19.	Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC

820,

“Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” provides a framework for measuring fair value, expands disclosures about fair-value measurements and establishes a fair-value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value summarized as follows:

Level

Fair value determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets.

Level

Fair value determined using significant other observable inputs.

Level

Fair value determined using significant unobservable inputs.

Our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

(In thousands)	Fair Value Hierarchy	Fair Value at April 30, 2018			Fair Value at October 31, 2017

Mortgage loans held for sale (1)	Level 2	$	87,971		$	132,424
Interest rate lock commitments	Level 2		(70	)		(14	)
Forward contracts	Level 2		125			15
Total		$	88,026		$	132,425

(

) The aggregate unpaid principal balance was

$85.6

million and

$128.4

million at

April 30, 2018

and

October 31, 2017,

respectively.

We elected the fair value option for our loans held for sale for mortgage loans originated subsequent to

October 31, 2008,

in accordance with ASC

825,

“Financial Instruments,” which permits us to measure financial instruments at fair value on a contract-by-contract basis. Management believes that the election of the fair value option for loans held for sale improves financial reporting by mitigating volatility in reported earnings caused by measuring the fair value of the loans and the derivative instruments used to economically hedge them without having to apply complex hedge accounting provisions. Fair value of loans held for sale is based on independent quoted market prices, where available, or the prices for other mortgage loans with similar characteristics.

The Financial Services segment had a pipeline of loan applications in process of

$593.5

million at

April 30, 2018.

Loans in process for which interest rates were committed to the borrowers totaled

$50.3

million as of

April 30, 2018.

Substantially all of these commitments were for periods of

days or less. Since a portion of these commitments is expected to expire without being exercised by the borrowers, the total commitments do

not

necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The Financial Services segment uses investor commitments and forward sales of mandatory MBS to hedge its mortgage-related interest rate exposure. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk. Credit risk is managed by entering into MBS forward commitments, option contracts with investment banks, federally regulated bank affiliates and loan sales transactions with permanent investors meeting the segment’s credit standards. The segment’s risk, in the event of default by the purchaser, is the difference between the contract price and fair value of the MBS forward commitments and option contracts. At

April 30, 2018,

the segment had open commitments amounting to

$21.5

million to sell MBS with varying settlement dates through

June 20, 2018.

The assets accounted for using the fair value option are initially measured at fair value. Gains and losses from initial measurement and subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in “Revenues: Financial services.” The fair values that are included in income are shown, by financial instrument and financial statement line item, below:

	Three Months Ended April 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Mortgage Loans Held For Sale		Interest Rate Lock Commitments		Forward Contracts

Fair value included in net loss all reflected in financial services revenues	$	127	$	178	$	(143	)

	Three Months Ended April 30, 2017
(In thousands)	Mortgage Loans Held For Sale		Interest Rate Lock Commitments		Forward Contracts

Fair value included in net loss all reflected in financial services revenues	$	645	$	109	$	(422	)

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Mortgage Loans Held For Sale		Interest Rate Lock Commitments			Forward Contracts

Fair value included in net loss all reflected in financial services revenues	$	2,541	$	(70	)	$	125

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2017
(In thousands)	Mortgage Loans Held For Sale		Interest Rate Lock Commitments		Forward Contracts

Fair value included in net loss all reflected in financial services revenues	$	3,214	$	99	$	(305	)

The Company's assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are those assets for which the Company has recorded valuation adjustments and write-offs during the

three

and

six

months ended

April 30, 2018

and

2017.

The assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are all within the Company's Homebuilding operations and are summarized below:

Nonfinancial Assets

		Three Months Ended
		April 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Fair Value Hierarchy	Pre-Impairment Amount		Total Losses			Fair Value

Sold and unsold homes and lots under development	Level 3	$	11,170	$	(2,117	)	$	9,053
Land and land options held for future development or sale	Level 3	$	-	$	-		$	-

		Three Months Ended
		April 30, 2017
(In thousands)	Fair Value Hierarchy	Pre-Impairment Amount		Total Losses			Fair Value

Sold and unsold homes and lots under development	Level 3	$	8,474	$	(1,549	)	$	6,925
Land and land options held for future development or sale	Level 3	$	-	$	-		$	-

		Six Months Ended
		April 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Fair Value Hierarchy	Pre-Impairment Amount		Total Losses			Fair Value

Sold and unsold homes and lots under development	Level 3	$	11,170	$	(2,117	)	$	9,053
Land and land options held for future development or sale	Level 3	$	-	$	-		$	-

		Six Months Ended
		April 30, 2017
(In thousands)	Fair Value Hierarchy	Pre-Impairment Amount		Total Losses			Fair Value

Sold and unsold homes and lots under development	Level 3	$	14,776	$	(4,136	)	$	10,640
Land and land options held for future development or sale	Level 3	$	6,326	$	(81	)	$	6,245

We record impairment losses on inventories related to communities under development and held for future development when events and circumstances indicate that they

may

be impaired and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their related carrying amounts. If the expected undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount, then the community is written down to its fair value. We estimate the fair value of each impaired community by determining the present value of its estimated future cash flows at a discount rate commensurate with the risk of the respective community. Should the estimates or expectations used in determining cash flows or fair value decrease or differ from current estimates in the future, we

may

be required to recognize additional impairments. We recorded inventory impairments, which are included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as “Inventory impairment loss and land option write-offs” and deducted from inventory of

$2.1

million for both the

three

and

six

months ended

April 30, 2018,

and

$1.5

million and

$4.2

million for the

three

and

six

months ended

April 30, 2017,

respectively. See Note

for further detail of the communities evaluated for impairment.

The fair value of our cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and customers' deposits approximates their carrying amount, based on Level

inputs.

The fair value of our borrowings under the revolving credit and term loan facilities approximates their carrying amount based on Level

inputs. The fair value of each series of the senior unsecured notes (other than the

13.5%

senior unsecured notes due

2026

April 30, 2018,

and the senior exchangeable notes and the senior amortizing notes outstanding at

October 31, 2017)

is estimated based on recent trades or quoted market prices for the same issues or based on recent trades or quoted market prices for our debt of similar security and maturity to achieve comparable yields, which are Level

measurements. The fair value of the senior unsecured notes (all series in the aggregate), other than the

13.5%

senior notes due

2026

April 30, 2018

and the senior exchangeable notes and senior amortizing notes outstanding at

October 31, 2017,

was estimated at

$109.6

million and

$383.7

million as of

April 30, 2018

and

October 31, 2017,

respectively.

The fair value of each of the

13.5%

senior unsecured notes due

2026

April 30, 2018

and the senior secured notes (all series in the aggregate), and the senior amortizing notes and the senior exchangeable notes outstanding at

October 31, 2017

are estimated based on

third

party broker quotes or management’s estimate of the fair value based on available trades for similar debt instruments, which are Level

measurements. The fair value of the

13.5%

senior unsecured notes due

2026

and the senior secured notes (all series in the aggregate) were estimated at

$91.7

million and

$1.1

billion, respectively, as of

April 30, 2018.

As of

October 31, 2017,

the fair value of the senior secured notes (all series in the aggregate), the senior amortizing notes and the senior exchangeable notes were estimated at

$1.2

billion,

$2.1

million and

$54.2

million, respectively.