The methodologies Trustmark uses in determining the fair values are based primarily on the use of independent, market-based data to reflect a value that would be reasonably expected upon exchange of the position in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The predominant portion of assets that are stated at fair value are of a nature that can be valued using prices or inputs that are readily observable through a variety of independent data providers. The providers selected by Trustmark for fair valuation data are widely recognized and accepted vendors whose evaluations support the pricing functions of financial institutions, investment and mutual funds, and portfolio managers. Trustmark has documented and evaluated the pricing methodologies used by the vendors and maintains internal processes that regularly test valuations for anomalies.

Trustmark utilizes an independent pricing service to advise it on the carrying value of the securities available for sale portfolio. As part of Trustmark’s procedures, the price provided from the service is evaluated for reasonableness given market changes. When a questionable price exists, Trustmark investigates further to determine if the price is valid. If needed, other market participants may be utilized to determine the correct fair value. Trustmark has also reviewed and confirmed its determinations in thorough discussions with the pricing source regarding their methods of price discovery.

Mortgage loan commitments are valued based on the securities prices of similar collateral, term, rate and delivery for which the loan is eligible to deliver in place of the particular security. Trustmark acquires a broad array of mortgage security prices that are supplied by a market data vendor, which in turn accumulates prices from a broad list of securities dealers. Prices are processed through a mortgage pipeline management system that accumulates and segregates all loan commitment and forward-sale transactions according to the similarity of various characteristics (maturity, term, rate, and collateral). Prices are matched to those positions that are deemed to be an eligible substitute or offset (i.e., “deliverable”) for a corresponding security observed in the marketplace.

Trustmark estimates fair value of the MSR through the use of prevailing market participant assumptions and market participant valuation processes. This valuation is periodically tested and validated against other third-party firm valuations.

Trustmark obtains the fair value of interest rate swaps from a third-party pricing service that uses an industry standard discounted cash flow methodology. In addition, credit valuation adjustments are incorporated in the fair values to account for potential nonperformance risk. In adjusting the fair value of its interest rate swap contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, Trustmark has considered any applicable credit enhancements such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees. In conjunction with the FASB’s

fair value measurement guidance, Trustmark made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of these derivative financial instruments, which are subject to master netting agreements, on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.

Trustmark has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its interest rate swaps offered to qualified commercial borrowers fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, while the credit valuation adjustments associated with these derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads. Trustmark has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its interest rate swaps and has determined that the credit valuation adjustment is not significant to the overall valuation of these derivatives. As a result, Trustmark classifies its interest rate swap valuations in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Trustmark also utilizes exchange-traded derivative instruments such as Treasury note futures contracts and option contracts to achieve a fair value return that offsets the changes in fair value of the MSR attributable to interest rates. Fair values of these derivative instruments are determined from quoted prices in active markets for identical assets therefore allowing them to be classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. In addition, Trustmark utilizes derivative instruments such as interest rate lock commitments in its mortgage banking area which lack observable inputs for valuation purposes resulting in their inclusion in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

At this time, Trustmark presents no fair values that are derived through internal modeling. Should positions requiring fair valuation arise that are not relevant to existing methodologies, Trustmark will make every reasonable effort to obtain market participant assumptions, or independent evaluation.

The following tables summarize financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and 2022, segregated by the level of valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value ($ in thousands). There were no transfers between fair value levels for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.


	December 31, 2023
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
U.S. Treasury securities	$	372,368	$	372,368	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government agency obligations		5,792		—		5,792		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		—		—		—		—
Mortgage-backed securities		1,384,718		—		1,384,718		—
Securities available for sale		1,762,878		372,368		1,390,510		—
LHFS		184,812		—		184,812		—
MSR		131,870		—		—		131,870
Other assets - derivatives		23,316		7,685		14,786		845
Other liabilities - derivatives		35,600		21		35,579		—


	December 31, 2022
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
U.S. Treasury securities	$	391,513	$	391,513	$	—	$	—
U.S. Government agency obligations		7,766		—		7,766		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		4,862		—		4,862		—
Mortgage-backed securities		1,619,941		—		1,619,941		—
Securities available for sale		2,024,082		391,513		1,632,569		—
LHFS		135,226		—		135,226		—
MSR		129,677		—		—		129,677
Other assets - derivatives		8,871		54		8,660		157
Other liabilities - derivatives		45,379		474		44,905		—

The changes in Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows ($ in thousands):


	MSR			Other Assets - Derivatives
Balance, January 1, 2023	$	129,677		$	157
Total net (loss) gain included in Mortgage banking, net (1)		(11,519	)		2,470
Additions		13,712			—
Sales		—			(1,782	)
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	131,870		$	845

The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings that are attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses still held at December 31, 2023	$	(1,489	)	$	1,103

Balance, January 1, 2022	$	87,687		$	1,859
Total net (loss) gain included in Mortgage banking, net (1)		24,147			(131	)
Additions		17,843			—
Sales		—			(1,571	)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	129,677		$	157

The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings that are attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses still held at December 31, 2022	$	38,181		$	(1,214	)

(1)

Total net (loss) gain included in Mortgage banking, net relating to the MSR includes changes in fair value due to market changes and due to run-off.

