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Fair Value Measurements
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2012
Fair Value Measurements

18. Fair Value Measurements

The Bancorp measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). A financial instrument's categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument's fair value measurement. The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are described as follows:

 

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Bancorp has the ability to access at the measurement date.

 

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include: quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

 

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability for which there is little, if any, market activity at the measurement date. Unobservable inputs reflect the Bancorp's own assumptions about what market participants would use to price the asset or liability. The inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which might include the Bancorp's own financial data such as internally developed pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, as well as instruments for which the fair value determination requires significant management judgment.

 

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including residential mortgage loans held for sale for which the Bancorp has elected the fair value option as of:

      
 Fair Value Measurements Using 
March 31, 2012 ($ in millions) Level 1(c) Level 2(c) Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:     
Available-for-sale securities:     
U.S. Treasury and government agencies$ 51 - - 51
U.S. Government sponsored agencies  - 1,954 - 1,954
Obligations of states and political subdivisions  - 214 - 214
Agency mortgage-backed securities  - 10,358 - 10,358
Other bonds, notes and debentures  - 2,365 - 2,365
Other securities(a)  304 5 - 309
Available-for-sale securities(a)  355 14,896 - 15,251
      
Trading securities:     
Obligations of states and political subdivisions  - 19 1 20
Agency mortgage-backed securities  - 19 - 19
Other bonds, notes and debentures  - 11 - 11
Other securities  145 - - 145
Trading securities  145 49 1 195
      
Residential mortgage loans held for sale  - 1,429 - 1,429
Residential mortgage loans(b)  - - 67 67
Derivative assets:     
Interest rate contracts  22 1,552 21 1,595
Foreign exchange contracts  - 191 - 191
Equity contracts  - - 159 159
Commodity contracts  - 156 - 156
Derivative assets  22 1,899 180 2,101
Total assets$ 522 18,273 248 19,043
      
Liabilities:     
Derivative liabilities     
Interest rate contracts$ 11 678 4 693
Foreign exchange contracts  - 178 - 178
Equity contracts  - - 24 24
Commodity contracts  - 151 - 151
Derivative liabilities  11 1,007 28 1,046
      
Short positions  5 1 - 6
Total liabilities$ 16 1,008 28 1,052

      
 Fair Value Measurements Using 
December 31, 2011 ($ in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:     
Available-for-sale securities:     
U.S. Treasury and Government agencies$ 171 - - 171
U.S. Government sponsored agencies  - 1,962 - 1,962
Obligations of states and political subdivisions  - 101 - 101
Agency mortgage-backed securities  - 10,284 - 10,284
Other bonds, notes and debentures  - 1,812 - 1,812
Other securities(a)  185 5 - 190
Available-for-sale securities(a)  356 14,164 - 14,520
      
Trading securities:     
Obligations of states and political subdivisions  - 8 1 9
Agency mortgage-backed securities  - 11 - 11
Other bonds, notes and debentures  - 13 - 13
Other securities  144 - - 144
Trading securities  144 32 1 177
      
Residential mortgage loans held for sale  - 2,751 - 2,751
Residential mortgage loans(b)  - - 65 65
Derivative assets:     
Interest rate contracts  8 1,773 34 1,815
Foreign exchange contracts  - 294 - 294
Equity contracts  - - 113 113
Commodity contracts  - 134 - 134
Derivative assets  8 2,201 147 2,356
Total assets$ 508 19,148 213 19,869
      
Liabilities:     
Derivative liabilities     
Interest rate contracts$ 54 802 2 858
Foreign exchange contracts  - 275 - 275
Equity contracts  - - 81 81
Commodity contracts  - 130 - 130
Derivative liabilities  54 1,207 83 1,344
      
