2. Effect of New Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (Topic 606), which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principal of the new accounting guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. We adopted Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018, using the full retrospective method to restate each prior reporting period presented. The cumulative effect of the adoption was recognized as an increase to retained earnings of $125.3 million on January 1, 2016. The impact of the adoption of the new guidance resulted in changes to our accounting policies for revenue recognition, trade and other receivables, and deferred revenues as detailed in Note 3 to these consolidated financial statements. In implementing the full retrospective method of adoption, we applied the practical expedient, as defined in Topic 606, of using the benefit of hindsight to recognize contingent revenues (i.e., variable consideration) in 2017 and 2016.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). Under this new accounting guidance, an entity is required to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by various standards, including ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements. This new guidance offers specific accounting guidance for a lessee, a lessor and sale and leaseback transactions. Lessees and lessors are required to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements to enable a user of the financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. This new guidance is effective for first quarter 2019, and requires a modified retrospective adoption, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application, with early adoption permitted. An entity may choose to use the standard’s effective date, rather than the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented, as the date of initial application. An entity would record the effects of initially applying the new guidance as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. Consequently, an entity’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the year of adoption would continue to be in accordance with the current guidance, including the current disclosure requirements.

To facilitate transition, the new guidance includes a package of practical expedients that entities may elect to apply on adoption. The package of practical expedients relate to the identification and classification of leases that commenced before the effective date and initial direct costs for leases that commenced before the effective date. The new guidance also includes a practical expedient permitting the use of hindsight in evaluating lessee options to extend or terminate a lease or to purchase the underlying asset.

We have assessed all potential impacts of the new guidance and have determined that this guidance will have an impact on our consolidated financial statements, including significant new disclosures about our leasing activities. The most significant impact relates to our real estate operating leases and the related recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in both noncurrent assets and noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of this new guidance will not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of earnings, cash flows or stockholders’ equity. We plan to adopt this new guidance on January 1, 2019 using the effective date as our date of initial application. On adoption, we will elect the package of practical expedients. We will elect the practical expedient permitting the use of hindsight. See Note 16 to these 2018 consolidated financial statements for details on our current lease arrangements, the amounts of which represent the future undiscounted commitments.

Income Taxes

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This new accounting guidance allows entities to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Current guidance does not allow recognition until the asset has been sold to an outside party. This new guidance was effective beginning January 1, 2018 and was to be applied on a modified retrospective basis. We adopted this new guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of tax effects stranded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI). This new guidance gives entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings stranded tax effects related to the change in federal tax rate for all items accounted for in other comprehensive earnings (OCI). These entities can also elect to reclassify other stranded tax effects that relate to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (which we refer to as the Tax Act) but do not directly relate to the change in the federal rate (e.g., state taxes or changing from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system). Tax effects that are stranded in OCI for other reasons (e.g., prior changes in tax law or a change in valuation allowance) cannot be reclassified. All entities are required to make new disclosures, regardless of whether they elect to reclassify stranded amounts. Entities are required to disclose whether or not they elected to reclassify the tax effects related to the Tax Act as well as their policy for releasing income tax effects from accumulated OCI. Under Topic 740-10-45-15, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of tax expense related to continuing operations for the period in which the law was enacted, even if the assets and liabilities related to items of accumulated OCI. The enactment of the Tax Act on December 22, 2017 resulted in stakeholder concerns about this accounting treatment. The new guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for reporting periods, including interim periods, for which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. An entity will be able to choose whether to apply the guidance retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the Tax Act is recognized or to apply the guidance in the period of adoption. We adopted this new guidance effective January 1, 2018, which resulted in a $6.6 million increase in retained earnings and a corresponding decrease in accumulated other comprehensive earnings (loss). This reclassification relates to the income tax effects of lowering the corporate income tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0% on deferred income taxes established on pension plan liabilities and the fair value of derivative instruments.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendment to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118. This new accounting guidance codifies guidance pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (which we refer to as SAB 118), which was issued in connection with the Tax Act. The guidance allows companies to use provisional estimates to record the effects of the Tax Act and also provides a measurement period (not to exceed one year from the date of enactment) to complete the accounting for the impacts of the Tax Act. We adopted this guidance when it was initially issued as SAB 118. During 2018, we recognized approximately $5.8 million in net benefit to our provisional estimate under SAB 118. We recorded these amounts as discrete items. We have completed and finalized our analysis of the income tax implication of the Tax Act and recorded additional adjustments to provisional amounts as discrete items.

Additionally, we reevaluated our indefinite reinvestment assertion during 2018 for certain foreign jurisdictions and determined that our intention to repatriate undistributed earnings from certain jurisdictions has changed. The impact of this change is not material to our consolidated financial statements.

Business Combinations

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The new guidance clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding information to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill and consolidation. The new guidance was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods, which we adopted effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Presentation of Net Periodic Pension and Postretirement Benefit Cost

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. The new guidance requires that an employer report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. It also requires the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. An entity will apply the new guidance retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost in the consolidated statement of earnings. The new guidance allows a practical expedient that permits an employer to use the amounts disclosed in its pension and other postretirement benefit plan note for the prior comparative periods as the estimation basis for applying the retrospective presentation requirements. The new guidance was effective in the first quarter of 2018, which we adopted effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on our consolidated net earnings. Due to the adoption of this new guidance, the presentation in our consolidated statement of earnings was changed in 2018 such that the other components of net periodic pension costs related to our defined benefit plan were recorded in operating expense instead of compensation expense as was done in prior years. Prior years were not restated for this change as the impact of this change was not material to our consolidated statement of earnings. See Note 13 to these 2018 consolidated financial statements for details on our net periodic pension benefit cost.

