Capitalized servicing assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Transfers and Servicing [Abstract]

Capitalized servicing assets

7. Capitalized servicing assets

Changes in capitalized servicing assets were as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	Residential Mortgage Loans									Commercial Mortgage Loans
(Dollars in millions)	2023			2022			2021			2023			2022			2021
Beginning balance	$	194		$	241		$	231		$	126		$	133		$	134
Originations		13			7			66			27			24			33
Purchases		350			—			—			—			—			—
Acquired in business combination		—			12			—			—			—			—
Amortization		(101	)		(66	)		(56	)		(30	)		(31	)		(34	)
		456			194			241			123			126			133
Valuation allowance		—			—			(24	)		—			—			—
Ending balance, net	$	456		$	194		$	217		$	123		$	126		$	133

	Residential Mortgage Loans				Commercial Mortgage Loans
(Dollars in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balances at period end
Loans serviced for others	$	40,021	$	22,365	$	24,157	$	22,166
Loans sub-serviced for others		115,321		96,027		3,873		3,841
Total loans serviced for others	$	155,342	$	118,392	$	28,030	$	26,007

During 2023, the Company completed a $350 million bulk purchase of residential mortgage loan servicing rights associated with $19.5 billion of residential real estate loans. In conjunction with the acquisition of People's United on April 1, 2022, the Company acquired servicing rights for residential real estate loans that had outstanding principal balances at that date of $1.1 billion. The fair value of such servicing rights at that date was $12 million.

The estimated fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing assets was approximately $611 million at December 31, 2023 and $336 million at December 31, 2022. The fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing assets was estimated using weighted-average discount rates of 11.45% and 12.29% at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and contemporaneous prepayment assumptions that vary by loan type. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the discount rate represented a weighted-average OAS of 790 basis points over market implied forward SOFR and 881 basis points over market implied forward LIBOR, respectively. The estimated fair value of capitalized residential mortgage loan servicing rights may vary significantly in subsequent periods due to changing interest rates and the effect thereof on prepayment speeds. The estimated fair value of capitalized commercial mortgage loan servicing assets was approximately $193 million at December 31, 2023 and $156 million at December 31, 2022. A weighted-average discount rate of 14.43% was used to estimate the fair value of capitalized commercial mortgage loan servicing rights at December 31, 2023. Estimated servicing revenues and expenses used to value such servicing rights considered historical payment performance trends and current market interest rates. In general, the servicing agreements allow the Company to share in customer loan prepayment fees and thereby recover the remaining carrying value of the capitalized servicing rights associated with such loans. The Company's ability to realize the carrying value of capitalized commercial mortgage servicing rights is more dependent on the borrowers' abilities to repay the underlying loans than it is on prepayments. An 18% discount rate was used to estimate the value at December 31, 2022.

The key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of significant portfolios of capitalized servicing rights at December 31, 2023 and the sensitivity of such value to changes in those assumptions are summarized in the table that follows. Those calculated sensitivities are hypothetical and actual changes in the fair value of capitalized servicing rights may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. The effect of a variation in a particular assumption on the fair value of the servicing rights is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another which may magnify or counteract the sensitivities. The changes in assumptions are presumed to be instantaneous.

(Dollars in millions)	Residential			Commercial
Weighted-average prepayment speeds		6.93	%
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change	$	(16	)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change		(31	)
Weighted-average OAS		7.90	%
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change	$	(18	)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change		(35	)
Weighted-average discount rate					14.43	%
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change				$	(6	)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change					(12	)