Allowance for Credit Losses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses

5. Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company maintains an ACL that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases.

The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled.

Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of year	$	24,711	$	58,123	$	10,039	$	3,298	$	40,461	$	7,163	$	64,659	$	208,454
Charge-offs		(5,949)		(66)		—		—		(632)		(342)		(16,634)		(23,623)
Recoveries		867		39		266		—		261		117		9,600		11,150
Increase (decrease) in Provision		451		(15,145)		(532)		(1,639)		(5,726)		(1,296)		(14,832)		(38,719)
Balance at end of year	$	20,080	$	42,951	$	9,773	$	1,659	$	34,364	$	5,642	$	42,793	$	157,262

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of year	$	28,975	$	22,325	$	4,844	$	424	$	29,303	$	9,876	$	34,644	$	139	$	130,530
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13		(16,105)		10,559		(1,803)		207		(2,793)		(4,731)		15,575		(139)		770
Charge-offs		(15,572)		(2,753)		(379)		—		(14)		(54)		(28,791)		—		(47,563)
Recoveries		5,005		615		200		—		216		167		10,499		—		16,702
Increase in Provision		22,408		27,377		7,177		2,667		13,749		1,905		32,732		—		108,015
Balance at end of year	$	24,711	$	58,123	$	10,039	$	3,298	$	40,461	$	7,163	$	64,659	$	—	$	208,454

The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases and the disaggregation of the ACL and recorded investment in loans by impairment methodology for the year ended December 31, 2019, presented in accordance with Topic 310, Receivables:

	Year Ended December 31, 2019
	Commercial Lending
	Commercial		Commercial
	and		Real				Lease
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Residential		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of year	$	34,501	$	19,725	$	5,813	$	432	$	44,906	$	35,813	$	528	$	141,718
Charge-offs		(2,718)		—		—		(24)		(438)		(32,807)		—		(35,987)
Recoveries		410		263		—		—		967		9,359		—		10,999
Increase (decrease) in Provision		(3,218)		2,337		(969)		16		(6,256)		22,279		(389)		13,800
Balance at end of year	$	28,975	$	22,325	$	4,844	$	424	$	39,179	$	34,644	$	139	$	130,530
Individually evaluated for impairment		46		27		—		—		130		—		—		203
Collectively evaluated for impairment		28,929		22,298		4,844		424		39,049		34,644		139		130,327
Loans and leases:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	4,951	$	723	$	—	$	—	$	14,964	$	—	$	—	$	20,638
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,738,291		3,463,230		519,241		202,483		4,647,211		1,620,556		—		13,191,012
Balance at end of year	$	2,743,242	$	3,463,953	$	519,241	$	202,483	$	4,662,175	$	1,620,556	$	—	$	13,211,650

Rollforward of the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Reserve for unfunded commitments:
Balance at beginning of year	$	11,719	$	1,328	$	9,037	$	—	$	2	$	8,452	$	65	$	30,603
Increase (decrease) in Provision		(3,104)		786		(74)		—		13		2,094		4		(281)
Balance at end of year	$	8,615	$	2,114	$	8,963	$	—	$	15	$	10,546	$	69	$	30,322

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Commercial Lending								Residential Lending
	Commercial		Commercial								Home
	and		Real				Lease		Residential		Equity
(dollars in thousands)	Industrial		Estate		Construction		Financing		Mortgage		Line		Consumer		Total
Reserve for unfunded commitments:
Balance at beginning of year	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	600	$	600
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-13		5,390		778		4,119		—		7		6,587		(581)		16,300
Increase (decrease) in Provision		6,329		550		4,918		—		(5)		1,865		46		13,703
Balance at end of year	$	11,719	$	1,328	$	9,037	$	—	$	2	$	8,452	$	65	$	30,603

Credit Quality Information

The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses.

Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk.

An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment.

Pass – “Pass” (uncriticized) loans and leases are not considered to carry greater than normal risk. The borrower has the apparent ability to satisfy obligations to the Company, and therefore no loss in ultimate collection is anticipated.

Special Mention – Loans and leases that have potential weaknesses that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for assets or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – Loans and leases that are inadequately protected by the current financial condition and paying capacity of the obligor or by any collateral pledged. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – Loans and leases that have weaknesses found in substandard borrowers with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection of debt in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss – Loans and leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type.

