual loans and leases / total loans and leases		0.10	%		0.08	%
Allowance for credit losses for loans and leases / total loans and leases		1.08	%		1.02	%
Net charge-offs / average total loans and leases⁽³⁾		0.06	%		0.08	%


	September 30,			December 31,
Capital Ratios:	2023			2022
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio		12.21	%		11.82	%
Tier 1 Capital Ratio		12.21	%		11.82	%
Total Capital Ratio		13.38	%		12.92	%
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio		8.45	%		8.11	%
Total stockholders' equity to total assets		9.44	%		9.23	%
Tangible stockholders' equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)⁽²⁾		5.67	%		5.40	%

(1)	Except for the efficiency ratio, amounts are annualized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

(2)

Return on average tangible assets, return on average tangible stockholders’ equity, tangible book value per share and tangible stockholders’ equity to tangible assets are non-GAAP financial measures. We compute our return on average tangible assets as the ratio of net income to average tangible assets. We compute our return on average tangible stockholders’ equity as the ratio of net income to average tangible stockholders’ equity. We compute our tangible book value per share as the ratio of tangible stockholders’ equity to outstanding shares. We compute our tangible stockholders’ equity to tangible assets as the ratio of tangible stockholders’ equity to tangible assets. We believe that these financial measures are useful for investors, regulators, management and others to evaluate financial performance and capital adequacy relative to other financial institutions. Although these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by shareholders in the evaluation of a company, they have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analyses of results as reported under GAAP.

(3)	Net charge-offs / average total loans and leases is annualized for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures with their most closely related GAAP measures for the periods indicated:


GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliation											Table 2
	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Income Statement Data:
Noninterest expense	$	119,383		$	113,332		$	358,831		$	326,549

Net income	$	58,221		$	69,018		$	187,481		$	186,097

Average total stockholders' equity	$	2,367,422		$	2,267,152		$	2,337,292		$	2,358,195
Less: average goodwill		995,492			995,492			995,492			995,492
Average tangible stockholders' equity	$	1,371,930		$	1,271,660		$	1,341,800		$	1,362,703

Average total assets	$	24,727,893		$	24,957,042		$	24,699,826		$	25,095,438
Less: average goodwill		995,492			995,492			995,492			995,492
Average tangible assets	$	23,732,401		$	23,961,550		$	23,704,334		$	24,099,946

Return on average total stockholders' equity^(a)		9.76	%		12.08	%		10.72	%		10.55	%
Return on average tangible stockholders' equity (non-GAAP)^(a)		16.84	%		21.53	%		18.68	%		18.26	%

Return on average total assets^(a)		0.93	%		1.10	%		1.01	%		0.99	%
Return on average tangible assets (non-GAAP)^(a)		0.97	%		1.14	%		1.06	%		1.03	%

Noninterest expense to average assets^(a)		1.92	%		1.80	%		1.94	%		1.74	%


	As of			As of
	September 30,			December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2023			2022
Balance Sheet Data:
Total stockholders' equity	$	2,351,009		$	2,269,005
Less: goodwill		995,492			995,492
Tangible stockholders' equity	$	1,355,517		$	1,273,513

Total assets	$	24,912,524		$	24,577,223
Less: goodwill		995,492			995,492
Tangible assets	$	23,917,032		$	23,581,731

Shares outstanding		127,609,934			127,363,327

Total stockholders' equity to total assets		9.44	%		9.23	%
Tangible stockholders' equity to tangible assets (non-GAAP)		5.67	%		5.40	%

Book value per share	$	18.42		$	17.82
Tangible book value per share (non-GAAP)	$	10.62		$	10.00

(a)	Annualized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Financial Highlights

Net income was $58.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $10.8 million or 16% as compared to the same period in 2022. Basic and diluted earnings per share were both $0.46 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.08 per share or 15% as compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in net income was primarily due to a $6.1 million increase in noninterest expense, a $5.6 million decrease in net interest income and a $4.3 million increase in the provision for credit losses (the “Provision”). This was partially offset by a $4.9 million decrease in the provision for income taxes.

Our return on average total assets was 0.93% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 17 basis points from the same period in 2022, and our return on average total stockholders’ equity was 9.76% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 232 basis points from the same period in 2022. Our return on average tangible assets was 0.97% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 17 basis points from the same period in 2022, and our return on average tangible stockholders’ equity was 16.84% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of 469 basis points, from the same period in 2022. Our efficiency ratio was 58.31% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to 53.98% for the same period in 2022.

Our results for the three months ended September 30, 2023 were highlighted by the following:

●

Net interest income was $157.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $5.6 million or 3% as compared to the same period in 2022. Our net interest margin was 2.86% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of seven basis points as compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, was primarily due to higher deposit funding costs and higher average balances in total borrowings, partially offset by higher yields and average balances in our loan and lease portfolio during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

●

The Provision was $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $4.3 million as compared to the same period in 2022. The Provision of $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for commercial real estate loans and residential mortgage loans and the provision for unfunded commercial and industrial commitments. The Provision is recorded to maintain the allowance for credit losses for loans and leases (the “ACL”) and the reserve for unfunded commitments at levels deemed adequate to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in our loan and lease portfolio and unfunded loan and lease commitments as of the balance sheet date.

●

Noninterest income was $46.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.2 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to $1.9 million of Bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) income as compared to a negative $0.3 million of BOLI income for the same period in 2022, partially offset by a $2.0 million decrease in credit and debit card fees.

●

Noninterest expense was $119.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $6.1 million or 5% compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to a $4.6 million increase in salaries and employee benefits, a $1.7 million increase in regulatory assessment and fees and a $1.0 million increase in equipment expense, partially offset by a $1.4 million decrease in occupancy expense.

Net income was $187.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.4 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. Basic earnings per share was $1.47 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.01 per share or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. Diluted earnings per share was $1.47 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.02 per share or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net income was primarily due to a $42.6 million increase in net interest income, an $11.1 million increase in noninterest income and a $2.9 million decrease in the provision for income taxes. This was partially offset by a $32.3 million increase in noninterest expense, in addition to a Provision of $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a negative Provision of $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Our return on average total assets was 1.01% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of two basis points from the same period in 2022, and our return on average total stockholders’ equity was 10.72% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 17 basis points for the same period in 2022. Our return on average tangible assets was 1.06% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of three basis points from the same period in 2022, and our return on average tangible stockholders’ equity was 18.68% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 42 basis points from the same period in 2022. Our efficiency ratio was 56.86% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to 56.63% for the same period in 2022.

Our results for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were highlighted by the following:

●

Net interest income was $484.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $42.6 million or 10% as compared to the same period in 2022. Our net interest margin was 2.96% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 31 basis points as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, was driven by the rising interest rate environment and was primarily due to higher yields and average balances in our loan and lease portfolio and higher yields on interest-bearing deposits in other banks. This was partially offset by higher deposit funding costs and higher average balances in total borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

●

The Provision was $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a negative Provision of $1.6 million for the same period in 2022. The Provision of $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for consumer loans, construction loans, home equity lines and residential mortgage loans and the provision for unfunded commercial and industrial and construction commitments. The Provision is recorded to maintain the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments at levels deemed adequate to absorb lifetime expected credit losses in our loan and lease portfolio and unfunded loan and lease commitments as of the balance sheet date.

●

Noninterest income was $142.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $11.1 million or 8% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to $10.3 million of BOLI income as compared to a negative $1.6 million of BOLI income for the same period in 2022, in addition to a $1.4 million increase in trust and investment services income, partially offset by a $2.1 million decrease in credit and debit card fees.

●

Noninterest expense was $358.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $32.3 million or 10% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to a $20.4 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense, an $8.0 million increase in equipment expense, a $4.6 million increase in regulatory assessment and fees and a $1.8 million increase in card rewards program expense, partially offset by a $2.2 million decrease in contracted services and professional fees and a $0.8 million decrease in occupancy expense.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we continued to maintain high levels of liquidity and adequate reserves for credit losses. We also remained well-capitalized. Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) was 12.21% as of September 30, 2023, an increase of 39 basis points from December 31, 2022. The increase in CET1 was primarily due to earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, partially offset by the dividends declared and paid to the Company’s stockholders and an increase in risk-weighted assets driven by an increase in loans and leases.

●

Total loans and leases were $14.3 billion as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $240.3 million or 2% from December 31, 2022. The increase in total loans and leases was primarily due to increases in commercial real estate loans, residential real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing, partially offset by decreases in commercial and industrial loans and consumer loans.

●

The ACL was $154.8 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $10.9 million or 8% from December 31, 2022. The ratio of our ACL to total loans and leases outstanding was 1.08% as of September 30, 2023, an increase of six basis points compared to December 31, 2022.

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Our investment portfolio is comprised of high-grade investment securities, primarily collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Municipal Housing Authorities and non-agency entities. The total carrying value of our investment securities portfolio was $6.8 billion as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of $645.0 million or 9% from December 31, 2022. Maturities and payments on investment securities were used to fund loan growth and offset the decline in deposits.

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Total deposits were $21.5 billion as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of $177.5 million or 1% from December 31, 2022. The decrease in total deposits was primarily due to a $965.7 million decrease in demand deposit balances and a $354.6 million decrease in savings deposit balances, partially offset by a $1.2 billion increase in time deposit balances.

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Total borrowings consisted of $500.0 million of short-term borrowings as of September 30, 2023, compared to $75.0 million of short-term borrowings as of December 31, 2022. For information with respect to the financial terms of such advances, see “ – Analysis of Financial Condition – Short-term Borrowings.”

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Total stockholders’ equity was $2.4 billion as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $82.0 million or 4% from December 31, 2022. The increase in stockholders’ equity was primarily due to earnings for the period of $187.5 million, partially offset by dividends declared and paid to the Company’s stockholders of $99.5 million and net unrealized losses in our investment securities portfolio, net of tax, of $10.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Analysis of Results of Operations

Net Interest Income

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, average balances, related income and expenses, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, and resulting yields and rates are presented in Table 3. An analysis of the change in net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, is presented in Table 4.

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Average Balances and Interest Rates											Table 3
	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2023						September 30, 2022
					Average							Average
	Average		Income/		Yield/		Average		Income/			Yield/
(dollars in millions)	Balance		Expense		Rate		Balance		Expense			Rate
Earning Assets
Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Banks	$	608.6	$	8.2	5.36	%	$	724.0	$	4.0		2.20	%
Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
Taxable		2,834.6		18.4	2.59			3,733.8		19.2		2.05
Non-Taxable		2.3		—	5.48			45.1		0.6		5.16
Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
Taxable		3,544.1		15.0	1.70			3,573.6		14.6		1.64
Non-Taxable		604.3		4.1	2.66			613.6		4.2		2.72
Total Investment Securities		6,985.3		37.5	2.14			7,966.1		38.6		1.93
Loans Held for Sale		0.4		—	6.63			0.7		—		3.62
Loans and Leases ⁽¹⁾
Commercial and industrial		2,123.5		35.7	6.66			2,025.5		20.7		4.05
Commercial real estate		4,381.8		71.4	6.47			4,016.7		42.3		4.18
Construction		873.7		15.5	7.05			737.4		8.6		4.63
Residential:
Residential mortgage		4,316.3		40.1	3.72			4,224.0		36.4		3.45
Home equity line		1,154.0		10.1	3.45			991.1		7.2		2.87
Consumer		1,172.8		18.3	6.19			1,218.0		17.1		5.57
Lease financing		327.3		3.7	4.48			278.7		2.7		3.81
Total Loans and Leases		14,349.4		194.8	5.39			13,491.4		135.0		3.98
Other Earning Assets		116.8		0.8	2.64			75.9		0.1		0.69
Total Earning Assets⁽²⁾		22,060.5		241.3	4.35			22,258.1		177.7		3.18
Cash and Due from Banks		276.0						277.0
Other Assets		2,391.4						2,421.9
Total Assets	$	24,727.9					$	24,957.0

Interest-Bearing Liabilities
Interest-Bearing Deposits
Savings	$	5,982.5	$	19.2	1.27	%	$	6,871.5	$	6.7		0.39	%
Money Market		3,907.2		24.7	2.51			4,086.1		4.8		0.47
Time		3,362.7		30.8	3.63			1,720.5		2.1		0.48
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits		13,252.4		74.7	2.23			12,678.1		13.6		0.43
Federal Funds Purchased		—		—	—			0.2		—		1.67
Other Short-Term Borrowings		113.1		1.5	5.17			—		—		—
Long-Term Borrowings		440.2		5.3	4.83			—		—		—
Other Interest-Bearing Liabilities		89.1		1.2	5.17			—		—		—
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities		13,894.8		82.7	2.36			12,678.3		13.6		0.43
Net Interest Income			$	158.6					$	164.1
Interest Rate Spread					1.99	%						2.75	%
Net Interest Margin					2.86	%						2.93	%
Noninterest-Bearing Demand Deposits		7,959.7						9,469.9
Other Liabilities		506.0						541.6
Stockholders' Equity		2,367.4						2,267.2
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	24,727.9					$	24,957.0

(1)	Non-performing loans and leases are included in the respective average loan and lease balances. Income, if any, on such loans and leases is recognized on a cash basis.

