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Fair Value Measurements
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Measurements
The Bancorp measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement. For more information regarding the fair value hierarchy, refer to Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables summarize assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of:
Fair Value Measurements Using
September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt and other securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities$78   78 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities 17  17 
Mortgage-backed securities:

Agency residential mortgage-backed securities 12,603  12,603 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 17,750  17,750 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities 3,575  3,575 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 2,871  2,871 
Available-for-sale debt and other securities(a)
78 36,816  36,894 
Trading debt securities:

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities64 20  84 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities 39  39 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities 46  46 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 535  535 
Trading debt securities64 640  704 
Equity securities258 19  277 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale 1,472  1,472 
Residential mortgage loans(b)
  174 174 
Servicing rights  660 660 
Derivative assets:
Interest rate contracts2 2,466 92 2,560 
Foreign exchange contracts 179  179 
Commodity contracts59 424  483 
Derivative assets(c)
61 3,069 92 3,222 
Total assets$461 42,016 926 43,403 
Liabilities:

Derivative liabilities:

Interest rate contracts$10 288 8 306 
Foreign exchange contracts 136  136 
Equity contracts  188 188 
Commodity contracts63 425  488 
Derivative liabilities(d)
73 849 196 1,118 
Short positions:

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities88   88 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities 421  421 
Short positions(d)
88 421  509 
Total liabilities$161 1,270 196 1,627 
(a)Excludes FHLB, FRB and DTCC restricted stock holdings totaling $47, $482 and $2, respectively, at September 30, 2020.
(b)Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.
(c)Included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d)Included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Fair Value Measurements Using
December 31, 2019 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total Fair Value
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt and other securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities$75 — — 75 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities— 18 — 18 
Mortgage-backed securities:

Agency residential mortgage-backed securities— 14,115 — 14,115 
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— 15,693 — 15,693 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— 3,365 — 3,365 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 2,206 — 2,206 
Available-for-sale debt and other securities(a)
75 35,397 — 35,472 
Trading debt securities:

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities— — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions securities— — 
Agency residential mortgage-backed securities— 55 — 55 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 231 — 231 
Trading debt securities295 — 297 
Equity securities554 10 — 564 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale— 1,264 — 1,264 
Residential mortgage loans(b)
— — 183 183 
Servicing rights— — 993 993 
Derivative assets:

Interest rate contracts1,218 18 1,237 
Foreign exchange contracts— 165 — 165 
Commodity contracts37 234 — 271 
Derivative assets(c)
38 1,617 18 1,673 
Total assets$669 38,583 1,194 40,446 
Liabilities:

Derivative liabilities:

Interest rate contracts$144 157 
Foreign exchange contracts— 151 — 151 
Equity contracts— — 163 163 
Commodity contracts17 253 — 270 
Derivative liabilities(d)
22 548 171 741 
Short positions:

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities49 — — 49 
Asset-backed securities and other debt securities— 100 — 100 
Short positions(d)
49 100 — 149 
Total liabilities$71 648 171 890 
(a)Excludes FHLB, FRB and DTCC restricted stock holdings totaling $76, $478 and $2, respectively, at December 31, 2019.
(b)Includes residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale and subsequently transferred to held for investment.
(c)Included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d)Included in other liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for significant instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Available-for-sale debt and other securities, trading debt securities and equity securities
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities and equity securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or DCFs. Level 2 securities may include federal agency securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions securities, agency residential mortgage-backed securities, agency and non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and other debt securities and equity securities. These securities are generally valued using a market approach based on observable prices of securities with similar characteristics.
Residential mortgage loans held for sale
For residential mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value election has been made, fair value is estimated based upon mortgage-backed securities prices and spreads to those prices or, for certain ARM loans, DCF models that may incorporate the anticipated portfolio composition, credit spreads of asset-backed securities with similar collateral and market conditions. The anticipated portfolio composition includes the effect of interest rate spreads and discount rates due to loan characteristics such as the state in which the loan was originated, the loan amount and the ARM margin. Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are valued based on mortgage-backed securities prices are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as the valuation is based on external pricing for similar instruments. ARM loans classified as held for sale are also classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy due to the use of observable inputs in the DCF model. These observable inputs include interest rate spreads from agency mortgage-backed securities market rates and observable discount rates.