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company's loans and leases as of December 31, 2021 was as follows:

															Revolving
															Loans
															Converted
	Term Loans												Revolving		to Term
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Loans		Loans
													Amortized		Amortized
(dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Cost Basis		Cost Basis		Total
Commercial Lending
Commercial and Industrial
Risk rating:
Pass	$	623,098	$	129,665	$	223,388	$	88,409	$	29,380	$	168,591	$	644,947	$	40,193	$	1,947,671
Special Mention		397		4,382		4,213		12,552		974		5,313		4,804		986		33,621
Substandard		354		1,380		1,951		1,285		60		3,551		17,893		1,043		27,517
Other (1)		13,277		7,070		7,741		4,453		1,995		370		43,384		—		78,290
Total Commercial and Industrial		637,126		142,497		237,293		106,699		32,409		177,825		711,028		42,222		2,087,099
Commercial Real Estate
Risk rating:
Pass		693,370		338,140		533,887		487,739		415,186		940,732		78,479		14,891		3,502,424
Special Mention		—		—		48,499		7,470		25,513		30,255		7,600		—		119,337
Substandard		—		—		—		1,776		164		15,303		459		—		17,702
Other (1)		—		—		—		—		—		160		—		—		160
Total Commercial Real Estate		693,370		338,140		582,386		496,985		440,863		986,450		86,538		14,891		3,639,623
Construction
Risk rating:
Pass		154,558		107,767		210,314		155,311		62,770		48,021		22,859		—		761,600
Special Mention		—		—		244		707		—		356		—		—		1,307
Substandard		—		—		—		363		—		839		—		—		1,202
Other (1)		26,835		8,875		4,317		4,308		2,684		2,048		793		—		49,860
Total Construction		181,393		116,642		214,875		160,689		65,454		51,264		23,652		—		813,969
Lease Financing
Risk rating:
Pass		33,980		60,650		48,236		9,449		15,009		57,130		—		—		224,454
Special Mention		501		2,702		1,506		311		153		—		—		—		5,173
Substandard		—		270		140		16		871		470		—		—		1,767
Total Lease Financing		34,481		63,622		49,882		9,776		16,033		57,600		—		—		231,394
Total Commercial Lending	$	1,546,370	$	660,901	$	1,084,436	$	774,149	$	554,759	$	1,273,139	$	821,218	$	57,113	$	6,772,085

(continued)

															Revolving
															Loans
															Converted
	Term Loans												Revolving		to Term
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Loans		Loans
(continued)													Amortized		Amortized
(dollars in thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Cost Basis		Cost Basis		Total
Residential Lending
Residential Mortgage
FICO:
740 and greater	$	1,101,958	$	635,061	$	286,993	$	198,622	$	251,906	$	829,175	$	—	$	—	$	3,303,715
680 - 739		140,997		81,590		45,163		27,315		32,855		125,906		—		—		453,826
620 - 679		15,781		11,943		5,268		10,149		9,069		37,404		—		—		89,614
550 - 619		1,735		873		698		533		2,033		7,475		—		—		13,347
Less than 550		—		—		—		345		2,603		2,838		—		—		5,786
No Score (3)		18,882		7,938		15,051		18,107		17,333		42,185		—		—		119,496
Other (2)		25,625		16,263		10,242		11,297		16,242		17,152		44		718		97,583
Total Residential Mortgage		1,304,978		753,668		363,415		266,368		332,041		1,062,135		44		718		4,083,367
Home Equity Line
FICO:
740 and greater		—		—		—		—		—		—		671,566		1,873		673,439
680 - 739		—		—		—		—		—		—		141,889		3,968		145,857
620 - 679		—		—		—		—		—		—		37,815		2,500		40,315
550 - 619		—		—		—		—		—		—		9,090		948		10,038
Less than 550		—		—		—		—		—		—		2,574		68		2,642
No Score (3)		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,317		—		4,317
Total Home Equity Line		—		—		—		—		—		—		867,251		9,357		876,608
Total Residential Lending		1,304,978		753,668		363,415		266,368		332,041		1,062,135		867,295		10,075		4,959,975
Consumer Lending
FICO:
740 and greater		155,929		83,337		79,617		56,707		24,525		8,067		117,843		209		526,234
680 - 739		93,214		56,327		55,126		34,049		17,527		6,315		69,366		707		332,631
620 - 679		41,671		21,986		28,491		19,403		12,952		5,324		31,165		1,175		162,167
550 - 619		7,836		8,265		13,265		10,497		7,469		3,244		10,359		1,089		62,024
Less than 550		2,272		3,867		6,646		3,484		2,739		1,175		3,195		536		23,914
No Score (3)		481		19		56		40		65		2		35,414		320		36,397
Other (2)		4,737		365		1,712		17		2,182		31		77,528		—		86,572
Total Consumer Lending		306,140		174,166		184,913		124,197		67,459		24,158		344,870		4,036		1,229,939
Total Loans and Leases	$	3,157,488	$	1,588,735	$	1,632,764	$	1,164,714	$	954,259	$	2,359,432	$	2,033,383	$	71,224	$	12,961,999

(1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score.