(2)	Interest income includes taxable-equivalent basis adjustments of $1.5 million and $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Analysis of Change in Net Interest Income						Table 4
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Compared to September 30, 2022
(dollars in millions)	Volume		Rate		Total ⁽¹⁾
Change in Interest Income:
Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Banks	$	(0.7)	$	4.9	$	4.2
Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
Taxable		(5.2)		4.4		(0.8)
Non-Taxable		(0.6)		—		(0.6)
Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
Taxable		(0.1)		0.5		0.4
Non-Taxable		—		(0.1)		(0.1)
Total Investment Securities		(5.9)		4.8		(1.1)
Loans and Leases
Commercial and industrial		1.0		14.0		15.0
Commercial real estate		4.1		25.0		29.1
Construction		1.8		5.1		6.9
Residential:
Residential mortgage		0.8		2.9		3.7
Home equity line		1.3		1.6		2.9
Consumer		(0.6)		1.8		1.2
Lease financing		0.5		0.5		1.0
Total Loans and Leases		8.9		50.9		59.8
Other Earning Assets		0.1		0.6		0.7
Total Change in Interest Income		2.4		61.2		63.6

Change in Interest Expense:
Interest-Bearing Deposits
Savings		(1.0)		13.5		12.5
Money Market		(0.2)		20.1		19.9
Time		3.7		25.0		28.7
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits		2.5		58.6		61.1
Other Short-term Borrowings		1.5		—		1.5
Long-term Borrowings		5.3		—		5.3
Other Interest-Bearing Liabilities		1.2		—		1.2
Total Change in Interest Expense		10.5		58.6		69.1
Change in Net Interest Income	$	(8.1)	$	2.6	$	(5.5)

(1)	The change in interest income and expense not solely due to changes in volume or rate has been allocated on a pro-rata basis to the volume and rate columns.

Net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, was $158.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $5.5 million or 3% compared to the same period in 2022. Our net interest margin was 2.86% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of seven basis points from the same period in 2022. The decrease in net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, was primarily due to higher deposit funding costs and higher average balances in total borrowings, partially offset by higher yields and average balances in our loan and lease portfolio during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022. Deposit funding costs were $74.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $61.1 million compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to an increase in interest rates. Rates paid on our interest-bearing deposits were 2.23% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 180 basis points compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to increases in our time, money market and savings deposits. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the average balance of our total borrowings was $553.3 million, compared to $0.2 million during the same period in 2022, primarily due to increases in FHLB advances. The yield on our loan and lease portfolio was 5.39% for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 141 basis points as compared to the same period in 2022. We experienced an increase in our yields from total loans and leases primarily due to increases in yields from our adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and construction loans, which are largely based on the SOFR. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the average balance of our loan and lease portfolio was $14.3 billion, an increase of $858.0 million or 6% compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in the average balance of our loans and leases reflected increases in most loan categories.

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, average balances, related income and expenses, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, and resulting yields and rates are presented in Table 5. An analysis of the change in net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, is presented in Table 6.


Average Balances and Interest Rates												Table 5
	Nine Months Ended							Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2023							September 30, 2022
	Average		Income/		Yield/			Average		Income/		Yield/
(dollars in millions)	Balance		Expense		Rate			Balance		Expense		Rate
Earning Assets
Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Banks	$	493.6	$	18.8		5.10	%	$	1,051.7	$	7.3	0.93	%
Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
Taxable		2,964.0		54.8		2.47			5,145.3		64.9	1.68
Non-Taxable		13.0		0.5		5.57			227.9		4.4	2.59
Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
Taxable		3,615.0		46.0		1.70			2,382.2		29.7	1.66
Non-Taxable		608.9		11.9		2.62			409.1		8.3	2.71
Total Investment Securities		7,200.9		113.2		2.10			8,164.5		107.3	1.75
Loans Held for Sale		0.3		—		6.11			0.7		—	2.92
Loans and Leases⁽¹⁾
Commercial and industrial		2,193.8		104.3		6.35			1,983.5		50.3	3.39
Commercial real estate		4,224.7		194.6		6.16			3,820.6		98.8	3.46
Construction		874.0		45.4		6.95			738.4		20.7	3.74
Residential:
Residential mortgage		4,312.4		117.6		3.64			4,173.1		108.0	3.45
Home equity line		1,116.4		27.9		3.35			943.2		18.5	2.62
Consumer		1,194.1		53.2		5.95			1,218.2		48.1	5.29
Lease financing		322.9		10.5		4.34			248.7		6.7	3.60
Total Loans and Leases		14,238.3		553.5		5.19			13,125.7		351.1	3.57
Other Earning Assets		107.6		1.3		1.53			70.6		0.5	0.92
Total Earning Assets⁽²⁾		22,040.7		686.8		4.16			22,413.2		466.2	2.78
Cash and Due from Banks		273.3							289.9
Other Assets		2,385.8							2,392.3
Total Assets	$	24,699.8						$	25,095.4

Interest-Bearing Liabilities
Interest-Bearing Deposits
Savings	$	6,144.1	$	49.1		1.07	%	$	6,837.8	$	8.9	0.17	%
Money Market		3,857.0		58.6		2.03			4,087.6		6.8	0.22
Time		2,921.8		68.3		3.12			1,713.4		5.3	0.41
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits		12,922.9		176.0		1.82			12,638.8		21.0	0.22
Federal Funds Purchased		23.0		0.8		4.45			0.1		—	1.67
Other Short-Term Borrowings		176.5		6.8		5.15			—		—	—
Long-Term Borrowings		349.8		12.5		4.78			—		—	—
Other Interest-Bearing Liabilities		62.1		2.1		4.63			—		—	—
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities		13,534.3		198.2		1.96			12,638.9		21.0	0.22
Net Interest Income			$	488.6						$	445.2
Interest Rate Spread						2.20	%					2.56	%
Net Interest Margin						2.96	%					2.65	%
Noninterest-Bearing Demand Deposits		8,322.2							9,532.0
Other Liabilities		506.0							566.3
Stockholders' Equity		2,337.3							2,358.2
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity	$	24,699.8						$	25,095.4

(1)	Non-performing loans and leases are included in the respective average loan and lease balances. Income, if any, on such loans and leases is recognized on a cash basis.

(2)	Interest income includes taxable-equivalent basis adjustments of $4.2 million and $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Analysis of Change in Net Interest Income						Table 6
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Compared to September 30, 2022
(dollars in millions)	Volume		Rate		Total⁽¹⁾
Change in Interest Income:
Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Banks	$	(5.7)	$	17.2	$	11.5
Available-for-Sale Investment Securities
Taxable		(33.6)		23.5		(10.1)
Non-Taxable		(6.3)		2.4		(3.9)
Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities
Taxable		15.6		0.7		16.3
Non-Taxable		3.9		(0.3)		3.6
Total Investment Securities		(20.4)		26.3		5.9
Loans and Leases
Commercial and industrial		5.9		48.1		54.0
Commercial real estate		11.4		84.4		95.8
Construction		4.3		20.4		24.7
Residential:
Residential mortgage		3.6		6.0		9.6
Home equity line		3.7		5.7		9.4
Consumer		(0.9)		6.0		5.1
Lease financing		2.3		1.5		3.8
Total Loans and Leases		30.3		172.1		202.4
Other Earning Assets		0.3		0.5		0.8
Total Change in Interest Income		4.5		216.1		220.6

Change in Interest Expense:
Interest-Bearing Deposits
Savings		(1.0)		41.2		40.2
Money Market		(0.4)		52.2		51.8
Time		6.1		56.9		63.0
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits		4.7		150.3		155.0
Federal Funds Purchased		0.8		—		0.8
Other Short-Term Borrowings		6.8		—		6.8
Long-Term Borrowings		12.5		—		12.5
Other Interest-Bearing Liabilities		2.1		—		2.1
Total Change in Interest Expense		26.9		150.3		177.2
Change in Net Interest Income	$	(22.4)	$	65.8	$	43.4

(1)	The change in interest income and expense not solely due to changes in volume or rate has been allocated on a pro-rata basis to the volume and rate columns.

Net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, was $488.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $43.4 million or 10% compared to the same period in 2022. Our net interest margin was 2.96% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 31 basis points from the same period in 2022. The increase in net interest income, on a fully taxable-equivalent basis, was driven by the rising interest rate environment and was primarily due to higher yields and average balances in our loan and lease portfolio and higher yields on interest-bearing deposits in other banks. This was partially offset by higher deposit funding costs and higher average balances in total borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The yield on our loan and lease portfolio was 5.19% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 162 basis points as compared to the same period in 2022. We experienced an increase in our yields from total loans and leases primarily due to increases in yields from our adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and construction loans, which are largely based on the SOFR. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the average balance of our loan and lease portfolio was $14.2 billion, an increase of $1.1 billion or 8% compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in the average balance of our loans and leases reflected increases in most loan categories. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the yield on our interest-bearing deposits in other banks was 5.10%, an increase of 417 basis points compared to the same period in 2022. Deposit funding costs were $176.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $155.0 million compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to an increase in interest rates. Rates paid on our interest-bearing deposits were 1.82% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of 160 basis points compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to increases in our time, money market and savings deposits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023,

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the average balance of our total borrowings was $549.3 million, compared to $0.1 million during the same period in 2022, primarily due to increases in FHLB advances.

The Federal Reserve influences the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by many financial institutions. Our loan portfolio is affected by changes in the prime interest rate. The prime rate began in 2022 at 3.25% and increased a total of 425 basis points (25 basis points in March, 50 basis points in May, 75 basis points in each month of June, July, September and November, and 50 basis points in December) to end the year at 7.50%. During 2023, the prime rate increased 100 basis points (25 basis points each in February, March, May and July) to end the third quarter of 2023 at 8.50%. As noted above, our loan portfolio is also impacted by changes in the SOFR. At September 30, 2023, the one-month and three-month CME Term SOFR interest rates were 5.32% and 5.40%, respectively. At September 30, 2022, the one-month and three-month CME Term SOFR interest rates were 3.04% and 3.59%, respectively. The target range for the federal funds rate, which is the cost of immediately available overnight funds, began in 2022 at 0.00% to 0.25%. During 2022, the federal funds rate increased 425 basis points to end the year at 4.25% to 4.50%. During 2023, the federal funds rate increased 100 basis points to end the third quarter of 2023 at 5.25% to 5.50%.

Provision for Credit Losses

The Provision was $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a Provision of $3.2 million for the same period in 2022. The Provision of $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for commercial real estate loans and residential mortgage loans and the provision for unfunded commercial and industrial commitments. We recorded net recoveries of loans and leases of $0.3 million and net charge-offs of $2.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This represented net recoveries of 0.01% and net charge-offs of 0.08% of average loans and leases, on an annualized basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Provision was $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a negative Provision of $1.6 million for the same period in 2022. The Provision of $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for consumer loans, construction loans, home equity lines and residential mortgage loans and the provision for unfunded commercial and industrial and construction commitments. We recorded net charge-offs of loans and leases of $6.5 million and $7.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This represented net charge-offs of 0.06% and 0.08% of average loans and leases, on an annualized basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The ACL was $154.8 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $10.9 million or 8% from December 31, 2022 and represented 1.08% of total outstanding loans and leases as of September 30, 2023 compared to 1.02% of total outstanding loans and leases as of December 31, 2022. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $37.8 million as of September 30, 2023, compared to $33.8 million as of December 31, 2022. The Provision is recorded to maintain the ACL and the reserve for unfunded commitments at levels deemed adequate by management based on the factors noted in the “Risk Governance and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Credit Risk” section of this MD&A.

Noninterest Income

Table 7 presents the major components of noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and Table 8 presents the major components of noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


Noninterest Income							Table 7
	Three Months Ended
	September 30,				Dollar		Percent
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	7,524	$	7,089	$	435	6	%
Credit and debit card fees		15,748		17,746		(1,998)	(11)
Other service charges and fees		9,546		9,179		367	4
Trust and investment services income		9,742		9,800		(58)	(1)
Bank-owned life insurance		1,872		(341)		2,213	n/m
Other		1,665		2,384		(719)	(30)
Total noninterest income	$	46,097	$	45,857	$	240	1	%

n/m – Denotes a variance that is not a meaningful metric to inform the change in noninterest income from the three months ended September 30, 2023 to the same period in 2022.