Short positions  2 4 - 6
Total liabilities$ 56 1,211 83 1,350

      
 Fair Value Measurements Using 
March 31, 2011 ($ in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:     
Available-for-sale securities:     
U.S. Treasury and government agencies$ 228 - - 228
U.S. Government sponsored agencies  - 1,739 - 1,739
Obligations of states and political subdivisions  - 153 - 153
Agency mortgage-backed securities  - 10,785 - 10,785
Other bonds, notes and debentures  - 1,183 - 1,183
Other securities(a)  174 5 - 179
Available-for-sale securities(a)  402 13,865 - 14,267
      
Trading securities:     
Obligations of states and political subdivisions  - 20 1 21
Agency mortgage-backed securities  - 35 - 35
Other bonds, notes and debentures  - 11 - 11
Other securities  50 99 - 149
Trading securities  50 165 1 216
      
Residential mortgage loans held for sale  - 1,017 - 1,017
Residential mortgage loans(b)  - - 54 54
Derivative assets:     
Interest rate contracts  3 1,295 12 1,310
Foreign exchange contracts  - 315 - 315
Equity contracts  - - 78 78
Commodity contracts  - 123 - 123
Derivative assets  3 1,733 90 1,826
Total assets$ 455 16,780 145 17,380
      
Liabilities:     
Derivative liabilities     
Interest rate contracts$ 10 710 2 722
Foreign exchange contracts  - 307 - 307
Equity contracts  - - 38 38
Commodity contracts  - 116 - 116
Derivative liabilities  10 1,133 40 1,183
      
Short positions  8 2 - 10
Total liabilities$ 18 1,135 40 1,193

(a) Excludes FHLB and FRB restricted stock totaling $497 and $345, respectively, at March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, and $524 and $344, respectively at March 31, 2011.

(b) Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.

(c) During the three months ended March 31, 2012, no assets or liabilities were transferred between Level 1 and Level 2.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for significant instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

 

Available-for-sale and trading securities

Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include government bonds and exchange traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flows. Examples of such instruments, which are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, include agency and non-agency mortgage-backed securities, other asset-backed securities, obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies, and corporate and municipal bonds. Agency mortgage-backed securities, obligations of U.S. Government sponsored agencies, and corporate and municipal bonds are generally valued using a market approach based on observable prices of securities with similar characteristics.

 

Non-agency mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities are generally valued using an income approach based on discounted cash flows, incorporating prepayment speeds, performance of underlying collateral and specific tranche-level attributes. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

 

Residential mortgage loans held for sale

For residential mortgage loans held for sale, fair value is estimated based upon mortgage-backed securities prices and spreads to those prices or, for certain ARM loans, DCF models that may incorporate the anticipated portfolio composition, credit spreads of asset-backed securities with similar collateral and market conditions. The anticipated portfolio composition includes the effect of interest rate spreads and discount rates due to loan characteristics such as the state in which the loan was originated, the loan amount and the ARM margin. Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are valued based on mortgage backed securities prices are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as the valuation is based on external pricing for similar instruments. ARM loans classified as held for sale are also classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy due to the use of observable inputs in the DCF model. These observable inputs include interest rate spreads from agency mortgage-backed securities market rates and observable discount rates.

 

Residential mortgage loans

Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are reclassified to held for investment are transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. It is the Bancorp's policy to value any transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy based on end of period fair values.

 

For residential mortgage loans reclassified from held for sale to held for investment, the fair value estimation is based on mortgage-backed securities prices, interest rate risk and an internally developed credit component. Therefore, these loans are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An adverse change in the loss rate or severity assumption would result in a decrease in fair value of the related loan. The Secondary Marketing Department, which reports to the Bancorp's Chief Operating Officer, in conjunction with the Consumer Credit Risk Department, which reports to the Bancorp's Chief Risk Officer, are responsible for determining the valuation methodology for residential mortgage loans held for investment. The Secondary Marketing Department reviews loss severity assumptions quarterly to determine if adjustments are necessary based on decreases in observable housing market data. This group also reviews trades in comparable benchmark securities and adjusts the values of loans as necessary. Consumer Credit Risk is responsible for the credit component of the fair value which is based on internally developed loss rate models that take into account historical loss rates and loss severities based on underlying collateral values.