(2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating.

(3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance.

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company's loans and leases as of December 31, 2020 was as follows:

															Revolving
															Loans
															Converted
	Term Loans												Revolving		to Term
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Loans		Loans
													Amortized		Amortized
(dollars in thousands)	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Cost Basis		Cost Basis		Total
Commercial Lending
Commercial and Industrial
Risk rating:
Pass	$	873,639	$	324,030	$	183,329	$	73,000	$	49,886	$	94,360	$	1,058,786	$	28,853	$	2,685,883
Special Mention		20,937		10,370		20,164		2,099		279		8,316		101,183		1,549		164,897
Substandard		23,804		2,023		2,568		677		4,063		8,113		33,775		250		75,273
Other (1)		13,142		13,426		9,246		5,337		1,867		280		50,156		—		93,454
Total Commercial and Industrial		931,522		349,849		215,307		81,113		56,095		111,069		1,243,900		30,652		3,019,507
Commercial Real Estate
Risk rating:
Pass		342,845		611,243		541,104		447,366		295,426		814,398		47,604		323		3,100,309
Special Mention		1,500		63,617		26,187		33,482		37,841		61,279		2,999		—		226,905
Substandard		29		3,964		18,983		3,779		10,615		18,083		9,511		—		64,964
Other (1)		—		—		—		—		—		498		—		—		498
Total Commercial Real Estate		344,374		678,824		586,274		484,627		343,882		894,258		60,114		323		3,392,676
Construction
Risk rating:
Pass		53,931		233,730		202,808		83,792		23,171		41,536		28,386		—		667,354
Special Mention		—		508		707		4,717		—		9,172		—		—		15,104
Substandard		—		—		541		1,840		521		989		—		—		3,891
Other (1)		16,578		16,393		7,775		3,685		1,800		2,656		583		—		49,470
Total Construction		70,509		250,631		211,831		94,034		25,492		54,353		28,969		—		735,819
Lease Financing
Risk rating:
Pass		79,064		60,717		13,669		17,207		3,010		61,266		—		—		234,933
Special Mention		950		892		311		1,300		351		295		—		—		4,099
Substandard		2,708		1,677		327		1,141		—		526		—		—		6,379
Total Lease Financing		82,722		63,286		14,307		19,648		3,361		62,087		—		—		245,411
Total Commercial Lending	$	1,429,127	$	1,342,590	$	1,027,719	$	679,422	$	428,830	$	1,121,767	$	1,332,983	$	30,975	$	7,393,413

															Revolving
															Loans
															Converted
	Term Loans												Revolving		to Term
	Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Loans		Loans
(continued)													Amortized		Amortized
(dollars in thousands)	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Cost Basis		Cost Basis		Total
Residential Lending
Residential Mortgage
FICO:
740 and greater	$	728,807	$	384,248	$	290,484	$	361,297	$	314,971	$	830,795	$	—	$	—	$	2,910,602
680 - 739		85,151		53,090		44,616		50,703		39,230		144,537		—		—		417,327
620 - 679		15,767		7,604		11,460		9,628		7,982		43,393		—		—		95,834
550 - 619		—		1,971		2,818		2,920		4,474		10,144		—		—		22,327
Less than 550		—		861		593		2,916		594		2,138		—		—		7,102
No Score (3)		13,823		18,861		21,214		21,821		14,355		45,147		—		—		135,221
Other (2)		21,011		15,860		18,540		22,677		9,550		13,426		578		163		101,805
Total Residential Mortgage		864,559		482,495		389,725		471,962		391,156		1,089,580		578		163		3,690,218
Home Equity Line
FICO:
740 and greater		—		—		—		—		—		—		608,282		2,163		610,445
680 - 739		—		—		—		—		—		—		159,886		3,155		163,041
620 - 679		—		—		—		—		—		—		44,005		1,571		45,576
550 - 619		—		—		—		—		—		—		11,644		884		12,528
Less than 550		—		—		—		—		—		—		5,159		330		5,489
No Score (3)		—		—		—		—		—		—		4,545		—		4,545
Total Home Equity Line		—		—		—		—		—		—		833,521		8,103		841,624
Total Residential Lending		864,559		482,495		389,725		471,962		391,156		1,089,580		834,099		8,266		4,531,842
Consumer Lending
FICO:
740 and greater		113,373		122,965		99,678		54,691		24,029		6,034		114,748		275		535,793
680 - 739		83,316		90,853		66,143		36,426		16,358		4,985		76,391		773		375,245
620 - 679		40,469		48,904		33,917		24,705		11,144		3,788		36,622		1,221		200,770
550 - 619		9,125		20,274		17,693		15,126		7,825		2,883		12,980		1,458		87,364
Less than 550		3,017		10,139		9,189		6,517		3,123		1,118		5,261		799		39,163
No Score (3)		339		103		64		109		10		—		33,854		356		34,835
Other (2)		380		1,890		73		2,214		45		6,768		69,302		—		80,672
Total Consumer Lending		250,019		295,128		226,757		139,788		62,534		25,576		349,158		4,882		1,353,842
Total Loans and Leases	$	2,543,705	$	2,120,213	$	1,644,201	$	1,291,172	$	882,520	$	2,236,923	$	2,516,240	$	44,123	$	13,279,097

