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Fair Value Measurements
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
The Bancorp measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy, refer to Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of:
Fair Value Measurements Using
September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt and other securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities$3,462   3,462 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities 2  2 
Mortgage-backed securities:

Agency residential mortgage-backed securities 9,876  9,876 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 24,461  24,461 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 4,325  4,325 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 4,990  4,990 
Available-for-sale debt and other securities(a)
3,462 43,654  47,116 
Trading debt securities:

U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities610 31  641 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities 43  43 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities 7  7 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 531  531 
Trading debt securities610 612  1,222 
Equity securities238 12  250 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale 497  497 
Residential mortgage loans(b)
  113 113 
Servicing rights  1,822 1,822 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts14 1,467 5 1,486 
Foreign exchange contracts 706  706 
Commodity contracts89 1,026  1,115 
Derivative assets(c)
103 3,199 5 3,307 
Total assets$4,413 47,974 1,940 54,327 
Liabilities:

Derivative liabilities:

Interest rate contracts$1 1,903 7 1,911 
Foreign exchange contracts 644  644 
Equity contracts  172 172 
Commodity contracts141 904  1,045 
Derivative liabilities(d)
142 3,451 179 3,772 
Short positions:

U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities108   108 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 155  155 
Short positions(d)
108 155  263 
Total liabilities$250 3,606 179 4,035 
(a)Excludes FHLB, FRB and DTCC restricted stock holdings totaling $281, $494 and $2, respectively, at September 30, 2023.
(b)Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.
(c)Included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d)Included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2022 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt and other securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities$2,495 — — 2,495 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities— 18 — 18 
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities— 11,237 — 11,237 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— 26,322 — 26,322 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— 4,715 — 4,715 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 5,842 — 5,842 
Available-for-sale debt and other securities(a)
2,495 48,134 — 50,629 
Trading debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities23 22 — 45 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities— 14 — 14 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities— — 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 347 — 347 
Trading debt securities23 391 — 414 
Equity securities306 11 — 317 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale— 600 — 600 
Residential mortgage loans(b)
— — 123 123 
Servicing rights— — 1,746 1,746 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts12 1,222 1,241 
Foreign exchange contracts— 454 — 454 
Commodity contracts56 1,422 — 1,478 
Derivative assets(c)
68 3,098 3,173 
Total assets$2,892 52,234 1,876 57,002 
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts$1,970 1,985 
Foreign exchange contracts— 422 — 422 
Equity contracts— — 195 195 
Commodity contracts92 1,258 — 1,350 
Derivative liabilities(d)
99 3,650 203 3,952 
Short positions:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities66 — — 66 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 112 — 112 
Short positions(d)
66 112 — 178 
Total liabilities$165 3,762 203 4,130 
(a)Excludes FHLB, FRB and DTCC restricted stock holdings totaling $381, $491 and $2, respectively, at December 31, 2022.
(b)Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.
(c)Included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d)Included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for significant instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Available-for-sale debt and other securities, trading debt securities and equity securities
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities and equity securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models which primarily utilize quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Level 2 securities may include federal agencies securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions securities, agency residential mortgage-backed securities, agency and non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and other debt securities and equity securities. These securities are generally valued using a market approach based on observable prices of securities with similar characteristics.
Residential mortgage loans held for sale
For residential mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value election has been made, fair value is estimated based upon mortgage-backed securities prices and spreads to those prices or, for certain ARM loans, DCF models that may incorporate the anticipated portfolio composition, credit spreads of asset-backed securities with similar collateral and market conditions. The anticipated portfolio composition includes the effect of interest rate spreads and discount rates due to loan characteristics such as the state in which the loan was originated, the loan amount and the ARM margin. Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are valued based on mortgage-backed securities prices are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as the valuation is based on external pricing for similar instruments. ARM loans classified as held for sale are also classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy due to the use of observable inputs in the DCF model. These observable inputs include interest rate spreads from agency mortgage-backed securities market rates and observable discount rates.

Residential mortgage loans
For residential mortgage loans for which the fair value election has been made, and that are reclassified from held for sale to held for investment, the fair value estimation is based on mortgage-backed securities prices, interest rate risk and an internally developed credit component. Therefore, these loans are transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An adverse change in the loss rate or severity assumption would result in a decrease in fair value of the related loans.

Servicing rights
MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of MSRs do occur, the precise terms and conditions typically are not readily available. Accordingly, the Bancorp estimates the fair value of MSRs using internal OAS models with certain unobservable inputs, primarily prepayment speed assumptions, OAS and weighted-average lives, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Note 13 for further information on the assumptions used in the valuation of the Bancorp’s MSRs.

