The Bancorp, in the normal course of business, enters into financial instruments and various agreements to meet the financing needs of its customers. The Bancorp also enters into certain transactions and agreements to manage its interest rate and prepayment risks, provide funding, equipment and locations for its operations and invest in its communities. These instruments and agreements involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk, counterparty risk and market risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The creditworthiness of counterparties for all instruments and agreements is evaluated on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the Bancorp's credit policies. The Bancorp's significant commitments, contingent liabilities and guarantees in excess of the amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are discussed in further detail below:


Commitments
The Bancorp has certain commitments to make future payments under contracts. The following table reflects a summary of significant commitments as of:

		March 31,	December 31,
($ in millions)		2016	2015
Commitments to extend credit	$	66,908	66,884
Letters of credit		2,945	3,055
Forward contracts related to held for sale residential mortgage loans		1,423	1,330
Noncancelable operating lease obligations		618	635
Purchase obligations		70	60
Capital commitments for private equity investments		62	60
Capital expenditures		30	30
Capital lease obligations		24	27

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend, typically having fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses that may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments to extend credit may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash flow requirements. The Bancorp is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty for the amount of the contract. Fixed-rate commitments are also subject to market risk resulting from fluctuations in interest rates and the Bancorp's exposure is limited to the replacement value of those commitments. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Bancorp had a reserve for unfunded commitments, including letters of credit, totaling $144 million and $138 million, respectively, included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Bancorp monitors the credit risk associated with commitments to extend credit using the same risk rating system utilized within its loan and lease portfolio.


Risk ratings under this risk rating system are summarized in the following table as of:

		March 31,	December 31,
($ in millions)		2016	2015
Pass	$	65,672	65,645
Special mention		585	647
Substandard		648	592
Doubtful		3	-
Total commitments to extend credit	$	66,908	66,884

Standby and commercial letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party and expire as summarized in the following table as of March 31, 2016:

($ in millions)
Less than 1 year^(a)	$	1,673
1 - 5 years^(a)		1,244
Over 5 years		28
Total letters of credit	$	2,945

Standby letters of credit accounted for 99% of total letters of credit at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and are considered guarantees in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Approximately 64% and 65% of the total standby letters of credit were collateralized as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. In the event of nonperformance by the customers, the Bancorp has rights to the underlying collateral, which can include commercial real estate, physical plant and property, inventory, receivables, cash and marketable securities. The reserve related to these standby letters of credit, which was included in the total reserve for unfunded commitments, was $3 million and immaterial, respectively, at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The Bancorp monitors the credit risk associated with letters of credit using the same risk rating system utilized within its loan and lease portfolio.


Risk ratings under this risk rating system are summarized in the following table as of:

		March 31,	December 31,
($ in millions)		2016	2015
Pass	$	2,477	2,606
Special mention		138	130
Substandard		250	258
Doubtful		80	61
Total letters of credit	$	2,945	3,055

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Bancorp had outstanding letters of credit that were supporting certain securities issued as VRDNs. The Bancorp facilitates financing for its commercial customers, which consist of companies and municipalities, by marketing the VRDNs to investors. The VRDNs pay interest to holders at a rate of interest that fluctuates based upon market demand. The VRDNs generally have long-term maturity dates, but can be tendered by the holder for purchase at par value upon proper advance notice. When the VRDNs are tendered, a remarketing agent generally finds another investor to purchase the VRDNs to keep the securities outstanding in the market. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, total VRDNs in which the Bancorp was the remarketing agent or were supported by a Bancorp letter of credit were $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, of which FTS acted as the remarketing agent to issuers on $1.0 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively. As remarketing agent, FTS is responsible for finding purchasers for VRDNs that are put by investors. The Bancorp issued letters of credit, as a credit enhancement, to $841 million and $921 million of the VRDNs remarketed by FTS, in addition to $185 million and $187 million in VRDNs remarketed by third parties at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. These letters of credit are included in the total letters of credit balance provided in the previous table. The Bancorp held $5 million and an immaterial amount of these VRDNs in its portfolio and classified them as trading securities at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

The Bancorp enters into forward contracts to economically hedge the change in fair value of certain residential mortgage loans held for sale due to changes in interest rates. The outstanding notional amounts of these forward contracts are included in the summary of significant commitments table for all periods presented.

The Bancorp's subsidiaries have entered into a number of noncancelable lease agreements. The minimum rental commitments under noncancelable lease agreements are shown in the summary of significant commitments table. The Bancorp has also entered into a limited number of agreements for work related to banking center construction and to purchase goods or services.