Residential mortgage loans
Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are reclassified to held for investment are transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For residential mortgage loans for which the fair value election has been made, and that are reclassified from held for sale to held for investment, the fair value estimation is based on mortgage-backed securities prices, interest rate risk and an internally developed credit component. Therefore, these loans are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. An adverse change in the loss rate or severity assumption would result in a decrease in fair value of the related loans.

Servicing rights
MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of MSRs do occur, the precise terms and conditions typically are not readily available. Accordingly, the Bancorp estimates the fair value of MSRs using internal OAS models with certain unobservable inputs, primarily prepayment speed assumptions, OAS and weighted-average lives, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Note 14 for further information on the assumptions used in the valuation of the Bancorp’s MSRs.

Derivatives
Exchange-traded derivatives valued using quoted prices and certain over-the-counter derivatives valued using active bids are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Most of the Bancorp’s derivative contracts are valued using DCF or other models that incorporate current market interest rates, credit spreads assigned to the derivative counterparties and other market parameters and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Such derivatives include basic and structured interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity swaps and options. Derivatives that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, derivatives classified as Level 3, which are valued using models containing unobservable inputs, consisted primarily of a total return swap associated with the Bancorp’s sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares as well as IRLCs, which utilize internally generated loan closing rate assumptions as a significant unobservable input in the valuation process.

Under the terms of the total return swap, the Bancorp will make or receive payments based on subsequent changes in the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B Shares into Class A Shares. Additionally, the Bancorp will make a quarterly payment based on Visa’s stock price and the conversion rate of the Visa, Inc. Class B Shares into Class A Shares until the date on which the Covered Litigation is settled. The fair value of the total return swap was calculated using a DCF model based on unobservable inputs consisting of management’s estimate of the probability of certain litigation scenarios, the timing of the resolution of the Covered Litigation and Visa litigation loss estimates in excess, or shortfall, of the Bancorp’s proportional share of escrow funds.

An increase in the loss estimate or a delay in the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in an increase in the fair value of the derivative liability; conversely, a decrease in the loss estimate or an acceleration of the resolution of the Covered Litigation would result in a decrease in the fair value of the derivative liability. Refer to Note 19 for additional information on the Covered Litigation.

The net asset fair value of the IRLCs at September 30, 2020 was $85 million. Immediate decreases in current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in increases in the fair value of the IRLCs of approximately $15 million and $29 million, respectively. Immediate increases of current interest rates of 25 bps and 50 bps would result in decreases in the fair value of the IRLCs of approximately $16 million and $35 million, respectively. The decrease in fair value of IRLCs due to immediate 10% and 20% adverse changes in the assumed loan closing rates would be approximately $9 million and $17 million, respectively, and the increase in fair value due to immediate 10% and 20% favorable changes in the assumed loan closing rates would be approximately $9 million and $17 million, respectively. These sensitivities are hypothetical and should be used with caution, as changes in fair value based on a variation in assumptions typically cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of the change in assumptions to the change in fair value may not be linear.

Short positions
Where quoted prices are available in an active market, short positions are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or DCFs and therefore are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 2 securities include asset-backed and other debt securities.
The following tables are a reconciliation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the three months ended September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$185 676 89 (183)767 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized):(d)
 Included in earnings (71)55 (22)(38)
Purchases/originations 55   55 
Settlements(21) (60)17 (64)
Transfers into Level 3(b)
10    10 
Balance, end of period$174 660 84 (188)730 
The amount of total gains (losses) for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2020(c)
$ (2)61 (22)37 
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $92 and $8, respectively, as of September 30, 2020.
(b)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
(c)Includes interest income and expense.
(d)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at September 30, 2020.

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the three months ended September 30, 2019 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$192 1,039 (151)1,085 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized):
 Included in earnings— (171)51 (11)(131)
Purchases/originations— 42 (1)— 41 
Settlements(11)— (40)16 (35)
Transfers into Level 3(b)
— — — 
Balance, end of period$184 910 15 (146)963 
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2019(c)
$— (131)24 (11)(118)
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $24 and $9, respectively, as of September 30, 2019.
(b)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
(c)Includes interest income and expense.

