GAAP permits an entity to choose to measure eligible financial instruments and other items at fair value. The Company has not made any fair value elections at June 30, 2021.

Pursuant to GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy exists in GAAP for fair value measurements based upon the inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability.

When available, the Company attempts to use quoted market prices in active markets to determine fair value and classifies such items as Level 1 or Level 2. If quoted market prices in active markets are not available, fair value is often determined using model-based techniques incorporating various assumptions including interest rates, prepayment speeds and credit losses. Assets and liabilities valued using model-based techniques are classified as either Level 2 or Level 3, depending on the lowest level classification of an input that is considered significant to the overall valuation. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis at estimated fair value.

Trading account assets and liabilities consist primarily of interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts with customers who require such services with offsetting positions with third parties to minimize the Company's risk with respect to such transactions. The Company generally determines the fair value of its derivative trading account assets and liabilities using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and, therefore, classifies such valuations as Level 2. Mutual funds held in connection with deferred compensation and other arrangements have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Valuations of investments in municipal and other bonds can generally be obtained through reference to quoted prices in less active markets for the same or similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2.

The majority of the Company's available-for-sale investment securities have been valued by reference to prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2. Certain investments in mutual funds and equity securities are actively traded and, therefore, have been classified as Level 1 valuations.

The Company utilizes commitments to sell real estate loans to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of real estate loans held for sale. The carrying value of hedged real estate loans held for sale includes changes in estimated fair value during the hedge period. Typically, the Company attempts to hedge real estate loans held for sale from the date of close through the sale date. The fair value of hedged real estate loans held for sale is generally calculated by reference to quoted prices in secondary markets for commitments to sell real estate loans with similar characteristics and, accordingly, such loans have been classified as a Level 2 valuation.

Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans

The Company enters into various commitments to originate real estate loans for sale and commitments to sell real estate loans. Such commitments are considered to be derivative financial instruments and, therefore, are carried at estimated fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. The estimated fair values of such commitments were generally calculated by reference to quoted prices in secondary markets for commitments to sell real estate loans to certain government-sponsored entities and other parties. The fair valuations of commitments to sell real estate loans generally result in a Level 2 classification. The estimated fair value of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale are adjusted to reflect the Company's anticipated commitment expirations. The estimated commitment expirations are considered significant unobservable inputs contributing to the Level 3 classification of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale. Significant unobservable inputs used in the determination of estimated fair value of commitments to originate real estate loans for sale are included in the accompanying table of significant unobservable inputs to Level 3 measurements.

The Company utilizes interest rate swap agreements as part of the management of interest rate risk to modify the repricing characteristics of certain portions of its portfolios of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The Company generally determines the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements using externally developed pricing models based on market observable inputs and, therefore, classifies such valuations as Level 2. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap agreement assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap agreement liabilities.

The following tables present assets and liabilities at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis:

	Fair Value Measurements		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	(In thousands)
June 30, 2021
Trading account assets	$	712,558	$	49,544	$	663,014	$	—
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies		7,023		—		7,023		—
Mortgage-backed securities:
Government issued or guaranteed		3,820,490		—		3,820,490		—
Other debt securities		132,270		—		132,270		—
		3,959,783		—		3,959,783		—
Equity securities		78,671		71,917		6,754		—
Real estate loans held for sale		884,355		—		884,355		—
Other assets (a)		47,882		—		8,620		39,262
Total assets	$	5,683,249	$	121,461	$	5,522,526	$	39,262
Trading account liabilities	$	101,271	$	—	$	101,271	$	—
Other liabilities (a)		13,759		—		10,163		3,596
Total liabilities	$	115,030	$	—	$	111,434	$	3,596

December 31, 2020
Trading account assets	$	1,068,581	$	50,060	$	1,018,521	$	—
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies		9,338		—		9,338		—
Mortgage-backed securities:
Government issued or guaranteed		4,683,438		—		4,683,438		—
Privately issued		16		—		—		16
Other debt securities		129,814		—		129,814		—
		4,822,606		—		4,822,590		16
Equity securities		92,985		63,129		29,856		—
Real estate loans held for sale		1,054,676		—		1,054,676		—
Other assets (a)		49,464		—		5,865		43,599
Total assets	$	7,088,312	$	113,189	$	6,931,508	$	43,615
Trading account liabilities	$	116,902	$	—	$	116,902	$	—
Other liabilities (a)		23,583		—		23,218		365
Total liabilities	$	140,485	$	—	$	140,120	$	365

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

The Company is required, on a nonrecurring basis, to adjust the carrying value of certain assets or provide valuation allowances related to certain assets using fair value measurements. The more significant of those assets follow.

Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records nonrecurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectable portions of those loans. Nonrecurring adjustments also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation amount does not necessarily represent the fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have been classified as Level 2, unless significant adjustments have been made to the valuation that are not readily observable by market participants. Non-real estate collateral supporting commercial loans generally consists of business assets such as receivables, inventory and equipment. Fair value estimations are typically determined by discounting recorded values of those assets to reflect estimated net realizable value considering specific borrower facts and circumstances and the experience of credit personnel in their dealings with similar borrower collateral liquidations. Such discounts were in the range of 15% to 90% with a weighted-average of 44% at June 30, 2021. As these discounts are not readily observable and are considered significant, the valuations have been classified as Level 3. Automobile collateral is typically valued by reference to independent pricing sources based on recent sales transactions of similar vehicles and, accordingly, the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have been classified as Level 2. Collateral values for other consumer installment loans are generally estimated based on historical recovery rates for similar types of loans which at June 30, 2021 was 41%. As these recovery rates are not readily observable by market participants, such valuation adjustments have been classified as Level 3. Loans subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement were $629 million at June 30, 2021 ($386 million and $243 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively), $652 million at December 31, 2020 ($339 million and $313 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively) and $248 million at June 30, 2020 ($145 million and $103 million of which were classified as Level 2 and Level 3, respectively). Changes in fair value recognized for partial charge-offs of loans and loan impairment reserves on loans held by the Company on June 30, 2021 were decreases of $46 million and $104 million for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2021, respectively. Changes in fair value recognized for partial charge-offs of loans and loan impairment reserves on loans held by the Company on June 30, 2020 were decreases of $50 million for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2020.

Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans are primarily comprised of commercial and residential real property and are generally measured at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. The fair value of the real property is generally determined using appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace and, accordingly, the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 2. Assets taken in foreclosure of defaulted loans subject to nonrecurring fair value measurement were $10 million and $31 million at June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Changes in fair value recognized for those foreclosed assets held by the Company were not material during the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.

Capitalized servicing rights are initially measured at fair value in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company utilizes the amortization method to subsequently measure its capitalized servicing assets. In accordance with GAAP, the Company must record impairment charges, on a nonrecurring basis, when the carrying value of certain strata exceed their estimated fair value. To estimate the fair value of servicing rights, the Company considers market prices for similar assets, if available, and the present value of expected future cash flows associated with the servicing rights calculated using assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future servicing income and expense. Such assumptions include estimates of the cost of servicing loans, loan default rates, an appropriate discount rate, and prepayment speeds. For purposes of evaluating and measuring impairment of capitalized servicing rights, the Company stratifies such assets based on the predominant risk characteristics of the underlying financial instruments that are expected to have the most impact on projected prepayments, cost of servicing and other factors affecting future cash flows associated with the servicing rights. Such factors may include financial asset or loan type, note rate and term. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights for a stratum exceed estimated fair value. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance. The determination of fair value of capitalized servicing rights is considered a Level 3 valuation. Capitalized servicing rights related to residential mortgage loans of $152 million and $159 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, required a valuation allowance of $29 million and $30 million, respectively. Significant unobservable inputs used in this Level 3 valuation included weighted-average prepayment speeds of 15.61% and 16.01% at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and a weighted-average option-adjusted spread of 900 basis points at each date. Changes in fair value recognized for impairment of capitalized servicing rights were an increase to the valuation allowance of $8 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and a decrease in the valuation allowance of $1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Changes in fair value recognized for impairment of capitalized servicing rights were increases in the valuation allowance of $10 million and $20 million during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively.

The following tables present quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements for certain Level 3 assets and liabilities at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Fair Value

Valuation

Technique

Unobservable

Inputs/Assumptions

Range

(Weighted-

Average)

(In thousands)

June 30, 2021

Recurring fair value measurements

Net other assets (liabilities) (a)

35,666

Discounted cash flow

Commitment expirations

0% - 91% (16%)

December 31, 2020

Recurring fair value measurements

Privately issued mortgage-

backed securities

Two independent pricing quotes

—

Net other assets (liabilities) (a)

43,234

Discounted cash flow

Commitment expirations

0% - 98% (16%)

An increase (decrease) in the estimate of expirations for commitments to originate real estate loans would generally result in a lower (higher) fair value measurement. Estimated commitment expirations are derived considering loan type, changes in interest rates and remaining length of time until closing.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair value for financial instrument assets (liabilities) are presented in the following table:

	June 30, 2021
	Carrying Amount			Estimated Fair Value			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
	(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,410,468			1,410,468			1,291,665		118,803			—
Interest-bearing deposits at banks		33,864,824			33,864,824			—		33,864,824			—
Trading account assets		712,558			712,558			49,544		663,014			—
Investment securities		6,143,177			6,209,993			71,917		6,073,252			64,824
Loans and leases:
Commercial loans and leases		25,409,291			25,174,858			—		—			25,174,858
Commercial real estate loans		37,558,775			36,777,235			—		205,591			36,571,644
Residential real estate loans		16,704,951			16,865,571			—		3,834,635			13,030,936
Consumer loans		17,440,415			17,541,515			—		—			17,541,515
Allowance for credit losses		(1,575,128	)		—			—		—			—
Loans and leases, net		95,538,304			96,359,179			—		4,040,226			92,318,953
Accrued interest receivable		409,745			409,745			—		409,745			—
Financial liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	(55,621,230	)		(55,621,230	)		—		(55,621,230	)		—
Savings and interest-checking deposits		(69,491,942	)		(69,491,942	)		—		(69,491,942	)		—
Time deposits		(3,155,600	)		(3,163,772	)		—		(3,163,772	)		—
Short-term borrowings		(91,235	)		(91,235	)		—		(91,235	)		—
Long-term borrowings		(3,499,448	)		(3,609,147	)		—		(3,609,147	)		—
Accrued interest payable		(48,677	)		(48,677	)		—		(48,677	)		—
Trading account liabilities		(101,271	)		(101,271	)		—		(101,271	)		—
Other financial instruments:
Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale	$	35,666			35,666			—		—			35,666
Commitments to sell real estate loans		(2,471	)		(2,471	)		—		(2,471	)		—
Other credit-related commitments		(131,136	)		(131,136	)		—		—			(131,136	)
Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management		928			928			—		928			—

	December 31, 2020
	Carrying Amount			Estimated Fair Value			Level 1		Level 2			Level 3
				(In thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,552,743			1,552,743			1,497,457		55,286			—
Interest-bearing deposits at banks		23,663,810			23,663,810			—		23,663,810			—
Trading account assets		1,068,581			1,068,581			50,060		1,018,521			—
Investment securities		7,045,697			7,138,989			63,129		7,005,571			70,289
Loans and leases:
Commercial loans and leases		27,574,564			27,220,699			—		—			27,220,699
Commercial real estate loans		37,637,889			36,816,580			—		277,911			36,538,669
Residential real estate loans		16,752,993			17,089,141			—		4,135,655			12,953,486
Consumer loans		16,570,421			16,554,050			—		—			16,554,050
Allowance for credit losses		(1,736,387	)		—			—		—			—
Loans and leases, net		96,799,480			97,680,470			—		4,413,566			93,266,904
Accrued interest receivable		419,936			419,936			—		419,936			—
Financial liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	(47,572,884	)		(47,572,884	)		—		(47,572,884	)		—
Savings and interest-checking deposits		(67,680,840	)		(67,680,840	)		—		(67,680,840	)		—
Time deposits		(3,899,910	)		(3,919,367	)		—		(3,919,367	)		—
Deposits at Cayman Islands office		(652,104	)		(652,104	)		—		(652,104	)		—
Short-term borrowings		(59,482	)		(59,482	)		—		(59,482	)		—
Long-term borrowings		(4,382,193	)		(4,490,433	)		—		(4,490,433	)		—
Accrued interest payable		(59,916	)		(59,916	)		—		(59,916	)		—
Trading account liabilities		(116,902	)		(116,902	)		—		(116,902	)		—
Other financial instruments:
Commitments to originate real estate loans for sale	$	43,234			43,234			—		—			43,234
Commitments to sell real estate loans		(18,429	)		(18,429	)		—		(18,429	)		—
Other credit-related commitments		(133,354	)		(133,354	)		—		—			(133,354	)
Interest rate swap agreements used for interest rate risk management		1,076			1,076			—		1,076			—

With the exception of marketable securities, certain off-balance sheet financial instruments and mortgage loans originated for sale, the Company’s financial instruments are not readily marketable and market prices do not exist. The Company, in attempting to comply with the provisions of GAAP that require disclosures of fair value of financial instruments, has not attempted to market its financial instruments to potential buyers, if any exist. Since negotiated prices in illiquid markets depend greatly upon the then present motivations of the buyer and seller, it is reasonable to assume that actual sales prices could vary widely from any estimate of fair value made without the benefit of negotiations. Additionally, changes in market interest rates can dramatically impact the value of financial instruments in a short period of time.

The Company does not believe that the estimated information presented herein is representative of the earnings power or value of the Company. The preceding analysis, which is inherently limited in depicting fair value, also does not consider any value associated with existing customer relationships nor the ability of the Company to create value through loan origination, deposit gathering or fee generating activities. Many of the estimates presented herein are based upon the use of highly subjective information and assumptions and, accordingly, the results may not be precise. Management believes that fair value estimates may not be comparable between financial institutions due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and numerous estimates which must be made. Furthermore, because the disclosed fair value amounts were estimated as of the balance sheet date, the amounts actually realized or paid upon maturity or settlement of the various financial instruments could be significantly different.