For certain mortgage loans originated by the Bancorp, borrowers may be required to obtain PMI provided by third-party insurers. In some instances, these insurers cede a portion of the PMI premiums to the Bancorp, and the Bancorp provides reinsurance coverage within a specified range of the total PMI coverage. The Bancorp's reinsurance coverage typically ranges from 5% to 10% of the total PMI coverage. The Bancorp's maximum exposure in the event of nonperformance by the underlying borrowers is equivalent to the Bancorp's total outstanding reinsurance coverage, which was $27 million at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. At both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Bancorp maintained a reserve of $2 million related to exposures within the reinsurance portfolio which was included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. During 2009, the Bancorp suspended the practice of providing reinsurance of PMI for newly originated mortgage loans.

There are legal claims pending against the Bancorp and its subsidiaries that have arisen in the normal course of business. Refer to Note 16 for additional information regarding these proceedings.

The Bancorp has performance obligations upon the occurrence of certain events under financial guarantees provided in certain contractual arrangements as discussed in the following sections.

Conforming residential mortgage loans sold to unrelated third parties are generally sold with representation and warranty provisions. A contractual liability arises only in the event of a breach of these representations and warranties and, in general, only when a loss results from the breach. The Bancorp may be required to repurchase any previously sold loan or indemnify (make whole) the investor or insurer for which the representation or warranty of the Bancorp proves to be inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. For more information on how the Bancorp establishes the residential mortgage repurchase reserve, refer to Note 1 in the Bancorp's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.

During the fourth quarter of 2013, the Bancorp settled certain repurchase claims related to residential mortgage loans originated and sold to FHLMC prior to January 1, 2009 for $25 million, after paid claim credits and other adjustments. The settlement removes the Bancorp's responsibility to repurchase or indemnify FHLMC for representation and warranty violations on any loan sold prior to January 1, 2009 except in limited circumstances.

As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Bancorp maintained reserves related to loans sold with representation and warranty provisions totaling $23 million and $25 million, respectively, included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Bancorp uses the best information available when estimating its mortgage representation and warranty reserve; however, the estimation process is inherently uncertain and imprecise and, accordingly, losses in excess of the amounts reserved as of March 31, 2016, are reasonably possible. The Bancorp currently estimates that it is reasonably possible that it could incur losses related to mortgage representation and warranty provisions in an amount up to approximately $34 million in excess of amounts reserved. This estimate was derived by modifying the key assumptions previously discussed to reflect management's judgment regarding reasonably possible adverse changes to those assumptions. The actual repurchase losses could vary significantly from the recorded mortgage representation and warranty reserve or this estimate of reasonably possible losses, depending on the outcome of various factors, including those previously discussed.

The Bancorp paid an immaterial amount in the form of make whole payments for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and paid $1 million in the form of make whole payments for the three months ended March 31, 2015. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, the Bancorp repurchased $4 million and $9 million, respectively, in outstanding principal of loans to satisfy investor demands. Total repurchase demand requests during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 were $6 million and $9 million, respectively. Total outstanding repurchase demand inventory was $2 million at March 31, 2016 compared to $4 million at December 31, 2015.


The following table summarizes activity in the reserve for representation and warranty provisions:

		For the three months ended March 31,
($ in millions)		2016	2015
Balance, beginning of period	$	25	35
Net (reductions) additions to the reserve		(2)	2
Losses charged against the reserve		-	(1)
Balance, end of period	$	23	36

The following tables provide a rollforward of unresolved claims by claimant type for the three months ended March 31:

	GSE			Private Label
2016 ($ in millions)	Units		Dollars	Units		Dollars
Balance, beginning of period	16	$	4	2	$	-
New demands	71		6	2		-
Loan paydowns/payoffs	(4)		(1)	-		-
Resolved demands	(68)		(7)	(3)		-
Balance, end of period	15	$	2	1	$	-

	GSE			Private Label
2015 ($ in millions)	Units		Dollars	Units		Dollars
Balance, beginning of period	37	$	6	1	$	1
New demands	118		9	6		-
Loan paydowns/payoffs	(4)		-	-		-
Resolved demands	(119)		(11)	(5)		(1)
Balance, end of period	32	$	4	2	$	-

The Bancorp sold certain residential mortgage loans in the secondary market with credit recourse. In the event of any customer default, pursuant to the credit recourse provided, the Bancorp is required to reimburse the third party. The maximum amount of credit risk in the event of nonperformance by the underlying borrowers is equivalent to the total outstanding balance. In the event of nonperformance, the Bancorp has rights to the underlying collateral value securing the loan. The outstanding balances on these loans sold with credit recourse were $451 million and $465 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and the delinquency rates were 2.6% at March 31, 2016 and 3.0% at December 31, 2015. The Bancorp maintained an estimated credit loss reserve on these loans sold with credit recourse of $9 million at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, recorded in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. To determine the credit loss reserve, the Bancorp used an approach that is consistent with its overall approach in estimating credit losses for various categories of residential mortgage loans held in its loan portfolio.