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$183 993 10 (163)1,023 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized):(d)
 Included in earnings2 (519)241 (73)(349)
Purchases/originations 186 4  190 
Settlements(50) (171)48 (173)
Transfers into Level 3(b)
39    39 
Balance, end of period$174 660 84 (188)730 
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2020(c)
$2 (281)88 (73)(264)
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $92 and $8, respectively, as of September 30, 2020.
(b)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
(c)Includes interest income and expense.
(d)There were no unrealized gains or losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for instruments still held at September 30, 2020.
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019 ($ in millions)
Residential
Mortgage
Loans
Servicing
Rights
Interest Rate
Derivatives,
Net(a)
Equity
Derivatives
Total
Fair Value
Balance, beginning of period$179 938 (1)(125)991 
Total (losses) gains (realized/unrealized):
 Included in earnings(1)(416)110 (63)(370)
Purchases/originations/acquisitions— 388 (3)— 385 
Settlements(22)— (91)42 (71)
Transfers into Level 3(b)
28 — — — 28 
Balance, end of period$184 910 15 (146)963 
The amount of total (losses) gains for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to instruments still held at September 30, 2019(c)
$(1)(329)25 (63)(368)
(a)Net interest rate derivatives include derivative assets and liabilities of $24 and $9, respectively, as of September 30, 2019.
(b)Includes certain residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale that were transferred to held for investment.
(c)Includes interest income and expense.

The total losses and gains included in earnings for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
For the three months ended
September 30,
For the nine months ended
September 30,
($ in millions)2020201920202019
Mortgage banking net revenue$(17)(121)(278)(309)
Commercial banking revenue1 1 
Other noninterest income(22)(11)(72)(63)
Total losses$(38)(131)(349)(370)

The total losses and gains included in earnings attributable to changes in unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 assets and liabilities still held at September 30, 2020 and 2019 were recorded in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
For the three months ended
September 30,
For the nine months ended
September 30,
($ in millions)2020201920202019
Mortgage banking net revenue$58 (109)(193)(307)
Commercial banking revenue1 1 
Other noninterest income(22)(11)(72)(63)
Total (losses) gains $37 (118)(264)(368)
The following tables present information as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
As of September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation
Technique
Significant Unobservable
Inputs
Range of Inputs
Weighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans$174 Loss rate modelInterest rate risk factor(8.6)-11.0%1.1 %
(a)
Credit risk factor -26.0%0.4 %
(a)
(Fixed)
18.2 %
(b)
Servicing rights660 DCFPrepayment speed0.5 -99.9%
(Adjustable)
21.2 %
(b)
(Fixed)
918 
(b)
OAS (bps)536 -1,537
(Adjustable)
938 
(b)
IRLCs, net85 DCFLoan closing rates7.2 -97.2%61.4 %
(c)
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares
(188)DCFTiming of the resolution
of the Covered Litigation
Q3 2022-Q2 2024Q1 2023
(d)
(a)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative carrying value of the instruments.
(b)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative unpaid principal balance of the instruments.
(c)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative notional amount of the instruments.
(d)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the probability of the final funding date of the instruments.
As of September 30, 2019 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation
Technique
Significant
Unobservable Inputs
Range of InputsWeighted-Average
Residential mortgage loans$184 Loss rate modelInterest rate risk factor(6.8)-6.9 %(0.2)%
Credit risk factor— -31.8 %0.5 %
(Fixed)15.4 %
Servicing rights910 DCFPrepayment speed0.5 -97.0 %(Adjustable)23.4 %
(Fixed)619 
OAS (bps)484-1,513(Adjustable)914 
IRLCs, net24 DCFLoan closing rates5.7 -96.7 %76.9 %
Swap associated with the sale of Visa, Inc. Class B Shares
(146)DCFTiming of the resolution
of the Covered Litigation
Q2 2021-Q4 2023Q1 2022

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis; however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment.

The following tables provide the fair value hierarchy and carrying amount of all assets that were held as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, and for which a nonrecurring fair value adjustment was recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the related gains and losses from fair value adjustments on assets sold during the period as well as assets still held as of the end of the period.
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal (Losses) Gains
As of September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2020
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020
Commercial loans held for sale$ 31 17 48 1 (4)
Commercial and industrial loans  534 534 (39)(182)
Commercial mortgage loans  82 82 (12)(45)
Commercial leases  12 12 2 (14)
Consumer loans  197 197 (1)2 
OREO  20 20 (2)(7)
Bank premises and equipment  21 21 (11)(25)
Operating lease equipment  9 9  (3)
Private equity investments  69 69  (9)
Total$ 31 961 992 (62)(287)
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal (Losses) Gains
As of September 30, 2019 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2019
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019
Commercial and industrial loans$— — 116 116 (11)(45)
Commercial mortgage loans— — 12 12 — — 
Commercial leases— — 18 18 (9)
OREO— — 16 16 (2)(5)
Bank premises and equipment— — 23 23 (4)(26)
Private equity investments— — 
Total$— 187 193 (15)(79)

