The Company maintains the allowance for credit losses for loans and leases (the “ACL”) that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans and leases to present the net carrying value of loans and leases expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported amount of loans and leases.

The Company also maintains an estimated reserve for unfunded commitments on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheets. The reserve for unfunded commitments is reduced in the period in which the off-balance sheet financial instruments expire, loan funding occurs, or is otherwise settled.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law. The CARES Act creates a forbearance program for federally backed mortgage loans, protects borrowers from negative credit reporting due to loan accommodations related to the National Emergency, and provides financial institutions the option to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for a limited period of time to account for the effects of COVID-19. Financial institutions accounting for eligible loans under the CARES Act are not required to report such loans as TDRs in accordance with GAAP. In addition, Interagency Statements were issued on March 22, 2020 and April 7, 2020 to encourage financial institutions to work prudently with borrowers and to describe the agencies’ interpretation of how current accounting rules under GAAP apply to certain COVID-19 related modifications. The agencies confirmed with the FASB that short-term modifications (e.g., six months or less) for payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or delays in payment that are insignificant and made on a good faith basis in response to borrowers impacted by COVID-19 who were current prior to any relief are not TDRs under GAAP. The agencies also confirmed that these short-term modifications should not be reported as being on nonaccrual status and should not be considered past due during the period of the deferral. The Company has adopted the provisions of both the CARES Act and Interagency Statements. The Company is first applying the CARES Act guidance in determining if certain loan modifications are not required to be reported as TDRs. If the loan modification does not qualify under the CARES Act, then the Interagency Statement guidance is applied. On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act – 2021 (the “CAA”) was signed into law, which extends the temporary relief from the accounting and disclosure requirements for TDRs. To qualify for TDR accounting and disclosure relief under the CARES Act, as amended by the CAA, the applicable loan must not have been more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019, and the modification must be executed during the period beginning on March 1, 2020, and ending on the earlier of January 1, 2022, or the date that is 60 days after the termination date of the national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020, under the National Emergencies Act related to the outbreak of COVID-19. The interim consolidated financial information below reflects the application of this guidance.

The following presents the activity in the ACL by class of loans and leases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

The following presents the activity in the Reserve for Unfunded Commitments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021:

The Company performs an internal loan review and grading or scoring procedures on an ongoing basis. The review provides management with periodic information as to the quality of the loan portfolio and effectiveness of the Company’s lending policies and procedures. The objective of the loan review and grading or scoring procedures is to identify, in a timely manner, existing or emerging credit quality issues so that appropriate steps can be initiated to avoid or minimize future losses.

Loans and leases subject to grading primarily include: commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and lease financing. Other loans subject to grading include installment loans to businesses or individuals for business and commercial purposes, overdraft lines of credit, commercial credit cards, and other credits as may be determined. Credit quality indicators for internally graded loans and leases are generally updated on an annual basis or on a quarterly basis for those loans and leases deemed to be of potentially higher risk.

An internal credit risk rating system is used to determine loan grade and is based on borrower credit risk and transactional risk. The loan grading process is a mechanism used to determine the risk of a particular borrower and is based on the following factors of a borrower: character, earnings and operating cash flow, asset and liability structure, debt capacity, management and controls, borrowing entity, and industry and operating environment.

Pass – “Pass” (uncriticized) loans and leases, are not considered to carry greater than normal risk. The borrower has the apparent ability to satisfy obligations to the Company, and therefore no loss in ultimate collection is anticipated.

Special Mention – Loans and leases that have potential weaknesses deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for assets or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – Loans and leases that are inadequately protected by the current financial condition and paying capacity of the obligor or by any collateral pledged. Loans and leases so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the collection of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – Loans and leases that have weaknesses found in substandard borrowers with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection of debt in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss – Loans and leases classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an asset is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan or lease has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

Loans that are primarily monitored for credit quality using FICO scores include: residential mortgage loans, home equity lines and consumer loans. FICO scores are calculated primarily based on a consideration of payment history, the current amount of debt, the length of credit history available, a recent history of new sources of credit and the mix of credit type. FICO scores are updated on a monthly, quarterly or bi-annual basis, depending on the product type.

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of September 30, 2021 was as follows:

(1)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score.

(2)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating.

(3)	No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance.