 

Derivatives

Exchange-traded derivatives valued using quoted prices and certain over-the-counter derivatives valued using active bids are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Most derivative contracts are valued using discounted cash flow or other models that incorporate current market interest rates, credit spreads assigned to the derivative counterparties and other market parameters and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Such derivatives include basic and structured interest rate swaps and options. Derivatives that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. At March 31, 2012, December 31, 2011 and March 31, 2011, derivatives classified as Level 3, which are valued using an option-pricing model containing unobservable inputs, consisted primarily of warrants and put rights associated with the sale of the processing business to Advent International and a total return swap associated with the Bancorp's sale of Visa, Inc. Class B shares. Level 3 derivatives also include interest rate lock commitments, which utilize internally generated loan closing rate assumptions as a significant unobservable input in the valuation process.

 

In connection with the sale of the processing business, the Bancorp provided Advent International with certain put options that were exercisable in the event of certain circumstances. In addition, the associated warrants allow the Bancorp to purchase approximately 20 million incremental nonvoting units in Vantiv Holding, LLC under certain defined conditions involving change of control. The put options expired as a result of the Vantiv, Inc. initial public offering in March of 2012. The fair value of the warrants are calculated in conjunction with a third party valuation provider by applying Black-Scholes option valuation models using probability weighted scenarios.

For the warrants, an increase in the expected term (years), the expected volatility and the risk free rate assumptions would result in an increase in the fair value; correspondingly, a decrease in these assumptions would result in a decrease in the fair value. The Accounting and Treasury Departments, both of which report to the Bancorp's Chief Financial Officer, determined the valuation methodology for the warrants and put option. Accounting and Treasury review changes in fair value on a quarterly basis for reasonableness based on changes in historical and implied volatilities, probability weightings of the related scenarios, and other assumptions.

 

Under the terms of the total return swap, the Bancorp will make or receive payments based on subsequent changes in the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B shares into Class A shares. The fair value of the total return swap was calculated using a discounted cash flow model based on unobservable inputs consisting of management's estimate of the probability of certain litigation scenarios, timing of litigation settlements and payments related to the swap. The significant assumptions used in the model as of March 31, 2012 are the Visa litigation loss estimate in excess, or shortfall, of the Bancorp's proportional share of escrow funds and the timing of the resolution of the Covered Litigation.

 

An increase in the loss estimate or a delay in the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in an increase in fair value; correspondingly, a decrease in the loss estimate or an acceleration of the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in a decrease in fair value. The Accounting and Treasury Departments determined the valuation methodology for the total return swap. Accounting and Treasury review the changes in fair value on a quarterly basis for reasonableness based on Visa stock price changes, litigation contingencies, and escrow funding.

 

The net fair value of the interest rate lock commitments at March 31, 2012 was $18 million. Immediate decreases in current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in increases in the fair value of the interest rate lock commitments of approximately $24 million and $43 million, respectively. Immediate increases of current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in decreases in the fair value of the interest rate lock commitments of approximately $29 million and $60 million, respectively. The decrease in fair value of interest rate lock commitments due to immediate 10% and 20% adverse changes in the assumed loan closing rates would be approximately $2 million and $3 million, respectively, and the increase in fair value due to immediate 10% and 20% favorable changes in the assumed loan closing rates would be approximately $2 million and $3 million, respectively. These sensitivities are hypothetical and should be used with caution, as changes in fair value based on a variation in assumptions typically cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the change in fair value may not be linear.

 

The Secondary Marketing Department and the Consumer Line of Business Finance Department, which reports to the Bancorp's Chief Financial Officer, are responsible for determining the valuation methodology for IRLCs. Secondary Marketing, in conjunction with a third party valuation provider, periodically review closing rate assumptions and recent loan sales to determine if adjustments are needed for current market conditions not reflected in historical data.