Derivatives
Exchange-traded derivatives valued using quoted prices and certain over-the-counter derivatives valued using active bids are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Most of the Bancorp’s derivative contracts are valued using DCF or other models that incorporate current market interest rates, credit spreads assigned to the derivative counterparties and other market parameters and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Such derivatives include basic and structured interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity swaps and options. Derivatives that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, derivatives classified as Level 3, which are valued using models containing unobservable inputs, consisted primarily of a total return swap associated with the Bancorp’s sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares as well as IRLCs, which utilize internally generated loan closing rate assumptions as a significant unobservable input in the valuation process.

Under the terms of the total return swap, the Bancorp will make or receive payments based on subsequent changes in the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B Shares into Class A Shares. Additionally, the Bancorp will make a quarterly payment based on Visa’s stock price and the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B Shares into Class A Shares until the date on which the Covered Litigation is settled. The fair value of the total return swap was calculated using a DCF model based on unobservable inputs consisting of management’s estimate of the probability of certain litigation scenarios, the timing of the resolution of the Covered Litigation and Visa litigation loss estimates in excess, or shortfall, of the Bancorp’s proportional share of escrow funds.

An increase in the loss estimate or a delay in the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in an increase in the fair value of the derivative liability; conversely, a decrease in the loss estimate or an acceleration of the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in a decrease in the fair value of the derivative liability. Refer to Note 18 for additional information on the Covered Litigation.

The net asset fair value of the Bancorp’s IRLCs at September 30, 2023 was $4 million. Immediate decreases in current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in increases in the fair value of the IRLCs of approximately $2 million and $5 million, respectively. Immediate increases in current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in decreases in the fair value of the IRLCs of approximately $3 million and $6 million, respectively. An immediate 10% or 20% change in loan closing rates, either adverse or favorable, would not have a material impact on the fair value of IRLCs as of September 30, 2023. These sensitivities are hypothetical and should be used with caution, as changes in fair value based on a variation in assumptions typically cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the change in fair value may not be linear.

Short positions
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, short positions are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models which primarily utilize quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and therefore are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 2 securities include asset-backed and other debt securities.
The following tables are a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the three months ended September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$124 1,764 2 (204)1,686 
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):(b)
 Included in earnings(7)34 7 (10)24 
Purchases/originations 24   24 
Settlements(5) (11)42 26 
Transfers into Level 3(c)
1    1 
Balance, end of period$113 1,822 (2)(172)1,761 
The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2023
$(7)56 3 (10)42 
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $5 and $7, respectively, as of September 30, 2023.
(b)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at September 30, 2023.
(c)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the three months ended September 30, 2022 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$133 1,582 (199)1,524 
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):(b)
 Included in earnings(7)48 (5)(17)19 
Purchases/originations— 102 (1)— 101 
Settlements(4)— (9)42 29 
Transfers into Level 3(c)
— — — 
Balance, end of period$125 1,732 (7)(174)1,676 
The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2022
$(7)80 (2)(17)54 
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $7 and $14, respectively, as of September 30, 2022.
(b)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at September 30, 2022.
(c)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$123 1,746 (1)(195)1,673 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized):(b)
 Included in earnings(4)(6)32 (72)(50)
Purchases/originations 82 (2) 80 
Settlements(11)— (31)95 53 
Transfers into Level 3(c)
5    5 
Balance, end of period$113 1,822 (2)(172)1,761 
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2023
$(4)53 3 (72)(20)
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $5 and $7, respectively, as of September 30, 2023.
(b)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at September 30, 2023.
(c)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$154 1,121 (214)1,065 
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):(b)
 Included in earnings(20)217 (46)159 
Purchases/originations/acquisitions— 394 — 395 
Settlements(19)— (20)86 47 
Transfers into Level 3(c)
10 — — — 10 
Balance, end of period$125 1,732 (7)(174)1,676 
The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2022
$(20)338 (46)273 
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $7 and $14, respectively, as of September 30, 2022.
(b)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at September 30, 2022.
(c)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.

The total losses and gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
For the three months ended
September 30,
For the nine months ended
September 30,
($ in millions)2023202220232022
Mortgage banking net revenue$33 35 19 202 
Commercial banking revenue1 3 
Other noninterest income(10)(17)(72)(46)
Total (losses) gains$24 19 (50)159 

