4. Loans and Leases

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, loans and leases were comprised of the following:


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016
Commercial and industrial	$	3,135,266	$	3,239,600
Real estate:
Commercial		2,667,597		2,343,495
Construction		632,911		450,012
Residential		4,090,053		3,796,459
Total real estate		7,390,561		6,589,966
Consumer		1,586,476		1,510,772
Lease financing		165,066		180,040
Total loans and leases	$	12,277,369	$	11,520,378

Outstanding loan balances are reported net of unearned income, including net deferred loan costs of $31.2 million and $23.8 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

As of December 31, 2017, residential real estate loans totaling $2.4 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the FHLB, and consumer and commercial and industrial loans totaling $914.5 million were pledged to collateralize the borrowing capacity at the FRB. As of December 31, 2016, residential real estate loans totaling $2.1 billion were pledged to collateralize the Company’s borrowing capacity at the FHLB, and consumer and commercial and industrial loans totaling $935.7 million were pledged to collateralize the borrowing capacity at the FRB. Residential real estate loans collateralized by properties that were in the process of foreclosure totaled $3.3 million and $4.1 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

In the course of evaluating the credit risk presented by a customer and the pricing that will adequately compensate the Company for assuming that risk, management may require a certain amount of collateral support. The type of collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, land, buildings, equipment, income-producing commercial properties and residential real estate. The Company applies the same collateral policy for loans whether they are funded immediately or on a delayed basis. The loan and lease portfolio is principally located in Hawaii and, to a lesser extent, on the U.S. Mainland, Guam and Saipan. The risk inherent in the portfolio depends upon both the economic stability of the state or territories, which affects property values, and the financial strength and creditworthiness of the borrowers.

The Company’s leasing activities consist primarily of leasing automobiles and commercial equipment. Lessees are responsible for all maintenance, taxes and insurance on the leased property.

The following lists the components of the net investment in financing leases:


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016
Total minimum lease payments to be received	$	190,669	$	205,389
Estimated residual values of leased property		4,450		4,509
Unearned income		(30,053)		(29,858)
Net investment in financing leases	$	165,066	$	180,040

At December 31, 2017, the schedule of future minimum lease payments to be received was as follows:


	Minimum Lease
(dollars in thousands)	Payments
Year ending December 31:
2018	$	29,362
2019		23,815
2020		17,413
2021		12,251
2022		6,117
Thereafter		101,711
Total	$	190,669

The Company is the lessor in various leveraged lease agreements under which light rail equipment with estimated economic lives ranging from 25 to 34 years are leased for terms up to 24 years. The Company’s equity investment typically represents approximately 20% of the purchase price, with the remaining percentage being furnished by third-party financing in the form of long‑term debt that provides for no recourse against the Company and is secured by a first lien on the asset. The residual value of the asset is estimated at the beginning of the lease based on appraisals and other methods and is reviewed at least annually for impairment. At the end of the lease term, the lessee generally has the option of purchasing the asset or returning the asset to the Company. In some cases, other end‑of‑lease options may be available. Most of the Company’s leveraged leases contain an early buyout option allowing the lessee to purchase the asset and terminate the lease at a specified date during the lease term. For income tax purposes, the Company generally retains the tax benefit of depreciation and amortization on the leased property and interest deductions on the related long‑term debt. During the early years of the lease, tax deductions generally exceed lease rental income, resulting in reduced income tax payments. In the later years of the lease, rental income will exceed the deductions, resulting in higher income taxes payable. Deferred taxes are provided to reflect this timing difference in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 840. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s leveraged leases are commonly referred to as Sale‑In, Lease‑Out leases for which the Company and the Internal Revenue Service entered into binding settlement agreements in prior years. The effects of the settlements have been accounted for in accordance with ASC 840. In general, the settlement agreement accelerated taxable income into the earlier years of the lease and reduced the taxable income recognized in the later years of the lease, thereby lessening the timing benefit described above.

The Company’s net investment in leveraged leases, which is included in lease financing, was comprised of the following:


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016
Rentals receivable, net of principal and interest on non-recourse debt	$	66,026	$	91,366
Unearned and deferred income		(19,638)		(21,416)
Investment in leveraged leases		46,388		69,950
Deferred taxes arising from leveraged leases		(2,145)		(21,413)
Net investment in leveraged leases	$	44,243	$	48,537

Pretax income from leveraged leases amounted to $1.8 million, $2.2 million and $3.0 million, and the related income tax benefit was $1.0 million and income tax expense of $0.9 million and $1.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, remaining loan and lease commitments were comprised of the following:


	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017		2016
Commercial and industrial	$	2,406,261	$	2,185,810
Real estate:
Commercial		78,266		88,331
Construction		450,856		434,406
Residential		980,792		953,781
Total real estate		1,509,914		1,476,518
Consumer		1,485,588		1,459,467
Lease financing		—		16
Total loan and lease commitments	$	5,401,763	$	5,121,811