The amortized cost basis by year of origination and credit quality indicator of the Company’s loans and leases as of December 31, 2020 was as follows:

Revolving

Loans

Converted

Term Loans

Revolving

to Term

Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

Loans

Amortized

(dollars in thousands)

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

Prior

Cost Basis

Total

Commercial Lending

Commercial and Industrial

Risk rating:

Pass

873,639

324,030

183,329

73,000

49,886

94,360

1,058,786

28,853

2,685,883

Special Mention

20,937

10,370

20,164

2,099

279

8,316

101,183

1,549

164,897

Substandard

23,804

2,023

2,568

677

4,063

8,113

33,775

250

75,273

Other ⁽¹⁾

13,142

13,426

9,246

5,337

1,867

280

50,156

—

93,454

Total Commercial and Industrial

931,522

349,849

215,307

81,113

56,095

111,069

1,243,900

30,652

3,019,507

Commercial Real Estate

Risk rating:

Pass

342,845

611,243

541,104

447,366

295,426

814,398

47,604

323

3,100,309

Special Mention

1,500

63,617

26,187

33,482

37,841

61,279

2,999

—

226,905

Substandard

3,964

18,983

3,779

10,615

18,083

9,511

—

64,964

Other ⁽¹⁾

—

498

—

498

Total Commercial Real Estate

344,374

678,824

586,274

484,627

343,882

894,258

60,114

323

3,392,676

Construction

Risk rating:

Pass

53,931

233,730

202,808

83,792

23,171

41,536

28,386

—

667,354

Special Mention

—

508

707

4,717

—

9,172

—

15,104

Substandard

—

541

1,840

521

989

—

3,891

Other ⁽¹⁾

16,578

16,393

7,775

3,685

1,800

2,656

583

—

49,470

Total Construction

70,509

250,631

211,831

94,034

25,492

54,353

28,969

—

735,819

Lease Financing

Risk rating:

Pass

79,064

60,717

13,669

17,207

3,010

61,266

—

234,933

Special Mention

950

892

311

1,300

351

295

—

4,099

Substandard

2,708

1,677

327

1,141

—

526

—

6,379

Total Lease Financing

82,722

63,286

14,307

19,648

3,361

62,087

—

245,411

Total Commercial Lending

1,429,127

1,342,590

1,027,719

679,422

428,830

1,121,767

1,332,983

30,975

7,393,413

(continued)

Revolving

Loans

Converted

Term Loans

Revolving

to Term

Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year

Loans

(continued)

Amortized

(dollars in thousands)

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

Prior

Cost Basis

Total

Residential Lending

Residential Mortgage

FICO:

740 and greater

728,807

384,248

290,484

361,297

314,971

830,795

—

2,910,602

680 - 739

85,151

53,090

44,616

50,703

39,230

144,537

—

417,327

620 - 679

15,767

7,604

11,460

9,628

7,982

43,393

—

95,834

550 - 619

—

1,971

2,818

2,920

4,474

10,144

—

22,327

Less than 550

—

861

593

2,916

594

2,138

—

7,102

No Score ⁽³⁾

13,823

18,861

21,214

21,821

14,355

45,147

—

135,221

Other ⁽²⁾

21,011

15,860

18,540

22,677

9,550

13,426

578

163

101,805

Total Residential Mortgage

864,559

482,495

389,725

471,962

391,156

1,089,580

578

163

3,690,218

Home Equity Line

FICO:

740 and greater

—

608,282

2,163

610,445

680 - 739

—

159,886

3,155

163,041

620 - 679

—

44,005

1,571

45,576

550 - 619

—

11,644

884

12,528

Less than 550

—

5,159

330

5,489

No Score ⁽³⁾

—

4,545

—

4,545

Total Home Equity Line

—

833,521

8,103

841,624

Total Residential Lending

864,559

482,495

389,725

471,962

391,156

1,089,580

834,099

8,266

4,531,842

Consumer Lending

FICO:

740 and greater

113,373

122,965

99,678

54,691

24,029

6,034

114,748

275

535,793

680 - 739

83,316

90,853

66,143

36,426

16,358

4,985

76,391

773

375,245

620 - 679

40,469

48,904

33,917

24,705

11,144

3,788

36,622

1,221

200,770

550 - 619

9,125

20,274

17,693

15,126

7,825

2,883

12,980

1,458

87,364

Less than 550

3,017

10,139

9,189

6,517

3,123

1,118

5,261

799

39,163

No Score ⁽³⁾

339

103

109

—

33,854

356

34,835

Other ⁽²⁾

380

1,890

2,214

6,768

69,302

—

80,672

Total Consumer Lending

250,019

295,128

226,757

139,788

62,534

25,576

349,158

4,882

1,353,842

Total Loans and Leases

2,543,705

2,120,213

1,644,201

1,291,172

882,520

2,236,923

2,516,240

44,123

13,279,097

(1)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily FICO scores. The majority of the loans in this population were originated to borrowers with a prime FICO score.

