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Fair Value Measurements
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
The Bancorp measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy, refer to Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of:
Fair Value Measurements Using
March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt and other securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities$77   77 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities 18  18 
Mortgage-backed securities:

Agency residential mortgage-backed securities 12,095  12,095 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 18,198  18,198 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 3,403  3,403 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 3,283  3,283 
Available-for-sale debt and other securities(a)
77 36,997  37,074 
Trading debt securities:

U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities39 3  42 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities 30  30 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities 85  85 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 571  571 
Trading debt securities39 689  728 
Equity securities304 11  315 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale 1,801  1,801 
Residential mortgage loans(b)
  153 153 
Commercial loans held for sale 9  9 
Servicing rights  784 784 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts59 1,607 39 1,705 
Foreign exchange contracts 250  250 
Commodity contracts22 540  562 
Derivative assets(c)
81 2,397 39 2,517 
Total assets$501 41,904 976 43,381 
Liabilities:

Derivative liabilities:

Interest rate contracts$8 256 9 273 
Foreign exchange contracts 215  215 
Equity contracts  195 195 
Commodity contracts161 383  544 
Derivative liabilities(d)
169 854 204 1,227 
Short positions:

U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities174   174 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 333  333 
Short positions(d)
174 333  507 
Total liabilities$343 1,187 204 1,734 
(a)Excludes FHLB, FRB and DTCC restricted stock holdings totaling $36, $483 and $2, respectively, at March 31, 2021.
(b)Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.
(c)Included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d)Included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2020 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt and other securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities$78 — — 78 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities— 17 — 17 
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities— 11,907 — 11,907 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— 18,221 — 18,221 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— 3,590 — 3,590 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 3,176 — 3,176 
Available-for-sale debt and other securities(a)
78 36,911 — 36,989 
Trading debt securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities81 — — 81 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities— 10 — 10 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities— 30 — 30 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 439 — 439 
Trading debt securities81 479 — 560 
Equity securities293 20 — 313 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale— 1,481 — 1,481 
Residential mortgage loans(b)
— — 161 161 
Servicing rights— — 656 656 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts2,227 61 2,289 
Foreign exchange contracts— 255 — 255 
Commodity contracts24 351 — 375 
Derivative assets(c)
25 2,833 61 2,919 
Total assets$477 41,724 878 43,079 
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate contracts$16 261 285 
Foreign exchange contracts— 227 — 227 
Equity contracts— — 201 201 
Commodity contracts55 304 — 359 
Derivative liabilities(d)
71 792 209 1,072 
Short positions:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies securities63 — — 63 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 392 — 392 
Short positions(d)
63 392 — 455 
Total liabilities$134 1,184 209 1,527 
(a)Excludes FHLB, FRB and DTCC restricted stock holdings totaling $40, $482 and $2, respectively, at December 31, 2020.
(b)Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.
(c)Included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d)Included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for significant instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Available-for-sale debt and other securities, trading debt securities and equity securities
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities and equity securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or DCFs. Level 2 securities may include federal agencies securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions securities, agency residential mortgage-backed securities, agency and non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and other debt securities and equity securities. These securities are generally valued using a market approach based on observable prices of securities with similar characteristics.
Residential mortgage loans held for sale
For residential mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value election has been made, fair value is estimated based upon mortgage-backed securities prices and spreads to those prices or, for certain ARM loans, DCF models that may incorporate the anticipated portfolio composition, credit spreads of asset-backed securities with similar collateral and market conditions. The anticipated portfolio composition includes the effect of interest rate spreads and discount rates due to loan characteristics such as the state in which the loan was originated, the loan amount and the ARM margin. Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are valued based on mortgage-backed securities prices are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as the valuation is based on external pricing for similar instruments. ARM loans classified as held for sale are also classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy due to the use of observable inputs in the DCF model. These observable inputs include interest rate spreads from agency mortgage-backed securities market rates and observable discount rates.

