16. Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law the Tax Act. The Tax Act makes many significant amendments to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), including reducing the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018. GAAP requires that companies record and reflect the impact of the Tax Act in their financial statements for the quarter during which the Tax Act becomes law, even if provisions of the Tax Act become effective at a future date. Accordingly, the Company reported the impact of the Tax Act on its results of operations in its consolidated financial statements for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2017. The reduction in the corporate tax rate under the Tax Act required a one-time revaluation of certain tax-related assets, which resulted in the Company recording $47.6 million in additional income tax expense in our consolidated statements of income in the fourth quarter of 2017.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the provision for income taxes was comprised of the following:


	Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016		2015
Current:
Federal	$	101,162	$	118,080	$	120,134
State and local		24,595		20,253		24,900
Total current		125,757		138,333		145,034
Deferred:
Federal		58,732		2,211		(10,386)
State and local		184		1,107		(5,201)
Total deferred		58,916		3,318		(15,587)
Total provision for income taxes	$	184,673	$	141,651	$	129,447

The Company files Federal and state income tax returns with its subsidiaries. The Company’s subsidiaries also file income tax returns in Guam and Saipan. The Company had a current income tax receivable due from various jurisdictions of $53.2 million and $39.8 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for its share of consolidated and combined tax overpayments that had not yet been received.

The components of net deferred income tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016, were as follows:


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016
Assets:
Deferred compensation expense	$	51,169	$	86,327
Allowance for loan and lease losses and nonperforming assets		37,185		54,310
Investment securities		35,819		47,453
Deferred expense		—		435
State income taxes		5,155		14,293
Total deferred income tax assets before valuation allowance		129,328		202,818
Valuation allowance		(1,834)		—
Total deferred income tax assets after valuation allowance		127,494		202,818
Liabilities:
Leases		(13,634)		(39,397)
Deferred income		(6,262)		—
Intangible assets		(969)		(1,792)
Other		(8,130)		(9,793)
Total deferred income tax liabilities		(28,995)		(50,982)
Net deferred income tax assets	$	98,499	$	151,836

Net deferred income tax assets were included in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Management evaluated the deferred income tax assets for recoverability by considering negative and positive evidence. Negative evidence included the uncertainty of generating future capital gains and restrictions on the ability to sell low-income housing investments during periods when carrybacks of capital losses are allowed. Positive evidence included the generation of capital gains in the current year and carryback years. Based on the weight of all available evidence, management determined a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets related to investments in low-income housing projects that can only be utilized to offset capital gains was required. Management further concluded it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized through carryback to taxable income in prior years, future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, and projected future taxable income. Consequently, the remaining deferred income tax assets are not subject to a valuation allowance.

The following analysis reconciles the Federal statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2017				2016				2015
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
Federal statutory income tax expense and rate	$	128,924	35.00	%	$	130,140	35.00	%	$	120,129	35.00	%
State and local taxes, net of federal income tax benefit		16,106	4.37			13,884	3.73			12,804	3.73
Impact of Tax Reform		47,598	12.92			—	—			—	—
Nontaxable income		(4,974)	(1.35)			(4,628)	(1.24)			(3,570)	(1.04)
Other		(2,981)	(0.81)			2,255	0.61			84	0.02
Income tax expense and effective income tax rate	$	184,673	50.13	%	$	141,651	38.10	%	$	129,447	37.71	%

The Company is subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and tax authorities in states in which the Company has significant business operations. The tax years under examination and open for examination vary by jurisdiction. There are currently no federal examinations under way; however, refund claims and tax returns for certain years are being reviewed by state jurisdictions. No material unanticipated adjustments were made by the IRS in the years most recently examined. The Company’s income tax returns for 2014 and subsequent tax years generally remain subject to examination by U.S. federal and foreign jurisdictions, and 2013 and subsequent years are subject to examination by state taxing authorities.

