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Derivative Financial Instruments
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2014
Derivative Financial Instruments  
Derivative Financial Instruments

12. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Bancorp maintains an overall risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to reduce certain risks related to interest rate, prepayment and foreign currency volatility. Additionally, the Bancorp holds derivative instruments for the benefit of its commercial customers and for other business purposes. The Bancorp does not enter into unhedged speculative derivative positions.

       The Bancorp's interest rate risk management strategy involves modifying the repricing characteristics of certain financial instruments so that changes in interest rates do not adversely affect the Bancorp's net interest margin and cash flows. Derivative instruments that the Bancorp may use as part of its interest rate risk management strategy include interest rate swaps, interest rate floors, interest rate caps, forward contracts, options and swaptions. Interest rate swap contracts are exchanges of interest payments, such as fixed-rate payments for floating-rate payments, based on a stated notional amount and maturity date. Interest rate floors protect against declining rates, while interest rate caps protect against rising interest rates. Forward contracts are contracts in which the buyer agrees to purchase, and the seller agrees to make delivery of, a specific financial instrument at a predetermined price or yield. Options provide the purchaser with the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a contracted item during a specified period at an agreed upon price. Swaptions are financial instruments granting the owner the right, but not the obligation, to enter into or cancel a swap.

       Prepayment volatility arises mostly from changes in fair value of the largely fixed-rate MSR portfolio, mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities. The Bancorp may enter into various free-standing derivatives (principal-only swaps, interest rate swaptions, interest rate floors, mortgage options, TBAs and interest rate swaps) to economically hedge prepayment volatility. Principal-only swaps are total return swaps based on changes in the value of the underlying mortgage principal-only trust. TBAs are a forward purchase agreement for a mortgage-backed securities trade whereby the terms of the security are undefined at the time the trade is made.

       Foreign currency volatility occurs as the Bancorp enters into certain loans denominated in foreign currencies. Derivative instruments that the Bancorp may use to economically hedge these foreign denominated loans include foreign exchange swaps and forward contracts.

       The Bancorp also enters into derivative contracts (including foreign exchange contracts, commodity contracts and interest rate contracts) for the benefit of commercial customers and other business purposes. The Bancorp may economically hedge significant exposures related to these free-standing derivatives by entering into offsetting third-party contracts with approved, reputable counterparties with substantially matching terms and currencies. Credit risk arises from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. The Bancorp's exposure is limited to the replacement value of the contracts rather than the notional, principal or contract amounts. Credit risk is minimized through credit approvals, limits, counterparty collateral and monitoring procedures.

       The Bancorp's derivative assets include certain contractual features in which the Bancorp requires the counterparties to provide collateral in the form of cash and securities to offset changes in the fair value of the derivatives, including changes in the fair value due to credit risk of the counterparty. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the balance of collateral held by the Bancorp for derivative assets was $830 million and $514 million, respectively. The credit component negatively impacting the fair value of derivative assets associated with customer accommodation contracts as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $16 million and $12 million, respectively.

       In measuring the fair value of derivative liabilities, the Bancorp considers its own credit risk, taking into consideration collateral maintenance requirements of certain derivative counterparties and the duration of instruments with counterparties that do not require collateral maintenance. When necessary, the Bancorp posts collateral primarily in the form of cash and securities to offset changes in fair value of the derivatives, including changes in fair value due to the Bancorp's credit risk. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the balance of collateral posted by the Bancorp for derivative liabilities was $574 million and $559 million, respectively. Certain of the Bancorp's derivative liabilities contain credit-risk related contingent features that could result in the requirement to post additional collateral upon the occurrence of specified events. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the fair value of the additional collateral that could be required to be posted as a result of the credit-risk related contingent features being triggered was immaterial to the Bancorp's Consolidated Financial Statements. The posting of collateral has been determined to remove the need for further consideration of credit risk. As a result, the Bancorp determined that the impact of the Bancorp's credit risk to the valuation of its derivative liabilities was immaterial to the Bancorp's Consolidated Financial Statements.

       The Bancorp holds certain derivative instruments that qualify for hedge accounting treatment and are designated as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, or for which hedge accounting is not established, are held as free-standing derivatives. All customer accommodation derivatives are held as free-standing derivatives.