(2)	Other credit quality indicators used for monitoring purposes are primarily internal risk ratings. The majority of the loans in this population were graded with a “Pass” rating.

(3)	No FICO scores are primarily related to loans and leases extended to non-residents. Loans and leases of this nature are primarily secured by collateral and/or are closely monitored for performance.

There were no loans and leases graded as Loss as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The amortized cost basis of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:


	Three Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2021
Commercial and industrial	$	195
Home equity line		560
Consumer		422
Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period	$	1,177


	Nine Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2021
Commercial and industrial	$	454
Home equity line		2,177
Consumer		1,358
Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period	$	3,989


	Three Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2020
Commercial and industrial	$	5
Home equity line		8,843
Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period	$	8,848


	Nine Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2020
Commercial and industrial	$	28,527
Residential mortgage		296
Home equity line		12,771
Total Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans During the Period	$	41,594

Past-Due Status

The Company continually updates its aging analysis for loans and leases to monitor the migration of loans and leases into past due categories. The Company considers loans and leases that are delinquent for 30 days or more to be past due. As of September 30, 2021, the aging analysis of the amortized cost basis of the Company’s past due loans and leases was as follows:

September 30, 2021

Past Due

Loans and

Greater

Leases Past

Than or

Due 90 Days

30-59

60-89

Equal to

or More and

Days

90 Days

Total

Total Loans

Still Accruing

(dollars in thousands)

Past Due

Current

and Leases

Interest

Commercial and industrial

1,243

255

1,028

2,526

2,192,858

2,195,384

439

Commercial real estate

19,359

—

19,359

3,550,409

3,569,768

—

Construction

—

826,078

—

Lease financing

—

237,689

—

Residential mortgage

4,415

2,086

3,844

10,345

3,904,287

3,914,632

100

Home equity line

2,107

345

3,871

6,323

845,751

852,074

3,871

Consumer

12,904

1,923

1,376

16,203

1,222,511

1,238,714

1,376

Total

40,028

4,609

10,119

54,756

12,779,583

12,834,339

5,786


	December 31, 2020
	Past Due												Loans and
					Greater								Leases Past
					Than or								Due 90 Days
	30-59		60-89		Equal to								or More and
	Days		Days		90 Days		Total				Total Loans		Still Accruing
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		and Leases		Interest
Commercial and industrial	$	2,585	$	604	$	2,626	$	5,815	$	3,013,692	$	3,019,507	$	2,108
Commercial real estate		75		2,568		963		3,606		3,389,070		3,392,676		882
Construction		779		376		2,137		3,292		732,527		735,819		93
Lease financing		—		—		—		—		245,411		245,411		—
Residential mortgage		3,382		4,125		3,372		10,879		3,679,339		3,690,218		—
Home equity line		1,375		743		4,818		6,936		834,688		841,624		4,818
Consumer		18,492		5,205		3,266		26,963		1,326,879		1,353,842		3,266
Total	$	26,688	$	13,621	$	17,182	$	57,491	$	13,221,606	$	13,279,097	$	11,167

Nonaccrual Loans and Leases

The Company generally places a loan or lease on nonaccrual status when management believes that collection of principal or interest has become doubtful or when a loan or lease becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest, unless it is well secured and in the process of collection. The Company charges off a loan or lease when facts indicate that the loan or lease is considered uncollectible.

The amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and the amortized cost basis of loans and leases on nonaccrual status with no ACL as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were as follows:


	September 30, 2021
	Nonaccrual
	Loans
	and Leases
	With No		Nonaccrual
	Allowance		Loans
(dollars in thousands)	for Credit Losses		and Leases
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	746
Commercial real estate		745		745
Residential mortgage		1,851		7,137
Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases	$	2,596	$	8,628


	December 31, 2020
	Nonaccrual
	Loans
	and Leases
	With No		Nonaccrual
	Allowance		Loans
(dollars in thousands)	for Credit Losses		and Leases
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	518
Commercial real estate		—		80
Construction		1,840		2,043
Residential mortgage		1,316		6,441
Total Nonaccrual Loans and Leases	$	3,156	$	9,082

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized interest income of $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized interest income of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, on nonaccrual loans and leases. Furthermore, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the amount of accrued interest receivables written off by reversing interest income was $0.2 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Collateral-Dependent Loans and Leases

Collateral-dependent loans and leases are those for which repayment (on the basis of the Company’s assessment as of the reporting date) is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans were $8.2 million and $21.0 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property. As of December 31, 2020, these loans were primarily collateralized by residential real estate property and borrower assets. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the fair value of collateral on substantially all collateral-dependent loans were significantly in excess of their amortized cost basis.