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Noninterest Income							Table 8
	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				Dollar		Percent
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	22,001	$	21,433	$	568	3	%
Credit and debit card fees		47,507		49,652		(2,145)	(4)
Other service charges and fees		27,764		27,851		(87)	—
Trust and investment services income		28,804		27,442		1,362	5
Bank-owned life insurance		10,263		(1,617)		11,880	n/m
Other		6,129		6,613		(484)	(7)
Total noninterest income	$	142,468	$	131,374	$	11,094	8	%

n/m – Denotes a variance that is not a meaningful metric to inform the change in noninterest income from the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to the same period in 2022.

Total noninterest income was $46.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.2 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. Total noninterest income was $142.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $11.1 million or 8% as compared to the same period in 2022.

Service charges on deposit accounts were $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.4 million or 6% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $0.3 million increase in account analysis service charges. Service charges on deposit accounts were $22.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.6 million or 3% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in dormant account fees and a $0.8 million increase in overdraft and checking account fees, partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in checking account service fees.

Credit and debit card fees were $15.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $2.0 million or 11% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $1.5 million increase in network association dues and a $0.8 million decrease in merchant service revenues, partially offset by a $0.5 million increase in interchange settlement fees. Credit and debit card fees were $47.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $2.1 million or 4% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $4.0 million increase in network association dues and a $0.7 million decrease in merchant service revenues, partially offset by a $2.5 million increase in interchange settlement fees.

Other service charges and fees were $9.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.4 million or 4% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in fees from annuities and securities. Other service charges and fees were $27.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.1 million as compared to the same period in 2022.

Trust and investment services income was $9.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.1 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. Trust and investment services income was $28.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.4 million or 5% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $0.9 million increase in investment management fees and a $0.9 million increase in business cash management fees, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in irrevocable trust fees.

BOLI income was $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $2.2 million as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $2.1 million increase in BOLI earnings. BOLI income was $10.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $11.9 million as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $9.7 million increase in BOLI earnings and a $2.1 million increase in death benefit proceeds from life insurance policies.

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Other noninterest income was $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.7 million or 30% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $1.6 million increase in net losses recognized in income related to derivative contracts and a $0.3 million decrease in customer-related interest rate swap fees, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in volume-based incentives, a $0.5 million increase in market adjustments on mutual funds purchased and a $0.3 million increase in income due to adjustments to certain liabilities assumed as a result of the Reorganization Transactions. Other noninterest income was $6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.5 million or 7% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $4.0 million increase in net losses recognized in income related to derivative contracts, a $1.2 million tax refund received during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a $0.5 million increase in interest paid on collateral payments related to derivative instruments and a $0.3 million decrease in customer-related interest rate swap fees, partially offset by a $2.4 million increase in market adjustments on mutual funds purchased, a $1.9 million increase in income due to adjustments to certain liabilities assumed as a result of the Reorganization Transactions, a $0.7 million increase in volume-based incentives and a $0.7 million increase in net mortgage servicing rights income.

Noninterest Expense

Table 9 presents the major components of noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and Table 10 presents the major components of noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


Noninterest Expense							Table 9
	Three Months Ended
	September 30,					Dollar	Percentage
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022			Change	Change
Salaries and employee benefits	$	55,937	$	51,372	$	4,565	9	%
Contracted services and professional fees		16,393		16,625		(232)	(1)
Occupancy		6,711		8,115		(1,404)	(17)
Equipment		11,826		10,791		1,035	10
Regulatory assessment and fees		4,149		2,487		1,662	67
Advertising and marketing		2,289		1,902		387	20
Card rewards program		8,358		8,141		217	3
Other		13,720		13,899		(179)	(1)
Total noninterest expense	$	119,383	$	113,332	$	6,051	5	%


Noninterest Expense							Table 10
	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				Dollar		Percentage
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Change
Salaries and employee benefits	$	169,873	$	149,500	$	20,373	14	%
Contracted services and professional fees		50,204		52,389		(2,185)	(4)
Occupancy		22,047		22,859		(812)	(4)
Equipment		32,562		24,522		8,040	33
Regulatory assessment and fees		11,661		7,012		4,649	66
Advertising and marketing		6,174		5,924		250	4
Card rewards program		24,124		22,309		1,815	8
Other		42,186		42,034		152	—
Total noninterest expense	$	358,831	$	326,549	$	32,282	10	%

Total noninterest expense was $119.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $6.1 million or 5% as compared to the same period in 2022. Total noninterest expense was $358.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $32.3 million or 10% as compared to the same period in 2022.

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Salaries and employee benefits expense was $55.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $4.6 million or 9% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $2.7 million increase in base salaries and related payroll taxes, a $2.2 million decrease in payroll and benefit costs being deferred as loan origination costs, a $0.5 million increase in state unemployment tax expense and a $0.3 million increase in retirement plan expenses. This was partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in incentive compensation. Salaries and employee benefits expense was $169.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $20.4 million or 14% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $10.8 million increase in base salaries and related payroll taxes, a $9.2 million decrease in payroll and benefit costs being deferred as loan origination costs, a $2.0 million expense for payments accrued in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 in connection with separation agreements executed with two executive officers, a $1.0 million increase in state unemployment tax expense and $0.9 million in severance payments accrued in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 for other employee terminations as part of an effort to reduce operating costs. This was partially offset by a $2.4 million decrease in incentive compensation and a $1.1 million decrease in temporary help expenses.

Contracted services and professional fees were $16.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.2 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. Contracted services and professional fees were $50.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $2.2 million or 4% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $6.6 million decrease in contracted data processing expenses and a $2.8 million decrease in audit, legal and consultant fees, partially offset by a $7.1 million increase in outside services, primarily attributable to technology-related projects, marketing and new customer services.

Occupancy expense was $6.7 million for three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $1.4 million or 17% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $0.9 million decrease in building maintenance expense and a $0.4 million decrease in utilities expense. Occupancy expense was $22.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.8 million or 4% as compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a $0.7 million decrease in building maintenance expense and a $0.6 million decrease in building depreciation, partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in net sublease rental income.

Equipment expense was $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.0 million or 10% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $1.3 million increase in technology-related amortization and licensing and maintenance fees, partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in furniture and equipment depreciation. Equipment expense was $32.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $8.0 million or 33% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $8.9 million increase in technology-related amortization and licensing and maintenance fees, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in furniture and equipment depreciation.

Regulatory assessment and fees were $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.7 million or 67% as compared to the same period in 2022. Regulatory assessment and fees were $11.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $4.6 million or 66% as compared to the same period in 2022. These increases were primarily due to increases in the FDIC insurance assessment. In October 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule to increase the initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules by 2 basis points beginning with the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. In May 2023, the FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking for a special assessment to replenish the deposit insurance fund following the recent bank failures. If the rule is adopted as proposed, the total amount of the special assessment would be expected to be accrued and recognized as a loss in the period the rule is adopted. The ultimate impact and timing of recognition will depend on the final outcome of the ongoing FDIC deliberations.

Advertising and marketing expense was $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.4 million or 20% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in advertising costs. Advertising and marketing expense was $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.3 million or 4% as compared to the same period in 2022.

Card rewards program expense was $8.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.2 million or 3% as compared to the same period in 2022. Card rewards program expense was $24.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.8 million or 8% as compared to the same period in 2022. This increase was primarily due to a $1.8 million increase in credit card cash reward redemptions and a $1.1 million increase in interchange fees paid to our credit card partners, partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in priority rewards card redemptions.

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Other noninterest expense was $13.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, a decrease of $0.2 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. Other noninterest expense was $42.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.2 million as compared to the same period in 2022.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes was $18.1 million (an effective tax rate of 23.76%) for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared with a provision for income taxes of $23.1 million (an effective tax rate of 25.04%) for the same period in 2022. The provision for income taxes was $59.2 million (an effective tax rate of 24.00%) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with a provision for income taxes of $62.0 million (an effective tax rate of 25.00%) for the same period in 2022. The reduction in the effective tax rate was partially due to an increase in non-taxable BOLI income recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Analysis of Business Segments

Our business segments are Retail Banking, Commercial Banking and Treasury and Other. Table 11 summarizes net income from our business segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Additional information about operating segment performance is presented in “Note 17. Reportable Operating Segments” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.


Business Segment Net Income								Table 11
	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Retail Banking	$	48,463	$	47,854	$	127,063	$	126,902
Commercial Banking		27,896		22,670		72,355		67,611
Treasury and Other		(18,138)		(1,506)		(11,937)		(8,416)
Total	$	58,221	$	69,018	$	187,481	$	186,097

Retail Banking. Our Retail Banking segment includes the financial products and services we provide to consumers and small businesses. Loan and lease products offered include residential and commercial mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and loans, automobile loans and leases, secured and unsecured lines of credit, installment loans and small business loans and leases. Deposit products offered include checking, savings and time deposit accounts. Our Retail Banking segment also includes our wealth management services.

Net income for the Retail Banking segment was $48.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.6 million or 1% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net income for the Retail Banking segment was primarily due to a $2.0 million increase in net interest income and a $0.9 million decrease in the provision for income taxes, partially offset by a $1.6 million increase in the Provision and a $1.1 million increase in noninterest expense. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to higher deposit spreads, partially offset by lower loan spreads. The decrease in the provision for income taxes was primarily due to the decrease in pretax income. The Provision for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for our commercial and residential real estate lending portfolio segments. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to increases in salaries and benefits expense, regulatory assessment and fees and other tax expense, partially offset by lower overall expenses that were allocated to the Retail Banking segment.

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Net income for the Retail Banking segment was $127.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.2 million as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net income for the Retail Banking segment was primarily due to a $13.8 million increase in net interest income, a $2.6 million increase in noninterest income and a $2.3 million decrease in the provision for income taxes. This was partially offset by a $10.9 million increase in noninterest expense and a Provision of $6.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a negative Provision of $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to higher deposit spreads, partially offset by lower loan spreads. The increase in noninterest income was primarily due to increases in trust and investment services income and net mortgage servicing rights income. The decrease in the provision for income taxes was primarily due to the decrease in pretax income. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to increases in salaries and benefits expense, regulatory assessment and fees and occupancy expense, partially offset by lower overall expenses that were allocated to the Retail Banking segment. The Provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for our commercial, residential real estate and consumer lending portfolio segments.

Commercial Banking. Our Commercial Banking segment includes our corporate banking related products, commercial real estate loans, commercial lease financing, secured and unsecured lines of credit, automobile loans and auto dealer financing, business deposit products and credit cards that we provide primarily to middle market and large companies locally, nationally and internationally.

Net income for the Commercial Banking segment was $27.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $5.2 million or 23% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net income for the Commercial Banking segment was primarily due to a $6.3 million increase in net interest income and a $3.1 million decrease in noninterest expense, partially offset by a $2.3 million increase in the Provision, a $1.0 million decrease in noninterest income and a $0.9 million increase in the provision for income taxes. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to higher loan spreads and average balances. The decrease in noninterest expense was primarily due to lower overall expenses that were allocated to the Commercial Banking segment, partially offset by an increase in salaries and benefits expense. The Provision for the three months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to an increase in the provision for our commercial lending portfolio segment. The decrease in noninterest income was primarily due to a decrease in credit and debit card fees, partially offset by an increase in volume-based incentives. The increase in the provision for income taxes was primarily due to the increase in pretax income.

Net income for the Commercial Banking segment was $72.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $4.7 million or 7% as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net income for the Commercial Banking segment was primarily due to a $16.8 million increase in net interest income and a $1.7 million decrease in noninterest expense. This was partially offset by a Provision of $10.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a negative Provision of $0.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, in addition to a $3.1 million decrease in noninterest income. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to higher average loan balances and spreads, partially offset by a decrease in loan fees. The decrease in noninterest expense was primarily due to lower overall expenses that were allocated to the Commercial Banking segment, partially offset by increases in salaries and benefits expense, card rewards program expense, regulatory assessment and fees and contracted services and professional fees. The Provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in the provision for our commercial and consumer lending portfolio segment. The decrease in noninterest income was primarily due to decreases in credit and debit card fees and customer-related interest rate swap fees.

Treasury and Other. Our Treasury and Other segment includes our treasury business, which consists of corporate asset and liability management activities, including interest rate risk management. The assets and liabilities (and related interest income and expense) of our treasury business consist of interest-bearing deposits, investment securities, federal funds sold and purchased, government deposits, short- and long-term borrowings and bank-owned properties. Our primary sources of noninterest income are from bank-owned life insurance, net gains from the sale of investment securities, foreign exchange income related to customer driven cross-border wires for business and personal reasons and management of bank-owned properties. The net residual effect of the transfer pricing of assets and liabilities is included in Treasury and Other, along with the elimination of intercompany transactions.