(1) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score.

(2) Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating.

(3) No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance.

There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The amortized cost basis of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:

	Year Ended
(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2021
Commercial and industrial	$	1,153
Commercial real estate		14,891
Residential mortgage		577
Home equity line		3,656
Consumer		1,574
Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Year	$	21,851

	Year Ended
(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2020
Commercial and industrial	$	35,760
Commercial real estate		310
Residential mortgage		296
Home equity line		13,569
Consumer		4,882
Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Year	$	54,817

Past-Due Status

The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows:

	December 31, 2021
	Past Due												Loans and
					Greater								Leases Past
					Than or								Due 90 Days
	30-59		60-89		Equal to								or More and
	Days		Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans		Still Accruing
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		and Leases		Interest
Commercial and industrial	$	1,195	$	1,195	$	1,318	$	3,708	$	2,083,391	$	2,087,099	$	740
Commercial real estate		631		—		—		631		3,638,992		3,639,623		—
Construction		162		—		—		162		813,807		813,969		—
Lease financing		—		—		—		—		231,394		231,394		—
Residential mortgage		3,030		1,002		5,617		9,649		4,073,718		4,083,367		987
Home equity line		1,538		538		3,681		5,757		870,851		876,608		3,681
Consumer		16,534		3,366		1,800		21,700		1,208,239		1,229,939		1,800
Total	$	23,090	$	6,101	$	12,416	$	41,607	$	12,920,392	$	12,961,999	$	7,208

	December 31, 2020
	Past Due												Loans and
					Greater								Leases Past
					Than or								Due 90 Days
	30-59		60-89		Equal to								or More and
	Days		Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans		Still Accruing
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		and Leases		Interest
Commercial and industrial	$	2,585	$	604	$	2,626	$	5,815	$	3,013,692	$	3,019,507	$	2,108
Commercial real estate		75		2,568		963		3,606		3,389,070		3,392,676		882
Construction		779		376		2,137		3,292		732,527		735,819		93
Lease financing		—		—		—		—		245,411		245,411		—
Residential mortgage		3,382		4,125		3,372		10,879		3,679,339		3,690,218		—
Home equity line		1,375		743		4,818		6,936		834,688		841,624		4,818
Consumer		18,492		5,205		3,266		26,963		1,326,879		1,353,842		3,266
Total	$	26,688	$	13,621	$	17,182	$	57,491	$	13,221,606	$	13,279,097	$	11,167

Nonaccrual Loans and Leases

The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible.

The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	December 31, 2021
	Nonaccrual
	Loans
	and Leases
	With No		Nonaccrual
	Allowance		Loans
(dollars in thousands)	for Credit Losses		and Leases
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	718
Commercial real estate		727		727
Residential mortgage		1,192		5,637
Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases	$	1,919	$	7,082

	December 31, 2020
	Nonaccrual
	Loans
	and Leases
	With No		Nonaccrual
	Allowance		Loans
(dollars in thousands)	for Credit Losses		and Leases
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	518
Commercial real estate		—		80
Construction		1,840		2,043
Residential mortgage		1,316		6,441
Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases	$	3,156	$	9,082

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized interest income of $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.8 million and $1.4 million, respectively.

Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases

Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans was $7.5 million and $21.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property. As of December 31, 2020, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property and borrower assets. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis.