The following tables present information as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 about significant unobservable inputs related to the Bancorp’s material categories of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a nonrecurring basis:
As of September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRanges of
Inputs
Weighted-Average
Commercial loans held for sale$16 Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM
1 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Commercial and industrial loans534 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial mortgage loans82 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial leases12 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Consumer loans197 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
OREO20 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Bank premises and equipment21 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Operating lease equipment9 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Private equity investments69 Comparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM

As of September 30, 2019 ($ in millions)
Financial InstrumentFair ValueValuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRanges of
Inputs
Weighted-Average
Commercial and industrial loans$116 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial mortgage loans12 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
Commercial leases18 Appraised valueCollateral valueNMNM
OREO16 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Bank premises and equipment23 Appraised valueAppraised valueNMNM
Private equity investmentsComparable company analysisMarket comparable transactionsNMNM

Commercial loans held for sale
The Bancorp estimated the fair value of certain commercial loans held for sale as of September 30, 2020, resulting in a positive fair value adjustment totaling $1 million and negative fair value adjustments totaling $4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. These valuations were based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets (Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy), appraisals of the underlying collateral or by applying unobservable inputs such as an estimated market discount to the unpaid principal balance of the loans or the appraised values of the assets (Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy). The Bancorp recognized an immaterial amount of gains on the sale of certain commercial loans held for sale during both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Portfolio loans and leases
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring impairment adjustments to certain collateral-dependent portfolio loans and leases. When the loan is collateral-dependent, the fair value of the loan is generally based on the fair value less cost to sell of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and therefore these loans were classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the carrying value exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. The fair values and recognized impairment losses are reflected in the previous tables.

OREO
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Bancorp recorded nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as OREO and measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value. These nonrecurring
losses were primarily due to declines in real estate values of the properties recorded in OREO. These losses include $2 million and $3 million in losses, respectively, recorded as charge-offs on new OREO properties transferred from loans, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $1 million and $2 million in losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. These losses also included an immaterial amount and $4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, and $1 million and $3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, recorded as negative fair value adjustments on OREO in other noninterest expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income subsequent to their transfer from loans. As discussed in the following paragraph, the fair value amounts are generally based on appraisals of the property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, an impairment loss is recognized. The previous tables reflect the fair value measurements of the properties before deducting the estimated costs to sell.

The Real Estate Valuation department reviews the BPO data and internal market information to determine the initial charge-off on residential real estate loans transferred to OREO. Once the foreclosure process is completed, the Bancorp performs an interior inspection to update the initial fair value of the property. These properties are reviewed at least every 30 days after the initial interior inspections are completed. The Asset Manager receives a monthly status report for each property, which includes the number of showings, recently sold properties, current comparable listings and overall market conditions.

Bank premises and equipment
The Bancorp performs assessments of the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. These properties were written down to their lower of cost or market values. At least annually thereafter, the Bancorp will review these properties for market fluctuations. The fair value amounts were generally based on appraisals of the property values, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. For further information on bank premises and equipment, refer to Note 8.

Operating lease equipment
The Bancorp performs assessments of the recoverability of long-lived assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. When evaluating whether an individual asset is impaired, the Bancorp considers the current fair value of the asset, the changes in overall market demand for the asset and the rate of change in advancements associated with technological improvements that impact the demand for the specific asset under review. As part of this ongoing assessment, the Bancorp determined that the carrying values of certain operating lease equipment were not recoverable and, as a result, the Bancorp recorded an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeded the fair value. The fair value amounts were generally based on appraised values of the assets, resulting in a classification within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Private equity investments
The Bancorp accounts for its private equity investments using the measurement alternative to fair value, except for those accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the measurement alternative, the Bancorp carries each investment at its cost basis minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The Bancorp did not recognize gains resulting from observable price changes during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and recognized gains of zero and $11 million, respectively, resulting from observable price changes during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The carrying value of the Bancorp’s private equity investments still held as of September 30, 2020 includes a cumulative $47 million of positive adjustments as a result of observable price changes since January 1, 2018. Because these adjustments are based on observable transactions in inactive markets, they are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

For private equity investments which are accounted for using the measurement alternative to fair value, the Bancorp qualitatively evaluates each investment quarterly to determine if impairment may exist. If necessary, the Bancorp then measures impairment by estimating the value of its investment and comparing that to the investment’s carrying value, whether or not the Bancorp considers the impairment to be temporary. These valuations are typically developed using a DCF method, but other methods may be used if more appropriate for the circumstances. These valuations are based on unobservable inputs and therefore are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Bancorp recognized impairment of zero and $9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to zero and $5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The Bancorp recognized an immaterial amount of gains on the sale of certain private equity investments that previously recognized an impairment. The carrying value of the Bancorp’s private equity investments still held as of September 30, 2020 includes a cumulative $25 million of impairment charges recognized since adoption of the measurement alternative to fair value on January 1, 2018.