Other organizational units (Technology, Operations, Credit and Risk Management, Human Resources, Finance, Administration, Marketing and Corporate and Regulatory Administration) provide a wide range of support to our other

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income earning segments. Expenses incurred by these support units are charged to the applicable business segments through an internal cost allocation process.

Net loss for the Treasury and Other segment was $18.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $16.6 million as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net loss for the Treasury and Other segment was primarily due to a $13.9 million increase in net interest expense and an $8.1 million increase in noninterest expense. This was partially offset by a $4.9 million increase in the benefit for income taxes and a $0.9 million increase in noninterest income. The increase in net interest expense was primarily due to an increase in interest expense from public deposits and higher borrowing costs, partially offset by an increase in net transfer pricing credits that reside in the Treasury and Other segment and higher yields on interest-bearing deposits in other banks. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to lower credit allocations to the Treasury and Other segment and an increase in equipment expense, partially offset by a decrease in occupancy expense. The increase in the benefit for income taxes was primarily due to the increase in pretax loss. The increase in noninterest income was primarily due to increases in BOLI income and market adjustments on mutual funds purchased, partially offset by an increase in net losses recognized in income related to derivative contracts.

Net loss for the Treasury and Other segment was $11.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $3.5 million as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in net loss was primarily due to a $23.1 million increase in noninterest expense, in addition to a Provision of $3.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a negative Provision of $0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This was partially offset by a $12.0 million increase in net interest income and an $11.6 million increase in noninterest income. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily due to lower credit allocations to the Treasury and Other segment, in addition to increases in equipment expense, salaries and benefits expense and regulatory assessment and fees. This was partially offset by decreases in contracted services and professional fees and occupancy expense. The Provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was due to increases in the provision for unfunded commitments. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in net transfer pricing credits that reside in the Treasury and Other segment and higher yields on interest-bearing deposits in other banks and our investment securities portfolio, partially offset by an increase in interest expense from public deposits and higher borrowing costs. The increase in noninterest income was primarily due to increases in BOLI income and market adjustments on mutual funds purchased and income due to adjustments to certain liabilities assumed as a result of the Reorganization Transactions, partially offset by an increase in net losses recognized in income related to derivative contracts.

Analysis of Financial Condition

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity refers to our ability to maintain cash flow that is adequate to fund operations and meet present and future financial obligations through either the sale or maturity of existing assets or by obtaining additional funding through liability management. We consider the effective and prudent management of liquidity to be fundamental to our health and strength. Our objective is to manage our cash flow and liquidity reserves so that they are adequate to fund our obligations and other commitments on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost.

Liquidity is managed to ensure stable, reliable and cost-effective sources of funds to satisfy demand for credit, deposit withdrawals and investment opportunities. Funding requirements are impacted by loan originations and refinancings, deposit balance changes, liability issuances and settlements and off-balance sheet funding commitments. We consider and comply with various regulatory and internal guidelines regarding required liquidity levels and periodically monitor our liquidity position in light of the changing economic environment and customer activity. Based on periodic liquidity assessments, we may alter our asset, liability and off-balance sheet positions. The Company’s Asset Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) monitors sources and uses of funds and modifies asset and liability positions as liquidity requirements change. This process, combined with our ability to raise funds in money and capital markets and through private placements, provides flexibility in managing the exposure to liquidity risk.

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Immediate liquid resources are available in cash, which is primarily on deposit with the FRB. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents were $1.2 billion and $0.5 billion, respectively. Potential sources of liquidity also include investment securities in our available-for-sale portfolio and held-to-maturity portfolio. The carrying values of our available-for-sale investment securities and held-to-maturity investment securities were $2.7 billion and $4.1 billion as of September 30, 2023, respectively. The carrying values of our available-for-sale investment securities and held-to-maturity investment securities were $3.2 billion and $4.3 billion as of December 31, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we maintained our excess liquidity primarily in collateralized mortgage obligations issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Municipal Housing Authorities and non-agency entities. As of September 30, 2023, our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio was comprised of securities with a weighted average life of approximately 4.3 years and our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio was comprised of securities with a weighted average life of approximately 8.1 years. These funds offer substantial resources to meet either new loan demand or to help offset reductions in our deposit funding base as they provide quick sources of liquidity by pledging to obtain secured borrowings and repurchase agreements or sales of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio and our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio could also be used to support borrowings through the Federal Reserve’s new Bank Term Funding Program (“BTFP”). Under the program, eligible depository institutions can obtain loans of up to one year in length by pledging U.S. Treasuries, agency debt and mortgage-backed securities, and other qualifying assets as collateral. These assets will be valued at par. Although the Bank currently has no intention to borrow funds under the program, the BTFP is available and intended to provide depository institutions with liquidity so as to avoid selling securities at market values below cost. Liquidity is further enhanced by our ability to pledge loans to access secured borrowings from the FHLB and the FRB. As of September 30, 2023, we have borrowing capacity of $2.8 billion from the FHLB and $3.8 billion from the FRB based on the amount of collateral pledged.

Our core deposits have historically provided us with a long-term source of stable and relatively lower cost of funding. Our core deposits, defined as all deposits exclusive of time deposits exceeding $250,000, totaled $19.3 billion and $20.2 billion as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which represented 90% and 93% of our total deposits as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. These core deposits are normally less volatile, often with customer relationships tied to other products offered by the Company; however, deposit levels could decrease if interest rates increase significantly or if corporate customers increase investing activities, including alternative investment options, that reduce deposit balances.

In March 2023, to enhance liquidity as a precaution in light of recent volatility in the banking sector, the Bank took $500.0 million in FHLB advances. For information with respect to the financial terms of such advances, see “ – Short-term Borrowings.” We also utilize short-term advances to help manage liquidity needs that may arise from time to time.

The Company’s routine funding requirements are expected to consist primarily of general corporate needs and capital to be returned to our shareholders. We expect to meet these obligations from dividends paid by the Bank to the Parent. Additional sources of liquidity available to us include selling residential real estate loans in the secondary market, taking out short- and long-term borrowings and issuing long-term debt and equity securities.

Our material cash requirements from our current and long-term contractual obligations have not changed materially since previously reported as of December 31, 2022. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, investments, and cash expected to be generated from operations, are still sufficient to meet our cash requirements within the next 12 months and beyond.

Potential Demands on Liquidity from Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have off-balance sheet arrangements, such as variable interest entities, guarantees, and certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, that may affect the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

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Variable Interest Entities

We hold interests in several unconsolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”). These unconsolidated VIEs are primarily low-income housing tax credit investments in partnerships and limited liability companies. Variable interests are defined as contractual ownership or other interests in an entity that change with fluctuations in an entity’s net asset value. The primary beneficiary consolidates the VIE. Based on our analysis, we have determined that the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these entities. As a result, we do not consolidate these VIEs. Unfunded commitments to fund these low-income housing tax credit investments were $62.2 million and $47.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Guarantees

We sell residential mortgage loans on the secondary market, primarily to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. The agreements under which we sell residential mortgage loans to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac contain provisions that include various representations and warranties regarding the origination and characteristics of the residential mortgage loans. Although the specific representations and warranties vary among investors, insurance or guarantee agreements, they typically cover ownership of the loan, validity of the lien securing the loan, the absence of delinquent taxes or liens against the property securing the loan, compliance with loan criteria set forth in the applicable agreement, compliance with applicable federal, state and local laws and other matters. The unpaid principal balance of our portfolio of residential mortgage loans sold was $1.4 billion as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The agreements under which we sell residential mortgage loans require delivery of various documents to the investor or its document custodian. Although these loans are primarily sold on a non-recourse basis, we may be obligated to repurchase residential mortgage loans or reimburse investors for losses incurred if a loan review reveals that underwriting and documentation standards were potentially not met in the origination of those loans. Upon receipt of a repurchase request, we work with investors to arrive at a mutually agreeable resolution. Repurchase demands are typically reviewed on an individual loan by loan basis to validate the claims made by the investor to determine if a contractually required repurchase event has occurred. We manage the risk associated with potential repurchases or other forms of settlement through our underwriting and quality assurance practices and by servicing mortgage loans to meet investor and secondary market standards. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there was one residential mortgage loan repurchase totaling $0.2 million and there were no pending repurchase requests.

In addition to servicing loans in our portfolio, substantially all of the loans we sell to investors are sold with servicing rights retained. We also service loans originated by other mortgage loan originators. As servicer, our primary duties are to: (1) collect payments due from borrowers; (2) advance certain delinquent payments of principal and interest; (3) maintain and administer any hazard, title or primary mortgage insurance policies relating to the mortgage loans; (4) maintain any required escrow accounts for payment of taxes and insurance and administer escrow payments; and (5) foreclose on defaulted mortgage loans, or loan modifications or short sales. Each agreement under which we act as servicer generally specifies a standard of responsibility for actions taken by the Company in such capacity and provides protection against expenses and liabilities incurred by the Company when acting in compliance with the respective servicing agreements. However, if we commit a material breach of obligations as servicer, we may be subject to termination if the breach is not cured within a specified period following notice. The standards governing servicing and the possible remedies for violations of such standards vary by investor. These standards and remedies are determined by servicing guides issued by the investors as well as the contract provisions established between the investors and the Company. Remedies could include repurchase of an affected loan. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we had no repurchase requests related to loan servicing activities, nor were there any pending repurchase requests as of September 30, 2023.

Although to-date repurchase requests related to representation and warranty provisions and servicing activities have been limited, it is possible that requests to repurchase mortgage loans may increase in frequency as investors more aggressively pursue all means of recovering losses on their purchased loans. However, as of September 30, 2023, management believes that this exposure is not material due to the historical level of repurchase requests and loss trends and thus has not established a liability for losses related to mortgage loan repurchases. As of September 30, 2023, 99% of our residential mortgage loans serviced for investors were current. We maintain ongoing communications with investors and continue to evaluate this exposure by monitoring the level and number of repurchase requests as well as the delinquency rates in loans sold to investors.

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Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

See “Note 12. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for more information on our financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk.

Investment Securities

Table 12 presents the estimated fair value of our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio and amortized cost of our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


Investment Securities				Table 12
	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities	$	114,159	$	150,982
Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities		19,260		44,301
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		52,362		59,723
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		1,005,782		1,160,455
Commercial - Government agency		211,897		237,853
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		84,920		119,573
Commercial - Non-agency		21,602		21,471
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		565,852		653,322
Government-sponsored enterprises		400,748		462,132
Collateralized loan obligations		246,122		241,321
Total available-for-sale securities	$	2,722,704	$	3,151,133

Government agency debt securities	$	53,105	$	54,318
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential - Government agency		44,379		46,302
Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises		100,905		106,534
Commercial - Government agency		30,733		30,544
Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises		1,132,818		1,150,449
Collateralized mortgage obligations:
Government agency		1,010,551		1,080,492
Government-sponsored enterprises		1,677,519		1,798,178
Debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions		54,104		53,822
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	4,104,114	$	4,320,639

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Table 13 presents the maturity distribution at amortized cost and weighted-average yield to maturity of our investment securities portfolio as of September 30, 2023:

Maturities and Weighted-Average Yield on Securities⁽¹⁾

Table 13

1 Year or Less

After 1 Year - 5 Years

After 5 Years - 10 Years

Over 10 Years

Total

Weighted

Average

Fair

(dollars in millions)

Amount

Yield

Amount

Yield

Amount

Yield

Amount

Yield

Amount

Yield

Value

As of September 30, 2023

Available-for-sale securities

U.S. Treasury and government agency debt securities

19.9

1.53

40.6

1.97

65.7

1.03

—

126.2

1.41

114.2

Government-sponsored enterprises debt securities

—

20.0

3.33

—

20.0

3.33

19.3

Mortgage-backed securities:

Residential - Government agency⁽²⁾

—

61.8

2.33

—

61.8

2.33

52.4

Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises⁽²⁾

—

1,125.8

1.64

59.5

1.73

—

1,185.3

1.64

1,005.8

Commercial - Government agency⁽²⁾

4.2

3.18

235.2

1.88

33.0

1.76

—

272.4

1.89

211.9

Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises⁽²⁾

28.3

2.92

65.7

1.33

—

94.0

1.81

84.9

Commercial - Non-agency

—

22.0

5.88

22.0

5.88

21.6

Collateralized mortgage obligations⁽²⁾:

Government agency

6.1

1.87

242.0

2.07

413.1

1.79

—

661.2

1.89

565.8

Government-sponsored enterprises

4.8

1.67

286.2

1.30

188.2

1.92

—

479.2

1.55

400.7

Collateralized loan obligations

—

107.0

6.24

142.9

6.26

249.9

6.25

246.1

Total available-for-sale securities as of September 30, 2023

63.3

2.31

2,015.5

1.68

928.3

2.30

164.9

6.21

3,172.0

2.11

2,722.7

Held-to-maturity securities

Government agency debt securities

—

53.1

1.57

53.1

1.57

45.2

Mortgage-backed securities⁽²⁾:

Residential - Government agency

—

44.4

2.16

44.4

2.16

36.3

Residential - Government-sponsored enterprises

—

25.4

1.76

75.5

1.54

100.9

1.60

82.7

Commercial - Government agency

—

6.3

1.63

24.4

2.01

—

30.7

1.93

22.0

Commercial - Government-sponsored enterprises

—

128.9

1.91

540.5

1.73

463.4

2.33

1,132.8

1.99

938.5

Collateralized mortgage obligations⁽²⁾:

Government agency

—

885.6

1.40

125.0

1.36

1,010.6

1.39

857.3

Government-sponsored enterprises

—

201.5

1.60

1,284.0

1.50

192.0

1.40

1,677.5

1.50

1,406.3

Debt securities issued by state and political subdivisions

—

10.3

2.08

43.8

2.32

54.1

2.27

44.7

Total held-to-maturity securities as of September 30, 2023

—

336.7

1.72

2,770.2

1.52

997.2

1.92

4,104.1

1.63

3,433.0

(1)	Weighted-average yields were computed on a fully taxable-equivalent basis.