The total losses and gains included in earnings attributable to changes in unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at September 30, 2023 and 2022 were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
For the three months ended
September 30,
For the nine months ended
September 30,
($ in millions)2023202220232022
Mortgage banking net revenue$51 70 49 316 
Commercial banking revenue1 3 
Other noninterest income(10)(17)(72)(46)
Total (losses) gains$42 54 (20)273 
The following tables present information as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
As of September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation
Technique
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
Range of Inputs
Weighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans$113 Loss rate modelInterest rate risk factor(28.7)-4.0%(16.9)%
(a)
Credit risk factor -0.6%0.2 %
(a)
(Fixed)
5.0 %
(b)
Servicing rights1,822 DCFPrepayment speed -100.0%
(Adjustable)
20.3 %
(b)
(Fixed)
582 
(b)
OAS (bps)477 -1,447
(Adjustable)
1,204 
(b)
IRLCs, net4 DCFLoan closing rates33.2 -97.5%82.3 %
(c)
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares(172)DCFTiming of the resolution
   of the Covered Litigation
Q3 2024-Q1 2027Q4 2025
(d)
(a)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative carrying value of the instruments.
(b)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative unpaid principal balance of the instruments.
(c)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative notional amount of the instruments.
(d)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the probability of the final funding date of the instruments.

As of September 30, 2022 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation
Technique
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
Range of InputsWeighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans$125 Loss rate modelInterest rate risk factor(24.6)-2.6 %(13.1)%
(a)
Credit risk factor— -23.1 %0.4 %
(a)
(Fixed)5.2 %
(b)
Servicing rights1,732 DCFPrepayment speed— -100.0 %(Adjustable)20.3 %
(b)
(Fixed)723 
(b)
OAS (bps)615-1,513(Adjustable)1,204 
(b)
IRLCs, net(3)DCFLoan closing rates48.9 -98.6 %90.1 %
(c)
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares
(174)DCFTiming of the resolution
   of the Covered Litigation
Q4 2023-Q3 2026Q1 2025
(d)
(a)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative carrying value of the instruments.
(b)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative unpaid principal balance of the instruments.
(c)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative notional amount of the instruments.
(d)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the probability of the final funding date of the instruments.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis; however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment.

The following tables provide the fair value hierarchy and carrying amount of all assets that were held as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, and for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related gains and losses from fair value adjustments on assets sold during the period as well as assets still held as of the end of the period.

Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal Losses
As of September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2023
For the nine
months ended September 30, 2023
Commercial loans and leases$  154 154 (21)(118)
Consumer and residential mortgage loans  188 188 (2)(10)
OREO  18 18 (7)(8)
Bank premises and equipment  4 4  (2)
Private equity investments     (2)
Total$  364 364 (30)(140)
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal Losses
As of September 30, 2022 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
For the three months ended
 September 30, 2022
For the nine
months ended
September 30, 2022
Commercial loans and leases$— — 161 161 (42)(89)
Consumer and residential mortgage loans— — 120 120 — — 
OREO— — — — 
Bank premises and equipment— — (1)(2)
Operating lease equipment— — — (2)
Private equity investments— 10 (1)(8)
Total$— 290 299 (44)(101)

The following tables present information as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis:

As of September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRanges of
Inputs
Weighted-Average
Commercial loans and leases$154 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Consumer and residential mortgage loans188 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
OREO18 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Bank premises and equipment4 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Private equity investments Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM

As of September 30, 2022 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRanges of
Inputs
Weighted-Average
Commercial loans and leases$161 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Consumer and residential mortgage loans120 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
OREOAppraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Bank premises and equipmentAppraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Operating lease equipmentAppraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Private equity investmentsComparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM

Portfolio loans and leases
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring adjustments to certain collateral-dependent portfolio loans and leases. When a loan is collateral-dependent, the fair value of the loan is generally based on the fair value less cost to sell of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and therefore these loans were classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the amortized cost basis of the loan or lease exceeds the estimated net realizable value of the collateral, then an ALLL is recognized, or a charge-off once the remaining amount is considered uncollectible.

OREO
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties and branch-related real estate no longer intended to be used for banking purposes classified as OREO and measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value. These nonrecurring losses were primarily due to declines in real estate values of the properties recorded in OREO. These losses include an immaterial amount in losses recorded as charge-offs on new OREO properties transferred from loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. These losses also included $7 million and $8 million recorded as negative fair value adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively and immaterial amounts recorded as fair value adjustments for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 recorded upon the transfer, or subsequent to the transfer, of properties to OREO. The fair value amounts are generally based on appraisals of the property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized. The previous tables reflect the fair value measurements of the properties before deducting the estimated costs to sell.

Bank premises and equipment
The Bancorp performs assessments of the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. These properties were written down to their lower of cost or market values. At least annually thereafter, the Bancorp will review these properties for market fluctuations. The fair value amounts were generally based on appraisals of the
property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. For further information on bank premises and equipment, refer to Note 7.