Fair Value Option
The Bancorp elected to measure certain residential mortgage loans held for sale under the fair value option as allowed under U.S. GAAP. Electing to measure residential mortgage loans held for sale at fair value reduces certain timing differences and better matches changes in the value of these assets with changes in the value of derivatives used as economic hedges for these assets. Management’s intent to sell residential mortgage loans classified as held for sale may change over time due to such factors as changes in the overall liquidity in markets
or changes in characteristics specific to certain loans held for sale. Consequently, these loans may be reclassified to loans held for investment and maintained in the Bancorp’s loan portfolio. In such cases, the loans will continue to be measured at fair value.

Fair value changes recognized in earnings for residential mortgage loans held at September 30, 2020 and 2019 for which the fair value option was elected, as well as the changes in fair value of the underlying IRLCs, included gains of $77 million and $35 million, respectively. These gains are reported in mortgage banking net revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

Valuation adjustments related to instrument-specific credit risk for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value negatively impacted the fair value of those loans by $1 million at both September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Interest on loans measured at fair value is accrued as it is earned using the effective interest method and is reported as interest income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance for residential mortgage loans measured at fair value as of:
September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)
Aggregate
Fair Value
Aggregate Unpaid
Principal Balance

Difference
Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value
$1,646 1,569 77 
Past due loans of 90 days or more
3 3  
Nonaccrual loans
   
December 31, 2019

Residential mortgage loans measured at fair value
$1,447 1,410 37 
Past due loans of 90 days or more
— 
Nonaccrual loans
— 

Fair Value of Certain Financial Instruments
The following tables summarize the carrying amounts and estimated fair values for certain financial instruments, excluding financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Net Carrying
Amount
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal
Fair Value
As of September 30, 2020 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks$2,996 2,996   2,996 
Other short-term investments31,285 31,285   31,285 
Other securities531  531  531 
Held-to-maturity securities15   15 15 
Loans and leases held for sale851   851 851 
Portfolio loans and leases:

Commercial and industrial loans50,673   50,465 50,465 
Commercial mortgage loans10,505   10,366 10,366 
Commercial construction loans5,551   5,711 5,711 
Commercial leases2,988   2,868 2,868 
Residential mortgage loans15,687   17,240 17,240 
Home equity5,244   5,645 5,645 
Indirect secured consumer loans12,797   12,704 12,704 
Credit card1,802   1,952 1,952 
Other consumer loans2,736   2,941 2,941 
Total portfolio loans and leases, net$107,983   109,892 109,892 
Financial liabilities:

Deposits$156,683  156,697  156,697 
Federal funds purchased251 251   251 
Other short-term borrowings1,196  1,196  1,196 
Long-term debt15,123 15,651 950  16,601 
Net Carrying
Amount
Fair Value Measurements UsingTotal
Fair Value
As of December 31, 2019 ($ in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks$3,278 3,278 — — 3,278 
Other short-term investments1,950 1,950 — — 1,950 
Other securities556 — 556 — 556 
Held-to-maturity securities17 — — 17 17 
Loans and leases held for sale136 — — 136 136 
Portfolio loans and leases:
Commercial and industrial loans49,981 — — 51,128 51,128 
Commercial mortgage loans10,876 — — 10,823 10,823 
Commercial construction loans5,045 — — 5,249 5,249 
Commercial leases3,346 — — 3,133 3,133 
Residential mortgage loans16,468 — — 17,509 17,509 
Home equity6,046 — — 6,315 6,315 
Indirect secured consumer loans11,485 — — 11,331 11,331 
Credit card2,364 — — 2,774 2,774 
Other consumer loans2,683 — — 2,866 2,866 
Unallocated ALLL(121)— — — — 
Total portfolio loans and leases, net$108,173 — — 111,128 111,128 
Financial liabilities:
Deposits$127,062 — 127,059 — 127,059 
Federal funds purchased260 260 — — 260 
Other short-term borrowings1,011 — 1,011 — 1,011 
Long-term debt14,970 15,244 700 — 15,944