(2)	Maturities for mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations anticipate future prepayments.

The carrying value of our investment securities portfolio was $6.8 billion as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of $645.0 million or 9% compared to December 31, 2022. Our available-for-sale investment securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in other comprehensive income or through the Provision. Our held-to-maturity investment securities are carried at amortized cost.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we reclassified at fair value $4.6 billion in available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category. The related total unrealized after-tax losses of approximately $372.4 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive loss to be amortized over the estimated remaining life of the securities as an adjustment of yield, offsetting the related accretion of the discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of reclassification. In addition, we consider the held-to-maturity classification of these investment securities to be appropriate as there is both the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. There were no securities transferred from available-for-sale investment securities to the held-to-maturity category during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

As of September 30, 2023, we maintained all of our investment securities in either the available-for-sale category (recorded at fair value) or the held-to-maturity category (recorded at amortized cost) in the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets, with $3.7 billion invested in collateralized mortgage obligations issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Our investment securities portfolio also included $2.7 billion in mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, Municipal Housing Authorities and non-agency entities, $246.1 million in collateralized loan obligations, $186.5 million in debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, government agencies (U.S. International Development Finance Corporation bonds) and government-sponsored enterprises and $54.1 million in debt securities issued by states and political subdivisions.

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We continually evaluate our investment securities portfolio in response to established asset/liability management objectives, changing market conditions that could affect profitability and the level of interest rate risk to which we are exposed. These evaluations may cause us to change the level of funds we deploy into investment securities and change the composition of our investment securities portfolio.

Gross unrealized gains in our investment securities portfolio were $0.2 million and $0.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Gross unrealized losses in our investment securities portfolio were $1.1 billion and $904.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase in unrealized loss was primarily due to higher market interest rates as of September 30, 2023, relative to December 31, 2022, resulting in a lower valuation. Additionally, the increase in unrealized loss positions were primarily related to our collateralized mortgage obligations, commercial mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities, the fair value of which is sensitive to changes in market interest rates.

For our available-for-sale investment securities, we conduct a regular assessment of our investment securities portfolio to determine whether any securities are impaired. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through the allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we did not record any credit losses related to our available-for-sale investment securities portfolio.

For our held-to-maturity investment securities, we utilize the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) approach to estimate lifetime expected credit losses. Substantially all of our held-to-maturity securities are issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. These securities have a long history of no credit losses and carry the explicit or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government. Therefore, as of September 30, 2023, we did not record an allowance for credit losses related to our held-to-maturity investment securities portfolio.

We are required to hold non-marketable equity securities, comprised of FHLB stock, as a condition of our membership in the FHLB system. Our FHLB stock is accounted for at cost, which equals par or redemption value. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we held $30.1 million and $10.1 million in FHLB stock, respectively, which is recorded as a component of other assets in our unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets.

See “Note 2. Investment Securities” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for more information on our investment securities portfolio.

Loans and Leases

Table 14 presents the composition of our loan and lease portfolio by major categories as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


Loans and Leases				Table 14
	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Commercial and industrial:
Commercial and industrial excluding Paycheck Protection Program loans	$	2,091,379	$	2,217,604
Paycheck Protection Program loans		10,063		18,293
Total commercial and industrial		2,101,442		2,235,897
Commercial real estate		4,387,751		4,132,309
Construction		885,112		844,643
Residential:
Residential mortgage		4,303,924		4,302,788
Home equity line		1,167,388		1,055,351
Total residential		5,471,312		5,358,139
Consumer		1,154,203		1,222,934
Lease financing		332,515		298,090
Total loans and leases	$	14,332,335	$	14,092,012

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Total loans and leases were $14.3 billion as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $240.3 million or 2% from December 31, 2022. The increase in total loans and leases was primarily due to increases in commercial real estate loans, construction loans, residential real estate loans and lease financing, partially offset by decreases in commercial and industrial loans and consumer loans.

Commercial and industrial loans are made primarily to corporations, middle market and small businesses for the purpose of financing equipment acquisition, expansion, working capital and other general business purposes. We also offer a variety of automobile dealer flooring lines to our customers in Hawaii and California to assist with the financing of their inventory. Commercial and industrial loans were $2.1 billion as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of $134.5 million or 6% from December 31, 2022.

Commercial real estate loans are secured by first mortgages on commercial real estate at loan to value (“LTV”) ratios generally not exceeding 75% and a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.20 to 1. The commercial properties are predominantly apartments, neighborhood and grocery anchored retail, industrial, office, and to a lesser extent, specialized properties such as hotels. The primary source of repayment for investor property and owner-occupied property is cash flow from the property and operating cash flow from the business, respectively. Commercial real estate loans were $4.4 billion as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $255.4 million or 6% from December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to $280.0 million in completed construction loans that were converted to commercial real estate loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Construction loans are for the purchase or construction of a property for which repayment will be generated by the property. Loans in this portfolio are primarily for the purchase of land, as well as for the development of commercial properties, single family homes and condominiums. We classify loans as construction until the completion of the construction phase. Following completion of the construction phase, if a loan is retained by the Bank, the loan is converted to the commercial real estate or residential real estate classes of loans. Construction loans were $885.1 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $40.5 million or 5% from December 31, 2022. The increase in construction loans was primarily due to draws on existing lines, partially offset by the completion of $280.0 million in construction loans mentioned above during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Residential real estate loans are generally secured by 1-4 unit residential properties and are underwritten using traditional underwriting systems to assess the credit risks and financial capacity and repayment ability of the consumer. Decisions are primarily based on LTV ratios, debt-to-income (“DTI”) ratios, liquidity and credit scores. LTV ratios generally do not exceed 80%, although higher levels are permitted with mortgage insurance. We offer fixed rate mortgage products and variable rate mortgage products including HELOC. Since our transition from LIBOR, which commenced in late 2021, we now offer variable rate mortgage products based on SOFR with interest rates that are subject to change every six months, after the third, fifth, seventh or tenth year, depending on the product. Prior to this, we offered variable rate mortgage products based on LIBOR with interest rates that were subject to change every year, after the first, third, fifth or tenth year, depending on the product. Variable rate residential mortgage loans are underwritten at fully-indexed interest rates. We generally do not offer interest-only, payment-option facilities, Alt-A loans or any product with negative amortization. Residential real estate loans were $5.5 billion as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $113.2 million or 2% from December 31, 2022.

Consumer loans consist primarily of open- and closed-end direct and indirect credit facilities for personal, automobile and household purchases as well as credit card loans. We seek to maintain reasonable levels of risk in consumer lending by following prudent underwriting guidelines, which include an evaluation of personal credit history, cash flow and collateral values based on existing market conditions. Consumer loans were $1.2 billion as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of $68.7 million or 6% from December 31, 2022.

Lease financing consists of commercial single investor leases and leveraged leases. Underwriting of new lease transactions is based on our lending policy, including but not limited to an analysis of customer cash flows and secondary sources of repayment, including the value of leased equipment, the guarantors’ cash flows and/or other credit enhancements. No new leveraged leases are being added to the portfolio and all remaining leveraged leases are running off. Lease financing was $332.5 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $34.4 million or 12% from December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to the closing of several large lease transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

See “Note 3. Loans and Leases” and “Note 4. Allowance for Credit Losses” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements and the discussion in “Analysis of Financial Condition — Allowance for Credit Losses” of this MD&A for more information on our loan and lease portfolio.

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The Company’s loan and lease portfolio includes adjustable-rate loans, primarily tied to SOFR, Prime and BSBY, hybrid-rate loans, for which the initial rate is fixed for a period from one year to as much as ten years, and fixed rate loans, for which the interest rate does not change through the life of the loan or the remaining life of the loan. Table 15 presents the recorded investment in our loan and lease portfolio as of September 30, 2023 by rate type:

Loans and Leases by Rate Type

Table 15

September 30, 2023

Adjustable Rate

Hybrid

Fixed

(dollars in thousands)

Treasury

LIBOR

BSBY

Prime

SOFR ⁽¹⁾

Other

Total

Rate

Total

Commercial and industrial

—

444,419

292,110

911,774

75,529

1,723,832

27,289

350,321

2,101,442

Commercial real estate

—

99,124

453,576

2,468,617

868,730

3,890,047

137,885

359,819

4,387,751

Construction

—

43,789

110,722

554,001

14,762

723,284

5,206

156,622

885,112

Residential:

Residential mortgage

8,038

91,928

—

16,564

141,284

70,354

328,168

542,185

3,433,571

4,303,924

Home equity line

—

843

—

935

908,302

258,151

1,167,388

Total residential

8,130

91,928

—

17,407

141,284

70,354

329,103

1,450,487

3,691,722

5,471,312

Consumer

1,062

—

4,693

331,859

—

1,141

338,755

1,234

814,214

1,154,203

Lease financing

—

332,515

Total loans and leases

9,202

91,928

592,025

1,205,674

4,075,676

1,030,516

7,005,021

1,622,101

5,705,213

14,332,335

% by rate type at September 30, 2023

100

⁽¹⁾Includes $3.3 billion in CME Term SOFR loans.

Tables 16 and 17 present the geographic distribution of our loan and lease portfolio as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Geographic Distribution of Loan and Lease Portfolio

Table 16

September 30, 2023

U.S.

Guam &

Foreign &

(dollars in thousands)

Hawaii

Mainland⁽¹⁾

Saipan

Other

Total

Commercial and industrial

869,942

1,113,838

91,360

26,302

2,101,442

Commercial real estate

2,399,519

1,618,248

369,984

—

4,387,751

Construction

417,885

436,983

30,244

—

885,112

Residential:

Residential mortgage

4,156,758

429

146,737

—

4,303,924

Home equity line

1,125,076

285

42,027

—

1,167,388

Total residential

5,281,834

714

188,764

—

5,471,312

Consumer

800,347

44,619

306,787

2,450

1,154,203

Lease financing

123,946

192,342

16,227

—

332,515

Total Loans and Leases

9,893,473

3,406,744

1,003,366

28,752

14,332,335

Percentage of Total Loans and Leases

69%

24%

100%

(1)	For secured loans and leases, classification as U.S. Mainland is made based on where the collateral is located. For unsecured loans and leases, classification as U.S. Mainland is made based on the location where the majority of the borrower’s business operations are conducted.

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Geographic Distribution of Loan and Lease Portfolio										Table 17
	December 31, 2022
			U.S.		Guam &		Foreign &
(dollars in thousands)	Hawaii		Mainland⁽¹⁾		Saipan		Other		Total
Commercial and industrial	$	917,232	$	1,192,766	$	98,601	$	27,298	$	2,235,897
Commercial real estate		2,306,075		1,435,512		390,722		—		4,132,309
Construction		361,899		475,744		7,000		—		844,643
Residential:
Residential mortgage		4,152,272		452		150,064		—		4,302,788
Home equity line		1,020,538		—		34,813		—		1,055,351
Total residential		5,172,810		452		184,877		—		5,358,139
Consumer		877,550		41,647		300,324		3,413		1,222,934
Lease financing		90,755		193,423		13,912		—		298,090
Total Loans and Leases	$	9,726,321	$	3,339,544	$	995,436	$	30,711	$	14,092,012
Percentage of Total Loans and Leases		69%		23%		7%		1%		100%

(1)	For secured loans and leases, classification as U.S. Mainland is made based on where the collateral is located. For unsecured loans and leases, classification as U.S. Mainland is made based on the location where the majority of the borrower’s business operations are conducted.