Residential mortgage loans
Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are reclassified to held for investment are transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For residential mortgage loans for which the fair value election has been made, and that are reclassified from held for sale to held for investment, the fair value estimation is based on mortgage-backed securities prices, interest rate risk and an internally developed credit component. Therefore, these loans are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An adverse change in the loss rate or severity assumption would result in a decrease in fair value of the related loans.

Commercial loans held for sale
For commercial loans held for sale for which the fair value election has been made, fair value is estimated based upon quoted prices of identical or similar assets in an active market. These loans are generally valued using a market approach based on observable prices and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Servicing rights
MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of MSRs do occur, the precise terms and conditions typically are not readily available. Accordingly, the Bancorp estimates the fair value of MSRs using internal OAS models with certain unobservable inputs, primarily prepayment speed assumptions, OAS and weighted-average lives, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Note 12 for further information on the assumptions used in the valuation of the Bancorp’s MSRs.

Derivatives
Exchange-traded derivatives valued using quoted prices and certain over-the-counter derivatives valued using active bids are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Most of the Bancorp’s derivative contracts are valued using DCF or other models that incorporate current market interest rates, credit spreads assigned to the derivative counterparties and other market parameters and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Such derivatives include basic and structured interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity swaps and options. Derivatives that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. At March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, derivatives classified as Level 3, which are valued using models containing unobservable inputs, consisted primarily of a total return swap associated with the Bancorp’s sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares as well as IRLCs, which utilize internally generated loan closing rate assumptions as a significant unobservable input in the valuation process.

Under the terms of the total return swap, the Bancorp will make or receive payments based on subsequent changes in the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B Shares into Class A Shares. Additionally, the Bancorp will make a quarterly payment based on Visa’s stock price and the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B Shares into Class A Shares until the date on which the Covered Litigation is settled. The fair value of the total return swap was calculated using a DCF model based on unobservable inputs consisting of management’s estimate of the probability of certain litigation scenarios, the timing of the resolution of the Covered Litigation and Visa litigation loss estimates in excess, or shortfall, of the Bancorp’s proportional share of escrow funds.

An increase in the loss estimate or a delay in the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in an increase in the fair value of the derivative liability; conversely, a decrease in the loss estimate or an acceleration of the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in a decrease in the fair value of the derivative liability. Refer to Note 16 for additional information on the Covered Litigation.

The net asset fair value of the IRLCs at March 31, 2021 was $38 million. Immediate decreases in current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in increases in the fair value of the IRLCs of approximately $21 million and $39 million, respectively. Immediate increases of current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in decreases in the fair value of the IRLCs of approximately $22 million and $45 million, respectively. The decrease in fair value of IRLCs due to immediate 10% and 20% adverse changes in the assumed loan closing rates would be approximately $4 million and $7 million, respectively, and the increase in fair value due to immediate 10% and 20% favorable changes in the assumed loan closing rates would be approximately $4 million and $7 million, respectively. These sensitivities are hypothetical and should be used with caution, as changes in fair value based on a variation in assumptions typically cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the change in fair value may not be linear.
Short positions
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, short positions are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or DCFs and therefore are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 2 securities include asset-backed and other debt securities.

The following tables are a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the three months ended March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$161 656 53 (201)669 
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):(d)
 Included in earnings(1)71 35 (13)92 
Purchases/originations 57 (1) 56 
Settlements(16) (57)19 (54)
Transfers into Level 3(b)
9    9 
Balance, end of period$153 784 30 (195)772 
The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at March 31, 2021(c)
$(1)138 29 (13)153 
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $39 and $9, respectively, as of March 31, 2021.
(b)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
(c)Includes interest income and expense.
(d)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at March 31, 2021.

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the three months ended March 31, 2020 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$183 993 10 (163)1,023 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized):(d)
 Included in earnings(378)103 (22)(293)
Purchases/originations— 70 (1)— 69 
Settlements(9)— (51)14 (46)
Transfers into Level 3(b)
— — — 
Balance, end of period$185 685 61 (171)760 
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at March 31, 2020(c)
$(341)70 (22)(289)
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $69 and $8, respectively, as of March 31, 2020.
(b)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
(c)Includes interest income and expense.
(d)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at March 31, 2020.