 

The following tables are a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)

 Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
    ResidentialInterest RateEquity   
For the three months ended March 31, 2012 TradingMortgage Derivatives,Derivatives, Total
($ in millions) SecuritiesLoansNet(a)Net(a) Fair Value
Beginning balance$ 1  65  32  32  $ 130
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):            
Included in earnings  -  (1)  49  28    76
Purchases  -  -  -  -    -
Settlements  -  (3)  (64)  75    8
Transfers into Level 3(b)  -  6  -  -    6
Ending balance$ 1  67  17  135  $ 220
Changes in unrealized gains or losses for the period            
included in earnings for assets held at             
March 31, 2012(c)$ -  (1)  17  28  $ 44

             
 Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
    ResidentialInterest RateEquity   
For the three months ended March 31, 2011 TradingMortgage Derivatives,Derivatives, Total
($ in millions) SecuritiesLoansNet(a)Net(a) Fair Value
Beginning balance$ 6  46 2  53  $ 107
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):            
Included in earnings  -  -  24 (13)    11
Included in other comprehensive income  -  -  -  -    -
Sales  (5)         (5)
Settlements  - (2) (16)  -   (18)
Transfers into Level 3(b)  -  10  -  -    10
Ending balance$ 1  54  10 40  $ 105
The amount of total gains or losses for the period            
included in earnings attributable to the change in            
unrealized gains or losses relating to assets            
still held at March 31, 2011(c)$ -  -  8 (12)  $(4)

(a) Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $21 and $4, respectively, as of March 31, 2012 and $12 and $2, respectively, as of March 31, 2011. Net equity derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $159 and $24, respectively, as of March 31, 2012, and $78 and $38, respectively, as of March 31, 2011.

(b) Includes residential mortgage loans held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.

(c) Includes interest income and expense.

 

The total gains and losses included in earnings for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

      
  For the three months ended
  March 31,
($ in millions) 20122011
Mortgage banking net revenue  49  24 
Other noninterest income  27  (13) 
Total gains$ 76  11 

The total gains and losses included in earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011 attributable to changes in unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at March 31, 2012 and 2011 were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

      
  For the three months ended
  March 31,
($ in millions) 20122011
Mortgage banking net revenue  16  8 
Corporate banking revenue  -  (12) 
Other noninterest income  28  - 
Total (losses) gains$ 44  (4) 
      

The following table presents information as of March 31, 2012 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp's material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis.

($'s in millions)       
Financial Instrument  Fair Value Valuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable Inputs Ranges of Inputs Weighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans $67Loss rate model Interest rate risk factor (88.3) - 16.3%5.2%
    Credit risk factor 2.3 - 61.1%4.5%
IRLCs, net  18Discounted cash flow Loan closing rates 9.9 - 87.0% 56.5%
   model    
Stock warrants associated with the sale  157Discounted cash flowExpected term (years) 2.0 - 17.35.0
of the processing business   model Expected volatility(a)29.3 - 41.7%35.5%
    Risk free rate 0.4 - 3.3%1.0%
    Expected dividend rate --
       
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc.  (22)Discounted cash flow Timing of the resolution 12/31/13 -NM
Class B shares  model of the Covered Litigation12/31/16 

(a) Based on historical and implied volatilities of comparable companies assuming similar expected terms.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis; however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment. The following tables represent those assets that were subject to fair value adjustments during the quarters ended March 31, 2012 and 2011 and still held as of the end of the period, and the related losses from fair value adjustments on assets sold during the period as well as assets still held as of the end of the period.