Modifications

Commercial and industrial loans modified in a TDR may involve temporary interest-only payments, term and amortization extensions, and converting revolving credit lines to term loans. Modifications of commercial real estate and construction loans in a TDR may involve reducing the interest rate for the remaining term of the loan, extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, or substituting or adding a new borrower or guarantor. Modifications of construction loans in a TDR may also involve extending the interest-only payment period. Interest continues to accrue on the missed payments and as a result, the effective yield on the loan remains unchanged. Residential real estate loans modified in a TDR may be comprised of loans where monthly payments are lowered to accommodate the borrowers' financial needs for a period of time, including extended interest-only periods and re-amortization of the balance. Modifications of consumer loans in a TDR may involve temporary or permanent reduced payments, temporary interest-only payments and below-market interest rates.

Loans modified in a TDR may already be on nonaccrual status and in some cases, partial charge-offs may have already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. Loans modified in a TDR are evaluated for impairment. As a result, this may have a financial effect of increasing the specific ACL associated with the loan. An ACL for impaired commercial loans, including commercial real estate and construction loans, that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or if the loan is collateral-dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. An ACL for impaired residential real estate loans that have been modified in a TDR is measured based on the estimated fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs. Management exercises significant judgment in developing these estimates.

The following presents, by class, information related to loans modified in a TDR during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:

Three Months Ended

Nine Months Ended

September 30, 2021

Number of

Recorded

Related

Number of

Recorded

Related

(dollars in thousands)

Contracts

Investment⁽¹⁾

ACL

Contracts

Investment⁽¹⁾

ACL

Commercial and industrial

—

1,946

127

Commercial real estate

—

365

Construction

—

699

Residential mortgage

—

5,582

213

Consumer

150

1,950

247

1,671

15,916

2,128

Total

150

1,950

247

1,700

24,508

2,622


	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020					September 30, 2020


	Number of	Recorded		Related		Number of	Recorded		Related
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts	Investment⁽¹⁾		Allowance		Contracts	Investment⁽¹⁾		ACL
Commercial and industrial	—	$	—	$	—	1	$	500	$	30
Total	—	$	—	$	—	1	$	500	$	30

(1)	The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

The above loans were modified in a TDR through an extension of maturity dates, temporary interest-only payments, temporary payment deferrals, reduced payments, converting revolving credit lines to term loans or below-market interest rates.

The Company had commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and commercial letters of credit totaling $6.7 billion and $6.1 billion as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Of the $6.7 billion at September 30, 2021, there were commitments of $0.2 million to lend additional funds related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR. Of the $6.1 billion at December 31, 2020, there were commitments of $0.2 million to lend additional funds related to borrowers who had loan terms modified in a TDR.

The following table presents, by class, loans modified in TDRs that have defaulted in the current period within 12 months of their permanent modification date for the periods indicated. The Company is reporting these defaulted TDRs based on a payment default definition of 30 days past due:


	Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended			Three Months Ended			Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2021			September 30, 2021			September 30, 2020			September 30, 2020
	Number of	Recorded		Number of	Recorded		Number of	Recorded		Number of	Recorded
(dollars in thousands)	Contracts	Investment⁽¹⁾		Contracts	Investment⁽¹⁾		Contracts	Investment⁽¹⁾		Contracts	Investment⁽¹⁾
Commercial and industrial	2	$	265	3	$	613	1	$	500	1	$	500
Construction	—		—	1		359	—		—	—		—
Commercial real estate	1		500	1		500	—		—	—		—
Residential mortgage	2		596	3		884	—		—	—		—
Consumer	230		3,258	314		4,366	—		—	—		—
Total	235	$	4,619	322	$	6,722	1	$	500	1	$	500

(1)	The recorded investment balances reflect all partial paydowns and charge-offs since the modification date and do not include TDRs that have been fully paid off, charged off, or foreclosed upon by the end of the period.

Foreclosure Proceedings

As of September 30, 2021, there was one residential mortgage loan of $0.3 million collateralized by real estate property that was modified in a TDR that was in process of foreclosure. As of December 31, 2020, there were no residential mortgage loans collateralized by real estate property that was modified in a TDR that was in process of foreclosure.

Foreclosed Property

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no residential real estate properties held from foreclosed residential real estate loans.