The total gains and losses included in earnings for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
For the three months ended
March 31,
($ in millions)20212020
Mortgage banking net revenue$104 (271)
Commercial banking revenue1 — 
Other noninterest income(13)(22)
Total gains (losses)$92 (293)
The total gains and losses included in earnings attributable to changes in unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at March 31, 2021 and 2020 were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
For the three months ended
March 31,
($ in millions)20212020
Mortgage banking net revenue$165 (267)
Commercial banking revenue1 — 
Other noninterest income(13)(22)
Total gains (losses)$153 (289)

The following tables present information as of March 31, 2021 and 2020 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
As of March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation
Technique
Significant Unobservable
Inputs
Range of Inputs
Weighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans$153 Loss rate modelInterest rate risk factor(9.3)-7.8%0.8 %
(a)
Credit risk factor -25.6%0.4 %
(a)
(Fixed)
13.0 %
(b)
Servicing rights784 DCFPrepayment speed0.4 -99.9%
(Adjustable)
21.4 %
(b)
(Fixed)
645 
(b)
OAS (bps)536 -1,587
(Adjustable)
968 
(b)
IRLCs, net38 DCFLoan closing rates7.2 -97.2%75.9 %
(c)
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares(195)DCFTiming of the resolution
of the Covered Litigation
Q4 2022-Q4 2024Q3 2023
(d)
(a)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative carrying value of the instruments.
(b)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative unpaid principal balance of the instruments.
(c)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative notional amount of the instruments.
(d)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the probability of the final funding date of the instruments.

As of March 31, 2020 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation
Technique
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
Range of InputsWeighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans$185 Loss rate modelInterest rate risk factor(2.1)-13.1 %2.2 %
(a)
Credit risk factor— -40.6 %0.7 %
(a)
(Fixed)19.5 %
(b)
Servicing rights685 DCFPrepayment speed0.5 -97.0 %(Adjustable)23.8 %
(b)
(Fixed)926 
(b)
OAS (bps)536-1,513(Adjustable)932 
(b)
IRLCs, net69 DCFLoan closing rates7.3 -97.2 %70.1 %
(c)
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares
(171)DCFTiming of the resolution
of the Covered Litigation
Q2 2022-Q1 2024Q4 2022
(d)
(a)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative carrying value of the instruments.
(b)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative unpaid principal balance of the instruments.
(c)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative notional amount of the instruments.
(d)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the probability of the final funding date of the instruments.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis; however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment.

The following tables provide the fair value hierarchy and carrying amount of all assets that were held as of March 31, 2021 and 2020, and for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related gains and losses from fair value adjustments on assets sold during the period as well as assets still held as of the end of the period.
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal (Losses) Gains
As of March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
For the three months ended March 31, 2021
Commercial loans held for sale$  14 14 1 
Commercial and industrial loans  280 280 (6)
Commercial mortgage loans  28 28  
Commercial leases  3 3 1 
Consumer loans  153 153 (2)
OREO  9 9 (6)
Bank premises and equipment  7 7 (2)
Operating lease equipment  35 35 (25)
Private equity investments 1 1 2  
Total$ 1 530 531 (39)

Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal (Losses) Gains
As of March 31, 2020 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
For the three months ended March 31, 2020
Commercial loans held for sale$— 41 16 57 (3)
Commercial and industrial loans— — 141 141 (36)
Commercial mortgage loans— — 45 45 (29)
Commercial leases— — (9)
Consumer loans— — 124 124 
OREO— — 17 17 (4)
Bank premises and equipment— — (3)
Operating lease equipment— — 10 10 (3)
Private equity investments— — 70 70 (9)
Total$— 41 439 480 (95)

The following tables present information as of March 31, 2021 and 2020 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis:
As of March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRanges of
Inputs
Weighted-Average
Commercial loans held for sale$14 Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM
Commercial and industrial loans280 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial mortgage loans28 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial leases3 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Consumer loans153 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
OREO9 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Bank premises and equipment7 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Operating lease equipment35 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Private equity investments1 Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM

As of March 31, 2020 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRanges of
Inputs
Weighted-Average
Commercial loans held for sale$16 Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM
Commercial and industrial loans141 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial mortgage loans45 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial leasesAppraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Consumer loans124 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
OREO17 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Bank premises and equipmentAppraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Operating lease equipment10 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Private equity investments70 Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM
Commercial loans held for sale
The Bancorp estimated the fair value of certain commercial loans held for sale during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, resulting in a positive fair value adjustment of an immaterial amount and a negative fair value adjustment of $3 million, respectively. These valuations were based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets (Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy), appraisals of the underlying collateral or by applying unobservable inputs such as an estimated market discount to the unpaid principal balance of the loans or the appraised values of the assets (Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy). The Bancorp recognized gains of $1 million and an immaterial amount on the sale of certain commercial loans held for sale during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Portfolio loans and leases
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring impairment adjustments to certain collateral-dependent portfolio loans and leases. When the loan is collateral-dependent, the fair value of the loan is generally based on the fair value less cost to sell of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and therefore these loans were classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. The fair values and recognized impairment losses are reflected in the previous tables.

OREO
During the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties and branch-related real estate no longer intended to be used for banking purposes classified as OREO and measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value. These nonrecurring losses were primarily due to declines in real estate values of the properties recorded in OREO. These losses include $5 million and $1 million in losses, recorded as charge-offs on new OREO properties transferred from loans, during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These losses also included $1 million and $3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, recorded as negative fair value adjustments on OREO in other noninterest expense or other noninterest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income subsequent to their transfer into OREO. The fair value amounts are generally based on appraisals of the property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized. The previous tables reflect the fair value measurements of the properties before deducting the estimated costs to sell.

Bank premises and equipment
The Bancorp performs assessments of the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. These properties were written down to their lower of cost or market values. At least annually thereafter, the Bancorp will review these properties for market fluctuations. The fair value amounts were generally based on appraisals of the property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. For further information on bank premises and equipment, refer to Note 7.

Operating lease equipment
The Bancorp performs assessments of the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. When evaluating whether an individual asset is impaired, the Bancorp considers the current fair value of the asset, the changes in overall market demand for the asset and the rate of change in advancements associated with technological improvements that impact the demand for the specific asset under review. As part of this ongoing assessment, the Bancorp determined that the carrying values of certain operating lease equipment were not recoverable and, as a result, the Bancorp recorded an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeded the fair value. The fair value amounts were generally based on appraised values of the assets, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Private equity investments
The Bancorp accounts for its private equity investments using the measurement alternative to fair value, except for those accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the measurement alternative, the Bancorp carries each investment at its cost basis minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The Bancorp recognized an immaterial amount of gains resulting from observable price changes during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and did not recognize gains resulting from observable price changes during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The carrying value of the Bancorp’s private equity investments still held as of March 31, 2021 includes a cumulative $70 million of positive adjustments as a result of observable price changes since January 1, 2018. Because these adjustments are based on observable transactions in inactive markets, they are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

For private equity investments which are accounted for using the measurement alternative to fair value, the Bancorp qualitatively evaluates each investment quarterly to determine if impairment may exist. If necessary, the Bancorp then measures impairment by estimating the value of its investment and comparing that to the investment’s carrying value, whether or not the Bancorp considers the impairment to be temporary. These valuations are typically developed using a DCF method, but other methods may be used if more appropriate for the circumstances. These valuations are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Bancorp recognized impairment of an immaterial amount and $9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The carrying value of the Bancorp’s private equity investments still held as of March 31, 2021 includes a cumulative $21 million of impairment charges recognized since adoption of the measurement alternative to fair value on January 1, 2018.

Fair Value Option
The Bancorp elected to measure certain residential mortgage and commercial loans held for sale under the fair value option as allowed under U.S. GAAP. Electing to measure residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets. Electing to measure certain commercial loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better reflects changes in fair value of these assets that are expected to be sold in the short term. Management’s intent to sell residential mortgage or commercial loans classified as held for sale may change over time due to such factors as changes in the overall liquidity in markets or changes in characteristics specific to certain loans held for sale. Consequently, these loans may be reclassified to loans held for investment and maintained in the Bancorp’s loan portfolio. In such cases, the loans will continue to be measured at fair value.

