Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

INCOME TAXES

We recorded an income tax benefit of $3 million and an income tax provision of $3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and an income tax provision of zero and $15 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Changes in the income tax recorded between comparative periods are primarily attributable to changes in the income earned and tax transfer pricing applied to our U.K. integrated marketing function.

The effective tax rates during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 were lower than the 21% federal statutory rate during the 2019 and 2018 interim periods primarily as a result of maintaining a valuation allowance against our federal and state net deferred tax assets. Due to historical losses and other available evidence related to our ability to generate taxable income, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance against our federal and state net deferred tax assets at September 30, 2019.