Our lending activities are concentrated primarily in Hawaii. However, we also have lending activities on the U.S. mainland, Guam and Saipan. Our commercial lending activities on the U.S. mainland include automobile dealer flooring activities in California, participation in the Shared National Credits Program and selective commercial real estate projects based on existing customer relationships. Our lease financing portfolio includes commercial leveraged and single investor lease financing activities both in Hawaii and on the U.S. mainland. However, no new leveraged leases are being added to the portfolio and all remaining leveraged leases are running off. Our consumer lending activities are concentrated primarily in Hawaii and, to a smaller extent, in Guam and Saipan.

Table 18 presents the contractual maturities of our loan and lease portfolio by major categories and the sensitivities to changes in interest rates as of September 30, 2023:

Maturities for Loan and Lease Portfolio⁽¹⁾

Table 18

September 30, 2023

Due in One

Due After One

Due After Five

Due After

(dollars in thousands)

Year or Less

to Five Years

to Fifteen Years

Fifteen Years

Total

Commercial and industrial

791,370

991,779

243,701

74,592

2,101,442

Commercial real estate

759,866

2,155,760

1,444,932

27,193

4,387,751

Construction

279,165

473,644

93,714

38,589

885,112

Residential:

Residential mortgage

12,684

41,044

465,560

3,784,636

4,303,924

Home equity line

16,203

105,616

162,886

882,683

1,167,388

Total residential

28,887

146,660

628,446

4,667,319

5,471,312

Consumer

190,794

753,843

209,261

305

1,154,203

Lease financing

16,074

149,990

142,420

24,031

332,515

Total Loans and Leases

2,066,156

4,671,676

2,762,474

4,832,029

14,332,335

Total of loans and leases with:

Adjustable interest rates

1,812,427

3,403,776

1,524,185

264,633

7,005,021

Hybrid interest rates

41,485

179,007

149,529

1,252,080

1,622,101

Fixed interest rates

212,244

1,088,893

1,088,760

3,315,316

5,705,213

Total Loans and Leases

2,066,156

4,671,676

2,762,474

4,832,029

14,332,335

(1)	Based on contractual maturities, including extension and renewal options that are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

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Credit Quality

We perform an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of our lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses.

For purposes of managing credit risk and estimating the ACL, management has identified three portfolio segments (commercial, residential and consumer) that we use to develop our systematic methodology to determine the ACL. The categorization of loans for the evaluation of credit risk is specific to our credit risk evaluation process and these loan categories are not necessarily the same as the loan categories used for other evaluations of our loan portfolio. See “Note 4. Allowance for Credit Losses” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for more information about our approach to estimating the ACL.

The following tables and discussion address non-performing assets and loans and leases that are 90 days past due but are still accruing interest.

Non-Performing Assets and Loans and Leases Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing Interest

Table 19 presents information on our non-performing assets and accruing loans and leases past due 90 days or more as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


Non-Performing Assets and Accruing Loans and Leases Past Due 90 Days or More					Table 19
	September 30,			December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Non-Performing Assets
Non-Accrual Loans and Leases
Commercial Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	988		$	1,215
Commercial real estate		—			727
Total Commercial Loans		988			1,942
Residential Loans:
Residential mortgage		7,435			6,166
Home equity line		6,200			3,797
Total Residential Loans		13,635			9,963
Total Non-Accrual Loans and Leases		14,623			11,905
Other Real Estate Owned ("OREO")		—			91
Total Non-Performing Assets	$	14,623		$	11,996

Accruing Loans and Leases Past Due 90 Days or More
Commercial Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	289		$	291
Commercial real estate		170			—
Total Commercial Loans		459			291
Residential mortgage		1,430			58
Consumer		1,681			2,885
Total Accruing Loans and Leases Past Due 90 Days or More	$	3,570		$	3,234

Total Loans and Leases	$	14,332,335		$	14,092,012

Ratio of Non-Accrual Loans and Leases to Total Loans and Leases		0.10	%		0.08	%
Ratio of Non-Performing Assets to Total Loans and Leases and OREO		0.10	%		0.09	%
Ratio of Non-Performing Assets and Accruing Loans and Leases Past Due 90 Days or More to Total Loans and Leases and OREO		0.13	%		0.11	%

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Table 20 presents the activity in Non-Performing Assets (“NPAs”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


Non-Performing Assets				Table 20
	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	11,996	$	7,257
Additions		8,025		4,050
Reductions
Payments		(2,745)		(1,467)
Return to accrual status		(2,289)		(760)
Sales of other real estate owned		(91)		(175)
Charge-offs/write-downs		(273)		(483)
Total Reductions		(5,398)		(2,885)
Balance at end of period	$	14,623	$	8,422

The level of NPAs represents an indicator of the potential for future credit losses. NPAs consist of non-accrual loans and leases and other real estate owned (“OREO”). Changes in the level of non-accrual loans and leases typically represent increases for loans and leases that reach a specified past due status, offset by reductions for loans and leases that are charged-off, paid down, sold, transferred to held for sale classification, transferred to OREO or are no longer classified as non-accrual because they have returned to accrual status as a result of continued performance and an improvement in the borrower’s financial condition and loan repayment capabilities.

Total NPAs were $14.6 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $2.6 million or 22% from December 31, 2022. The ratio of our NPAs to total loans and leases and OREO was 0.10% and 0.09% as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The increase in NPAs during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to increases in home equity line non-accrual loans of $2.4 million and residential mortgage non-accrual loans of $1.3 million, partially offset by decreases in commercial real estate non-accrual loans of $0.7 million and commercial and industrial non-accrual loans of $0.2 million.

The largest component of our NPAs is typically residential mortgage loans. The level of these NPAs can remain elevated due to a lengthy judicial foreclosure process in Hawaii. As of September 30, 2023, residential mortgage non-accrual loans were $7.4 million, an increase of $1.3 million or 21% from December 31, 2022. This increase was due to additions of $2.8 million, partially offset by payments of $1.0 million and returns to accrual status of $0.5 million. As of September 30, 2023, our residential mortgage non-accrual loans were comprised of 35 loans with a weighted average current LTV ratio of 36%.

As of September 30, 2023, home equity line non-accrual loans were $6.2 million, an increase of $2.4 million or 63% from December 31, 2022. This increase was due to additions in home equity line non-accrual loans totaling $5.2 million, partially offset by returns to accrual status of $1.7 million, payments of $0.8 million and charge-offs of $0.3 million.

OREO represents property acquired as the result of borrower defaults on loans. OREO is recorded at fair value, less estimated selling costs, at the time of foreclosure. On an ongoing basis, properties are appraised as required by market conditions and applicable regulations. There was no OREO held as of September 30, 2023. OREO was $0.1 million as of December 31, 2022, which comprised of one residential property.

Loans and Leases Past Due 90 Days or More and Still Accruing Interest. Loans and leases in this category are 90 days or more past due, as to principal or interest, and are still accruing interest because they are well secured and in the process of collection.

Loans and leases past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest were $3.6 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $0.3 million or 10% from December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to increases in residential mortgage loans of $1.4 million and commercial real estate loans of $0.2 million, partially offset by a decrease in consumer loans of $1.2 million, that were past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest.

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Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans and Leases & Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

Table 21 presents an analysis of our ACL for the periods indicated:


Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Commitments											Table 21
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022			2023			2022
Balance at Beginning of Period	$	184,780		$	177,900		$	177,735		$	187,584
Loans and Leases Charged-Off
Commercial Loans:
Commercial and industrial		(784)			(328)			(2,572)			(1,277)
Commercial real estate		—			(750)			—			(750)
Total Commercial Loans		(784)			(1,078)			(2,572)			(2,027)
Residential Loans:
Residential mortgage		—			(1)			(122)			(1)
Home equity line		—			—			(272)			(1,163)
Total Residential Loans		—			(1)			(394)			(1,164)
Consumer		(3,665)			(3,986)			(12,963)			(11,754)
Total Loans and Leases Charged-Off		(4,449)			(5,065)			(15,929)			(14,945)
Recoveries on Loans and Leases Previously Charged-Off
Commercial Loans:
Commercial and industrial		2,637			240			3,175			594
Commercial real estate		—			—			—			14
Lease financing		—			—			—			60
Total Commercial Loans		2,637			240			3,175			668
Residential Loans:
Residential mortgage		53			37			110			245
Home equity line		303			356			539			575
Total Residential Loans		356			393			649			820
Consumer		1,746			1,653			5,640			5,741
Total Recoveries on Loans and Leases Previously Charged-Off		4,739			2,286			9,464			7,229
Net Loans and Leases Recovered (Charged-Off)		290			(2,779)			(6,465)			(7,716)
Provision for Credit Losses		7,500			3,183			21,300			(1,564)
Balance at End of Period	$	192,570		$	178,304		$	192,570		$	178,304
Components:
Allowance for Credit Losses	$	154,795		$	148,163		$	154,795		$	148,163
Reserve for Unfunded Commitments		37,775			30,141			37,775			30,141
Total Allowance for Credit Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Commitments	$	192,570		$	178,304		$	192,570		$	178,304
Average Loans and Leases Outstanding	$	14,349,402		$	13,491,428		$	14,238,309		$	13,125,660
Ratio of Net Loans and Leases (Recovered) Charged-Off to Average Loans and Leases Outstanding⁽¹⁾		(0.01)	%		0.08	%		0.06	%		0.08	%
Ratio of Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans and Leases to Loans and Leases Outstanding		1.08	%		1.08	%		1.08	%		1.08	%
Ratio of Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans and Leases to Non-accrual Loans and Leases		10.59x			17.89x			10.59x			17.89x

(1)	Annualized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Tables 22 and 23 present the allocation of the ACL by loan and lease category, in both dollars and as a percentage of total loans and leases outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses by Loan and Lease Category					Table 22
	September 30, 2023
			Allocated		Loan
			ACL as		category as
			% of loan or		% of total
			lease		loans and
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		category		leases
Commercial and industrial	$	13,700	0.65	%	14.66	%
Commercial real estate		43,798	1.00		30.61
Construction		10,204	1.15		6.18
Lease financing		1,710	0.51		2.32
Total commercial		69,412	0.90		53.77
Residential mortgage		36,999	0.86		30.03
Home equity line		11,427	0.98		8.15
Total residential		48,426	0.89		38.18
Consumer		36,957	3.20		8.05
Total	$	154,795	1.08	%	100.00	%


Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses by Loan and Lease Category					Table 23
	December 31, 2022
			Allocated		Loan
			ACL as		category as
			% of loan or		% of total
			lease		loans and
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		category		leases
Commercial and industrial	$	14,564	0.65	%	15.87	%
Commercial real estate		43,810	1.06		29.31
Construction		5,843	0.69		5.99
Lease financing		1,551	0.52		2.13
Total commercial		65,768	0.88		53.30
Residential mortgage		35,175	0.82		30.53
Home equity line		8,296	0.79		7.49
Total residential		43,471	0.81		38.02
Consumer		34,661	2.83		8.68
Total	$	143,900	1.02	%	100.00	%

Table 24 presents the net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans and leases by category during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


Net Charge-Offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans and Leases By Category⁽¹⁾											Table 24
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Commercial and industrial		(0.35)	%		0.02	%		(0.04)	%		0.05	%
Commercial real estate		—			0.07			—			0.03
Construction		—			—			—			—
Lease financing		—			—			—			(0.03)
Total commercial		(0.10)			0.05			(0.01)			0.03
Residential mortgage		—			—			—			(0.01)
Home equity line		(0.10)			(0.14)			(0.03)			0.08
Total residential		(0.03)			(0.03)			(0.01)			0.01
Consumer		0.65			0.76			0.82			0.66
Total loans and leases		(0.01)	%		0.08	%		0.06	%		0.08	%

(1)	Annualized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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As of September 30, 2023, the ACL was $154.8 million or 1.08% of total loans and leases outstanding, compared with an ACL of $143.9 million or 1.02% of total loans and leases outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $37.8 million as of September 30, 2023, compared to $33.8 million as of December 31, 2022.

Net recoveries of loans and leases were $0.3 million or 0.01% of total average loans and leases, on an annualized basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $2.8 million or 0.08% for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Net recoveries in our commercial lending portfolio were $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Net recoveries in our residential lending portfolio were $0.4 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net charge-offs in our consumer lending portfolio were $1.9 million and $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net charge-offs in our consumer portfolio segment include those related to credit cards, automobile loans, installment loans and small business lines of credit and reflect the inherent risk associated with these loans.