Fair value changes recognized in earnings for residential mortgage loans held at March 31, 2021 and 2020 for which the fair value option was elected, as well as the changes in fair value of the underlying IRLCs, included gains of $30 million and $91 million, respectively. These gains are reported in mortgage banking net revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Fair value changes recognized in earnings for commercial loans held at March 31, 2021 and 2020 for which the fair value option was elected included gains of an immaterial amount and losses of $1 million, respectively. These gains and losses are reported in commercial banking revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Valuation adjustments related to instrument-specific credit risk for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value negatively impacted the fair value of those loans by $1 million at both March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Valuation adjustments related to instrument-specific credit risk for commercial loans measured at fair value were zero at March 31, 2021. Interest on loans measured at fair value is accrued as it is earned using the effective interest method and is reported as interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance for residential mortgage and commercial loans measured at fair value as of:
March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)
Aggregate
Fair Value
Aggregate Unpaid
Principal Balance

Difference
Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value
$1,954 1,924 30 
Past due loans of 90 days or more
3 3  
Nonaccrual loans
   
Commercial loans measured at fair value9 9  
December 31, 2020

Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value
$1,642 1,567 75 
Past due loans of 90 days or more
— 
Nonaccrual loans
— — — 

The Bancorp invests in certain hybrid financial instruments with embedded derivatives that are not clearly and closely related to the host contracts. The Bancorp has elected to measure the entire instrument at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. The carrying value of these investments was $58 million as of March 31, 2021 and the investments are classified as trading debt securities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Fair value changes recognized in earnings included gains of $9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 reported in securities gains (losses), net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
Fair Value of Certain Financial Instruments
The following tables summarize the carrying amounts and estimated fair values for certain financial instruments, excluding financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Net Carrying
Amount
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal
Fair Value
As of March 31, 2021 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks$3,122 3,122   3,122 
Other short-term investments34,187 34,187   34,187 
Other securities521  521  521 
Held-to-maturity securities10   10 10 
Loans and leases held for sale3,667   3,677 3,677 
Portfolio loans and leases:

Commercial and industrial loans48,289   48,868 48,868 
Commercial mortgage loans10,092   9,851 9,851 
Commercial construction loans6,087   6,266 6,266 
Commercial leases3,231   3,197 3,197 
Residential mortgage loans15,376   16,338 16,338 
Home equity4,650   4,894 4,894 
Indirect secured consumer loans14,224   13,960 13,960 
Credit card1,584   1,753 1,753 
Other consumer loans2,961   3,180 3,180 
Total portfolio loans and leases, net$106,494   108,307 108,307 
Financial liabilities:

Deposits$162,393  162,398  162,398 
Federal funds purchased302 302   302 
Other short-term borrowings1,106  1,106  1,106 
Long-term debt14,743 15,200 798  15,998 
Net Carrying
Amount
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal
Fair Value
As of December 31, 2020 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks$3,147 3,147 — — 3,147 
Other short-term investments33,399 33,399 — — 33,399 
Other securities524 — 524 — 524 
Held-to-maturity securities11 — — 11 11 
Loans and leases held for sale3,260 — — 3,269 3,269 
Portfolio loans and leases:
Commercial and industrial loans48,764 — — 49,140 49,140 
Commercial mortgage loans10,200 — — 9,968 9,968 
Commercial construction loans5,691 — — 5,860 5,860 
Commercial leases2,886 — — 2,842 2,842 
Residential mortgage loans15,473 — — 16,884 16,884 
Home equity4,982 — — 5,275 5,275 
Indirect secured consumer loans13,522 — — 13,331 13,331 
Credit card1,755 — — 1,934 1,934 
Other consumer loans2,895 — — 3,098 3,098 
Total portfolio loans and leases, net$106,168 — — 108,332 108,332 
Financial liabilities:
Deposits$159,081 — 159,094 — 159,094 
Federal funds purchased300 300 — — 300 
Other short-term borrowings1,192 — 1,192 — 1,192 
Long-term debt14,973 15,606 923 — 16,529