            
  Fair Value Measurements Using  Total Losses
          For the three months
As of March 31, 2012 ($ in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Total ended March 31, 2012
Commercial loans held for sale(a)$ -  -  2  2  (1) 
Commercial and industrial loans  -  -  69  69  (30) 
Commercial mortgage loans  -  -  81  81  (13) 
Commercial construction loans  -  -  37  37  (12) 
MSRs  -  -  767  767  11 
OREO property  -  -  120  120  (23) 
Total $ -  -  1,076  1,076  (68) 

            
  Fair Value Measurements Using  Total Losses
          For the three months
As of March 31, 2011 ($ in millions) Level 1Level 2Level 3Totalended March 31, 2011
Commercial loans held for sale(a)$ -  -  48  48  (16) 
Commercial and industrial loans  -  -  104  104  (85) 
Commercial mortgage loans  -  -  80  80  (31) 
Commercial construction loans  -  -  48  48  (19) 
MSRs  -  -  894  894  37 
OREO property  -  -  173  173  (77) 
Total $ -  -  1,347  1,347  (191) 

(a) Includes commercial nonaccrual loans held for sale.

The following table presents information as of March 31, 2012 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp's material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis.

 

($'s in millions)       
Financial Instrument  Fair Value Valuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable Inputs Ranges of Inputs Weighted-Average
Commercial loans held for sale $2Appraised valueCost to sell NM 10.0%
       
OREO property  120Appraised valueCost to sell NM 10.0%
Commercial and industrial loans 69Discounted cash flowDefault rates 100%NM
   modelLoss severities 0 - 84.2%15.8%
Commercial mortgage loans  81Discounted cash flowDefault rates 100%NM
   modelLoss severities 0 - 100%23.3%
Commercial construction loans  37Discounted cash flowDefault rates 100%NM
   modelLoss severities 0 - 100%40.9%
MSRs 767Discounted cash flowPrepayment speed 0 - 100%(Fixed) 14.4% (Adjustable) 26.5%
   modelDiscount rates9.4 - 18.0%(Fixed) 10.6% (Adjustable) 11.8%

Commercial loans held for sale

During the three months ended March 31, 2012, the Bancorp transferred $4 million of commercial loans from the portfolio to loans held for sale that upon transfer were measured at fair value. These loans along with existing commercial loans held for sale had fair value adjustments totaling $1 million and were based on discounted cash flow models incorporating appraisals of the underlying collateral, and were therefore, classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Therefore, these loans were classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An adverse change in the fair value of the underlying collateral would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. The Accounting Department determines the procedures for valuation of commercial HFS loans which may include a comparison to recently executed transactions of similar type loans. A monthly review of the portfolio is performed for reasonableness. Quarterly, appraisals approaching a year-old are updated and the Real Estate Valuation group, which reports to the Chief Credit Officer, in conjunction with the Commercial Line of Business review the third party appraisals for reasonableness. Additionally, the Commercial Line of Business Finance Department, which reports to the Bancorp Chief Financial Officer, in conjunction with Accounting review all loan appraisal values, carry values and vintages.

 

Commercial loans held for investment

During the first quarter of 2012 and 2011, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring impairment adjustments to certain commercial and industrial, commercial mortgage and commercial construction loans held for investment. Such amounts are generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and were classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An adverse change in the fair value of the underlying collateral would result in a decrease in the fair value measurement. In cases where the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. The fair values and recognized impairment losses are reflected in the previous table.

 

MSRs

MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of MSRs do occur, the precise terms and conditions typically are not readily available. Accordingly, the Bancorp estimates the fair value of MSRs using internal discounted cash flow models with certain unobservable inputs, primarily prepayment speed assumptions, discount rates and weighted average lives, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Note 9 for further information on the assumptions used in the valuation of the Bancorp's MSRs. The Secondary Marketing Department and Treasury Department are responsible for determining the valuation methodology for MSRs. Representatives from Secondary Marketing, Treasury, Accounting and Risk Management are responsible for reviewing key assumptions used in the internal discounted cash flow model. Two external valuations of the MSR portfolio are obtained from third parties that use valuation models in order to assess the reasonableness of the internal discounted cash flow model. Additionally, the Bancorp participates in peer surveys that provide additional confirmation of the reasonableness of key assumptions utilized in the MSR valuation process and the resulting MSR prices.