Net charge-offs of loans and leases were $6.5 million or 0.06% of total average loans and leases on an annualized basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $7.7 million or 0.08% of total average loans and leases, on an annualized basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net recoveries in our commercial lending portfolio were $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net recoveries in our residential lending portfolio were $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Net charge-offs in our consumer lending portfolio were $7.3 million and $6.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net charge-offs in our consumer portfolio segment include those related to credit card, automobile loans, installment loans and small business lines of credit and reflect the inherent risk associated with these loans.

Although we determine the amount of each component of the ACL separately, the ACL as a whole was considered appropriate by management as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Furthermore, as of September 30, 2023, the ACL was considered adequate based on our ongoing analysis of estimated expected credit losses, credit risk profiles, current economic outlook, coverage ratios and other relevant factors. The ACL anticipates cyclical losses consistent with a recession and includes a qualitative overlay for potential macroeconomic impacts. We will continue to monitor factors that drive expected credit losses including the uncertainty of the economy, inflation and geopolitical instability. See “Note 4. Allowance for Credit Losses” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for more information on the ACL.

Goodwill

Goodwill was $995.5 million as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Our goodwill originated from the acquisition of the Company by BNP Paribas in December of 2001. Goodwill generated in that acquisition was recorded on the balance sheet of the Bank as a result of push down accounting treatment, and remains on our consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s policy is to assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or between annual assessments if a triggering event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. There was no impairment in our goodwill for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Future events, including geopolitical concerns, inflation concerns, global supply chain issues, and other factors affecting the economy, that could cause a significant decline in our expected future cash flows or a significant adverse change in our business or the business climate may necessitate taking charges in future reporting periods related to the impairment of our goodwill.

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Other Assets

Other assets were $853.6 million as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $56.6 million or 7% from December 31, 2022. The increase in other assets was primarily due to increases of $25.7 million in municipal advances, $24.6 million in current tax receivables and deferred tax assets, $20.0 million in FHLB stock and $7.3 million in LIHTC investments. This was partially offset by decreases of $11.9 million in prepaid assets and $8.1 million in mutual funds.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary funding source for the Bank and are acquired from a broad base of local markets, including both individual and corporate customers. We obtain funds from depositors by offering a range of deposit types, including demand, savings, money market and time.

Table 25 presents the composition of our deposits as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:


Deposits				Table 25
	September 30,		December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
U.S.:
Demand	$	6,931,032	$	7,978,046
Savings		5,599,787		5,957,368
Money Market		3,668,328		3,714,244
Time		3,398,957		2,265,163
Foreign⁽¹⁾:
Demand		967,964		886,600
Savings		428,521		425,542
Money Market		254,726		251,179
Time		262,174		210,887
Total Deposits⁽²⁾	$	21,511,489	$	21,689,029

(1)	Foreign deposits were comprised of Guam and Saipan deposit accounts.

(2)	Public deposits were $2.4 billion as of September 30, 2023, an increase of $454.7 million or 24% compared to December 31, 2022.

Total deposits were $21.5 billion as of September 30, 2023, a decrease of $177.5 million or 1% from December 31, 2022. The decrease in deposit balances stemmed primarily from a $960.5 million decrease in non-public demand deposit balances, a $276.1 million decrease in non-public savings deposit balances, a $78.5 million decrease in public savings deposit balances and a $50.3 million decrease in non-public money market deposit balances. These decreases were partially offset by a $530.5 million increase in public time deposit balances and a $654.6 million increase in non-public time deposit balances.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of deposits that exceeded FDIC insurance limits were estimated to be $11.1 billion, or 52% of total deposits, and $11.1 billion, or 51% of total deposits, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, of public deposits, all of which were fully collateralized with investment securities. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of deposits excluding public deposits that exceeded FDIC insurance limits were estimated to be $8.8 billion, or 41% of total deposits, and $9.2 billion, or 42% of total deposits, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deposit accounts above $250,000 were estimated to be $12.9 billion and $13.3 billion, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, deposit balances over $250,000 in corporate operating accounts were estimated to be $2.3 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively.

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Table 26 presents the estimated amount of time deposits that were in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, further segregated by time remaining until maturity, as of September 30, 2023:


Uninsured Time Deposits		Table 26
(dollars in thousands)		September 30, 2023
Three months or less	$	1,096,732
Over three through six months		538,783
Over six through twelve months		504,250
Over twelve months		85,632
Total⁽¹⁾	$	2,225,397

(1)	Includes $1.4 billion in public time deposits that are fully collateralized with investment securities.

Short-term Borrowings

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s short-term borrowings consisted of $500.0 million in short-term FHLB fixed-rate advances with a weighted average interest rate of 4.71% and maturity dates in September 2024. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s short-term borrowings consisted of $75.0 million in federal funds purchased with a 4.35% annual interest rate that matured in January 2023.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had a remaining line of credit of $2.8 billion and $2.5 billion available from the FHLB, respectively. The FHLB fixed-rate advances and remaining borrowing capacity were secured by commercial real estate and residential real estate loan collateral as of September 30, 2023. The FHLB borrowing capacity was secured by residential real estate loan collateral as of December 31, 2022.

Pension and Postretirement Plan Obligations

We have a noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plan, an unfunded supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”), a directors’ retirement plan (a non-qualified pension plan for eligible directors) and a postretirement benefit plan providing life insurance and healthcare benefits that we offer to our directors and employees, as applicable. The noncontributory qualified defined benefit pension plan, the unfunded supplemental executive retirement plan and the directors’ retirement plan are all frozen to new participants. On March 11, 2019, the Company’s board of directors approved an amendment to the SERP to freeze the SERP. As a result of such amendment, effective July 1, 2019, there are no new accruals of benefits, including service accruals. To calculate annual pension costs, we use the following key variables: (1) size of the employee population, length of service and estimated compensation increases; (2) actuarial assumptions and estimates; (3) expected long-term rate of return on plan assets; and (4) discount rate.

Pension and postretirement benefit plan obligations, net of pension plan assets, were $93.2 million as of September 30, 2023, a nominal decrease from December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to payments of $6.2 million, offset by net periodic benefit costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $5.6 million.

See “Note 15. Noninterest Income and Noninterest Expense” contained in our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for more information on our pension and postretirement benefit plans.

Capital

The bank regulators currently use a combination of risk-based ratios and a leverage ratio to evaluate capital adequacy. The Company and the Bank are subject to the federal bank regulators’ final rules implementing Basel III and various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Capital Rules”).

The Capital Rules, among other things impose a capital measure called CET1, to which most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital must be made. In addition, the Capital Rules specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting certain specified requirements.

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Under the Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios are as follows:

●

4.5% CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets,

●

6.0% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 capital plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets,

●

8.0% Total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets, and

●

4.0% Tier 1 capital to average quarterly assets.

The Capital Rules also require a 2.5% capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The capital conservation buffer is composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk weighted asset ratios, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) 7% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 8.5% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and (iii) 10.5% total capital to risk-weighted assets.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s capital levels remained characterized as “well-capitalized” under the Capital Rules. Our regulatory capital ratios, calculated in accordance with the Capital Rules, are presented in Table 27 below. There have been no conditions or events since September 30, 2023 that management believes have changed either the Company’s or the Bank’s capital classifications. CET1 was 12.21% as of September 30, 2023, an increase of 39 basis points from December 31, 2022. The increase in CET1 was primarily due to earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, partially offset by the dividends declared and paid to the Company’s stockholders and an increase in risk-weighted assets driven by an increase in loans and leases.


Regulatory Capital					Table 27
	September 30,			December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023			2022
Stockholders' Equity	$	2,351,009		$	2,269,005
Less:
Goodwill		995,492			995,492
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net		(648,731)			(639,254)
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital and Tier 1 Capital	$	2,004,248		$	1,912,767
Add:
Qualifying allowance for credit losses and reserve for unfunded commitments		192,570			177,735
Total Capital	$	2,196,818		$	2,090,502
Risk-Weighted Assets	$	16,415,387		$	16,182,743

Key Regulatory Capital Ratios
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio		12.21	%		11.82	%
Tier 1 Capital Ratio		12.21	%		11.82	%
Total Capital Ratio		13.38	%		12.92	%
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio		8.45	%		8.11	%

In January 2023, the Company announced a stock repurchase program for up to $40.0 million of its outstanding common stock during 2023. The Company has not repurchased any common stock outstanding under this stock repurchase program during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and, as a result, $40.0 million remained of the $40.0 million total repurchase amount authorized under the stock repurchase program for 2023 as of September 30, 2023. The timing and exact amount of stock repurchases, if any, will be subject to management’s discretion and various factors, including the Company’s capital position and financial performance, as well as market conditions. The stock repurchase program may be suspended, terminated or modified at any time for any reason.

In October 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.26 per share on our outstanding shares. The dividend will be paid on December 1, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on November 20, 2023.

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Future Application of Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of the expected impact of accounting pronouncements recently issued but not adopted by us as of September 30, 2023, see “Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation — Recent Accounting Pronouncements” to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for more information.

Risk Governance and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Managing risk is an essential part of successfully operating our business. Management believes that the most prominent risk exposures for the Company are credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk management, capital management and operational risk. See “Analysis of Financial Condition — Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “—Capital” sections of this MD&A for further discussions of liquidity risk management and capital management, respectively.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that borrowers or counterparties will be unable or unwilling to repay their obligations in accordance with the underlying contractual terms. We manage and control credit risk in the loan and lease portfolio by adhering to well-defined underwriting criteria and account administration standards established by management. Written credit policies document underwriting standards, approval levels, exposure limits and other limits or standards deemed necessary and prudent. Portfolio diversification at the obligor, industry, product, and/or geographic location levels is actively managed to mitigate concentration risk. In addition, credit risk management includes an independent credit review process that assesses compliance with commercial, real estate and consumer credit policies, risk ratings and other critical credit information. In addition to implementing risk management practices that are based upon established and sound lending practices, we adhere to sound credit principles. We understand and evaluate our customers’ borrowing needs and capacity to repay, in conjunction with their character and history.

Management has identified three categories of loans that we use to develop our systematic methodology to determine the ACL: commercial, residential and consumer.

Commercial lending is further categorized into four distinct classes based on characteristics relating to the borrower, transaction and collateral. These classes are: commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction and lease financing. Commercial and industrial loans are primarily for the purpose of financing equipment acquisition, expansion, working capital and other general business purposes by medium to larger Hawaii based corporations, as well as U.S. mainland and international companies. Commercial and industrial loans are typically secured by non-real estate assets whereby the collateral is trading assets, enterprise value or inventory. As with many of our customers, our commercial and industrial loan customers are heavily dependent on tourism, government expenditures and real estate values. Commercial real estate loans are secured by real estate, including but not limited to structures and facilities to support activities designated as retail, health care, general office space, warehouse and industrial space. Our Bank’s underwriting policy generally requires that net cash flows from the property be sufficient to service the debt while still maintaining an appropriate amount of reserves. Commercial real estate loans in Hawaii are characterized by having a limited supply of real estate at commercially attractive locations, long delivery time frames for development and high interest rate sensitivity. Our construction lending portfolio consists primarily of land loans, single family and condominium development loans. Financing of construction loans is subject to a high degree of credit risk given the long delivery time frames for such projects. Construction lending activities are underwritten on a project financing basis whereby the cash flows or lease rents from the underlying real estate collateral or the sale of the finished inventory is the primary source of repayment. Market feasibility analysis is typically performed by assessing market comparables, market conditions and demand in the specific lending area and general community. We require presales of finished inventory prior to loan funding. However, because this analysis is typically performed on a forward looking basis, real estate construction projects typically present a higher risk profile in our lending activities. Lease financing activities include commercial single investor leases and leveraged leases used to purchase items ranging from computer equipment to transportation equipment. Underwriting of new leasing arrangements typically includes analyzing customer cash flows, evaluating secondary sources of repayment, such as the value of the leased asset, the guarantors’ net cash flows as well as other credit enhancements provided by the lessee.