       The fair value of derivative instruments is presented on a gross basis, even when the derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements. Derivative instruments with a positive fair value are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets while derivative instruments with a negative fair value are reported in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cash collateral payables and receivables associated with the derivative instruments are not added to or netted against the fair value amounts. For further information on offsetting derivatives, refer to Note 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following tables reflect the notional amounts and fair values for all derivative instruments included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of:
      
    Fair Value
  Notional DerivativeDerivative
December 31, 2014 ($ in millions) Amount AssetsLiabilities
Qualifying hedging instruments     
Fair value hedges:     
Interest rate swaps related to long-term debt$ 2,205  399 -
Total fair value hedges    399 -
Cash flow hedges:     
Interest rate swaps related to C&I loans  3,150  36 -
Total cash flow hedges    36 -
Total derivatives designated as qualifying hedging instruments    435 -
Derivatives not designated as qualifying hedging instruments     
Free-standing derivatives - risk management and other business purposes:     
Interest rate contracts related to MSRs  4,487  181 -
Forward contracts related to held for sale mortgage loans  999  - 6
Stock warrant associated with Vantiv Holding, LLC  691  415 -
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B shares  1,092  - 49
Total free-standing derivatives - risk management and other business purposes    596 55
Free-standing derivatives - customer accommodation:     
Interest rate contracts for customers  29,558  272 278
Interest rate lock commitments  613  12 -
Commodity contracts  3,558  348 338
Foreign exchange contracts  16,745  417 372
Total free-standing derivatives - customer accommodation    1,049 988
Total derivatives not designated as qualifying hedging instruments    1,645 1,043
Total  $ 2,080 1,043

    Fair Value
  NotionalDerivativeDerivative
December 31, 2013 ($ in millions) AmountAssetsLiabilities
Qualifying hedging instruments     
Fair value hedges:     
Interest rate swaps related to long-term debt$ 3,205  292 13
Total fair value hedges    292 13
Cash flow hedges:     
Interest rate swaps related to C&I loans  2,200  40 21
Total cash flow hedges    40 21
Total derivatives designated as qualifying hedging instruments    332 34
Derivatives not designated as qualifying hedging instruments     
Free-standing derivatives - risk management and other business purposes:     
Interest rate contracts related to MSRs  4,092  141 14
Forward contracts related to held for sale mortgage loans  1,448  13 1
Stock warrant associated with Vantiv Holding, LLC  664  384 -
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B shares  947  - 48
Total free-standing derivatives - risk management and other business purposes    538 63
Free-standing derivatives - customer accommodation:     
Interest rate contracts for customers  28,112  329 339
Interest rate lock commitments  924  12 1
Commodity contracts  3,300  66 65
Foreign exchange contracts  19,688  276 252
Total free-standing derivatives - customer accommodation    683 657
Total derivatives not designated as qualifying hedging instruments    1,221 720
Total  $ 1,553 754

Fair Value Hedges

The Bancorp may enter into interest rate swaps to convert its fixed-rate funding to floating-rate. Decisions to convert fixed-rate funding to floating are made primarily through consideration of the asset/liability mix of the Bancorp, the desired asset/liability sensitivity and interest rate levels. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, certain interest rate swaps met the criteria required to qualify for the shortcut method of accounting. Based on this shortcut method of accounting treatment, no ineffectiveness is assumed. For interest rate swaps that do not meet the shortcut requirements, an assessment of hedge effectiveness using regression analysis was performed and such swaps were accounted for using the “long-haul” method. The long-haul method requires a quarterly assessment of hedge effectiveness and measurement of ineffectiveness. For interest rate swaps accounted for as a fair value hedge using the long-haul method, ineffectiveness is the difference between the changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap and changes in fair value of the related hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged. The ineffectiveness on interest rate swaps hedging fixed-rate funding is reported within interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table reflects the change in fair value of interest rate contracts, designated as fair value hedges, as well as the change in fair value of the related hedged items attributable to the risk being hedged, included in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
          
