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Revenue
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, and all the related amendments using the modified retrospective approach, which did not result in any changes to the previously reported financial information. The updates related to ASU 2014-09 were applied only to contracts that were not complete as of January 1, 2018.
The Company’s revenues are comprised of product and service sales, including products and services provided under long-term agreements with its customers. All revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies its performance obligations under the contract, either implicit or explicit, by transferring the promised product or rendering a service to its customer either when or as its customer obtains control of the product or the service is rendered. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product or render a service to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation, as the promise to transfer products or render services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and, therefore, not distinct. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products or providing services. Revenue is recorded net of returns, allowances, customer discounts, and incentives. Sales, value added, and other taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net (excluded from revenues) basis. Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of goods sold.
The Company’s performance obligations under long-term agreements with its customers are generally satisfied as over time. Over time revenue is primarily comprised of transit infrastructure projects within Rail Products and Rail Technologies, long-term bridge projects within Piling and Fabricated Bridge Products, precast concrete buildings within Precast Concrete Products, and custom precision metering systems within Protective Coatings and Measurement Systems. Revenue from products or services provided to customers over time accounted for 26.0% and 24.9% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Revenue under these long-term agreements is generally recognized over time either using an input measure based upon the proportion of actual costs incurred to estimated total project costs or an input measure based upon actual labor costs as a percentage of estimated total labor costs, depending upon which measure the Company believes best depicts the Company’s performance to date under the terms of the contract. Revenue recognized over time using an input measure was $121,919 and $90,413 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. A certain portion of the Company’s revenue recognized over time under these long-term agreements is recognized using an output method, specifically units delivered, based upon certain customer acceptance and delivery requirements. Revenue recognized over time using an output measure was $41,334 and $42,925 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had contract assets of $26,692 and $25,320, respectively, that were recorded in “Inventory” within the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had contract liabilities of $1,505 and $1,420, respectively, that were recorded in “Deferred revenue” within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Accounting for these long-term agreements involves the use of various techniques to estimate total revenues and costs. The Company estimates profit on these long-term agreements as the difference between total estimated revenues and expected costs to complete a contract and recognizes that profit over the life of the contract. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that may span several years. These assumptions include, among other things, labor productivity, cost and availability of materials, and timing of funding by customers. The nature of these long-term agreements may give rise to several types of variable consideration, such as claims, awards, and incentive fees. Historically, these amounts of variable consideration have not been considered significant. Contract estimates may include additional revenue for submitted contract modifications if there exists an enforceable right to the modification, the amount can be reasonably estimated, and its realization is probable. These estimates are based on historical collection experience, anticipated performance, and the Company’s best judgment at that time. These amounts are generally included in the contract’s transaction price and are allocated over the remaining performance obligations. Changes in judgments related to the estimates above could impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized and, accordingly, the timing and amount of associated income. In the event that a contract loss becomes known, the entire amount of the estimated loss is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The majority of the Company’s revenue is from products transferred and services rendered to customers at a point in time, which is inherent in all major product and service categories. Point in time revenue accounted for 74.0% and 75.1% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recognizes revenue at the point in time in which the customer obtains control of the product or service, which is generally when product title passes to the customer upon shipment or the service has been rendered to the customer. In limited cases, title does not transfer and revenue is not recognized until the customer has received the products at a designated physical location.
The following table summarizes the Company's net sales by major product and service category:
Year Ended
December 31,
20182017
Rail Products$188,590 $155,870 
Rail Technologies130,934 100,257 
Rail Products and Services319,524 256,127 
Piling and Fabricated Bridge Products102,246 105,924 
Precast Concrete Products56,407 55,877 
Construction Products158,653 161,801 
Test, Inspection, and Threading Services59,766 50,683 
Protective Coatings and Measurement Systems89,026 67,766 
Tubular and Energy Services148,792 118,449 
Total net sales$626,969 $536,377 
Net sales by the timing of the transfer of goods and services is as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2018Rail Products
and Services		Construction
Products		Tubular and
Energy Services		Total
Point in time$232,814 $106,168 $124,734 $463,716 
Over time86,710 52,485 24,058 163,253 
Total net sales$319,524 $158,653 $148,792 $626,969 
Year Ended December 31, 2017Rail Products
and Services		Construction
Products		Tubular and
Energy Services		Total
Point in time$205,942 $97,462 $99,635 $403,039 
Over time50,185 64,339 18,814 133,338 
Total net sales$256,127 $161,801 $118,449 $536,377 
The timing of revenue recognition, billings, and cash collections results in billed receivables, costs in excess of billings (contract assets, included in inventory), and billings in excess of costs (contract liabilities, included in deferred revenue) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Significant changes in contract assets during the year ended December 31, 2018 include transfers to receivables from contract assets recognized at the beginning of the period of $18,941. Significant changes in contract liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2018 included $1,141 of revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability at the beginning of the period, and increases of $1,447 due to billings in excess of costs, excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $220,418 of remaining performance obligations, which is also referred to as backlog. Approximately 6.7% of the backlog as of December 31, 2018 is related to projects that are anticipated to extend beyond December 31, 2019.