 

OREO

During the first quarter of 2012 and 2011, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as OREO and measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. Nonrecurring losses included in the above table are primarily due to declines in real estate values of the OREO properties. These losses include $6 million in losses, recorded as charge-offs, on new OREO properties transferred from loans during the period and $17 million in losses, recorded in other noninterest income, attributable to fair value adjustments on OREO properties subsequent to their transfer from loans. Such fair value amounts are generally based on appraisals of the property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized. The previous tables reflect the fair value measurements of the properties before deducting the estimated costs to sell.

 

Fair Value Option

The Bancorp elected to measure certain residential mortgage loans held for sale under the fair value option as allowed under U.S. GAAP. Management's intent to sell residential mortgage loans classified as held for sale may change over time due to such factors as changes in the overall liquidity in markets or changes in characteristics specific to certain loans held for sale. Consequently, these loans may be reclassified to loans held for investment and maintained in the Bancorp's loan portfolio. In such cases, the loans will continue to be measured at fair value. Residential loans with fair values of $6 million and $10 million were transferred to the Bancorp's portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The net impact related to fair value adjustments on these loans was a loss of $1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2012. Fair value adjustments on residential mortgage loans transferred to the Bancorp's portfolio during the first quarter of 2011 were immaterial.

 

Fair value changes included in earnings for instruments held at March 31, 2012 and 2011 for which the fair value option was elected included gains of $109 million and losses of $8 million, respectively. Additionally, fair value changes included in earnings for instruments for which the fair value option was elected but are no longer held by the Bancorp at March 31, 2012 and 2011 included gains of $188 million and losses of $18 million during the first quarter of 2012 and 2011, respectively. These gains and losses are reported in mortgage banking net revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

Valuation adjustments related to instrument-specific credit risk for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value negatively impacted the fair value of those loans by $3 million at March 31, 2012, $3 million at December 31, 2011 and $5 million at March 31, 2011. Interest on residential mortgage loans measured at fair value is accrued as it is earned using the effective interest method and is reported as interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the principal balance for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value as of:

  AggregateAggregate Unpaid  
($ in millions) Fair ValuePrincipal Balance Difference
March 31, 2012     
Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value$ 1,496 1,443  53
Past due loans of 90 days or more  4 4  -
Nonaccrual loans  - -  -
      
December 31, 2011     
Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value  2,816 2,693  123
Past due loans of 90 days or more  4 5  (1)
      
March 31, 2011     
Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value$ 1,071 1,040  31
Past due loans of 90 days or more  4 4  -
Nonaccrual loans  1 1  -

Fair Value of Certain Financial Instruments

The following tables summarize the carrying amounts and estimated fair values for certain financial instruments, excluding financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

       
  Net CarryingFair Value Measurements Using Total
As of March 31, 2012 ($ in millions) AmountLevel 1Level 2Level 3Fair Value
Financial assets:      
Cash and due from banks$ 2,235 2,235 - - 2,235
Other securities  842 - 842 - 842
Held-to-maturity securities  321 - - 321 321
Other short-term investments  1,628 1,628 - - 1,628
Loans held for sale  155 - - 155 155
Portfolio loans and leases:      
Commercial and industrial loans  31,269 - - 32,075 32,075
Commercial mortgage loans  9,507 - - 8,697 8,697
Commercial construction loans  838 - - 689 689
Commercial leases  3,439 - - 3,203 3,203
Residential mortgage loans(a)  10,794 - - 10,627 10,627
Home equity  10,309 - - 9,866 9,866
Automobile loans  11,792 - - 11,755 11,755
Credit card  1,798 - - 1,903 1,903
Other consumer loans and leases  302 - - 319 319
Unallocated allowance for loan and lease losses  (128) - - - -
Total portfolio loans and leases, net(a)  79,920 - - 79,134 79,134
Financial liabilities:      
Deposits  85,791  85,912 - 85,912
Federal funds purchased  319 319 - - 319
Other short-term borrowings  2,877 - 2,877 - 2,877
Long-term debt  9,648 8,305 1,861 - 10,166