 Consolidated Statements of Income Caption       
For the year ended December 31 ($ in millions)  201420132012
Interest rate contracts:         
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps hedging long-term debt Interest on long-term debt$ 120  (279)  (104) 
Change in fair value of hedged long-term debt attributable to the risk being hedged Interest on long-term debt  (126)  276  107 
          

Cash Flow Hedges

The Bancorp may enter into interest rate swaps to convert floating-rate assets and liabilities to fixed rates or to hedge certain forecasted transactions. The assets or liabilities may be grouped in circumstances where they share the same risk exposure that the Bancorp desires to hedge. The Bancorp may also enter into interest rate caps and floors to limit cash flow variability of floating rate assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2014, all hedges designated as cash flow hedges were assessed for effectiveness using regression analysis. Ineffectiveness is generally measured as the amount by which the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedging instrument exceeds the present value of the cumulative change in the hedged item's expected cash flows attributable to the risk being hedged. Ineffectiveness is reported within other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The effective portion of the cumulative gains or losses on cash flow hedges are reported within AOCI and are reclassified from AOCI to current period earnings when the forecasted transaction affects earnings. As of December 31, 2014, the maximum length of time over which the Bancorp is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 60 months.

       Reclassified gains and losses on interest rate contracts related to commercial and industrial loans are recorded within interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, $23 million and $13 million, respectively, of net deferred gains, net of tax, on cash flow hedges were recorded in AOCI in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2014, $33 million in net deferred gains, net of tax, recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve months. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, and the addition of other hedges subsequent to December 31, 2014.

       During 2014 and 2013, there were no gains or losses reclassified from accumulated AOCI into earnings associated with the discontinuance of cash flow hedges because it was probable that the original forecasted transaction would no longer occur by the end of the originally specified time period or within the additional period of time as defined by U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents the pretax net gains (losses) recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income relating to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges:
        
For the year ended December 31 ($ in millions) 201420132012
Amount of pretax net gains (losses) recognized in OCI$ 60  (13)  37 
Amount of pretax net gains reclassified from OCI into net income  44  44  83 
        

Free-Standing Derivative Instruments – Risk Management and Other Business Purposes

As part of its overall risk management strategy relative to its mortgage banking activity, the Bancorp may enter into various free-standing derivatives (principal-only swaps, interest rate swaptions, interest rate floors, mortgage options, TBAs and interest rate swaps) to economically hedge changes in fair value of its largely fixed-rate MSR portfolio. Principal-only swaps hedge the mortgage-LIBOR spread because these swaps appreciate in value as a result of tightening spreads. Principal-only swaps also provide prepayment protection by increasing in value when prepayment speeds increase, as opposed to MSRs that lose value in a faster prepayment environment. Receive fixed/pay floating interest rate swaps and swaptions increase in value when interest rates do not increase as quickly as expected.

       The Bancorp enters into forward contracts and mortgage options to economically hedge the change in fair value of certain residential mortgage loans held for sale due to changes in interest rates. IRLCs issued on residential mortgage loan commitments that will be held for sale are also considered free-standing derivative instruments and the interest rate exposure on these commitments is economically hedged primarily with forward contracts. Revaluation gains and losses from free-standing derivatives related to mortgage banking activity are recorded as a component of mortgage banking net revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

       Additionally, as part of the Bancorp's overall risk management strategy with respect to minimizing significant fluctuations in earnings and cash flows caused by interest rate and prepayment volatility, the Bancorp may enter into free-standing derivative instruments (options, swaptions and interest rate swaps). The gains and losses on these derivative contracts are recorded within other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

       In conjunction with the initial sale of the Bancorp's 51% interest in Vantiv Holding, LLC, the Bancorp received a warrant and issued a put option, which are accounted for as free-standing derivatives. The put option expired as a result of the Vantiv, Inc. IPO in March of 2012. Refer to Note 27 for further discussion of significant inputs and assumptions used in the valuation of the warrant.

       In conjunction with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B shares in 2009, the Bancorp entered into a total return swap in which the Bancorp will make or receive payments based on subsequent changes in the conversion rate of the Class B shares into Class A shares. This total return swap is accounted for as a free-standing derivative. Refer to Note 27 for further discussion of significant inputs and assumptions used in the valuation of this instrument.