Impaired Loans

The following table provides information with respect to the Company’s average balances, and of interest income recognized from, impaired loans for the year ended December 31, 2019, presented in accordance with Topic 310, Receivables:

	Year Ended
	December 31, 2019
	Average		Interest
	Recorded		Income
(dollars in thousands)	Investment		Recognized
Impaired loans with no related ACL recorded:
Commercial and industrial	$	3,687	$	431
Commercial real estate		2,825		481
Residential mortgage		8,777		440
Consumer		40		—
Total	$	15,329	$	1,352
Impaired loans with a related ACL recorded:
Commercial and industrial	$	4,485	$	85
Commercial real estate		710		40
Residential mortgage		6,413		339
Total	$	11,608	$	464
Total impaired loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	8,172	$	516
Commercial real estate		3,535		521
Residential mortgage		15,190		779
Consumer		40		—
Total	$	26,937	$	1,816

Modifications

Commercial and industrial loans modified in a TDR may involve temporary interest-only payments, term extensions, and converting revolving credit lines to term loans. Modifications of commercial real estate and construction loans in a TDR may involve reducing the interest rate for the remaining term of the loan, extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or substituting or adding a new borrower or guarantor. Modifications of construction loans in a TDR may also involve extending the interest-only payment period. Interest continues to accrue on the missed payments and as a result, the effective yield on the loan remains unchanged. Residential real estate loans modified in a TDR may be comprised of loans where monthly payments are lowered to accommodate the borrowers' financial needs for a period of time, including extended interest-only periods and re-amortization of the balance. Modifications of consumer loans in a TDR may involve temporary or permanent reduced payments, temporary interest-only payments and below-market interest rates.

Loans modified in a TDR may already be on nonaccrual status and in some cases, partial charge-offs may have already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. Loans modified in a TDR are evaluated for impairment. As a result, this may have a financial effect of increasing the specific ACL associated with the loan. An ACL for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or if the loan is collateral-dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. An ACL for impaired residential real estate loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercises significant judgment in developing these estimates.

The following presents, by class, information related to loans modified in a TDR during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Number of	Recorded		Related
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts(1)	Investment(2)		ACL
Commercial and industrial	11	$	1,481	$	124
Commercial real estate	1		346		78
Construction	12		689		69
Residential mortgage	13		5,539		207
Consumer	1,652		15,710		2,127
Total	1,689	$	23,765	$	2,605

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Number of	Recorded		Related
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts(1)	Investment(2)		ACL
Commercial and industrial	1	$	500	$	30
Commercial real estate	3		6,470		470
Residential mortgage	1		825		90
Total	5	$	7,795	$	590

	Year Ended December 31, 2019
	Number of	Recorded		Related
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts(1)	Investment(2)		ACL
Commercial and industrial	2	$	571	$	25
Residential mortgage	1		609		—
Total	3	$	1,180	$	25

(1) The number of contracts does not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

(2) The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

The above loans were modified in a TDR through an extension of maturity dates, temporary interest-only payments, temporary payment deferrals, reduced payments, converting revolving credit lines to term loans or below-market interest rates.

The Company had commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit totaling  $6.7 billion and $6.1 billion as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Of the $6.7 billion at December 31, 2021, there were commitments of $0.2 million related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR. Of the $6.1 billion at December 31, 2020, there were commitments of $0.2 million related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR.

The following table presents, by class, loans modified in TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date for the periods indicated. The Company is reporting these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 30 days past due:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2021			2020			2019
	Number of	Recorded		Number of	Recorded		Number of	Recorded
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts(1)	Investment(2)		Contracts(1)	Investment(2)		Contracts(1)	Investment(2)
Commercial and industrial	3	$	569	1	$	500	2	$	571
Construction	1		450	—		—	—		—
Commercial real estate	1		356	—		—	—		—
Residential mortgage	4		1,012	—		—	—		—
Consumer	405		5,272	—		—	—		—
Total	414	$	7,659	1	$	500	2	$	571

(1) The number of contracts does not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

(2) The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

Foreclosure Proceedings

As of December 31, 2021, there was one residential mortgage loan of $0.3 million collateralized by real estate property that was modified in a TDR that was in process of foreclosure. As of December 31, 2020, there were no residential mortgage loans collateralized by real estate property that was modified in a TDR that was in process of foreclosure.

Foreclosed Property

Residential real estate properties held from one foreclosed residential mortgage loan included in other real estate owned and repossessed personal property shown in the consolidated balance sheets were $0.2 million as of December 31, 2021. There were no residential real estate properties held from foreclosed residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2020.