(a) Excludes $67 of residential mortgage loans measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

  Net Carrying 
As of December 31, 2011 ($ in millions) AmountFair Value
Financial assets:   
Cash and due from banks$ 2,663 2,663
Other securities  842 842
Held-to-maturity securities  322 322
Other short-term investments  1,781 1,781
Loans held for sale  203 203
Portfolio loans and leases:   
Commercial and industrial loans  29,854 30,300
Commercial mortgage loans  9,697 8,870
Commercial construction loans  943 791
Commercial leases  3,451 3,237
Residential mortgage loans(a)  10,380 9,978
Home equity  10,524 9,737
Automobile loans  11,784 11,747
Credit card  1,872 1,958
Other consumer loans and leases  329 346
Unallocated allowance for loan and lease losses  (136) -
Total portfolio loans and leases, net(a)  78,698 76,964
Financial liabilities:   
Deposits  85,710 85,599
Federal funds purchased  346 346
Other short-term borrowings  3,239 3,239
Long-term debt  9,682 10,197

(a) Excludes $65 of residential mortgage loans measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

    
  Net Carrying 
As of March 31, 2011 ($ in millions) AmountFair Value
Financial assets:   
Cash and due from banks$ 2,121 2,121
Other securities  868 868
Held-to-maturity securities  346 346
Other short-term investments  2,481 2,481
Loans held for sale  274 274
Portfolio loans and leases:   
Commercial and industrial loans  26,251 27,690
Commercial mortgage loans  9,984 9,053
Commercial construction loans  1,840 1,309
Commercial leases  3,271 2,926
Residential mortgage loans(a)  9,190 8,250
Home equity  10,981 9,575
Automobile loans  11,059 11,077
Credit card  1,668 1,771
Other consumer loans and leases  507 559
Unallocated allowance for loan and lease losses  (145) -
Total portfolio loans and leases, net(a)  74,606 72,210
Financial liabilities:   
Deposits  82,317 82,511
Federal funds purchased  332 332
Other short-term borrowings  1,297 1,297
Long-term debt  10,555 11,088

(a) Excludes $54 million of residential mortgage loans measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

 

Cash and due from banks, other securities, other short-term investments, deposits, federal funds purchased and other short-term borrowings

For financial instruments with a short-term or no stated maturity, prevailing market rates and limited credit risk, carrying amounts approximate fair value. Those financial instruments include cash and due from banks, FHLB and FRB restricted stock, other short-term investments, certain deposits (demand, interest checking, savings, money market and foreign office deposits), and federal funds purchased. Fair values for other time deposits, certificates of deposit $100,000 and over and other short-term borrowings were estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applied prevailing LIBOR/swap interest rates for the same maturities.

 

Held-to-maturity securities

The Bancorp's held-to-maturity securities are primarily composed of instruments that provide income tax credits as the economic return on the investment. The fair value of these instruments is estimated based on current U.S. Treasury tax credit rates.

 

Loans held for sale

Fair values for commercial loans held for sale were valued based on executable bids when available, or on discounted cash flow models incorporating appraisals of the underlying collateral, as well as assumptions about investor return requirements and amounts and timing of expected cash flows. Fair values for other consumer loans held for sale are based on contractual values upon which the loans may be sold to a third party, and approximate their carrying value.

 

Portfolio loans and leases, net

Fair values were estimated by discounting future cash flows using the current market rates of loans to borrowers with similar credit characteristics and similar remaining maturities.

 

Long-term debt

Fair value of long-term debt was based on quoted market prices, when available, or a discounted cash flow calculation using LIBOR/swap interest rates and, in some cases, a spread for new issuances with similar terms.