The net gains (losses) recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income relating to free-standing derivative instruments used for risk management and other business purposes are summarized in the following table:
          
 Consolidated Statements of Income Caption       
For the year ended December 31 ($ in millions)  201420132012
Interest rate contracts:         
Forward contracts related to mortgage loans held for sale Mortgage banking net revenue$ (18)  24  28 
Interest rate contracts related to MSR portfolio Mortgage banking net revenue  95  (30)  63 
Interest rate swaps related to long-term debt Other noninterest income  -  -  2 
Foreign exchange contracts:         
Foreign exchange contracts for risk management purposes Other noninterest income  14  5  - 
Equity contracts:         
Stock warrant associated with Vantiv Holding, LLC Other noninterest income  31  206  66 
Put option associated with Vantiv Holding, LLC  Other noninterest income  -  -  1 
Swap associated with sale of Visa, Inc. Class B shares Other noninterest income  (38)  (31)  (45) 
          

Free-Standing Derivative Instruments – Customer Accommodation

The majority of the free-standing derivative instruments the Bancorp enters into are for the benefit of its commercial customers. These derivative contracts are not designated against specific assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or to forecasted transactions and, therefore, do not qualify for hedge accounting. These instruments include foreign exchange derivative contracts entered into for the benefit of commercial customers involved in international trade to hedge their exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and commodity contracts to hedge such items as natural gas and various other derivative contracts. The Bancorp may economically hedge significant exposures related to these derivative contracts entered into for the benefit of customers by entering into offsetting contracts with approved, reputable, independent counterparties with substantially matching terms. The Bancorp hedges its interest rate exposure on commercial customer transactions by executing offsetting swap agreements with primary dealers. Revaluation gains and losses on interest rate, foreign exchange, commodity and other commercial customer derivative contracts are recorded as a component of corporate banking revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

       The Bancorp enters into risk participation agreements, under which the Bancorp assumes credit exposure relating to certain underlying interest rate derivative contracts. The Bancorp only enters into these risk participation agreements in instances in which the Bancorp has participated in the loan that the underlying interest rate derivative contract was designed to hedge. The Bancorp will make payments under these agreements if a customer defaults on its obligation to perform under the terms of the underlying interest rate derivative contract. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the total notional amount of the risk participation agreements was $1.1 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, and the fair value was a liability of $2 million at December 31, 2014 and $3 million at December 31, 2013, which is included in interest rate contracts for customers. As of December 31, 2014, the risk participation agreements had an average remaining life of 2.6 years.

       The Bancorp's maximum exposure in the risk participation agreements is contingent on the fair value of the underlying interest rate derivative contracts in an asset position at the time of default. The Bancorp monitors the credit risk associated with the underlying customers in the risk participation agreements through the same risk grading system currently utilized for establishing loss reserves in its loan and lease portfolio.

 

Risk ratings of the notional amount of risk participation agreements under this risk rating system are summarized in the following table:
      
At December 31 ($ in millions) 20142013
Pass$ 1,052  1,153 
Special mention  59  38 
Substandard  2  12 
Total$ 1,113  1,203 

The net gains (losses) recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income relating to free-standing derivative instruments used for customer accommodation are summarized in the following table:
         
For the year ended December 31Consolidated Statements of Income Caption    
($ in millions) 201420132012 
Interest rate contracts:        
Interest rate contracts for customers (contract revenue)Corporate banking revenue$ 19  29  30 
Interest rate contracts for customers (credit losses)Other noninterest expense  (3)  (3)  (2) 
Interest rate contracts for customers (credit portion of fair value adjustment)Other noninterest expense  3  7  6 
Interest rate lock commitmentsMortgage banking net revenue  124  58  417 
Commodity contracts:        
Commodity contracts for customers (contract revenue)Corporate banking revenue  6  7  7 
Commodity contracts for customers (credit portion of fair value adjustment)Other noninterest expense  (7)  -  2 
Foreign exchange contracts:        
Foreign exchange contracts - customers (contract revenue)Corporate banking revenue  72  69  65 
Foreign exchange contracts - customers (credit portion of fair value adjustment)Other noninterest expense  -  (2)  2