Trustmark may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Assets at December 31, 2023, which have been measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, include collateral-dependent LHFI. A loan is collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral. The expected credit loss for collateral-dependent loans is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral, adjusted for the estimated cost to sell. Fair value estimates for collateral-dependent loans are derived from appraised values based on the current market value or as is value of the collateral, normally from recently received and reviewed appraisals. Current appraisals are ordered on an annual basis based on the inspection date or more often if market conditions necessitate. Appraisals are obtained from state-certified appraisers and are based on certain assumptions, which may include construction or development status and the highest and best use of the property. These appraisals are reviewed by Trustmark’s Appraisal Review Department to ensure they are acceptable, and values are adjusted down for costs associated with asset disposal. At December 31, 2023, Trustmark had outstanding balances of $49.1 million with a related ACL of $12.4 million in collateral-dependent LHFI, compared to outstanding balances of $40.3 million with a related ACL of $17.7 million in collateral-dependent LHFI at December 31, 2022. The collateral-dependent LHFI are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Certain nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include foreclosed assets (upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment), nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial liabilities measured at fair value in the second step of a goodwill impairment test, and intangible assets and other nonfinancial long-lived assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment.

Other real estate includes assets that have been acquired in satisfaction of debt through foreclosure and is recorded at the fair value less cost to sell (estimated fair value) at the time of foreclosure. Fair value is based on independent appraisals and other relevant factors. In the determination of fair value subsequent to foreclosure, Management also considers other factors or recent developments, such as changes in market conditions from the time of valuation and anticipated sales values considering plans for disposition, which could result in an adjustment to lower the collateral value estimates indicated in the appraisals. Periodic revaluations are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy since assumptions are used that may not be observable in the market.

Foreclosed assets of $898 thousand were re-measured during 2023, requiring write-downs of $243 thousand to reach their current fair values compared to $3.0 million of foreclosed assets that were re-measured during 2022, requiring write-downs of $1.0 million.

FASB ASC Topic 825 requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows ($ in thousands):


	December 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value
Financial Assets:
Level 2 Inputs:
Cash and short-term investments	$	975,543	$	975,543	$	738,787	$	738,787
Securities held to maturity		1,426,279		1,355,504		1,494,514		1,406,589
Level 3 Inputs:
Net LHFI		12,811,157		12,762,505		12,083,825		11,850,318

Financial Liabilities:
Level 2 Inputs:
Deposits		15,569,763		15,553,417		14,437,648		14,404,661
Federal funds purchased and securities sold under repurchase agreements		405,745		405,745		449,331		449,331
Other borrowings		483,230		483,226		1,050,938		1,050,932
Subordinated notes		123,482		108,125		123,262		113,125
Junior subordinated debt securities		61,856		46,856		61,856		46,392

Trustmark has elected to account for its LHFS under the fair value option, with interest income on these LHFS reported in interest and fees on LHFS and LHFI. The fair value of the LHFS is determined using quoted prices for a similar asset, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan. The LHFS are actively managed and monitored and certain market risks of the loans may be mitigated through the use of derivatives. These derivative instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as noninterest income in mortgage banking, net. The changes in the fair value of the LHFS are largely offset by changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, a net gain of $2.2 million was recorded as noninterest income in mortgage banking, net for changes in the fair value of the LHFS accounted for under the fair value option compared to net losses of $3.3 million and $10.3 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Interest and fees on LHFS and LHFI for the year ended December 31, 2023 included $7.8 million of interest earned on the LHFS accounted for under the fair value option compared to $6.8 million and $7.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Election of the fair value option allows Trustmark to reduce the accounting volatility that would otherwise result from the asymmetry created by accounting for the financial instruments at the lower of cost or fair value and the derivatives at fair value. The fair value option election does not apply to the GNMA optional repurchase loans which do not meet the requirements under FASB ASC Topic 825 to be accounted for under the fair value option. GNMA optional repurchase loans totaled $78.8 million and $70.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and are included in LHFS on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.