A reconciliation of the amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2017						2016						2015
			Interest						Interest						Interest
			and						and						and
(dollars in thousands)	Tax		Penalties		Total		Tax		Penalties		Total		Tax		Penalties		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	127,085	$	9,965	$	137,050	$	5,903	$	2,935	$	8,838	$	5,748	$	2,972	$	8,720
Additions for current year tax positions		2,727		—		2,727		490		—		490		680		—		680
Additions for Reorganization Transactions		—		226		226		121,401		7,017		128,418		—		—		—
Additions for prior years' tax positions:
Accrual of interest and penalties		—		621		621		—		301		301		—		178		178
Other		1,152		—		1,152		—		—		—		97		25		122
Reductions for prior years' tax positions:
Expiration of statute of limitations		(345)		(152)		(497)		(709)		(288)		(997)		(622)		(240)		(862)
Balance at December 31,	$	130,619	$	10,660	$	141,279	$	127,085	$	9,965	$	137,050	$	5,903	$	2,935	$	8,838

Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was $14.9 million, $10.6 million and $6.6 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate.

In connection with the Reorganization Transactions discussed below, the Company recorded unrecognized tax benefits and interest and penalties of $121.4 million and $7.0 million, respectively. Included in the balance of the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2017, was $93.9 million attributable to tax refund claims with respect to tax years 2005 through 2012 in the State of California. Such refund claims were filed by the Company in 2015, on behalf of the Company and its affiliates, including BOW, concerning the determination of taxes for which no benefit is currently recognized. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could decrease within the next 12 months by as much as $107.6 million of taxes and $5.4 million of accrued interest and penalties as a result of settlements and the expiration of the statute of limitations in various states.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties attributable to both unrecognized tax benefits and undisputed tax adjustments in the provision for income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recorded $0.7 million, $0.8 million and nil, respectively, of net expense attributable to interest and penalties. The Company had a liability of $12.8 million and $12.1 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, accrued for interest and penalties, of which $10.7 million and $10.0 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were attributable to unrecognized tax benefits and the remainder was attributable to tax adjustments which are not expected to be in dispute.

Prior to the Reorganization Transactions, the Company filed consolidated U.S. Federal and combined state tax returns that incorporated the tax receivables and unrecognized tax benefits of FHB and BOW. The consummation of the Reorganization Transactions did not relieve the Company of the pre-Reorganization Transactions tax receivables and unrecognized tax benefits recognized by BOW that were included in the Company's consolidated and combined tax returns. As a result, on April 1, 2016, the Company recorded $72.8 million related to current tax receivables, $116.6 million related to unrecognized tax benefits, and an indemnification payable of $28.6 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company maintained balances of $93.9 million related to current tax receivables, $116.5 million related to unrecognized tax benefits, and an indemnification receivable of $22.6 million. Additionally, in connection with the Reorganization Transactions, the Company has incurred certain tax-related liabilities related to the distribution of its interest in BWHI amounting to $95.4 million. The amount necessary to pay the distribution taxes (net of the expected federal tax benefit of $33.4 million) was paid by BNPP to the Company on April 1, 2016. The Company reported total distribution taxes of $92.1 million in the 2016 tax returns of various state and local jurisdictions, and reimbursed BWHI approximately $2.1 million pursuant to a tax sharing agreement entered into on April 1, 2016 and pursuant to certain tax allocation agreements entered into among the parties. The Company expects that any future adjustment to such taxes will be similarly reimbursed to, or funded by, BWHI or its affiliates. Accordingly, the assumption of the pre-Reorganization Transactions tax receivables, unrecognized tax benefits and distribution tax liabilities and the offsetting indemnification receivables or payables were reflected as equity contributions and distributions on April 1, 2016. The reimbursement of distribution taxes to BWHI was also reflected as an adjustment to equity. If there are any future adjustments to the indemnified tax receivables or unrecognized tax benefits, an offsetting adjustment to the indemnification receivables or payables will be recorded to the provision for income taxes and other noninterest income or expense. In 2017, the Company recorded $3.9 million of such adjustments through the provision for income taxes and noninterest income.

Effective July 1, 2016, the Company entered into a new tax allocation agreement with its affiliates that generally supersedes the prior tax allocation agreements. The execution of such agreement did not have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.