Operating lease equipment
The Bancorp performs assessments of the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. When evaluating whether an individual asset is impaired, the Bancorp considers the current fair value of the asset, the changes in overall market demand for the asset and the rate of change in advancements associated with technological improvements that impact the demand for the specific asset under review. As part of this ongoing assessment, the Bancorp determined that the carrying values of certain operating lease equipment were not recoverable and, as a result, the Bancorp recorded an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeded the fair value. The fair value amounts were generally based on appraised values of the assets, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Private equity investments
The Bancorp accounts for its private equity investments using the measurement alternative to fair value, except for those accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the measurement alternative, the Bancorp carries each investment at its cost basis minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The Bancorp did not recognize gains during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and recognized gains of an immaterial amount and $4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, resulting from observable price changes. The carrying value of the Bancorp’s private equity investments still held as of September 30, 2023 includes a cumulative $40 million of positive adjustments as a result of observable price changes since January 1, 2018. Because these adjustments are based on observable transactions in inactive markets, they are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

For private equity investments which are accounted for using the measurement alternative to fair value, the Bancorp qualitatively evaluates each investment quarterly to determine if impairment may exist. If necessary, the Bancorp then measures impairment by estimating the value of its investment and comparing that to the investment’s carrying value, whether or not the Bancorp considers the impairment to be temporary. These valuations are typically developed using a DCF method, but other methods may be used if more appropriate for the circumstances. These valuations are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Bancorp did not recognize impairment charges and recognized $2 million in impairment charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $1 million and $12 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The carrying value of the Bancorp’s private equity investments still held as of September 30, 2023 includes a cumulative $31 million of impairment charges recognized since adoption of the measurement alternative to fair value on January 1, 2018.

Fair Value Option
The Bancorp elected to measure certain residential mortgage loans held for sale under the fair value option as allowed under U.S. GAAP. Electing to measure residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets. Management’s intent to sell residential mortgage loans classified as held for sale may change over time due to such factors as changes in the overall liquidity in markets or changes in characteristics specific to certain loans held for sale. Consequently, these loans may be reclassified to loans held for investment and maintained in the Bancorp’s loan portfolio. In such cases, the loans will continue to be measured at fair value.

Fair value changes recognized in earnings for residential mortgage loans held at September 30, 2023 and 2022 for which the fair value option was elected, as well as the changes in fair value of the underlying IRLCs, included losses of $24 million and $49 million, respectively. These losses are reported in mortgage banking net revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Valuation adjustments related to instrument-specific credit risk for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value negatively impacted the fair value of those loans by an immaterial amount and $1 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Interest on loans measured at fair value is accrued as it is earned using the effective interest method and is reported as interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value as of:
September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)
Aggregate
Fair Value
Aggregate Unpaid
Principal Balance

Difference
Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value$610 634 (24)
Nonaccrual loans2 2  
December 31, 2022

Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value
$723 733 (10)
Past due loans of 30-89 days— 
Nonaccrual loans
— 

The Bancorp may invest in certain hybrid financial instruments with embedded derivatives that are not clearly and closely related to the host contracts. The Bancorp elected to measure the entire instrument at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. The Bancorp did not hold these investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Fair value changes recognized in earnings included gains of zero for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and gains of zero and $11 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, reported in securities gains (losses), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Fair Value of Certain Financial Instruments
The following tables summarize the carrying amounts and estimated fair values for certain financial instruments, excluding financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Net Carrying
Amount
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal
Fair Value
As of September 30, 2023 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks$2,837 2,837   2,837 
Other short-term investments18,923 18,923   18,923 
Other securities777  777  777 
Held-to-maturity securities2   2 2 
Loans and leases held for sale117   117 117 
Portfolio loans and leases:

Commercial loans and leases73,931   73,820 73,820 
Consumer and residential mortgage loans43,704   39,539 39,539 
Total portfolio loans and leases, net$117,635   113,359 113,359 
Financial liabilities:

Deposits$167,672  167,610  167,610 
Federal funds purchased205 205   205 
Other short-term borrowings4,594  4,600  4,600 
Long-term debt16,562 14,038 1,904  15,942 

Net Carrying
Amount
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal
Fair Value
As of December 31, 2022 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks$3,466 3,466 — — 3,466 
Other short-term investments8,351 8,351 — — 8,351 
Other securities874 — 874 — 874 
Held-to-maturity securities— — 
Loans and leases held for sale407 — — 414 414 
Portfolio loans and leases:
Commercial loans and leases75,262 — — 75,104 75,104 
Consumer and residential mortgage loans43,901 — — 42,193 42,193 
Total portfolio loans and leases, net$119,163 — — 117,297 117,297 
Financial liabilities:
Deposits$163,690 — 163,634 — 163,634 
Federal funds purchased180 180 — — 180 
Other short-term borrowings4,838 — 4,829 — 4,829 
Long-term debt13,778 13,218 411 — 13,629