Restricted Cash

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. This new accounting guidance addresses the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows. This guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The adoption of this new guidance changed the presentation in our consolidated statement of cash flows as we now show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. Previously, the net change in restricted cash was reported as an operating activity and cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash was not presented net of restricted cash. In our 2016 consolidated statement of cash flows, the adoption of ASU 2016-18 resulted in an increase to net cash provided by operating activities of $50.3 million and a decrease to cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash and restricted cash of $15.6 million. These changes resulted in a change of $85.9 million to the effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.

The following is a reconciliation of our December 31 cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances as presented in the consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in millions):


	December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	607.2	$	681.2	$	545.5
Restricted cash		1,629.6		1,623.8		1,392.1

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	2,236.8	$	2,305.0	$	1,937.6

Credit Impairment

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016 -13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Under the new guidance an entity is required to measure all credit losses on certain financial instruments, including trade receivables and various off-balance sheet credit exposures, using an expected credit loss model. This model incorporates past experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts affecting collectability of these instruments. An entity will apply the new guidance through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. The guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are still assessing the timing and impact that adopting this new guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Disclosure Framework

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. This new guidance modifies various disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, including in certain part those related to Level 3 fair value measurements. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. Certain portions of the guidance must be adopted prospectively while others must be adopted retrospectively to all periods presented.

In August 2018, the FASB also issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. This new guidance modifies various disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. Retrospective adoption is required.

We do not expect adoption of either standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Hedge Accounting

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The new guidance amends the hedge accounting model in the current guidance to enable entities to better portray the economics of their risk management activities in the financial statements and enhance the transparency and understandability of hedge results. The new guidance requires revised tabular disclosures that focus on the effect of hedge accounting by income statement line and the disclosure of the cumulative basis adjustments to the hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedges. Certain additional disclosures are also required for hedge relationships designated under the last-of-layer method. The current guidance that requires entities to disclose hedge ineffectiveness has been eliminated because this amount will no longer be separately measured. Under the new guidance, entities will apply the amendments to cash flow and net investment hedge relationships that exist on the date of adoption using a modified retrospective approach (i.e., with a cumulative effect adjustment recorded to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the initial application date). The new guidance also provides transition relief to make it easier for entities to apply certain amendments to existing hedges (including fair value hedges) where the hedge documentation needs to be modified. The presentation and disclosure requirements will be applied prospectively. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those periods. Early adoption was permitted in any interim period or annual year before the effective date. We are currently assessing the impact that adopting this new guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements, although we do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact.

Intangibles - Goodwill and Other

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The new guidance eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, the updated guidance requires an entity to perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, and recognizing a non-cash impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value with the loss not exceeding the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The new guidance is effective beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied on a prospective basis. The new guidance currently has no impact on our consolidated financial statements; however, we will evaluate the impact of this updated guidance on future annual or interim goodwill impairment tests performed.

Internal-use Software

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. This new accounting guidance requires deferral of certain implementation costs associated with a cloud computing arrangement, or hosting arrangement, thereby aligning deferral of such costs with implementation costs associated with developing internal-use software. Accounting for the service component of a hosting arrangement remains unchanged. An entity will defer these implementation costs over the term of the hosting arrangement, including optional renewal periods that are reasonably certain of exercise. Amounts expensed would be presented through operating expense, rather than depreciation or amortization. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. An entity may adopt the guidance either prospectively for all cloud computing arrangement implementation costs incurred on or after the effective date or retrospectively, including comparative periods. We are currently assessing the impact that adopting this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Stock Compensation

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (ASU 2017-09). This accounting guidance provided information about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. ASU 2017-09 was effective for financial statements issued for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those years. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as we historically have not made changes to the terms or conditions of an outstanding share-based payment award.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting (ASU 2016-09). This accounting guidance required that companies recognize the excess income tax effects of awards in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled, rather than recognizing the tax benefits in excess of compensation costs through stockholders’ equity. ASU 2016-09 provides that this requirement be applied prospectively. As it relates to forfeitures, the guidance allows for companies to choose whether to continue to estimate forfeitures or account for forfeitures as they occur. This guidance was effective in first quarter 2017 and has been applied by us. Due to the adoption of this guidance, we recognized the income tax benefit of stock based awards that vested or were settled in the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 of $15.0 million and $15.1 million, respectively, in our consolidated statement of earnings. The income tax benefit of stock based awards that vested or were settled in the year ended December 31, 2016 was $6.5 million that was recognized in our consolidated stockholders’ equity. Additionally, our consolidated statement of cash flows now presents excess tax benefits as an operating activity, rather than as a financing activity, applied prospectively. Finally, we elected to continue to estimate forfeitures based on historical data and recognize forfeitures over the vesting period of the award.