FTS, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bancorp, guarantees the collection of all margin account balances held by its brokerage clearing agent for the benefit of its customers. FTS is responsible for payment to its brokerage clearing agent for any loss, liability, damage, cost or expense incurred as a result of customers failing to comply with margin or margin maintenance calls on all margin accounts. The margin account balance held by the brokerage clearing agent was $11 million and $10 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. In the event of any customer default, FTS has rights to the underlying collateral provided. Given the existence of the underlying collateral provided and negligible historical credit losses, the Bancorp does not maintain a loss reserve related to the margin accounts.

The Bancorp had certain fully and unconditionally guaranteed long-term borrowing obligations issued by wholly-owned issuing trust entities of $62 million at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

The Bancorp, as a member bank of Visa prior to Visa's reorganization and IPO (the “IPO”) of its Class A common shares (the “Class A Shares”) in 2008, had certain indemnification obligations pursuant to Visa's certificate of incorporation and by-laws and in accordance with their membership agreements. In accordance with Visa's by-laws prior to the IPO, the Bancorp could have been required to indemnify Visa for the Bancorp's proportional share of losses based on the pre-IPO membership interests. As part of its reorganization and IPO, the Bancorp's indemnification obligation was modified to include only certain known or anticipated litigation (the “Covered Litigation”) as of the date of the restructuring. This modification triggered a requirement for the Bancorp to recognize a liability equal to the fair value of the indemnification liability.

In conjunction with the IPO, the Bancorp received 10.1 million of Visa's Class B common shares (the “Class B Shares”) based on the Bancorp's membership percentage in Visa prior to the IPO. The Class B Shares are not transferable (other than to another member bank) until the later of the third anniversary of the IPO closing or the date which the Covered Litigation has been resolved; therefore, the Bancorp's Class B Shares were classified in other assets and accounted for at their carryover basis of $0. Visa initially deposited $3 billion of the proceeds from the IPO into a litigation escrow account, established for the purpose of funding judgments in, or settlements of, the Covered Litigation. Since then, when Visa's litigation committee determined that the escrow account was insufficient, Visa issued additional Class A Shares and deposited the proceeds from the sale of the Class A Shares into the litigation escrow account. When Visa funded the litigation escrow account, the Class B Shares were subjected to dilution through an adjustment in the conversion rate of Class B Shares into Class A Shares.

In 2009, the Bancorp completed the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares and entered into a total return swap in which the Bancorp will make or receive payments based on subsequent changes in the conversion rate of the Class B Shares into Class A Shares. The swap terminates on the later of the third anniversary of Visa's IPO or the date on which the Covered Litigation is settled. Refer to Note 20 for additional information on the valuation of the swap. The counterparty to the swap as a result of its ownership of the Class B Shares will be impacted by dilutive adjustments to the conversion rate of the Class B Shares into Class A Shares caused by any Covered Litigation losses in excess of the litigation escrow account. If actual judgments in, or settlements of, the Covered Litigation significantly exceed current expectations, then additional funding by Visa of the litigation escrow account and the resulting dilution of the Class B Shares could result in a scenario where the Bancorp's ultimate exposure associated with the Covered Litigation (the “Visa Litigation Exposure”) exceeds the value of the Class B Shares owned by the swap counterparty (the “Class B Value”). In the event the Bancorp concludes that it is probable that the Visa Litigation Exposure exceeds the Class B Value, the Bancorp would record a litigation reserve liability and a corresponding amount of other noninterest expense for the amount of the excess. Any such litigation reserve liability would be separate and distinct from the fair value derivative liability associated with the total return swap.

As of the date of the Bancorp's sale of Visa Class B Shares and through March 31, 2016, the Bancorp has concluded that it is not probable that the Visa Litigation Exposure will exceed the Class B value. Based on this determination, upon the sale of Class B Shares, the Bancorp reversed its net Visa litigation reserve liability and recognized a free-standing derivative liability associated with the total return swap. The fair value of the swap liability was $55 million at March 31, 2016 and $61 million at December 31, 2015. Refer to Note 11 and Note 16 for further information.

After the Bancorp's sale of Visa Class B Shares, Visa has funded additional amounts into the litigation escrow account which have resulted in further dilutive adjustments to the conversion of Class B Shares into Class A Shares, and along with other terms of the total return swap, required the Bancorp to make cash payments in varying amounts to the swap counterparty as follows:


		Visa	Bancorp Cash
Period ($ in millions)		Funding Amount	Payment Amount
Q2 2010	$	500	20
Q4 2010		800	35
Q2 2011		400	19
Q1 2012		1,565	75
Q3 2012		150	6
Q3 2014		450	18	i