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Residential lending is further categorized into the following classes: residential mortgages (loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties and home equity loans) and home equity lines of credit. Our Bank’s underwriting standards typically require LTV ratios of not more than 80%, although higher levels are permitted with accompanying mortgage insurance. First mortgage loans secured by residential properties generally carry a moderate level of credit risk, with an average loan size of approximately $396,000 at September 30, 2023. Residential mortgage loan production is added to our loan portfolio or is sold in the secondary market, based on management’s evaluation of our liquidity, capital and loan portfolio mix as well as market conditions. Changes in interest rates, the economic environment and other market factors have impacted, and will likely continue to impact, the marketability and value of collateral and the financial condition of our borrowers which impacts the level of credit risk inherent in this portfolio, although we remain in a supply constrained housing environment in Hawaii. Geographic concentrations exist for this portfolio as nearly all residential mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit are for residences located in Hawaii, Guam or Saipan. These island locales are susceptible to a wide array of potential natural disasters including, but not limited to, hurricanes, floods, tsunamis and earthquakes. We offer home equity lines of credit with variable rates; fixed rate lock options may be available post-closing. All lines are underwritten at 2% over the fully indexed rate. Our procedures for underwriting home equity lines of credit include an assessment of an applicant’s overall financial capacity and repayment ability. Decisions are primarily based on repayment ability via debt-to-income ratios, LTV ratios and an evaluation of credit history.

Consumer lending is further categorized into the following classes of loans: credit cards, automobile loans and other consumer-related installment loans. Consumer loans are either unsecured or secured by the borrower’s personal assets. The average loan size is generally small, and risk is diversified among many borrowers. We offer a wide array of credit cards for business and personal use. In general, our customers are attracted to our credit card offerings on the basis of price, credit limit, reward programs and other product features. Credit card underwriting decisions are generally based on repayment ability of our borrower via DTI ratios, credit bureau information, including payment history, debt burden and credit scores, such as FICO, and analysis of financial capacity. Automobile lending activities include loans and leases secured by new or used automobiles. We originate the majority of our automobile loans and leases on an indirect basis through selected dealerships. Our procedures for underwriting automobile loans include an assessment of an applicant’s overall financial capacity and repayment ability, credit history and the ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan or lease. Although an applicant’s creditworthiness is the primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral security to the proposed loan amount. We require borrowers to maintain full coverage automobile insurance on automobile loans and leases, with the Bank listed as either the loss payee or additional insured. Installment loans consist of open and closed end facilities for personal and household purchases. We seek to maintain reasonable levels of risk in installment lending by following prudent underwriting guidelines which include an evaluation of personal credit history and cash flow.

Market Risk

Market risk is the potential of loss arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices and commodity prices, including the correlation among these factors and their volatility. When the value of an instrument is tied to such external factors, the holder faces market risk. We are exposed to market risk primarily from interest rate risk, which is defined as the risk of loss of net interest income or net interest margin because of changes in interest rates.

The potential cash flows, sales or replacement value of many of our assets and liabilities, especially those that earn or pay interest, are sensitive to changes in the general level of interest rates. In the banking industry, changes in interest rates can significantly impact earnings and the safety and soundness of an entity.

Interest rate risk arises primarily from our core business activities of extending loans and accepting deposits. This occurs when our interest earning loans and interest-bearing deposits mature or reprice at different times, on a different basis or in unequal amounts. Interest rates may also affect loan demand, credit losses, mortgage origination volume, pre- payment speeds and other items affecting earnings.

Many factors affect our exposure to changes in interest rates, such as general economic and financial conditions, customer preferences, historical pricing relationships and repricing characteristics of financial instruments. Our earnings are affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States and its agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve can influence the overall growth of loans, investment securities and deposits and the level of interest rates earned on assets and paid for liabilities.

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Market Risk Measurement

We primarily use net interest income simulation analysis to measure and analyze interest rate risk. We run various hypothetical interest rate scenarios and compare these results against a measured base case scenario. Our net interest income simulation analysis incorporates various assumptions, which we believe are reasonable but which may have a significant impact on results. These assumptions include: (1) the timing of changes in interest rates, (2) shifts or rotations in the yield curve, (3) re-pricing characteristics for market rate sensitive instruments on and off-balance sheet, (4) differing sensitivities of financial instruments due to differing underlying rate indices and (5) varying loan prepayment speeds for different interest rate scenarios. Because of limitations inherent in any approach used to measure interest rate risk, simulation results are not intended as a forecast of the actual effect of a change in market interest rates on our results but rather as a means to better plan and execute appropriate asset liability management strategies to manage our interest rate risk.

Table 28 presents, for the twelve months subsequent to September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, an estimate of the changes in net interest income that would result from ramps (gradual changes) and shocks (immediate changes) in market interest rates, moving in a parallel fashion over the entire yield curve, relative to the measured base case scenario. Ramp scenarios assume interest rates move gradually in parallel across the yield curve relative to the base case scenario. Shock scenarios assume an immediate and sustained parallel shift in interest rates across the entire yield curve, relative to the base case scenario. The base case scenario assumes that the balance sheet and interest rates are generally unchanged. We evaluate the sensitivity by using a static forecast, where the balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are held constant.


Net Interest Income Sensitivity Profile - Estimated Percentage Change Over 12 Months		Table 28
		Static Forecast				Static Forecast
	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
Gradual Change in Interest Rates (basis points)
+100			2.4	%			3.2	%
+50			1.2				1.6
(50)			(1.3)				(1.7)
(100)			(2.6)				(3.4)

Immediate Change in Interest Rates (basis points)
+100			4.3	%			5.8	%
+50			2.1				2.9
(50)			(2.4)				(3.1)
(100)			(4.8)				(6.3)

The table above shows the effects of a simulation which estimates the effect of a gradual and immediate sustained parallel shift in the yield curve of −100, −50, +50 and +100 basis points in market interest rates over a twelve-month period on our net interest income.

Currently, our interest rate profile, assuming a constant balance sheet, is such that we project net interest income will benefit from higher interest rates as our assets would reprice faster and to a greater degree than our liabilities, while in the case of lower interest rates, our assets would reprice downward and to a greater degree than our liabilities. Other factors such as changes in balance sheet composition or deposit rate behavior could result in a change in repricing sensitivity.

Under the static balance sheet forecast as of September 30, 2023, our net interest income sensitivity profile is slightly lower in higher interest rate scenarios compared to similar forecasts as of December 31, 2022. The sensitivity outcome described above is primarily due to the impact of accelerated deposit repricing as compared with December 31, 2022.

The comparisons above provide insight into the potential effects of changes in interest rates on net interest income. The Company believes that its approach to interest rate risk has appropriately considered its susceptibility to both rising and falling rates and has adopted strategies which minimize the impact of such risks.

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We also have longer term interest rate risk exposures which may not be appropriately measured by net interest income simulation analysis. We use market value of equity (“MVE”) sensitivity analysis to study the impact of long-term cash flows on earnings and capital. MVE involves discounting present values of all cash flows of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet items under different interest rate scenarios. The discounted present value of all cash flows represents our MVE. MVE analysis requires modifying the expected cash flows in each interest rate scenario, which will impact the discounted present value. The amount of base case measurement and its sensitivity to shifts in the yield curve allow management to measure longer term repricing option risk in the balance sheet.

Limitations of Market Risk Measures

The results of our simulation analyses are hypothetical, and a variety of factors might cause actual results to differ substantially from what is depicted. For example, if the timing and magnitude of interest rate changes differ from those projected, our net interest income might vary significantly. Non parallel yield curve shifts such as a flattening or steepening of the yield curve or changes in interest rate spreads would also cause our net interest income to be different from that depicted. An increasing interest rate environment could reduce projected net interest income if deposits and other short-term liabilities re-price faster than expected or faster than our assets re-price. Actual results could differ from those projected if we grow assets and liabilities faster or slower than estimated if we experience a net outflow of deposits or if our mix of assets and liabilities otherwise changes. For example, while we maintain relatively high levels of liquidity, a faster than expected withdrawal of deposits out of the bank may cause us to seek higher cost sources of funding. Actual results could also differ from those projected if we experience substantially different prepayment speeds in our loan portfolio than those assumed in the simulation analyses. Finally, these simulation results do not consider all the actions that we may undertake in response to potential or actual changes in interest rates, such as changes to our loan, investment, deposit, funding or hedging strategies.

Market Risk Governance

We seek to achieve consistent growth in net interest income and capital while managing volatility arising from changes in market interest rates. The objective of our interest rate risk management process is to increase net interest income while operating within acceptable limits established for interest rate risk and maintaining adequate levels of funding and liquidity.

To manage the impact on net interest income, we manage our exposure to changes in interest rates through our asset and liability management activities within guidelines established by our ALCO and approved by our board of directors. The ALCO has the responsibility for approving and ensuring compliance with the ALCO management policies, including interest rate risk exposures. The objective of our interest rate risk management process is to maximize net interest income while operating within acceptable limits established for interest rate risk and maintaining adequate levels of funding and liquidity.

Through review and oversight by the ALCO, we attempt to engage in strategies that neutralize interest rate risk as much as possible. Our use of derivative financial instruments, as detailed in “Note 11. Derivative Financial Instruments” to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements, has generally been limited. This is due to natural on balance sheet hedges arising out of offsetting interest rate exposures from loans and investment securities with deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. In particular, the investment securities portfolio is utilized to manage the interest rate exposure and sensitivity to within the guidelines and limits established by the ALCO. We utilize natural and offsetting economic hedges in an effort to reduce the need to employ off-balance sheet derivative financial instruments to hedge interest rate risk exposures. Expected movements in interest rates are also considered in managing interest rate risk. Thus, as interest rates change, we may use different techniques to manage interest rate risk.

Management uses the results of its various simulation analyses to formulate strategies to achieve a desired risk profile within the parameters of our capital and liquidity guidelines.

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In addition, our business relied upon a large volume of loans, derivative contracts and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR to establish their interest rate and/or value. According to the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, U.S. Dollar LIBOR settings have ceased to be provided or ceased to be representative after June 30, 2023. The publication of all other LIBOR settings ceased to be provided or ceased to be representative as of December 31, 2021. We transitioned our financial instruments associated to LIBOR currencies and tenors that ceased or became nonrepresentative on December 31, 2021, to alternative reference rates (collectively, “Alternative Rates”), with limited exceptions. As such, effective December 31, 2021, we have ceased the use of U.S Dollar LIBOR as a reference rate on all new contracts and continue to increase the usage of Alternative Rates such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). A working group of key stakeholders from throughout the Company has been working to spearhead the transition from LIBOR to Alternative Rates. There are risks inherent with the transition to any Alternative Rate as the rate may behave differently than LIBOR in reaction to monetary, market and economic events.

Our LIBOR transition plan included work to ensure that our technology systems are prepared for the transition, our loan documents that reference LIBOR-based rates have been appropriately amended to reference other methods of interest rate determinations and internal and external stakeholders are apprised of the transition. We have implemented certain Prime Rate, SOFR and BSBY conventions as we transitioned our products and transaction agreements to reference rates other than LIBOR. Commercial loans and investment securities have fully transitioned to SOFR rates. Residential mortgages with adjustable rates are in transition to SOFR and expected to fully transition off LIBOR during the fourth quarter of 2024 as resets occur six months prior to the effective date for terms up to 12 months. To see the recorded investment in our loan and lease portfolio by rate type, refer to Table 15 in the section titled “Loans and Leases” in this MD&A.

For a further discussion of the various risks the Company faces in connection with the expected replacement of LIBOR on its operations, see “Risk Factors—Market Risks—Certain of our businesses, our funding and financial products may be adversely affected by changes or the discontinuance of LIBOR” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023.

Operational Risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss arising from inadequate or failed processes, people or systems, external events (such as natural disasters), or compliance, reputational or legal matters, including the risk of loss resulting from fraud, litigation and breaches in data security. Operational risk is inherent in all of our business ventures and the management of that risk is important to the achievement of our objectives. We have a framework in place that includes the reporting and assessment of any operational risk events, and the assessment of our mitigating strategies within our key business lines. This framework is implemented through our policies, processes and reporting requirements. We measure and report operational risk using the seven operational risk event types projected by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in Basel II: (1) external fraud; (2) internal fraud; (3) employment practices and workplace safety; (4) clients, products and business practices; (5) damage to physical assets; (6) business disruption and system failures; and (7) execution, delivery and process management. Our operational risk review process is also a core part of our assessment of material new products or activities.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

See “Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Risk Governance and Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of September 30, 2023. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company operates in a highly regulated environment. From time to time, the Company is party to various litigation matters incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not presently party to any legal proceedings the resolution of which we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, liquidity, results of operation, cash flows or capital levels.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Item 1A of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023 contain a discussion of our risk factors. Except to the extent that additional factual information disclosed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relates to such risk factors, there are no material changes from the risk factors as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

A list of exhibits to this Form 10-Q is set forth on the Exhibit Index and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit Index


Exhibit Number

31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Amended, Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Amended, Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document (included in Exhibit 101)

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


Date: November 6, 2023		First Hawaiian, Inc.



	By:	/s/ Robert S. Harrison
		Robert S. Harrison Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)



	By:	/s/ James M. Moses
		James M. Moses Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer