485BPOS 1 d296816d485bpos.htm FORM 485BPOS Form 485BPOS
Table of Contents

Filed Pursuant to Rule 485(b)

Registration No. 2-71299

811-3153

 

 

 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM N-1A

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

  THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933   
  Pre-Effective Amendment No.        
  Post-Effective Amendment No. 225   

and

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

   THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940   
   Amendment No. 231   

 

 

RUSSELL INVESTMENT COMPANY

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

 

 

 

1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor, Seattle, Washington   98101
(Address of Principal Executive Office)   (ZIP Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, including area code: 206/505-7877

 

 

 

Mary Beth Rhoden Albaneze, Esq.

Associate General Counsel

Russell Investment Company

1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor

Seattle, Washington 98101

206-505-4846

 

John V. O’Hanlon, Esq.

Dechert LLP

One International Place, 40th Floor

100 Oliver Street

Boston, Massachusetts 02110

617-728-7100

(Name and Address of Agent for Service)

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed public offering: As soon as practical after the effective date of the Registration Statement.

It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box)

 

  immediately upon filing pursuant to paragraph (b)
  on November 30, 2016, pursuant to paragraph (b)
  60 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
  on                     , pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)
  75 days after filing pursuant to paragraph (a)(2)
  on (date) pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of rule 485.

If appropriate, check the following box:

 

  this post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed post-effective amendment.

 

 

 


Table of Contents
Prospectus
Russell Investment Company
November 30, 2016
Fund   A   C   E   R6   S   Y
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund   RAZAX   RAZCX   RMGEX   RMGRX   RMGSX   RMGYX
The Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission have not approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy of this Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
800-787-7354


 


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Risk/Return Summary  

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Risk/Return Summary
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund
Investment Objective (Non-Fundamental)

The Fund seeks to provide long term total return with lower volatility than equity markets.
Fees and Expenses of the Fund

The following tables describe the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy and hold Shares of the Fund. You may qualify for sales charge discounts if you and your family invest, or agree to invest in the future, at least $50,000 in Russell Investments Funds. More information about these and other discounts is available from your financial professional and in the Front-End Sales Charges section and the More About Deferred Sales Charges section beginning on pages 45 and 47, respectively, of the Prospectus, and in the Purchase, Exchange and Redemption of Fund Shares section, beginning on page 16 of the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information. Please see the Expense Notes section of the Fund’s Prospectus for further information regarding expenses of the Fund.
Shareholder Fees (fees paid directly from your investment)
  Class A   Class C, E, R6, S, Y
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Purchases (as a percentage of offering price)

5.75%   None
Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load)*

1.00%   None
Maximum Sales Charge (Load) Imposed on Reinvested Dividends

None   None
* The Maximum Deferred Sales Charge (Load) is charged on the lesser of the purchase price of the Shares being redeemed or the net asset value of those Shares at the time of redemption.
Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment)#
  Class A
Shares
  Class C
Shares
  Class E
Shares
  Class R6
Shares
  Class S
Shares
  Class Y
Shares
Advisory Fee

0.85%   0.85%   0.85%   0.85%   0.85%   0.85%
Distribution (12b-1) Fees

0.25%   0.75%   None   None   None   None
Other Expenses

0.48%   0.73%   0.73%   0.33%   0.48%   0.28%
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses

0.12%   0.12%   0.12%   0.12%   0.12%   0.12%
Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses

1.70%   2.45%   1.70%   1.30%   1.45%   1.25%
Less Fee Waivers and Expense Reimbursements

(0.37)%   (0.37)%   (0.37)%   (0.39)%   (0.37)%   (0.37)%
Net Annual Fund Operating Expenses

1.33%   2.08%   1.33%   0.91%   1.08%   0.88%
# Until February 28, 2018, Russell Investment Management, LLC (“RIM”) has contractually agreed to waive up to the full amount of its advisory fee and then to reimburse the Fund for other direct Fund-level expenses and expenses of the Fund’s wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Subsidiary”) borne indirectly by the Fund to the extent such expenses exceed 0.88% of the average daily net assets of the Fund on an annual basis. This waiver and reimbursement may not be terminated during the relevant period except with Board approval. Direct Fund-level expenses do not include 12b-1 fees, shareholder services fees, transfer agency fees, extraordinary expenses or the expenses of other investment companies in which the Fund invests which are borne indirectly by the Fund.
  The Subsidiary, organized as a company under the laws of the Cayman Islands, pays RIM an advisory fee and pays Russell Investments Fund Services, LLC (“RIFUS”) an administrative fee at the annual rates of up to 0.85% and 0.05%, respectively, of the Subsidiary’s net assets (collectively, the “Subsidiary Fees”). Pursuant to a contractual agreement with the Fund, RIM and RIFUS have agreed to permanently waive the portion of the advisory fees and the administrative fees paid by the Fund to RIM and RIFUS, respectively, in the amount equal to the amount of the Subsidiary Fees received by RIM and RIFUS, if any. This waiver may not be terminated by RIM or RIFUS.
  Until February 28, 2018, RIFUS has contractually agreed to waive 0.02% of its transfer agency fees for Class R6 Shares. This waiver may not be terminated during the relevant period except with Board approval.
  “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses” does not include direct costs associated with any over-the-counter derivatives that the Subsidiary invests in. Costs associated with such derivative instruments include any fee paid to the Subsidiary’s counterparties, which may include management fees and performance-based incentive fees, or any other fees and expenses associated with the investment in such derivative instruments. Such costs are included in the return of any such derivative instruments and, therefore, represent an indirect cost of investing in the Fund.
  “Other Expenses” are based on estimated amounts for the current fiscal year.
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Example
This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund with the cost of investing in other mutual funds.
The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares at the end of those periods. The example also assumes your investment has a 5% return each year and that operating expenses remain the same. The calculation of costs for the one year period takes into account the effect of any current contractual fee waivers and/or reimbursements.  The calculation of costs for the remaining periods takes such fee waivers and/or reimbursements into account only for the first year of the periods.
Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, under these assumptions your costs would be:
  Class A
Shares
  Class C
Shares
  Class E
Shares
  Class R6
Shares
  Class S
Shares
  Class Y
Shares
1 Year

$ 703   $211   $135   $ 93   $110   $ 90
3 Years

$1,046   $729   $500   $374   $423   $360
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund Shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. Because the Fund is new and has no Shares outstanding, it does not have a portfolio turnover rate at this time.
Investments, Risks and Performance

Principal Investment Strategies of the Fund
In an effort to provide equity-like total return over a market cycle while mitigating downside risk and volatility relative to equities, Russell Investment Management, LLC (“RIM”) allocates the Fund’s assets across a broad range of instruments, asset classes and strategies. To seek to achieve the Fund’s objective, RIM dynamically manages the Fund’s positioning based on RIM’s outlook on the business and economic cycle, relative market valuations and market sentiment. By evolving the Fund’s positioning away from sectors with higher relative valuations and towards those believed to present more attractive opportunities, RIM attempts to reduce the Fund’s downside risk and enable the Fund to provide long term total return from a diverse range of potential investments.
The Fund’s target strategic asset allocation is approximately 40% to 60% to global equity-related instruments and to global fixed income-related instruments. However, the Fund is not required to allocate its investments in any set proportion and RIM generally expects to dynamically manage the Fund’s positioning by a variance of up to 25% from the target allocations. Over a market cycle, it is anticipated that the Fund will exhibit approximately two-thirds of the volatility of equities.
The Fund’s global equity investments span developed and emerging markets and may include real estate and infrastructure companies. The Fund’s global fixed income investments may include government and corporate debt, U.S., non-U.S. and emerging markets debt, investment grade and high yield debt, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. The Fund’s fixed income portfolio is expected to include a significant allocation to return-seeking fixed income investments. The Fund may also invest in commodity-related instruments. The Fund considers emerging market countries to include every country in the world except Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
RIM employs a multi-asset, multi-manager approach for the Fund whereby RIM selects the investment strategies for the Fund and utilizes multiple money managers to pursue those strategies.  RIM provides or oversees the provision of all investment advisory and portfolio management services for the Fund, including developing the investment program for the Fund and managing the Fund's overall exposures. The Fund employs discretionary and non-discretionary money managers. The Fund’s discretionary money managers select the individual portfolio securities for the assets assigned to them. The Fund’s non-discretionary money managers provide a model portfolio to RIM representing their investment
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recommendations, based upon which RIM purchases and sells securities for the Fund. RIM manages Fund assets not allocated to discretionary money managers, which include assets managed by RIM to effect the Fund’s investment strategies and/or to actively manage the Fund's overall exposures to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM may utilize quantitative or qualitative analysis or quantitative models designed to assess Fund characteristics and identify a portfolio which provides the desired exposures or use strategies based on indexes that represent the desired exposures, including index replication and optimized index sampling (strategies that seek to purchase the securities in an index or a sampling of securities using optimization and risk models, respectively). RIM also manages the portion of Fund assets for which the Fund’s non-discretionary money managers provide model portfolios to RIM and the Fund’s cash balances.  When determining how to allocate the Fund’s assets among itself and the money manager strategies, RIM considers a variety of factors, including asset class allocations, preferred asset class positioning and contribution to overall portfolio characteristics.
The Fund may invest in equity securities of issuers of any market capitalization which are economically tied to U.S. and non-U.S. markets, including emerging markets. These securities may include common stock, preferred stocks, rights, warrants, convertible securities, securities issued in connection with initial public offerings and depositary receipts. The Fund’s investments in convertible securities may include contingent convertible securities. The Fund may invest in securities of companies, known as real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) that own and/or manage properties. The Fund may invest in infrastructure companies and master limited partnerships (“MLPs”). Infrastructure refers to the systems and networks of energy, transportation, communication and other services required for the normal function of society.
The Fund may invest in fixed income securities of any credit quality and maturity, including fixed income securities that are rated below investment grade (commonly referred to as “high yield” or “junk bonds”). The Fund may invest in (1) U.S. and non-U.S. corporate fixed income securities, (2) fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government (including Treasury Inflation Protected Securities) and by non-U.S. governments, or by their respective agencies and instrumentalities, (3) emerging markets debt securities, (4) mortgage-backed securities and (5) asset-backed securities. The Fund may also invest in variable and floating rate securities. The Fund may purchase loans and other direct indebtedness, including bank loans (also called “leveraged loans”). The Fund may invest in currency futures and options on futures, forward currency contracts and currency options for speculative purposes or to seek to protect a portion of its investments against adverse currency exchange rate changes. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements. The Fund may invest in money market securities and commercial paper, including asset-backed commercial paper, and in bank obligations.
The Fund may invest in derivative instruments including futures, forwards, options, swaps, swaptions and credit default swaps, and may take both long and short positions relative to the underlying asset. The Fund may invest in credit linked notes and credit options. The Fund may invest in synthetic foreign fixed income or equity securities, which may be referred to as international warrants, local access products, participation notes or low exercise price warrants.
The Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund (the “Subsidiary”) organized as a company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The Fund may invest directly or indirectly through the Subsidiary, in commodity-linked derivative instruments (including futures and options contracts with respect to indexes or individual commodities, options on futures contracts, swap agreements and swaptions) and commodity-linked securities that provide exposure to the performance of the commodities markets.
The Fund’s or the Subsidiary’s use of derivatives may cause the Fund’s or Subsidiary’s investment returns to be impacted by the performance of securities the Fund or the Subsidiary does not own and result in the Fund’s or the Subsidiary’s total investment exposure exceeding the value of its portfolio.
The Fund may engage in active and frequent trading of portfolio securities to achieve its principal investment strategies.
A portion of the Fund’s net assets may be illiquid securities.
Depending upon market conditions, RIM may determine to allocate a significant portion of the Fund's assets to cash in order to seek to achieve the Fund's objective. The Fund may expose all or a portion of its cash to changes in interest rates or market/sector returns by purchasing derivatives.
Please refer to the “Investment Objective and Investment Strategies” section in the Fund's Prospectus for further information.
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Principal Risks of Investing in the Fund
An investment in the Fund, like any investment, has risks. The value of the Fund fluctuates and you could lose money. The principal risks of investing in the Fund are those associated with:
Active Management. Despite strategies designed to achieve the Fund’s investment objective, the value of investments will change with market conditions, and so will the value of any investment in the Fund and you could lose money. The securities selected for the portfolio may not perform as RIM or the Fund's money managers expect. Additionally, securities selected may cause the Fund to underperform relative to other funds with similar investment objectives and strategies. There is no guarantee that RIM will effectively assess the Fund's portfolio characteristics and it is possible that its judgments regarding the Fund's risk/return profile may prove incorrect. In addition, actions taken to actively manage overall Fund exposures, including risk, may be ineffective and/or cause the Fund to underperform.
Multi-Manager Approach. While the investment strategies employed by the money managers are intended to be complementary, they may not in fact be complementary. A multi-manager approach could result in more exposure to certain types of securities and higher portfolio turnover.
Index-Based Investing. Index-based strategies, which may be used to actively manage the Fund's overall exposures, may cause the Fund's returns to be lower than if the Fund employed a fundamental investment approach to security selection with respect to that portion of its portfolio. Additionally, index-based strategies are subject to “tracking error” risk, which is the risk that the performance of the portion of the Fund's portfolio utilizing an index-based strategy will differ from the performance of the index it seeks to track.
Non-Discretionary Implementation Risk. With respect to the portion of the Fund that is managed pursuant to model portfolios provided by non-discretionary money managers, it is expected that trades will be effected on a periodic basis and therefore less frequently than would typically be the case if discretionary money managers were employed. Given that values of investments change with market conditions, this could cause the Fund's return to be lower than if the Fund employed discretionary money managers with respect to that portion of its portfolio.
Quantitative Investing. Quantitative inputs and models are generally backward-looking or use historical data to evaluate prospective investments or to generate forecasts which could result in incorrect assessments of the specific portfolio characteristics or ineffective adjustments to the Fund’s overall exposures. Securities selected using quantitative analysis may perform differently than analysis of their historical trends would suggest. Inputs or models may be flawed or not work as anticipated and may cause the Fund to underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and strategies.
Equity Securities. The value of equity securities will rise and fall in response to the activities of the company that issued them, general market conditions and/or economic conditions. Investments in small and medium capitalization companies may involve greater risks because these companies generally have narrower markets, more limited managerial and financial resources and a less diversified product offering than larger, more established companies. Small and some medium capitalization stocks may also be thinly traded, and thus, difficult to buy and sell in the market. Investments in preferred stocks are subject to the risks of common stocks, as well as the risk that interest rates will rise and make the fixed dividend feature, if any, less appealing to investors resulting in a decline in price.
Volatility Strategies Risk. Volatility strategies depend on mispricings based upon market anticipated volatility and realized volatility of an underlying asset. If anticipated and realized volatility are incorrectly estimated, the strategy may result in losses.
Fixed Income Securities. Prices of fixed income securities generally rise and fall in response to, among other things, interest rate changes. Volatility in interest rates and in fixed income markets may increase the risk that the Fund’s investments in fixed income securities could lose money. In addition, the Fund could lose money if the issuer or guarantor of a fixed income security or other issuer of credit support is unable or unwilling to make timely principal and/or interest payments, or to otherwise honor its obligations. Fixed income securities may be downgraded in credit rating or go into default.
Non-Investment Grade Debt Securities (“High Yield” or “Junk Bonds”). Non-investment grade debt securities involve higher volatility and higher risk of default than investment grade bonds.
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U.S. and Non-U.S. Corporate Debt Securities Risk. Investments in U.S. and non-U.S. corporate debt securities are subject to interest rate risk and market risk, and are affected by perceptions of the creditworthiness and business prospects of individual issuers. Non-U.S. corporate debt securities may expose the Fund to greater risk than investments in U.S. corporate debt securities.
Government Issued or Guaranteed Securities, U.S. Government Securities. Bonds issued or guaranteed by a government are subject to inflation risk, price depreciation risk and default risk.
Money Market Securities (Including Commercial Paper). Prices of money market securities generally rise and fall in response to interest rate changes.
Bank Obligations. The banking industry may be particularly susceptible to certain economic factors such as interest rate changes, adverse developments in the real estate market, fiscal and monetary policy and general economic cycles. The banking industry may also be impacted by legal and regulatory developments.
Asset-Backed Commercial Paper. Investment in asset-backed commercial paper is subject to the risk that insufficient proceeds from the projected cash flows of the contributed receivables are available to repay the commercial paper.
Variable and Floating Rate Securities Risk. Variable and floating rate securities generally are less sensitive to interest rate changes but may decline in value if their interest rates do not rise as much, or as quickly, as interest rates in general.
Mortgage-Backed Securities. Mortgage-backed securities may be affected by, among other things, changes or perceived changes in interest rates, factors concerning the interests in and structure of the issuer or the originator of the mortgage, or the quality of the underlying assets. The underlying assets may default or decline in quality or value.
Asset-Backed Securities. Payment of principal and interest on asset-backed securities may be largely dependent upon the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities and asset-backed securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets.
Loans and Other Direct Indebtedness. Loans and other direct indebtedness involve the risk that payment of principal, interest and other amounts due in connection with these investments may not be received. The highly leveraged nature of many such loans, including bank loans, and other direct indebtedness may make such loans and other direct indebtedness especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions and/or changes in the financial condition of the debtor. Investments in bank loans are typically subject to the risks of floating rate securities.
Repurchase Agreements. Repurchase agreements are subject to the risk that the sellers may not be able to pay the agreed-upon repurchase price on the repurchase date.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are subject to the risk that the other party may fail to return the security in a timely manner or at all. The Fund may lose money if the market value of the security transferred by the Fund declines below the repurchase price.
Non-U.S. and Emerging Markets Securities. Non-U.S. securities have risks relating to political, economic and regulatory conditions in foreign countries. The risks associated with non-U.S. securities may be amplified for emerging markets securities.
Non-U.S. and Emerging Markets Debt. The value of an investment in non-U.S. and emerging markets debt may be affected by political or economic conditions or foreign currency exchange rates. Prices of emerging markets debt can be severely affected not only by rising interest rates and adverse currency fluctuations, but also by the deterioration of credit quality or default by the issuer.
Currency Risk. Non-U.S. securities that trade in, and receive revenues in, non-U.S. currencies are subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency being hedged. As a result, investments in non-U.S. dollar-denominated securities and currencies may reduce the returns of the Fund.
Synthetic Foreign Equity/Fixed Income Securities. Investments in these instruments involve the risk that the issuer of the instrument may default on its obligation to deliver the underlying security or its value. These instruments
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  may also be subject to liquidity risk, foreign risk and currency risk. In addition, the exercise or settlement date may be affected by certain market disruption events which could cause the local access products to become worthless if the events continue for a period of time.
Derivatives. Investments in a derivative instrument could lose more than the initial amount invested. Compared to conventional securities, derivatives can be more sensitive to changes in interest rates or to sudden fluctuations in market prices and thus the Fund’s losses may be greater if it invests in derivatives than if it invests only in conventional securities. The use of derivative instruments involves risks different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in equity or fixed income securities, currencies or other investments. Derivatives are subject to a number of risks such as leveraging risk, liquidity risk, market risk, credit risk, default risk, counterparty risk (the risk that the other party in an agreement will fail to perform its obligations) and management risk. They also involve the risk of mispricing or improper valuation and the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate exactly with the change in the value of the underlying asset, rate or index.
Currency Trading Risk. Currency trading strategies may involve instruments that have volatile prices, are illiquid or create economic leverage. Forward currency contracts are subject to the risk that, should forward prices increase, a loss will be incurred to the extent that the price of the currency agreed to be purchased exceeds the price of the currency agreed to be sold.
Counterparty Risk. Counterparty risk is the risk that the other party or parties to an agreement or a participant to a transaction, such as a broker, might default on a contract or fail to perform by failing to pay amounts due or failing to fulfill the obligations of the contract or transaction.
Real Estate Securities. Just as real estate values go up and down, the value of the securities of companies involved in the industry also fluctuates. Real estate securities, including real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the companies and by the quality of tenants’ credit.
Infrastructure Companies. Infrastructure companies are subject to the risk that: the potential for realized revenue volumes is significantly lower than projected and/or cost overruns; the nature of the concession fundamentally changes during the life of the project (e.g., the state sponsor alters the terms); macroeconomic factors such as low GDP growth or high nominal interest rates raise the average cost of funding; government regulation may affect rates charged to customers; government budgetary constraints impact projects; special tariffs are imposed; and changes in tax laws, regulatory policies or accounting standards could be unfavorable. Other risks include environmental damage due to a company's operations or an accident, changes in market sentiment towards infrastructure and terrorist acts.
Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”). Investing in MLPs involves certain risks related to investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs and risks associated with pooled investment vehicles. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or a particular geographic region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. The benefit derived from the Fund’s investment in MLPs is largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes.
Commodity Risk. Exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities, particularly if the investments involve leverage. The value of commodity-linked derivative instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The use of leveraged commodity-linked derivatives creates an opportunity for increased return, but also creates the possibility for a greater loss.
Subsidiary Risk. By investing in the Subsidiary, the Fund will be indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments, which are generally similar to those that are permitted to be held by the Fund. The Subsidiary is not registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, and is generally not subject to all of the provisions of the 1940 Act.
Tax Risk. The tax treatment of the Fund’s investments may be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and/or guidance issued by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) that could affect whether income derived from such investments is “qualifying income” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code, or otherwise alter the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income or any gains and distributions made by the Fund.
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Illiquid Securities. An illiquid security may be difficult to sell quickly and at a fair price, which could cause the Fund to realize a loss on the security if it was sold at a lower price than that at which it had been valued.
Liquidity Risk. The market for certain investments may become illiquid under adverse or volatile market or economic conditions, making those investments difficult to sell. The market price of certain investments may fall dramatically if there is no liquid trading market.
Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are subject to both the credit and interest rate risks associated with fixed income securities and to the market risk associated with common stock. Contingent convertible securities generally provide for mandatory conversion into common stock of the issuer under certain circumstances, and therefore are subject to the risk the Fund could experience a reduced income rate and a worsened standing in the case of an issuer’s insolvency.
High Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund will likely engage in active and frequent trading, which may result in higher portfolio turnover rates, higher transaction costs and realization of short-term capital gains that will generally be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income.
Large Redemptions. The Fund is expected to be used as an investment by certain funds of funds and in asset allocation programs and may have a large percentage of its Shares owned by such funds or held in such programs. Large redemption activity could result in the Fund incurring additional costs and being forced to sell portfolio securities at a loss to meet redemptions.
Global Financial Markets Risk. Global economies and financial markets are becoming increasingly interconnected and conditions (including recent volatility and instability) and events (including natural disasters) in one country, region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. In addition, governmental and quasi-governmental organizations have taken a number of unprecedented actions designed to support the markets. Such events and conditions may adversely affect the value of the Fund’s securities, result in greater market or liquidity risk or cause difficulty valuing the Fund’s portfolio instruments or achieving the Fund’s objective.
New Fund Risk. The Fund is a new Fund. There can be no assurance that the Fund will grow to an economically viable size, in which case the Fund may cease operations. Investors may be required to liquidate or transfer their investments at an inopportune time.
Please refer to the “Risks” section in the Fund’s Prospectus for further information.
An investment in the Fund is not a bank deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other government agency.
Performance
Because the Fund is new, performance history and average annual returns for the Fund are not included in this Prospectus. Performance history and average annual returns for the Fund will be included in the Prospectus after the Fund has been in operation for one calendar year.
Management

Investment Adviser
The Fund's investment adviser is RIM. The Fund's money managers are:
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• AllianceBernstein L.P. • Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P.
• Axiom International Investors LLC • OFI Global Institutional, Inc.
• Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc., Cohen & Steers UK Limited and Cohen & Steers Asia Limited • Polaris Capital Management, LLC
• Colonial First State Asset Management (Australia) Limited • RiverPark Advisors, LLC
• Hermes Investment Management Limited • Sustainable Growth Advisers, LP
• Kopernik Global Investors, LLC • The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC
• Lazard Asset Management, LLC • THL Credit Advisors, LLC
• Levin Capital Strategies, L.P. • Wellington Management Company LLP
Portfolio Managers
Rob Balkema, Senior Portfolio Manager, and Brian Meath, Chief Investment Officer of Multi-Asset Solutions, have primary responsibility for the management of the Fund. Mr. Balkema and Mr. Meath have managed the Fund since its inception.
Additional Information
How to Purchase Shares
Unless you are eligible to participate in a Russell Investments employee investment program, Shares are only available through a select network of banks (including bank trust departments), registered investment advisers, broker-dealers and other financial services organizations (collectively, “Financial Intermediaries”). Class E, R6 and S Shares of the Fund may only be purchased by specified categories of investors. There is currently no required minimum initial investment for Class A, Class C, Class E, Class R6 or Class S Shares.  For Class Y Shares, there is a $10 million minimum initial investment for each account in the Fund. However, for Class Y Shares there is no required minimum initial investment for specified categories of investors. The Fund reserves the right to close any account whose balance falls below $1,000 and to change the categories of investors eligible to purchase its Shares.
For more information about how to purchase Shares, please see Additional Information about How to Purchase Shares in the Fund's Prospectus.
How to Redeem Shares
Shares may be redeemed through your Financial Intermediary on any business day of the Fund (defined as a day on which the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for regular trading). Redemption requests are processed at the next net asset value per share calculated after the Fund receives an order in proper form as determined by your Financial Intermediary. Redemption requests must normally be received by the Fund or a Fund agent prior to the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time) on a business day of the Fund, in order to be processed at the net asset value calculated on that day. Because Financial Intermediaries and Fund agents may have earlier redemption order cut off times to allow them to deliver redemption orders to the Fund prior to the Fund's order transmission cut off time, please ask your Financial Intermediary what the cut off time is. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for instructions on how to place redemption requests.
For more information about how to redeem Shares, please see Additional Information about How to Redeem Shares in the Fund's Prospectus.
Taxes
Unless you are investing through an IRA, 401(k) or other tax-advantaged retirement account, distributions from the Fund are generally taxable to you as either ordinary income or capital gains.
For more information about these and other tax matters relating to the Fund and its shareholders, please see Additional Information about Taxes in the Fund's Prospectus.
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Payments to Broker-Dealers and Other Financial Intermediaries
If you purchase Shares of the Fund through a broker-dealer or other Financial Intermediary (such as a bank), the Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Fund Shares and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to recommend the Fund over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your Financial Intermediary’s website for more information.
For more information about payments to broker-dealers and other Financial Intermediaries please see Distribution and Shareholder Services Arrangements and Payments to Financial Intermediaries in the Fund's Prospectus.
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MANAGEMENT OF THE Fund
The Fund's investment adviser is RIM, 1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor, Seattle, Washington 98101. RIM was established in 1982 and pioneered the “multi-style, multi-manager” investment method in mutual funds and, as of December 31, 2015, managed over $38.1 billion in 50 mutual fund portfolios. RIM is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Russell Investments Group, Ltd., a Cayman company through which the limited partners of certain private equity funds affiliated with TA Associates Management, L.P. (“TA Associates”) indirectly hold a majority ownership interest and the limited partners of certain private equity funds affiliated with Reverence Capital Partners, L.P. (“Reverence Capital”) indirectly hold a significant minority ownership interest in RIM and its affiliates (“Russell Investments”). TA Associates is one of the oldest and most experienced global growth private equity firms. Reverence Capital is a private investment firm, focused on investing in leading financial services companies.
The RIC funds (“RIC Funds”) are offered through certain banks (including bank trust departments), registered investment advisers, broker-dealers and other financial services organizations (collectively, “Financial Intermediaries”) that have been selected by RIM or Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC (the “Distributor”). Most RIC Funds are designed to be used within multi-asset portfolios to gain exposure to a globally diverse mix of asset classes and styles and to combine traditional securities, such as equities and bonds, with non-traditional approaches, such as alternative investments. RIM's multi-asset approach combines diversification, research and selection of unaffiliated money managers and dynamic portfolio management.  RIM uses its core capabilities (capital markets insights, manager research, asset allocation, portfolio implementation and factor exposures) to manage the Fund by combining various money managers and strategies into a single Fund.
The Fund's assets are invested using a “multi-style, multi-manager diversification” technique. Unlike most investment companies that have a single organization that acts as investment adviser, the Fund divides responsibility for investment advice between RIM and a number of money managers unaffiliated with RIM. RIM’s money manager research services include evaluating and recommending professional investment advisory and management organizations (“money managers”) to make specific portfolio investments for each asset class, according to designated investment objectives, styles and strategies.
RIM provides or oversees the provision of all investment advisory and portfolio management services for the Fund, including developing the investment program for the Fund and managing the Fund’s overall exposures. Subject to the approval of the Fund's Board of Trustees, RIM selects, oversees and evaluates the performance results of the Fund's money managers and allocates most Fund assets among multiple money manager investment strategies. A money manager may have (1) a discretionary asset management assignment pursuant to which it is allocated a portion of Fund assets to manage directly and selects the individual portfolio securities for the assets assigned to it and/or (2) a non-discretionary assignment pursuant to which it provides a model portfolio to RIM representing its investment recommendations, based upon which RIM purchases and sells securities for a Fund. RIM does not evaluate the investment merits of a money manager’s individual security selections or recommendations. RIM manages Fund assets not allocated to discretionary money managers, which include assets managed by RIM to effect a Fund’s investment strategies and/or to actively manage the Fund’s overall exposures to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM also manages the portion of Fund assets for which the Fund's non-discretionary money managers provide model portfolios to RIM and the Fund's cash balances. RIM may also manage portions of the Fund during transitions between money managers.
The Fund's administrator and transfer agent is Russell Investments Fund Services, LLC (“RIFUS”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of RIM. RIFUS, in its capacity as the Fund's administrator, provides or oversees the provision of all administrative services for the Fund. The Fund's custodian, State Street Bank and Trust Company, maintains custody of the Fund's assets and establishes and monitors subcustodial relationships with banks and certain other financial institutions in the foreign countries in which the Fund invests. RIFUS, in its capacity as the Fund's transfer agent, is responsible for maintaining the Fund's shareholder records and carrying out shareholder transactions. As described above, the Fund conducts its business through a number of service providers who act on its behalf. When the Fund acts in one of these areas, it does so through the service provider responsible for that area.
RIM’s employees who manage the Fund, oversee the money managers of the Fund and have primary responsibility for the management of the Fund (the “RIM Managers”) are:
Rob Balkema, Senior Portfolio Manager since May 2016. From 2012 to May 2016, Mr. Balkema was a Portfolio Manager. From 2010 to 2012, Mr. Balkema was a Senior Research Analyst on the investment process and risk team. Mr. Balkema shares primary responsibility for the management of the Fund with Mr. Meath.
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Brian Meath, Chief Investment Officer of Multi-Asset Solutions since May 2016. Mr. Meath was a Senior Portfolio Manager from 2013 to May 2016. Mr. Meath was a Portfolio Manager from 2010 to 2013. Mr. Meath shares primary responsibility for the management of the Fund with Mr. Balkema.
Please see the Fund's Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) for additional information about the RIM Managers' compensation, other accounts managed by the RIM Managers and the RIM Managers' ownership of securities in the Fund.
The Fund's annual advisory fee is 0.85% of the first $2 billion, 0.81% of the next $3 billion, 0.78% of the next $5 billion and 0.76% in excess of $10 billion as a percentage of average daily net assets.
The Fund invests its cash in an unregistered cash management fund advised by RIM. RIM has waived its 0.05% advisory fee for the unregistered fund. RIFUS charges a 0.05% administrative fee to the unregistered fund.
The Fund invests all or a portion of its collateral received in securities lending transactions in an unregistered cash management fund advised by RIM.  RIM charges a management fee of 0.07% to this unregistered fund. Out of the management fee, RIM pays certain expenses of the unregistered fund, including an administrative fee of 0.0025% to RIFUS.  RIM retains the balance of the management fee.
A discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the investment advisory contract between RIM and the Fund will be available in the Fund's annual report to shareholders covering the period ended October 31, 2016.
The Trustees are responsible generally for overseeing the management and operations of the Trust. The Trustees and the Trust’s officers may amend the Prospectus, any summary prospectus, the SAI and any contracts to which the Trust or the Fund is a party and interpret the investment objective(s), policies, restrictions and contractual provisions applicable to the Fund without shareholder input or approval, except in circumstances in which shareholder approval is specifically required by law (such as changes to fundamental investment policies) or where a shareholder approval requirement is specifically disclosed in the Prospectus or SAI. Neither the Prospectus, any summary prospectus, the SAI, any contracts filed as exhibits to the Trust’s registration statement, nor any other communications or disclosure documents from or on behalf of the Trust creates a contract between a shareholder of the Fund and: (i) the Trust; (ii) the Fund; (iii) a service provider to the Trust or the Fund; and/or (iv) the Trustees or officers of the Trust.
The Trustees, on behalf of the Trust, enter into service agreements with RIM, RIFUS and other service providers in order to provide, and in some cases authorize service providers to procure through other parties, necessary or desirable services on behalf of the Trust and the Fund. Shareholders are not third-party beneficiaries of such agreements.
On October 17, 2013, Fred McClure filed a derivative lawsuit against RIM on behalf of ten RIC Funds: the Russell Commodity Strategies Fund, Russell Emerging Markets Fund, Russell Global Equity Fund, Russell Global Infrastructure Fund, Russell Global Opportunistic Credit Fund, Russell International Developed Markets Fund, Russell Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund (liquidated in 2016), Russell Strategic Bond Fund, Russell U.S. Small Cap Equity Fund and Russell Global Real Estate Securities Fund.  The lawsuit, which was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, seeks recovery under Section 36(b) of the 1940 Act, for the Funds' alleged payment of excessive investment management fees to RIM.  On December 8, 2014, Fred McClure filed a second derivative lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. This second suit involves the same ten RIC Funds, and the allegations are similar, although the second suit adds a claim alleging that RIFUS charged the Funds excessive administrative fees under Section 36(b). The plaintiff seeks on behalf of the Funds recovery of the amount of the allegedly excessive compensation or payments received from these ten RIC Funds and earnings that would have accrued to the plaintiff had that compensation not been paid or, alternatively, rescission of the contracts and restitution of all excessive fees paid, for a period commencing one year prior to the filing of the lawsuit through the date of the trial. RIM and RIFUS are vigorously defending the actions.
THE MONEY MANAGERS
RIM allocates most of the Fund’s assets among multiple money manager investment strategies. Money managers are unaffiliated with RIM and are listed under “Money Manager Information” at the end of this Prospectus. RIM, as the Fund's adviser, may change the allocation of the Fund's assets at any time.
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A money manager may have (1) a discretionary asset management assignment pursuant to which it is allocated a portion of the Fund's assets to manage directly and/or (2) a non-discretionary assignment pursuant to which it provides a model portfolio to RIM representing its investment recommendations, based upon which RIM purchases and sells securities for the Fund. Assets not allocated to discretionary money managers are managed by RIM.
Each discretionary money manager has complete discretion to select portfolio securities for its segment of the Fund's assets. Each non-discretionary money manager provides RIM with a model portfolio, based upon which RIM purchases and sells securities for the Fund. Each money manager must operate within the Fund's investment objectives, restrictions and policies. Additionally, each money manager must operate within more specific parameters developed from time to time by RIM. RIM develops such parameters for each money manager based on the Fund's investment program, RIM’s assessment of the money manager’s expertise and investment style. By assigning more specific parameters to each money manager, RIM attempts to capitalize on the strengths of each money manager and to combine their investment activities in a complementary fashion. Although, under the Fund's multi-manager structure, RIM is responsible for oversight of the services provided by the Fund's money managers and for providing reports to the Board regarding the money managers’ activities, the Board, the officers, RIM and Russell Investments do not evaluate the investment merits of a money manager’s individual security selections.
The Fund received an exemptive order from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) that permits RIM to engage or terminate a money manager at any time, subject to the approval by the Fund's Board, without a shareholder vote. The Fund is required to notify its shareholders within 90 days after a money manager begins providing services. The Fund selects money managers based upon the research and recommendations of RIM. RIM evaluates quantitatively and qualitatively the money managers’ investment style and process, performance record and portfolio characteristics in managing assets for specific asset classes, investment styles and strategies. Short-term investment performance, by itself, is not a controlling factor in the selection or termination of any money manager.
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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE AND INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The Fund has a non-fundamental investment objective as noted below. A non-fundamental investment objective may be changed by the Board of the Fund without shareholder approval. If the Fund’s investment objective is changed, the Prospectus will be supplemented to reflect the new investment objective. To the extent that there is a material change in the Fund’s investment objective, shareholders will be provided with reasonable notice.
The Board may, if it deems appropriate to do so, authorize the liquidation or merger of the Fund without shareholder approval in circumstances where shareholder approval is not otherwise required by the Investment Company Act of 1940. Unless Fund Shares are held in a tax-deferred account, liquidation or merger may result in a taxable event for shareholders of the liquidated Fund.
RIM or the money managers may or may not use all of the securities and investment strategies listed below. This Prospectus does not describe all of the various types of securities and investment strategies that may be used by the Fund. The Fund may invest in other types of securities and use other investment strategies that are not described in this Prospectus. Such securities and investment strategies may subject the Fund to additional risks. Please see the Statement of Additional Information for additional information about the securities and investment strategies described in this Prospectus and about additional securities and non-principal investment strategies that may be used by the Fund.
Unless otherwise stated, all percentage and credit quality limitations on Fund investments listed in this Prospectus apply at the time of investment. There would be no violation of any of these limitations unless the Fund fails to comply with any such limitation immediately after and as a result of an investment. A later change in circumstances will not require the sale of an investment if it was proper at the time it was made.
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund
Investment Objective (Non-Fundamental)
The Fund seeks to provide long term total return with lower volatility than equity markets.
Principal Investment Strategies
In an effort to provide equity-like total return over a market cycle while mitigating downside risk and volatility relative to equities, RIM allocates the Fund’s assets across a broad range of instruments, asset classes and strategies. To seek to achieve the Fund’s objective, RIM dynamically manages the Fund’s positioning based on RIM’s outlook on the business and economic cycle, relative market valuations and market sentiment. By evolving the Fund’s positioning away from sectors with higher relative valuations and towards those believed to present more attractive opportunities, RIM attempts to reduce the Fund’s downside risk and enable the Fund to provide long term total return from a diverse range of potential investments.
The Fund’s target strategic asset allocation is approximately 40% to 60% to global equity-related instruments and to global fixed income-related instruments. However, the Fund is not required to allocate its investments in any set proportion and RIM generally expects to dynamically manage the Fund’s positioning by a variance of up to 25% from the target allocations. Over a market cycle, it is anticipated that the Fund will exhibit approximately two-thirds of the volatility of equities.
The Fund’s global equity investments span developed and emerging markets and may include real estate and infrastructure companies. The Fund’s global fixed income investments may include government and corporate debt, U.S., non-U.S. and emerging markets debt, investment grade and high yield debt, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. The Fund’s fixed income portfolio is expected to include a significant allocation to return-seeking fixed income investments. The Fund may also invest in commodity-related instruments.
RIM provides or oversees the provision of all investment advisory and portfolio management services for the Fund, including developing the investment program for the Fund and managing the Fund’s overall exposures.
RIM employs a “multi-asset, multi-manager” approach for the Fund whereby RIM selects the investment strategies for the Fund and utilizes multiple money managers unaffiliated with RIM to pursue those strategies. The Fund employs discretionary and non-discretionary money managers. The Fund’s discretionary money managers select the individual portfolio securities for the assets assigned to them. The Fund’s non-discretionary money managers provide a model portfolio to RIM representing their investment recommendations, based upon which RIM purchases and sells securities for
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the Fund. When determining how to allocate the Fund's assets among itself and the money manager strategies, RIM considers a variety of factors, including asset class allocations, preferred asset class positioning and contribution to overall portfolio characteristics.
Subject to the approval of the Fund’s Board of Trustees, RIM selects, oversees and evaluates the performance results of the Fund’s money managers and allocates Fund assets among multiple money manager investment strategies. RIM manages Fund assets not allocated to discretionary money managers, which include assets managed by RIM to effect the Fund’s investment strategies and/or, as described below, to actively manage the Fund’s overall exposures to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM also manages the portion of Fund assets for which the Fund’s non-discretionary money managers provide model portfolios to RIM and the Fund’s cash balances. RIM may also manage portions of the Fund during transitions between money managers.
With respect to the portion of the Fund that RIM manages based upon money manager model portfolios, RIM constructs a portfolio that represents the aggregation of the model portfolios based upon RIM’s allocation to each money manager’s strategy. RIM then implements the portfolio consistent with the aggregation of the model portfolios, but may vary from such aggregation primarily for the purpose of increasing trading efficiencies. RIM may also deviate from such aggregation for the purposes of risk/return profile management and transaction cost management. For this portion of the Fund, RIM purchases and sells securities at the times and in the manner considered by RIM to be efficient for the Fund and it is expected that, generally, trades will be effected on a periodic basis, unless RIM determines that more frequent trading is appropriate due to changing market conditions or other significant factors.
The Fund may invest in equity securities of issuers of any market capitalization economically tied to U.S. and non-U.S. markets, including emerging markets. Equity securities in which the Fund invests include common stock, preferred stocks, equity and mortgage real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), depositary receipts, securities issued in connection with initial public offerings and equity-related securities or instruments whose value is based on common stocks, such as convertible securities, rights, warrants or options to purchase common stock and futures contracts (stock or stock index). Convertible securities can be bonds, notes, debentures, preferred stock or other securities that entitle the holder to acquire the issuer’s common stock by exchange or purchase for a predetermined rate. The Fund may invest in contingent convertible securities, which provide for mandatory conversion into common stock of the issuer under certain circumstances.
The Fund may invest in infrastructure companies, which are companies that are engaged in the infrastructure business. A company is considered to be engaged in the infrastructure business if it derives at least 50% of its revenues or earnings from, or devotes at least 50% of its assets to, infrastructure-related activities. Infrastructure refers to the systems and networks of energy, transportation, communication and other services required for the normal function of society. Companies in the infrastructure business are involved in (1) the generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy; (2) the storage, transportation and distribution of natural resources, such as natural gas, used to produce energy; (3) alternative energy sources; (4) the building, operation and maintenance of highways, toll roads, tunnels, bridges and parking lots; (5) the building, operation and maintenance of airports and ports, railroads and mass transit systems; (6) telecommunications, including wireless and cable networks; (7) water treatment and distribution; and (8) other public services such as health care and education. Infrastructure companies also include energy-related companies organized as master limited partnerships (“MLPs”) and their affiliates.
The Fund may invest in fixed income securities of any credit quality and maturity. The Fund may invest in U.S. and non-U.S. corporate fixed income securities and fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government (including Treasury Inflation Protected Securities) or by non-U.S. governments, or by their respective agencies and instrumentalities, as well as in emerging markets debt securities. The Fund may invest, without limitation, in fixed income securities or instruments that are rated below investment grade (commonly referred to as “high-yield” or “junk bonds”), in unrated securities judged to be of comparable quality, and in the lowest-rated fixed income securities, including those in default. The Fund’s investments may include variable and floating rate securities. A floating rate security is one whose terms provide for the automatic adjustment of an interest rate whenever the specified interest rate changes. A variable rate security is one whose terms provide for the automatic establishment of a new interest rate on set dates.
Some of the securities in which the Fund invests may be supported by credit and liquidity enhancements from third parties. These enhancements may include letters of credit from foreign or domestic banks.
The Fund may purchase loans and other direct indebtedness entitling the Fund to payments of interest, principal and/or other amounts due under the structure of the loan or other indebtedness. This may include investments in floating
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rate “bank loans” or “leveraged loans,” which are generally loans issued to below investment grade companies that carry floating coupon payments.  Such investments are generally rated below investment grade and are expected to exhibit credit risks similar to “high yield” or “junk” bonds.  Such investments may also be unrated, in which case the Fund relies primarily on its own evaluation of a borrower’s credit quality rather than on any available independent sources. The Fund may invest in senior secured floating rate loans or debt and second lien or other subordinated or unsecured floating rate loans or debt.  Senior secured loans or debt are secured by specific collateral of the borrower and are senior to most other securities of the borrower in the event the borrower goes bankrupt. Second lien and subordinated loans or debt rank after senior obligations of the borrower in the event of bankruptcy and typically have a lower credit rating and therefore higher yield than senior secured loans.  Unsecured loans or debt are not secured by specific collateral of the borrower in the event of bankruptcy.  Bank loans are often issued in connection with acquisitions, leveraged buyouts, bankruptcy proceedings or financial restructurings and borrowers may have defaulted in the payment of interest or principal or in the performance of certain covenants or agreements and/or have uncertain financial conditions. 
The Fund may invest in mortgage related securities including mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, commercial mortgage-backed securities, mortgage pass-through securities, to be announced (“TBA”) securities, interest only mortgage-backed securities, principal only mortgage-backed securities and mortgage dollar rolls, that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property. A dollar roll is the sale of a security by the Fund and its agreement to repurchase the instrument at a specified time and price, and may be considered a form of borrowing for some purposes. By investing in mortgage related securities, the Fund may also have exposure to non-agency mortgage-backed securities, including to Alternative A (“Alt-A”) paper, subprime and/or non-conforming mortgages. The Fund may also invest in asset-backed securities, which may include, among others, credit card, automobile loan and/or home equity line of credit receivables and collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”). CLOs are special purpose entities that are collateralized mainly by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans.
The Fund may invest in derivative instruments and may take both long and short positions relative to the underlying asset. The Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts, including interest rate, foreign currency, Treasury futures and equity index futures, and enter into forwards, options, when-issued transactions (also called forward commitments), swap agreements (including interest rate, index and currency swaps) and swaptions. The Fund may invest in derivatives (1) as a substitute for holding securities directly, (2) to facilitate the implementation of its investment strategy, (3) for hedging purposes, (4) to take a net short position with respect to certain issuers, sectors or markets, (5) to adjust the interest rate sensitivity and duration of the Fund’s portfolio or (6) to manage the Fund’s asset class exposures. The Fund may buy or sell credit default swaps or other credit derivatives, including credit linked notes and credit options, as an alternative to buying or selling the fixed income securities themselves or otherwise to increase the Fund’s total return or to manage Fund risks. Credit default swaps resemble insurance contracts in that the seller of the swap provides the buyer with protection against specific risks of the issuer, such as defaults and bankruptcies, in exchange for a premium from the buyer. Credit linked notes are obligations between two or more parties where the payment of principal and/or interest is based on the performance of some obligation, basket of obligations, index or economic indicator (a “reference instrument”). Credit options, which are options whereby the purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a transaction involving either an asset with inherent credit risk or a credit derivative, at terms specified at the initiation of the option. The Fund may invest in STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities). STRIPS are created by separating the interest and the principal components of an outstanding U.S. Treasury or agency note or bond and selling them as individual securities.
The Fund may purchase and sell currency futures and options on currency futures, forward currency contracts, currency swaps and currency spot and options contracts for speculative purposes based on judgments regarding the direction of the market for a particular foreign currency or currencies or to manage the Fund’s currency exposures. The Fund’s currency investments may seek returns through the identification of currency market factors that are expected to result in positive returns over time. The Fund will enter into spot and forward currency contracts to facilitate settlement of securities transactions and may enter into these contracts in order to “lock in” the U.S. dollar price of a security that it plans to buy or sell. The Fund may at times seek to protect a portion of its investments against adverse currency exchange rate changes by purchasing forward currency contracts.
The Fund may invest directly, or indirectly through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund (the “Subsidiary”) organized as a company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked securities and derivative instruments that provide exposure to the performance of the commodities
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markets, including futures and options contracts with respect to indexes or individual commodities, options on futures contracts, swap agreements and swaptions. The Subsidiary may also invest in fixed income instruments. The Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiary. Shares of the Subsidiary are not offered to any investors other than the Fund. Investing in the Subsidiary allows the Fund to achieve greater exposure to the commodities markets than would otherwise be possible because of U.S. tax law requirements. The Subsidiary is advised by RIM and may have certain of the same money managers as the Fund. Employees of RIM and its affiliates serve as directors of the Subsidiary. Although the Subsidiary is otherwise subject to the same fundamental, non-fundamental and certain other investment restrictions as the Fund, the investment programs of the Fund and the Subsidiary are not identical.
The Fund’s or the Subsidiary’s use of derivatives may cause the Fund’s or the Subsidiary’s investment returns to be impacted by the performance of securities the Fund or the Subsidiary does not own and result in the Fund’s or the Subsidiary’s total investment exposure exceeding the value of its portfolio.
RIM may manage assets directly to actively manage the Fund’s overall exposures (such as volatility, momentum, value, growth, capitalization size, industry, sector, region, currency, commodity, credit or mortgage exposure, country risk, yield curve positioning or interest rates) by investing in securities or other instruments that RIM believes will achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM monitors the Fund’s risk/return profile by assessing Fund characteristics, including risk, using a variety of measurements and may seek to actively manage Fund exposures consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives and strategies. Fund exposures may be managed with the goal to increase or decrease exposures or to offset undesired relative over- or under-weights in order to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM may utilize quantitative or qualitative analysis or quantitative models designed to assess Fund characteristics and identify a portfolio which provides the desired exposures or use strategies based on indexes that represent the desired exposures, including index replication and optimized index sampling. Based on this, for the portion of the Fund’s assets directly managed by RIM, RIM may invest in common stocks, pooled investment vehicles, exchange traded notes, REITs, fixed income securities, currencies, short-term investments and/or derivatives, including futures, forwards, options and/or swaps, in order to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. Derivatives may be used to take long or short positions. RIM may also reallocate assets among money managers, increase cash reserves, determine not to be fully invested (not equitized) or adjust the exposure obtained through the cash equitization process as described below to manage Fund exposures.
RIM may utilize a quantitative model that selects and weights exposure to individual commodities based upon their relative attractiveness. RIM may also employ a model-based strategy that seeks gains based upon the difference between the market anticipated volatility and realized volatility of an underlying asset.
Depending upon market conditions, RIM may determine to allocate a significant portion of the Fund’s assets to cash, all or a portion of which may be “equitized” as described below. The Fund, like any mutual fund, also maintains cash reserves (i.e., cash awaiting investment or cash held to meet redemption requests or to pay expenses). RIM may increase or decrease the Fund’s cash balances to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund, or in anticipation of a transition to a new money manager or large redemptions resulting from rebalancing by funds of funds or asset allocation programs.
The Fund may expose all or a portion of its cash to the performance of certain markets by purchasing equity securities, fixed income securities and/or derivatives (also known as “equitization”), which typically include index futures contracts or fixed income futures contracts. This is intended to cause the Fund to perform as though its cash were actually invested in those markets. This exposure may or may not match the Fund’s benchmark.. RIM may use the cash equitization process to manage Fund exposures in order to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM may also use the cash equitization process to reduce market exposure. With respect to cash that is not equitized, RIM may sell equity index put options to seek gains from premiums (cash) received from their sale. RIM invests any remaining cash in (1) short-term investments, including the U.S. Cash Management Fund, an unregistered fund advised by RIM whose investment objective is to seek to preserve principal and provide liquidity and current income, and (2) fixed income securities with a typical average portfolio duration of one year and individual effective maturities of up to five years, which may include U.S. and non-U.S. corporate debt securities, asset-backed securities (which may include, among others, credit card and automobile loan receivables) and money market securities similar to those invested in by the U.S. Cash Management Fund.
Some emerging market countries do not permit foreigners to participate directly in their securities markets or otherwise present difficulties for efficient foreign investment. Therefore, the Fund may invest in synthetic foreign fixed income and/or equity securities, which may be referred to as international warrants, local access products, participation
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notes or low exercise price warrants, or may invest in equity linked notes. International warrants are a form of derivative security issued by foreign banks that either give holders the right to buy or sell an underlying security or securities for a particular price or give holders the right to receive a cash payment relating to the value of the underlying security or securities. Local access products are similar to options in that they are exercisable by the holder for an underlying security or the value of that security, but are generally exercisable over a longer term than typical options.
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which the Fund acquires a fixed income security from a commercial bank, broker or dealer and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally the next business day). A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction whereby the Fund transfers possession of a portfolio security to a commercial bank, broker or dealer and simultaneously agrees to repurchase such security at an agreed upon price and date.
The Fund may invest in commercial paper, including asset-backed commercial paper.  The Fund may invest in money market securities.  The Fund may invest in obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. or foreign banks. Bank obligations, including time deposits, bankers' acceptances and certificates of deposit, may be general obligations of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or by government regulations.
A portion of the Fund’s net assets may be “illiquid” securities (i.e., securities that do not have a readily available market or that are subject to resale restrictions, possibly making them difficult to sell in the ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued them).
The Fund may engage in active and frequent trading of portfolio securities to achieve its investment strategies.
The Fund considers emerging market countries to include every country in the world except Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Emerging market countries also include frontier market countries, which are less developed than traditional emerging market countries.
The Fund may sell securities for a variety of reasons including to realize gains, limit losses, to make funds available for other investment opportunities or to meet redemption requests. The Fund may also sell a security if there is a significant change to the security’s risk/return profile or if the security is no longer consistent with the Fund’s investment strategies.
Non-Principal Investment Strategies
The Fund may purchase depositary receipts, including American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) and European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”). The Fund may purchase depositary receipts where an ADR, GDR or EDR provides better access to markets and more liquidity than the underlying security. An ADR is a stock that trades in the U.S. but represents shares in a non-U.S. company. A GDR is a stock that trades in one or more global markets but represents shares of a company domiciled in a different country. An EDR is issued in Europe typically by foreign banks and trust companies and evidences ownership of either foreign or domestic securities. The Fund typically invests in sponsored ADRs, GDRs and EDRs but may also invest in unsponsored ADRs, GDRs and EDRs.
The Fund may invest in pooled investment vehicles, including other investment companies and exchange traded funds.
The Fund may invest in non-U.S. debt securities and bonds issued through the exchange of existing commercial bank loans to sovereign entities for new obligations in connection with debt restructuring, also known as Brady Bonds. The Fund may invest in Yankee Bonds (dollar denominated obligations issued by the US and non-U.S. corporations).
The Fund may invest in puts, stand-by commitments and demand notes (including variable rate demand notes). The Fund may also invest in municipal debt obligations.
The Fund may lend its portfolio securities in an amount up to one-third of its total assets to earn income. These loans may be terminated at any time. The Fund will receive either cash (which is invested at its own risk by the Fund), securities issued or guaranteed by the United States government or its agencies or instrumentalities or sovereign debt to secure the obligations of the borrower.
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On rare occasions, the Fund may take a temporary defensive position that may be inconsistent with its long-term principal investment strategies in an attempt to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions. If this occurs, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective during such times. The Fund may take a defensive position by raising cash levels and/or reducing or eliminating the strategy to expose its cash to the performance of appropriate markets.
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RISKS
An investment in the Fund, like any investment, has risks. The value of the Fund fluctuates and you could lose money. The following table lists the Fund and the types of principal and non-principal risks the Fund is subject to. Please refer to the discussion following the chart and the Fund's Statement of Additional Information for a discussion of risks associated with types of securities held by the Fund and the investment practices employed by the Fund.
Fund Principal Risks Non-Principal Risks
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund • Multi-Manager Approach
• Active Management Risk
• Security Selection
• Management of Fund Exposures
• Index-Based Investing
• Non-Discretionary Implementation Risk
• Quantitative Investing
• Equity Securities Risk
• Common Stocks
• Securities of Medium Capitalization Companies
• Securities of Small Capitalization Companies
• Securities of Micro Capitalization Companies and Companies with Capitalization Smaller than the Russell 2000 Index
• Preferred Stocks
• Rights, Warrants and Convertible Securities
• Volatility Strategies Risk
• Fixed Income Securities Risk
• Non-Investment Grade Debt Securities (“High-Yield” or “Junk Bonds”)
• U.S. and Non-U.S. Corporate Debt Securities Risk
• Government Issued or Guaranteed Securities, U.S. Government Securities
• Bank Obligations
• Money Market Securities (Including Commercial Paper)
• Asset-Backed Commercial Paper
• Variable and Floating Rate Securities
• Mortgage-Backed Securities
• Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
• Privately-Issued Mortgage-Backed Securities
• Reverse Mortgages
• Asset-Backed Securities
• Credit and Liquidity Enhancements
• Repurchase Agreements
• Reverse Repurchase Agreements
• Dollar Rolls
• Loans and Other Direct Indebtedness
• Credit Linked Notes, Credit Options and Similar Investments
• Non-U.S. Securities
• Non-U.S. Equity Securities
• Non-U.S. Fixed Income Securities
• Emerging Markets Securities
• Emerging Markets Debt
• Currency Risk
• Synthetic Foreign Equity/Fixed Income Securities
• Equity Linked Notes
• Derivatives (Future Contracts, Options, Forwards and Swaps)
• Currency Trading Risk
• Counterparty Risk
• Commodity Risk
• Tax Risk
• Subsidiary Risk
• Real Estate Securities
• Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”)
• Infrastructure Companies
• Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”)
• Illiquid Securities
• Liquidity Risk
• High Portfolio Turnover Risk
• Large Redemptions
• Global Financial Markets Risk
• Cash Management
• New Fund Risk
• Municipal Obligations
• Puts, Stand-by Commitments and Demand Notes
• Brady Bonds
• Yankee Bonds and Yankee CDs
• Securities of Other Investment Companies
• Depositary Receipts
• Securities Lending
• Distressed Securities
• Operational Risk
In order to determine which risks are principal or non-principal risks for the Fund, please refer to the table above.
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Multi-Manager Approach
While the investment strategies employed by the Fund's money managers are intended to be complementary, they may not in fact be complementary. The interplay of the various strategies employed by the Fund's multiple money managers may result in the Fund holding a significant amount of certain types of securities. This may be beneficial or detrimental to the Fund's performance depending upon the performance of those securities and the overall economic environment. The money managers selected for the Fund may underperform the market generally or other money managers that could have been selected for the Fund. The multi-manager approach could increase the Fund's portfolio turnover rate which may result in higher levels of realized capital gains or losses with respect to the Fund's portfolio securities, higher brokerage commissions and other transaction costs. The success of the Fund’s investment strategy depends on, among other things, both RIM’s skill in selecting money managers and allocating assets to the money manager strategies and on a money manager’s skill in executing the relevant investment strategy and selecting or recommending investments for the Fund.
Active Management Risk
Actively managed investment portfolios are subject to active management risk. Despite strategies designed to achieve the Fund's investment objective, the values of investments will change with market conditions, and so will the value of any investment in the Fund and you could lose money. Investments in the Fund could be lost or the Fund could underperform other investments.
Security Selection
  The securities or instruments chosen by RIM or a money manager to be in the Fund's portfolio may not perform as RIM or the Fund’s money managers expect. In fundamental analysis, securities are selected based upon research and analysis of a variety of factors. The process may result in an evaluation of a security’s value that may be incorrect or, if correct, may not be reflected by the market. Security or instrument selection risk may cause the Fund to underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and investment strategies even in a rising market.
Management of Fund Exposures
  There is no guarantee that RIM will effectively assess the Fund's overall exposures and it is possible that its judgments regarding the Fund's risk/return profile may prove incorrect. In addition, actions taken to manage overall Fund exposures, including risk, may be ineffective and/or cause the Fund to underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and investment strategies in the short- and/or long-term. To seek to actively manage the Fund's overall exposures, RIM may use index-based strategies, including index replication and optimized index sampling. For more information about these strategies, see the Index-Based Investing risk in this Prospectus. RIM may also use quantitative models in the management of the Fund's exposures. For more information about quantitative models, see the Quantitative Investing risk in this Prospectus.
Index-Based Investing
The Fund may use index-based strategies, including index replication and optimized index sampling, for certain purposes, including actively managing the Fund's overall exposures. Index replication strategies seek to purchase the securities in an index or a blend of indexes (the “reference index”) in order to track the reference index’s performance. Optimized index sampling strategies do not attempt to purchase every security in the reference index, but instead purchase a sampling of securities using optimization and risk models. This process involves the analysis of tradeoffs between various factors as well as turnover and transaction costs in order to estimate optimal portfolio holdings based upon the reference index in order to achieve desired Fund exposures. Unlike index replication strategies, optimized index sampling strategies do not seek to fully replicate the reference index and the Fund may not hold all the securities and may hold securities not included in the reference index. The Fund may hold constituent securities of the reference index regardless of the current or projected performance of a specific security or a particular industry or market sector. Maintaining investments in securities regardless of the performance of individual securities or market conditions could cause the Fund's return to be lower than if the Fund employed a fundamental investment approach to security selection with respect to that portion of its portfolio. Additionally, the portion of the Fund's portfolio utilizing an index-based strategy is subject to “tracking error” risk, which is the risk that the performance of the portion of the Fund's portfolio utilizing an index-based strategy will differ from the performance of the reference index it seeks to track due to differences in security holdings, operating expenses, transaction costs, cash flows, operational inefficiencies and tax considerations.
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Non-Discretionary Implementation Risk
With respect to the portion of the Fund that is managed pursuant to model portfolios provided by non-discretionary money managers, it is expected that trades will be effected on a periodic basis and therefore less frequently than would typically be the case if discretionary money managers were employed. Given that values of investments change with market conditions, this could cause the Fund's return to be lower than if the Fund employed discretionary money managers with respect to that portion of its portfolio. In addition, RIM may deviate, subject to certain limitations, from the model portfolios provided by non-discretionary money managers for various purposes and this may cause the Fund's return to be lower than if RIM had implemented the model portfolio as provided by the money manager.
Quantitative Investing
Quantitative inputs and models are generally backward-looking or use historical data to evaluate prospective investments or to generate forecasts. This could result in incorrect assessments of the specific portfolio characteristics or ineffective adjustments to the Fund's overall exposures. Securities selected using quantitative analysis may perform differently than analysis of their historical trends would suggest as a result of the factors used in the analysis, the weight placed on each factor, and changes in underlying market conditions. As market dynamics shift over time, a previously successful input or model may become outdated and result in losses. Inputs or models may be flawed or not work as anticipated and cause the Fund to underperform other funds with similar objectives and strategies. Certain inputs and models may utilize third-party data and models that RIM believes to be reliable. However, RIM does not guarantee the accuracy of third-party data or models.
Equity Securities Risk
The value of equity securities fluctuates in response to general market and economic conditions (market risk) and in response to the performance of individual companies (company risk). Therefore, the value of an investment in the Fund may decrease. The market as a whole can decline for many reasons, including adverse political or economic developments in the U.S. or abroad, changes in investor psychology, or heavy institutional selling. Also, certain unanticipated events, such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, war, and other geopolitical events, can have a dramatic adverse effect on stock markets. Changes in the financial condition of a company or other issuer, changes in specific market, economic, political, and regulatory conditions that affect a particular type of investment or issuer, and changes in general market, economic, political, and regulatory conditions can adversely affect the price of equity securities. These developments and changes can affect a single issuer, issuers within a broad market sector, industry or geographic region, or the market in general.
Common Stocks
  The value of common stocks will rise and fall in response to the activities of the company that issued the stock, general market conditions and/or economic conditions. If an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of the issuer’s debt instruments will take precedence over the claims of owners of common stocks.
Securities of Medium Capitalization Companies
  Investments in securities of medium capitalization companies are subject to the risks of common stocks. However, investments in medium capitalization companies may involve greater risks than those associated with larger, more established companies. Securities of such issuers may be thinly traded, and thus, difficult to buy and sell in the market. These companies often have narrower markets, more limited operating or business history, more limited product lines, and more limited managerial or financial resources than larger, more established companies. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund's portfolio.
Securities of Small Capitalization Companies
  Investments in securities of small capitalization companies are subject to the risks of common stocks, including the risks of investing in securities of medium capitalization companies. However, investments in small capitalization companies may involve greater risks, as, generally, the smaller the company size, the greater these risks.
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Securities of Micro Capitalization Companies and Companies with Capitalization Smaller than the Russell 2000® Index
  Investments in securities of micro capitalization companies and companies with capitalizations smaller than the Russell 2000® Index are subject to the risks of common stocks, including the risks of investing in securities of medium and small capitalization companies. However, investments in such companies may involve greater risks, as, generally, the smaller the company size, the greater these risks. In addition, micro capitalization companies and companies with capitalization smaller than the Russell 2000® Index may be newly formed with more limited track records and less publicly available information.
Preferred Stocks
  Investments in preferred stocks are subject to the risks of common stocks, as well as the risk that interest rates will rise and make the fixed dividend feature, if any, less appealing to investors resulting in a decline in price. Preferred stock does not usually have voting rights. The absence of voting rights may result in approval by the holders of the common stock of a corporate action to restructure a company for the benefit of the holders of the common stock to the detriment of the holders of the preferred stocks.
Rights, Warrants and Convertible Securities
  Rights and warrants are instruments which entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Rights are similar to warrants but rights typically have shorter durations and are offered to current stockholders of the issuer. Changes in the value of a right or a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a right or a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a right or a warrant may offer greater potential for capital loss.
  Convertible securities can be bonds, notes, debentures, preferred stock or other securities which are convertible into common stock. Convertible securities are subject to both the credit and interest rate risks associated with fixed income securities and to the market risk associated with common stock. Unlike traditional convertible securities, contingent convertible securities generally provide for mandatory conversion into common stock of the issuer under certain circumstances. The mandatory conversion might be automatically triggered, for instance, if a company fails to meet the minimum amount of capital described in the security, the company's regulator makes a determination that the security should convert or the company receives specified levels of extraordinary public support. Since the common stock of the issuer may not pay a dividend, the Fund could experience a reduced income rate, potentially to zero.  Conversion would deepen the subordination of the Fund, hence worsening the Fund’s standing in the case of an issuer’s insolvency. In addition, some contingent convertible securities have a set stock conversion rate that would cause a reduction in value of the security if the price of the stock is below the conversion price on the conversion date.
Volatility Strategies Risk
Volatility strategies depend on mispricings based upon market anticipated volatility and realized volatility of an underlying asset. Price movements are influenced by many unpredictable factors, such as market sentiment, inflation rates, interest rate movements and general economic and political conditions. If anticipated and realized volatility are incorrectly estimated, the strategy may result in losses.
Fixed Income Securities Risk
Fixed income securities generally are subject to the following risks: (i) Interest rate risk which is the risk that prices of fixed income securities generally rise and fall in response to interest rate changes. Generally, when interest rates rise, prices of fixed income securities fall. Interest rates in the United States are at, or near, historic lows, which may increase the Fund's exposure to risks associated with rising rates. Additionally, expectations of higher inflation generally cause interest rates to rise. The longer the duration of the security, the more sensitive the security is to this risk. A 1% increase in interest rates would reduce the value of a $100 note by approximately one dollar if it had a one-year duration; (ii) Market risk which is the risk that the value of fixed income securities fluctuates in response to general market and economic conditions. Fixed income markets have experienced volatility, which may result in increased shareholder redemptions; (iii) Company risk which is the risk that the value of fixed income securities fluctuates in response to the performance of individual companies; (iv) Credit and default risk which is the risk that the Fund could lose money if the issuer or guarantor of a fixed income security or other issuer of credit support is unable or unwilling to make timely
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principal and/or interest payments, or to otherwise honor its obligations. Securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk which are often reflected in credit ratings. Fixed income securities may be downgraded in credit rating or go into default. While all fixed income securities are subject to credit risk, lower-rated bonds and bonds with longer final maturities generally have higher credit risks and higher risk of default; (v) Inflation risk which is the risk that the present value of a security will be less in the future if inflation decreases the value of money; and (vi) LIBOR risk which is the risk that artificially low submissions to the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) rate setting process during the global financial crisis could adversely affect the interest rates on securities whose payments were determined by reference to LIBOR. According to various reports, certain financial institutions routinely made these submissions as early as 2005 and throughout the global financial crisis. This conduct may have adversely affected the interest rates on certain securities held by the Fund, and any future similar developments could, in turn, reduce the value of such securities. In addition, certain fixed income transactions may give rise to a form of leverage including, among others, when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment transactions, reverse repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and other transactions that may be considered a form of borrowing. The Fund will segregate or “earmark” liquid assets or otherwise cover the transactions that may give rise to such risk. This may cause the Fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations or to meet segregation requirements.
Specific types of fixed income securities are also subject to additional risks which are described below.
Non-Investment Grade Debt Securities (“High-Yield” or “Junk Bonds”)
  Although lower rated debt securities generally offer a higher yield than higher rated debt securities, they involve higher risks, higher volatility and higher risk of default than investment grade bonds. They are especially subject to:
Adverse changes in general economic conditions and in the industries in which their issuers are engaged;
Changes in the financial condition of their issuers;
Price fluctuations in response to changes in interest rates; and
Reduced liquidity compared to higher rated securities.
As a result, issuers of lower rated debt securities are more likely than other issuers to miss principal and interest payments or to default, which could result in a loss to the Fund. In the event of an issuer’s bankruptcy, the claims of other creditors may have priority over the claims of lower rated debt holders, leaving insufficient assets to repay the holders of lower rated debt securities.
U.S. and Non-U.S. Corporate Debt Securities Risk
  U.S. and non-U.S. corporate debt securities are subject to the same risks as other fixed income securities, including interest rate risk and market risk. U.S. and non-U.S. corporate debt securities are also affected by perceptions of the creditworthiness and business prospects of individual issuers. The underlying company may be unable to pay interest or repay principal upon maturity, which could adversely affect the security’s market value. In addition, due to less publicly available financial and other information, less stringent securities regulation, war, and other adverse governmental actions, investments in non-U.S. corporate debt securities may expose the Fund to greater risk than investments in U.S. corporate debt securities.
Government Issued or Guaranteed Securities, U.S. Government Securities
  Bonds guaranteed by a government are subject to the same risks as other fixed income securities, including inflation risk, price depreciation risk and default risk. No assurance can be given that the U.S. government will provide financial support to certain U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities since it is not obligated to do so by law. Accordingly, bonds issued by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities may involve risk of loss of principal and interest.
Bank Obligations
  An adverse development in the banking industry may affect the value of the Fund's investments. Banks may be particularly susceptible to certain economic factors such as interest rate changes, adverse developments in the real estate market, fiscal and monetary policy and general economic cycles. Banks are subject to extensive but different government regulations which may limit both the amount and types of loans which may be made and interest rates which may be charged. The profitability of the banking industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of funds for the purpose of financing lending operations under prevailing money market conditions. General economic conditions as well as exposure to credit losses arising from possible
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  financial difficulties of borrowers play an important part in the operation of this industry. The banking industry may also be impacted by legal and regulatory developments, particularly the recently enacted financial reform legislation. The specific effects of such developments are not yet fully known.
Municipal Obligations
  Municipal obligations are subject to interest rate, credit and illiquidity risk and are affected by economic, business and political developments. Lower rated municipal obligations are subject to greater credit and market risk than higher quality municipal obligations. The value of these securities, or an issuer’s ability to make payments, may be subject to provisions of litigation, bankruptcy and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, or may become subject to future laws extending the time for payment of principal and/or interest, or limiting the rights of municipalities to levy taxes. Timely payments by issuers of industrial development bonds are dependent on the money earned by the particular facility or amount of revenues from other sources, and may be negatively affected by the general credit of the user of the facility.
  Municipal securities can be significantly affected by political changes as well as uncertainties in the municipal market related to taxation, legislative changes, or the rights of municipal security holders. In addition, the perceived increased likelihood of default among issuers of municipal bonds has resulted in increased illiquidity, increased price volatility and credit downgrades of such issuers. In addition, the current economic climate and the perceived increased likelihood of default among issuers of municipal bonds has resulted in increased illiquidity, increased price volatility and credit downgrades of such issuers. A lack of information regarding certain issuers may make their municipal securities more difficult to assess. Additionally, uncertainties in the municipal securities market could negatively affect the Fund's net asset value and/or the distributions paid by the Fund. Certain municipal obligations in which the Fund invests may pay interest that is subject to the alternative minimum tax.
  To be tax exempt, municipal bonds must meet certain regulatory requirements. The failure of a municipal bond to meet these requirements may cause the interest received by the Fund from such bonds to be taxable. Interest on a municipal bond may be declared taxable after the issuance of the bond, and such a determination could be applied retroactively to the date of the issuance of the bond, causing a portion of prior distributions made by the Fund to be taxable to shareholders in the year of receipt. Additionally, income from municipal bonds may be declared taxable due to unfavorable changes in tax law, adverse interpretations by the Internal Revenue Service or noncompliant conduct of a bond issuer.
  From time to time, the Fund may invest a substantial amount of its assets in municipal bonds the interest from which is paid from revenues of similar projects. If its investments are concentrated in this manner, the Fund will assume the legal and economic risks relating to such projects which may significantly impact the Fund's performance. Additionally, the Fund may invest more heavily in bonds from certain cities, states or regions than others, which may increase the Fund's exposure to losses resulting from economic, political, or regulatory occurrences impacting these particular cities, states or regions.
  The Fund may invest in various types of municipal securities that are subject to different risks. These risks may include the following:
General Obligation Bonds Risk. Timely payments on general obligation bonds depend on the issuer’s credit quality, ability to raise tax revenues and ability to maintain an adequate tax base.
Revenue Bonds (including Industrial Development Bonds) Risk. Timely payments on revenue bonds, including industrial development bonds, depend on the money earned by the particular facility, or the amount of revenues derived from another source, and may be negatively affected by the general credit of the user of the facility.
Private Activities Bonds Risk. Private activities bonds are issued by municipalities and other public authorities to finance development of industrial facilities for use by a private enterprise, which is solely responsible for paying the principal and interest on the bond, and payment under these bonds depends on the private enterprise’s ability to do so.
Moral Obligation Bonds Risk. Moral obligation bonds are generally issued by special purpose public authorities of a state or municipality. If the issuer is unable to meet its obligations, repayment of these bonds becomes a moral commitment, but not a legal obligation, of the state or municipality.
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Municipal Notes Risk. Municipal notes are shorter-term municipal debt obligations that pay interest that is, in the opinion of bond counsel, generally excludable from gross income for federal income tax purposes (although the interest may be includable in taxable income for purposes of the alternative minimum tax) and that have a maturity that is generally one year or less. Municipal notes include tax anticipation notes, bond anticipation notes, revenue anticipation notes, construction loan notes, tax free commercial paper, project notes, variable rate demand notes, and tax free participation certificates. If there is a shortfall in the anticipated proceeds, the notes may not be fully repaid and the Fund may lose money.
Municipal Lease Obligations Risk. In a municipal lease obligation, the issuer agrees to make payments when due on the lease obligation. Although the issuer does not pledge its unlimited taxing power for payment of the lease obligation, the lease obligation is secured by the leased property.
Pre-Refunded Municipal Bonds Risk. In the event the Fund sells a pre-refunded municipal bond prior to its maturity, the price received may be less than the bond’s original cost, depending on market conditions at the time of sale.
Money Market Securities (Including Commercial Paper)
  Prices of money market securities rise and fall in response to interest rate changes. Generally, when interest rates rise, prices of money market securities fall. Money market securities are also subject to reinvestment risk. As interest rates decline, a money market fund’s dividends (income) may decline because the fund must then invest in lower-yielding instruments. The Fund’s ability to redeem shares of a money market fund may be impacted by recent regulatory changes relating to money market funds which permit the potential imposition of liquidity fees and redemption gates under certain circumstances. There is also a risk that money market securities will be downgraded in credit rating or go into default. Lower-rated securities, and securities with longer final maturities, generally have higher credit risks.
Asset-Backed Commercial Paper
  Asset-backed commercial paper is a fixed income obligation generally issued by a corporate-sponsored special purpose entity to which the corporation has contributed cash-flowing receivables such as credit card receivables or auto and equipment leases. Investment in asset-backed commercial paper is subject to the risk that insufficient proceeds from the projected cash flows of the contributed receivables are available to repay the commercial paper. Asset-backed commercial paper is usually unregistered and, therefore, transfer of these securities is restricted by the Securities Act of 1933.
Variable and Floating Rate Securities
  A variable rate security is one whose terms provide for the automatic establishment of a new interest rate on set dates. A floating rate security is one whose terms provide for the automatic adjustment of an interest rate whenever the specified interest rate changes. The interest rate on floating rate securities is ordinarily tied to, and is a specified margin above or below, the prime rate of a specified bank or some similar objective standard, such as the yield on the 90–day U.S. Treasury Bill rate, and may change as often as daily. Variable and floating rate securities generally are less sensitive to interest rate changes but may decline in value if their interest rates do not rise as much, or as quickly, as interest rates in general. Conversely, floating rate securities will not generally increase in value if interest rates decline. Inverse floating rate securities may decrease in value if the interest rates increase. Inverse floating rate securities, which are securities whose interest rate bears an inverse relationship to the interest rate on another security, may also exhibit greater price volatility than a fixed rate obligation with similar credit quality.
Mortgage-Backed Securities
  The value of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) may be affected by, among other things, changes or perceived changes in interest rates, factors concerning the interests in and structure of the issuer or the originator of the mortgage, or the quality of the mortgages underlying the securities. The mortgages underlying the securities may default or decline in quality or value. Through its investments in MBS, the Fund has exposure to prime loans, subprime loans, Alt-A loans and/or non-conforming loans as well as to the mortgage and credit markets generally. Underlying collateral related to prime, subprime, Alt-A and non-conforming mortgage loans has become increasingly susceptible to defaults and declines in quality or value, especially in a declining residential real estate market. In addition, regulatory or tax changes may adversely affect the mortgage securities markets as a whole.
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  MBS often have stated maturities of up to thirty years when they are issued, depending upon the length of the mortgages underlying the securities. In practice, however, unscheduled or early payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages may make the securities’ effective maturity shorter than this, and the prevailing interest rates may be higher or lower than the current yield of the Fund's portfolio at the time resulting in reinvestment risk.
  Rising or high interest rates may result in slower than expected principal payments which may tend to extend the duration of MBS, making them more volatile and more sensitive to changes in interest rates. This is known as extension risk.
  MBS may have less potential for capital appreciation than comparable fixed income securities due to the likelihood of prepayments of mortgages resulting from foreclosures or declining interest rates. These foreclosed or refinanced mortgages are paid off at face value (par) or less, causing a loss, particularly for any investor who may have purchased the security at a premium or a price above par. In such an environment, this risk limits the potential price appreciation of these securities.
  As with other delayed-delivery transactions, a seller agrees to issue a to-be-announced MBS (a “TBA”) at a future date. At the time of purchase, the seller does not specify the particular MBS to be delivered. Instead, the Fund agrees to accept any MBS that meets specified terms agreed upon between the Fund and the seller. TBAs are subject to the risk that the underlying mortgages may be less favorable than anticipated by the Fund.
Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
  Certain MBS may be issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government-sponsored entity, such as Fannie Mae (the Federal National Mortgage Association) or Freddie Mac (the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation). Although these instruments may be guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government-sponsored entity, many such MBS are not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States and are still exposed to the risk of non-payment. Since 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been operating under the Federal Housing Finance Administration (“FHFA”) conservatorship and are dependent upon the continued support of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and FHFA in order to continue their business operations. This dependency could affect Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the value of their securities and the securities which they guarantee.
Privately-Issued Mortgage-Backed Securities
  MBS held by the Fund may be issued by private issuers including commercial banks, savings associations, mortgage companies, investment banking firms, finance companies and special purpose finance entities (called special purpose vehicles or SPVs) and other entities that acquire and package mortgage loans for resale as MBS. These privately issued non-governmental MBS may offer higher yields than those issued by government entities, but also may be subject to greater price changes and other risks than governmental issues. Subprime loans refer to loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their loans. Alt-A loans refer to loans extended to borrowers who have incomplete documentation of income, assets, or other variables that are important to the credit underwriting processes. Non-conforming mortgages are loans that do not meet the standards that allow purchase by government-sponsored enterprises. MBS with exposure to subprime loans, Alt-A loans or non-conforming loans have had in many cases higher default rates than those loans that meet government underwriting requirements. The risk of non-payment is greater for MBS that are backed by mortgage pools that contain subprime, Alt-A and non-conforming loans, but a level of risk exists for all loans.
  Unlike MBS issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government-sponsored entity, MBS issued by private issuers do not have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee, but may have credit enhancements provided by external entities such as banks or financial institutions or achieved through the structuring of the transaction itself. Examples of such credit support arising out of the structure of the transaction include the issue of senior and subordinated securities (e.g., the issuance of securities by an SPV in multiple classes or “tranches,” with one or more classes being senior to other subordinated classes as to the payment of principal and interest, with the result that defaults on the underlying mortgage loans are borne first by the holders of the subordinated class); creation of “reserve funds” (in which case cash or investments, sometimes funded from a portion of the payments on the
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  underlying mortgage loans, are held in reserve against future losses); and “overcollateralization” (in which case the scheduled payments on, or the principal amount of, the underlying mortgage loans exceeds that required to make payment on the securities and pay any servicing or other fees). However, there can be no guarantee that credit enhancements, if any, will be sufficient to prevent losses in the event of defaults on the underlying mortgage loans. In addition, MBS that are issued by private issuers are not subject to the underwriting requirements for the underlying mortgages that are applicable to those MBS that have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee. As a result, the mortgage loans underlying private MBS may, and frequently do, have less favorable collateral, credit risk or other underwriting characteristics than government or government-sponsored MBS and have wider variances in a number of terms including interest rate, term, size, purpose and borrower characteristics. Privately issued pools more frequently include second mortgages, high loan-to-value mortgages and manufactured housing loans. The coupon rates and maturities of the underlying mortgage loans in a private-label MBS pool may vary to a greater extent than those included in a government guaranteed pool, and the pool may include subprime mortgage loans.
  Privately-issued MBS are not traded on an exchange and there may be a limited market for the securities, especially when there is a perceived weakness in the mortgage and real estate market sectors. Without an active trading market, MBS held in the Fund's portfolio may be particularly difficult to value because of the complexities involved in assessing the value of the underlying mortgage loans.
Reverse Mortgages 
  The Fund may invest in mortgage-related securities that reflect an interest in reverse mortgages.  Due to the unique nature of the underlying loans, reverse mortgage-related securities may be subject to risks different than other types of mortgage-related securities.  The date of repayment for such loans is uncertain and may occur sooner or later than anticipated. The timing of payments for the corresponding mortgage-related security may be uncertain.
Asset-Backed Securities
  Asset-backed securities may include MBS, loans (such as auto loans or home equity lines of credit), receivables or other assets. The value of the Fund's asset-backed securities may be affected by, among other things, actual or perceived changes in interest rates, factors concerning the interests in and structure of the issuer or the originator of the receivables, the market’s assessment of the quality of underlying assets or actual or perceived changes in the creditworthiness of the individual borrowers, the originator, the servicing agent or the financial institution providing the credit support.
  Payment of principal and interest may be largely dependent upon the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities. Rising or high interest rates tend to extend the duration of asset-backed securities, making them more volatile and more sensitive to changes in interest rates. The underlying assets are sometimes subject to prepayments which can shorten the security’s weighted average life and may lower its return. Defaults on loans underlying asset-backed securities have become an increasing risk for asset-backed securities that are secured by home-equity loans related to subprime, Alt-A or non-conforming mortgage loans, especially in a declining residential real estate market.
  Asset-backed securities (other than MBS) present certain risks that are not presented by MBS. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. There is the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities. Asset-backed securities are often backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different parties. To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the securities may contain elements of credit support which fall into two categories: (i) liquidity protection, and (ii) protection against losses resulting from ultimate default by an obligor on the underlying assets. Liquidity protection refers to the provision of advances, generally by the entity administering the pool of assets, to ensure that the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion. Protection against losses results from payment of the insurance obligations on at least a portion of the assets in the pool. This protection may be provided through guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, through various means of structuring the transaction or through a combination of such approaches. The Fund will not pay any additional
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  or separate fees for credit support. The degree of credit support provided for each issue is generally based on historical information respecting the level of credit risk associated with the underlying assets. Delinquency or loss in excess of that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security. The availability of asset-backed securities may be affected by legislative or regulatory developments. It is possible that such developments may require the Fund to dispose of any then existing holdings of such securities. Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) carry additional risks, including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments and one or more tranches may be subject to up to 100% loss of invested capital; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the Fund may invest in CLOs that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
Credit and Liquidity Enhancements
  Third parties may issue credit and/or liquidity enhancements, including letters of credit, for certain fixed income or money market securities held by the Fund. Liquidity enhancements may be used to shorten the maturity of the debt obligation through a demand feature. Adverse changes in the credit quality of the entity issuing the enhancement, if contemporaneous with adverse changes in the enhanced security, could cause losses to the Fund and may affect its net asset value. The use of credit and liquidity enhancements exposes the Fund to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the entity issuing the credit and/or liquidity enhancement may not be able to honor its financial commitments.
Repurchase Agreements
  Repurchase agreements may be considered a form of borrowing for some purposes and their use involves certain risks. One risk is the seller’s ability to pay the agreed-upon repurchase price on the repurchase date. If the seller defaults, the Fund may incur costs in disposing of the collateral, which would reduce the amount realized thereon. If the seller seeks relief under bankruptcy laws, the disposition of the collateral may be delayed or limited. For example, if the other party to the agreement becomes insolvent and subject to liquidation or reorganization under bankruptcy or other laws, a court may determine that the underlying securities that are collateral for a loan by the Fund are not within its control and therefore the realization by the Fund on such collateral may be automatically stayed. Finally, it is possible that the Fund may not be able to substantiate its interest in the underlying securities and may be deemed an unsecured creditor of the other party to the agreement.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
  A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction whereby the Fund transfers possession of a portfolio security to a bank or broker-dealer in return for a percentage of the portfolio security’s market value. The Fund retains record ownership of the security involved including the right to receive interest and principal payments. At an agreed upon future date, the Fund repurchases the security by paying an agreed upon purchase price plus interest. Liquid assets of the Fund, equal in value to the repurchase price, including any accrued interest, will be segregated on the Fund’s records while a reverse repurchase agreement is in effect. Reverse repurchase agreements are subject to the risk that the other party may fail to return the security in a timely manner or at all. The Fund may lose money if the market value of the security transferred by the Fund declines below the repurchase price. Reverse repurchase agreements may be considered a form of borrowing for some purposes.
Puts, Stand-by Commitments and Demand Notes
Demand notes are obligations with the right to a “put.” Variable rate demand notes are floating rate instruments with terms of as much as 40 years which pay interest monthly or quarterly based on a floating rate that is reset daily or weekly based on an index of short term municipal rates. A stand-by commitment gives the holder the right to sell the underlying security to the seller at an agreed-upon price or yield on certain dates or within a specified period prior to maturity. The ability of the Fund to exercise a put or stand-by commitment may depend on the seller’s ability to purchase the securities at the time the put or stand-by commitment is exercised or on certain restrictions in the buy back arrangement. Such restrictions may prohibit the Fund from exercising the put or stand-by commitment except to maintain portfolio flexibility and liquidity. In the event the seller is unable to honor a put or stand-by commitment for financial reasons, the Fund may be a general creditor of the seller. There may be certain restrictions in the buy back arrangement which may not obligate the seller to repurchase the securities. If there is a shortfall in the anticipated proceeds from demand notes, including variable rate demand notes, the notes may not be fully repaid and the Fund may lose money.
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Dollar Rolls
  The Fund may enter into dollar rolls subject to its limitations on borrowings. A dollar roll involves the sale of a security by the Fund and its agreement to repurchase the instrument at a specified time and price, and may be considered a form of borrowing for some purposes. The Fund will segregate or “earmark” liquid assets to cover its obligations under dollar rolls. Dollar rolls may create leveraging risk for the Fund.
Loans and Other Direct Indebtedness
  Loans and other direct indebtedness involve the risk that the Fund will not receive payment of principal, interest and other amounts due in connection with these investments, which depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower. Default or an increased risk of default in the payment of interest or principal on a loan results in a reduction in income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the loan and a potential decrease in the Fund's net asset value. The risk of default increases in the event of an economic downturn or a substantial increase in interest rates. If a borrower defaults on its obligations, the Fund may end up owning any underlying collateral securing the loan and there is no assurance that sale of the collateral would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrower’s payment obligation or that the collateral can be liquidated. If the terms of a loan do not require the borrower to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the value of the original collateral, the Fund will be exposed to the risk that the value of the collateral will not at all times equal or exceed the amount of the borrower’s obligations under the loan. To the extent that a loan is collateralized by stock in the borrower or its subsidiaries, such stock may lose all of its value in the event of bankruptcy of the borrower. Senior loans are subject to the risk that a court may not give lenders the full benefit of their senior positions. In addition, there is less readily available, reliable information about most senior loans than is the case for many other types of securities. With limited exceptions, the Fund will generally take steps intended to ensure that it does not receive material non-public information about the issuers of senior or floating rate loans who also issue publicly-traded securities and, therefore, the Fund may have less information than other investors about certain of the senior or floating rate loans in which the Fund seeks to invest. The Fund’s intentional or unintentional receipt of material non-public information about such issuers could limit the Fund’s ability to sell certain investments held by the Fund or pursue certain investment opportunities, potentially for a substantial period of time. Loans and other forms of direct indebtedness are not registered under the federal securities laws and, therefore, do not offer securities law protections against fraud and misrepresentation. The Fund relies on RIM’s and/or the money manager(s)’ research in an attempt to avoid situations where fraud or misrepresentation could adversely affect the Fund. Certain of the loans and the other direct indebtedness acquired by the Fund may involve revolving credit facilities or other standby financing commitments which obligate the Fund to pay additional cash on a certain date or on demand. The market for loan obligations may be subject to extended trade settlement periods (which may exceed seven (7) days). Because transactions in many loans are subject to extended trade settlement periods, the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a period after the sale. As a result, sale proceeds related to the sale of loans may not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund's redemption obligations for a period after the sale of the loans, and, as a result, the Fund may have to sell other investments or take other actions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations.
  The highly leveraged nature of many such loans, including floating rate “bank loans” or “leveraged loans,” and other direct indebtedness may make such loans and other direct indebtedness especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions and/or changes in the financial condition of the debtor. Bank loans have recently experienced significant investment inflows and if inflows reverse, bank loans could be subject to liquidity risk and lose value. Bank loans generally are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and to illiquidity risk, including potential illiquidity resulting from extended trade settlement periods. In addition, investments in bank loans are typically subject to the risks of floating rate securities and “high yield” or “junk bonds.” Investments in such loans and other direct indebtedness may involve additional risk to the Fund. Senior loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions are subject to greater risks than other senior loans. For example, the risks of default or bankruptcy of the borrower or the risks that other creditors of the borrower may seek to nullify or subordinate the Fund's claims on any collateral securing the loan are greater in highly leveraged transactions.
  As the Fund may be required to rely upon an interposed bank or other financial intermediary to collect and pass on to the Fund amounts payable with respect to the loan and to enforce the Fund’s rights under the loan and other direct indebtedness, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay
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  or prevent the Fund from receiving such amounts. In purchasing loans or loan participations, the Fund assumes the credit risk associated with the corporate borrower and may assume the credit risk associated with the interposed bank or other financial intermediary.
Credit Linked Notes, Credit Options and Similar Investments
  Credit linked notes are obligations between two or more parties where the payment of principal and/or interest is based on the performance of some obligation, basket of obligations, index or economic indicator (a “reference instrument”). In addition to the credit risk associated with the reference instrument and interest rate risk, the buyer and seller of a credit linked note or similar structured investment are subject to counterparty risk. Credit options are options whereby the purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a transaction involving either an asset with inherent credit risk or a credit derivative, at terms specified at the initiation of the option. These transactions involve counterparty risk.  
Non-U.S. Securities
The Fund’s return and net asset value may be significantly affected by political or economic conditions and regulatory requirements in a particular country. Non-U.S. markets, economies and political systems may be less stable than U.S. markets, and changes in exchange rates of foreign currencies can affect the value of the Fund's foreign assets. Non-U.S. laws and accounting standards in some cases may not be as comprehensive as they are in the U.S. and there may be less public information available about foreign companies. Non-U.S. securities markets may be less liquid and have fewer transactions than U.S. securities markets and taxes and transaction costs may be higher. Additionally, international markets may experience delays and disruptions in securities settlement procedures for the Fund's portfolio securities. Investments in foreign countries could be affected by potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations and could be subject to extended settlement periods or restrictions affecting the prompt return of capital to the U.S.
Non-U.S. Equity Securities
  Non-U.S. equity securities are subject to all of the risks of equity securities generally, but can involve additional risks relating to political, economic or regulatory conditions in foreign countries. Less information may be available about foreign companies than about domestic companies, and foreign companies generally may not be subject to the same uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards or to other regulatory practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to domestic companies.
Non-U.S. Fixed Income Securities
  The Fund’s non-U.S. fixed income securities are typically obligations of sovereign governments and corporations. As with any fixed income securities, non-U.S. fixed income securities are subject to the risk of being downgraded in credit rating and to the risk of default. To the extent that the Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in a concentrated geographic area like Eastern Europe or Asia, the Fund will generally have more exposure to regional economic risks associated with these foreign investments.
Emerging Markets Securities
  Investing in emerging markets securities can pose some risks different from, and greater than, risks of investing in U.S. or developed markets securities. These risks include: a risk of loss due to political instability; exposure to economic structures that are generally less diverse and mature, and to political systems which may have less stability, than those of more developed countries; smaller market capitalization of securities markets, which may suffer periods of relative illiquidity; significant price volatility; restrictions on foreign investment; and possible difficulties in the repatriation of investment income and capital. In addition, foreign investors may be required to register the proceeds of sales and future economic or political crises could lead to price controls, forced mergers, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization, or creation of government monopolies. The currencies of emerging market countries may experience significant declines against the U.S. dollar, and devaluation may occur subsequent to investments in these currencies by the Fund. Emerging market securities may be subject to currency transfer restrictions and may experience delays and disruptions in securities settlement procedures for the Fund's portfolio securities. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
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Emerging Markets Debt
  The Fund’s emerging markets debt securities may include obligations of governments and corporations. As with any fixed income securities, emerging markets debt securities are subject to the risk of being downgraded in credit rating and to the risk of default. In the event of a default on any investments in foreign debt obligations, it may be more difficult for the Fund to obtain or to enforce a judgment against the issuers of such securities. With respect to debt issued by emerging market governments, such issuers may be unwilling to pay interest and repay principal when due, either due to an inability to pay or submission to political pressure not to pay, and as a result may default, declare temporary suspensions of interest payments or require that the conditions for payment be renegotiated.
Brady Bonds
  Brady Bonds involve various risk factors including residual risk (i.e., the risk of losing the uncollateralized interest and principal amounts on the bonds) and the history of defaults with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds. There can be no assurance that Brady Bonds will not be subject to restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit, which may cause a loss of interest or principal on any of the holdings.
Yankee Bonds and Yankee CDs
  Non-U.S. corporations and banks issuing dollar denominated instruments in the U.S. (Yankee Bonds or Yankee CDs) are not necessarily subject to the same regulatory requirements that apply to U.S. corporations and banks, such as accounting, auditing and recordkeeping standards, the public availability of information and, for banks, reserve requirements, loan limitations and examinations. This complicates efforts to analyze these securities, and may increase the possibility that a non-U.S. corporation or bank may become insolvent or otherwise unable to fulfill its obligations on these instruments.
Currency Risk
  Foreign (non-U.S.) securities that trade in, and receive revenues in, foreign (non-U.S.) currencies are subject to the risk that those currencies will decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar or, in the case of hedging positions, that the U.S. dollar will decline in value relative to the currency being hedged. Currency rates in foreign countries may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time due to market events, actions of governments or their central banks or political developments in the U.S. or abroad. As a result, investments in non-U.S. dollar-denominated securities and currencies may reduce the returns of the Fund. Securities held by the Fund which are denominated in U.S. dollars are still subject to currency risk.
Synthetic Foreign Equity/Fixed Income Securities (also referred to as International Warrants, Local Access Products, Participation Notes or Low Exercise Price Warrants)
Investments in these instruments involve the risk that the issuer of the instrument may default on its obligation to deliver the underlying security or its value. These instruments may also be subject to liquidity risk, currency risk and the risks associated with investments in non-U.S. securities. In the case of any exercise of the instruments, there may be a time delay between the time a holder gives instructions to exercise and the time the price of the security or the settlement date is determined, during which time the price of the underlying security could change significantly. In addition, the exercise or settlement date may be affected by certain market disruption events which could cause the local access products to become worthless if the events continue for a period of time.
Equity Linked Notes
  An equity linked note is a note, typically issued by a company or financial institution, whose performance is tied to a single stock or a basket of stocks. Generally, upon the maturity of the note, the holder receives a return of principal based on the capital appreciation of the underlying linked securities. The terms of an equity linked note may also provide for the periodic interest payments to holders at either a fixed or floating rate. Equity linked notes are generally subject to the risks associated with the debt securities of foreign issuers and with securities denominated in foreign currencies and, because they are equity linked, may return a lower amount at maturity because of a decline in value of the linked security or securities. Equity linked notes are also subject to default risk and counterparty risk.
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Derivatives (Futures Contracts, Options, Forwards and Swaps)
Derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index. Various derivative instruments are described in more detail under “Other Financial Instruments Including Derivatives” in the Statement of Additional Information. Derivatives are typically used as a substitute for taking a position in the underlying asset and/or as part of a strategy designed to reduce exposure to other risks, such as currency risk. Derivatives may also be used for leverage, to facilitate the implementation of an investment strategy or to take a net short position with respect to certain issuers, sectors or markets. The Fund may also use derivatives to pursue a strategy to be fully invested or to seek to manage portfolio risk.
Investments in a derivative instrument could lose more than the initial amount invested and certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss. Compared to conventional securities, derivatives can be more sensitive to changes in interest rates or to sudden fluctuations in market prices and thus the Fund's losses may be greater if it invests in derivatives than if it invests only in conventional securities. The Fund's use of derivatives may cause the Fund’s investment returns to be impacted by the performance of securities the Fund does not own and result in the Fund’s total investment exposure exceeding the value of its portfolio. Investments in derivatives can cause the Fund to be more volatile. Leverage tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of a security, which exposes the Fund to a heightened risk of loss.
The use of derivative instruments involves risks different from, or possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in securities, physical commodities or other investments. Derivatives are subject to a number of risks such as leverage risk, liquidity risk, market risk, credit risk, default risk, counterparty risk and management risk. They also involve the risk of mispricing or improper valuation and the risk that changes in the value of the derivative may not correlate exactly with the change in the value of the underlying asset, rate or index.
Participation in the options or futures markets, as well as the use of various swap instruments and forward contracts, involves investment risks and transaction costs to which the Fund would not be subject absent the use of these strategies. If the Fund's predictions of movements in the direction of the securities, currencies, interest rate or commodities markets are inaccurate, the adverse consequences to the Fund may leave the Fund in a worse position than if such strategies were not used. Risks inherent in the use of options, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forwards and swaps include: (i) dependence on the ability to predict correctly movements in the direction of securities prices, currency rates, interest rates or commodities prices; (ii) imperfect correlation between the price of the derivative instrument and the underlying asset, rate or index and the risk of mispricing or improper valuation; (iii) the fact that skills needed to use these strategies are different from those needed for traditional portfolio management; (iv) the absence of a liquid secondary market for any particular instrument at any time, which risk is heightened for highly customized derivatives, including swaps; (v) the possible need to defer closing out certain hedged positions to avoid adverse tax consequences; (vi) for over-the-counter derivative products and structured notes, additional credit risk, the risk of counterparty default and the risk of failing to correctly evaluate the creditworthiness of the company on which the derivative is based and (vii) the possible inability of the Fund to purchase or sell a portfolio holding at a time that otherwise would be favorable for it to do so, or the possible need to sell the holding at a disadvantageous time, due to the requirement that the Fund maintain “cover” or collateral securities in connection with use of certain derivatives.
The risk of loss in trading futures contracts in some strategies is potentially unlimited. The entire amount invested in futures contracts could be lost. There also is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for futures contracts and options in which the Fund may invest. The Fund limits its investment in futures contracts so that the notional value (meaning the stated contract value) of the futures contracts does not exceed the net assets of the Fund. Participation in the futures markets, as well as the use of various forward contracts, involves investment risks and transaction costs to which the Fund would not be subject absent the use of these strategies. In many cases, a relatively small price movement in a futures contract may result in immediate and substantial loss or gain to the investor relative to the size of a required margin deposit. There is also the risk of loss by the Fund of margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of a broker with whom the Fund has an open position in the futures contract.
Although the Fund will not borrow money in order to increase its trading activities, leveraged swap transactions may experience substantial gains or losses in value as a result of relatively small changes in the value or level of an underlying or related market factor. In evaluating the risks and contractual obligations associated with a particular swap transaction, it is important to consider that a swap transaction may be modified or terminated only by mutual consent of the original parties and subject to agreement on individually negotiated terms. Therefore, it may not be possible for
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the Fund to modify, terminate, or offset the pool's obligations or the pool's exposure to the risks associated with a transaction prior to its scheduled termination date. For more information regarding credit default swaps see the Credit Default Swaps risk in this Prospectus.
Credit default swap contracts may involve greater risks than if the Fund invested in the reference obligation (the underlying debt upon which a credit derivative is based) directly since, in addition to the risks relating to the reference obligation, credit default swaps are subject to the risks inherent in the use of swaps, including illiquidity risk and counterparty risk. The Fund may act as either the buyer or the seller of a credit default swap. The Fund will generally incur a greater degree of risk when selling a credit default swap than when purchasing a credit default swap. As a buyer of a credit default swap, the Fund may lose its investment and recover nothing should a credit event fail to occur and the swap is held to its termination date. As seller of a credit default swap, if a credit event were to occur, the value of any deliverable obligation received by the Fund, coupled with the upfront or periodic payments previously received, may be less than what it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund. Certain standardized swaps, including certain credit default swaps, are subject to mandatory clearing, and more are expected to be subject to mandatory clearing in the future. The counterparty risk for cleared derivatives is generally lower than for uncleared derivatives, but cleared contracts are not risk-free. Clearing may subject the Fund to increased costs or margin requirements.
Certain derivatives, including swaps, may be subject to fees and expenses, and by investing in such derivatives indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear the expenses of such derivatives in addition to expenses of the Fund.
If a put or call option purchased by the Fund is not sold when it has remaining value, and if the market price of the underlying security or index, in the case of a put, remains equal to or greater than the exercise price or, in the case of a call, remains less than or equal to the exercise price, the Fund will lose its entire investment (i.e., the premium paid) on the option. When the Fund writes an option on a security or index, movements in the price of the underlying security or value of the index may result in a loss to the Fund.
Furthermore, regulatory requirements to set aside liquid assets to meet obligations with respect to derivatives may result in the Fund being unable to purchase or sell securities or instruments when it would otherwise be favorable to do so, or in the Fund needing to sell holdings at a disadvantageous time. The Fund may also be unable to close out its positions when desired.
Because the markets for certain derivative instruments (including markets located in foreign countries) are relatively new and still developing, appropriate derivatives transactions may not be available in all circumstances for risk management or other purposes. Upon the expiration of a particular contract, RIM or the money manager may wish to retain the Fund's position in the derivative instrument by entering into a similar contract, but may be unable to do so if the counterparty to the original contract is unwilling to enter into the new contract and no other appropriate counterparty can be found. There is no assurance that the Fund will engage in derivatives transactions at any time or from time to time. The ability to use derivatives may also be limited by certain regulatory and tax considerations.
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) and the various exchanges have established limits referred to as “speculative position limits” on the maximum net long or net short positions that any person may hold or control in a particular futures contract. Trading limits are imposed on the number of contracts that any person may trade on a particular trading day. An exchange or the CFTC may order the liquidation of positions found to be in violation of these limits and it may impose sanctions or restrictions. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) required the CFTC to establish speculative position limits on listed futures and options on physical commodities (including certain energy, metals and agricultural products) and economically equivalent over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. The Dodd-Frank Act also required the CFTC to establish position limits for swap transactions that are economically equivalent to futures or options contracts on physical commodities. The CFTC has not finalized the new CFTC-set limits so they are not yet in effect. Further regulatory action taken by the CFTC to establish these additional position limits may adversely affect the market liquidity of the futures, options and economically equivalent derivatives in which the Fund may invest. It is possible that positions held by the Fund may have to be liquidated in order to avoid exceeding such limits. Such modification or liquidation, if required, could adversely affect the operations and performance of the Fund.
Currency Trading Risk
The Fund may engage in foreign currency transactions to hedge against uncertainty in the level of future exchange rates and/or to effect investment transactions to generate returns consistent with the Fund's investment objectives and strategies (i.e., speculative currency trading strategies). Foreign currency exchange transactions will be conducted on
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either a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the rate prevailing in the currency exchange market, or through entering into forward currency exchange contracts (“forward contract”) to purchase or sell currency at a future date. The Fund may also enter into options on foreign currency. Currency spot, forward and option prices are highly volatile and forward, spot and option contracts may be illiquid. Such prices are influenced by, among other things: changing supply and demand relationships; government trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies; national and international political and economic events; and changes in interest rates. From time to time, governments intervene directly in these markets with the specific intention of influencing such prices. Currency trading may also involve economic leverage (i.e., the Fund may have the right to a return on its investment that exceeds the return that the Fund would expect to receive based on the amount contributed to the investment), which can increase the gain or the loss associated with changes in the value of the underlying instrument. Forward currency contracts are subject to the risk that should forward prices increase, a loss will be incurred to the extent that the price of the currency agreed to be purchased exceeds the price of the currency agreed to be sold. Due to the tax treatment of gains and losses on certain currency forward and options contracts, the use of such instruments may cause fluctuations in the Fund's income distributions, including the inability of the Fund to distribute investment income for any given period. Many foreign currency forward contracts will eventually be exchange-traded and cleared.  Although these changes are expected to decrease the credit risk involved in bi-laterally negotiated contracts, exchange-trading and clearing would not make the contracts risk-free.
Counterparty Risk
Counterparty risk is the risk that the other party(s) in an agreement or a participant to a transaction, such as a broker or swap counterparty, might default on a contract or fail to perform by failing to pay amounts due or failing to fulfill the delivery conditions of the contract or transaction. Counterparty risk is inherent in many transactions, including, but not limited to, transactions involving over-the-counter derivatives, repurchase agreements, securities lending, short sales, credit and liquidity enhancements and equity or commodity-linked notes.
Commodity Risk
Exposure to the commodities markets may subject the Fund to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities, particularly if the investments involve leverage. The value of commodity-linked derivative instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates or sectors affecting a particular industry or commodity (such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes or tariffs) and international economic, political and regulatory developments. Use of leveraged commodity-linked derivatives creates an opportunity for increased return but, at the same time, creates the possibility for greater loss (including the likelihood of greater volatility of the Fund’s net asset value), and there can be no assurance that the Fund’s use of leverage will be successful. Different sectors of commodities, including precious metals, base metals, energy and agricultural commodities, may have very different risk characteristics and different levels of volatility. Even within a given sector of a commodity (e.g., energy commodities), there can be significant differences in volatility and correlation between different commodity contracts (e.g., crude oil vs. natural gas), and similarly there can be significant differences in volatility and correlation between contracts expiring at different dates. In addition, the purchase of derivative instruments linked to one type of commodity and the sale of another (i.e., “basis spreads” or “product spreads”), or the purchase of contracts expiring at one date and the sale of contracts expiring at another (i.e., “calendar spreads”) may expose the Fund to additional risk, which could cause the Fund to underperform other funds with similar investment objectives and investment strategies even in a rising market.
Tax Risk
  The Fund intends to gain exposure indirectly to commodities markets by investing in the Subsidiary, which may invest in commodity index-linked swaps and other commodity-linked derivative instruments and securities. In order for the Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), the Fund must derive at least 90 percent of its gross income each taxable year from certain qualifying sources of income. The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has issued a revenue ruling which holds that income derived from commodity-linked swaps is not qualifying income under Subchapter M of the Code. However, the IRS has also issued private letter rulings to other taxpayers in which the IRS specifically concluded that income from certain commodity-linked notes is qualifying income and that income derived from a wholly-owned subsidiary will also constitute qualifying income, even if the subsidiary itself owns commodity-linked swaps and other commodity-linked derivative instruments. Although those private letter rulings can be relied on only by the taxpayers to whom they were issued, based on the reasoning in such rulings, the Fund intends to seek to gain exposure to the commodity markets primarily through
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  investments in commodity-linked notes and through investment in the Subsidiary. The IRS recently issued a revenue procedure, which states that the IRS will not in the future issue private letter rulings that would require a determination of whether an asset (such as a commodity index-linked note) is a “security” under the 1940 Act. The IRS also recently issued proposed regulations that, if finalized, would generally treat the Fund’s income inclusions with respect to a subsidiary as qualifying income only if there is a distribution out of the earnings and profits of a subsidiary that are attributable to such income inclusion. The proposed regulations, if adopted, would apply to taxable years beginning on or after 90 days after the regulations are published as final. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not change its position that income derived from commodity-linked notes and wholly-owned subsidiaries is qualifying income. The ability of the Fund to qualify for favorable regulated investment company status under the Code could be jeopardized if the Fund was unable to treat its income from commodity-linked notes and the Subsidiary as qualifying income. Furthermore, the tax treatment of commodity-linked notes, other commodity-linked derivatives and the Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary may otherwise be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and/or guidance issued by the IRS that could affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income or any gains and distributions made by the Fund.
Subsidiary Risk
  By investing in the Subsidiary, the Fund will be indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments, although the investment program followed by the Fund and the Subsidiary are not identical. The derivatives and other investments that will be held by the Subsidiary are generally similar to those that are permitted to be held by the Fund and will be subject to the same risks that apply to similar investments if held directly by the Fund. There can be no assurance that the investment objective of the Subsidiary will be achieved. The Subsidiary is not registered under the 1940 Act, although the Subsidiary will be maintained in accordance with the custody requirements of Section 17(f) of the 1940 Act. The Subsidiary is subject to the same fundamental, non-fundamental and certain other investment restrictions as the Fund; however, the Subsidiary is not subject to all the investor protection of the 1940 Act. Furthermore, changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in this Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information and could adversely affect the Fund.
Securities of Other Investment Companies
If the Fund invests in other investment companies, including exchange traded funds (“ETFs”), shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the Fund’s expenses (including operating expenses and the fees of the adviser), but also, indirectly, the similar expenses of the underlying investment companies. Shareholders would also be exposed to the risks associated not only to the investments of the Fund but also to the portfolio investments of the underlying investment companies. Unlike shares of typical mutual funds or unit investment trusts, shares of ETFs are bought and sold based on market values throughout each trading day, and not at net asset value. For this reason, shares can trade at either a premium or discount to net asset value. If an ETF held by the Fund trades at a discount to net asset value, the Fund could lose money even if the securities in which the ETF invests go up in value.
Real Estate Securities
Just as real estate values go up and down, the value of the securities of companies involved in the industry, and in which the Fund invests, also fluctuates. The Fund is also indirectly subject to the risks associated with direct ownership of real estate. Additional risks include declines in the value of real estate, changes in general and local economic and real estate market conditions, changes in debt financing availability and terms, increases in property taxes or other operating expenses and changes in tax laws and interest rates. The value of securities of companies that service the real estate industry may also be affected by such risks.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”)
  REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REITs and by the quality of tenants’ credit. Moreover, the underlying portfolios of REITs may not be diversified, and therefore subject to the risk of investing in a limited number of properties. REITs are also dependent upon management skills and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by tenants, self-liquidation and the possibility of failing either to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under federal tax laws or to maintain their
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  exemption from certain federal securities laws. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear expenses of the REITs in addition to expenses of the Fund.
Infrastructure Companies
Investments in infrastructure companies have greater exposure to the potential adverse economic, regulatory, political and other changes affecting such entities. Infrastructure companies are subject to a variety of factors that may adversely affect their business or operations including high interest costs in connection with capital construction programs, costs associated with compliance with and changes in environmental and other regulations, difficulty in raising capital in adequate amounts on reasonable terms in periods of high inflation and unsettled capital markets, the effects of surplus capacity, increased competition from other providers of services in a developing deregulatory environment, uncertainties concerning the availability of fuel at reasonable prices, the effects of energy conservation policies and other factors. Additionally, infrastructure-related entities may be subject to regulation by various governmental authorities and may also be affected by governmental regulation of rates charged to customers, government budgetary constraints, service interruption due to environmental, operational or other mishaps and the imposition of special tariffs and changes in tax laws, regulatory policies and accounting standards.
Other factors that may affect the operations of infrastructure companies include innovations in technology that could render the way in which a company delivers a product or service obsolete, significant changes to the number of ultimate end-users of a company's products, increased susceptibility to terrorist acts or political actions, risks of environmental damage due to a company's operations or an accident, and general changes in market sentiment towards infrastructure and utilities assets.
Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”)
An investment in MLP units involves some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have limited control on matters affecting the partnership. Investing in MLPs involves certain risks related to investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs and risks associated with pooled investment vehicles. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or a particular geographic region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. The benefit derived from the Fund’s investment in MLPs is largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships for Federal income tax purposes.
Depositary Receipts
Depositary receipts are securities traded on a local stock exchange that represent interests in securities issued by a foreign publicly-listed company. Depositary receipts have the same currency and economic risks as the underlying shares they represent. They are affected by the risks associated with the underlying non-U.S. securities, such as changes in political or economic conditions of other countries and changes in the exchange rates of foreign currencies. The value of depositary receipts will rise and fall in response to the activities of the company that issued the securities represented by the depositary receipts, general market conditions and/or economic conditions. Also, if there is a rise in demand for the underlying security and it becomes less available to the market, the price of the depositary receipt may rise, causing the Fund to pay a premium in order to obtain the desired depositary receipt. Conversely, changes in foreign market conditions or access to the underlying securities could result in a decline in the value of the depositary receipt. The Fund may invest in both sponsored and unsponsored depositary receipts, which are purchased through “sponsored” and “unsponsored” facilities, respectively. A sponsored facility is established jointly by the issuer of the underlying security and a depositary, whereas a depositary may establish an unsponsored facility without the participation of the issuer of the underlying security. Unsponsored depositary receipts may not provide as much information about the underlying issuer and may not carry the same voting privileges as sponsored depositary receipts.
Illiquid Securities
An illiquid security is one that does not have a readily available market or that is subject to resale restrictions, possibly making it difficult to sell in the ordinary course of business within seven days at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued it. The Fund may not be able to sell an illiquid security quickly and at a fair price, which could cause the Fund to realize losses on the security if the security is sold at a price lower than that at which it had been valued. An illiquid security may also have large price volatility.
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Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk exists when particular investments are difficult to purchase or sell. The market for certain investments may become illiquid under adverse market or economic conditions independent of any specific adverse changes in the conditions of a particular issuer or a security’s underlying collateral. In such cases, due to limitations on investments in illiquid securities and the difficulty in purchasing and selling such securities or instruments, the Fund may be unable to achieve its desired level of exposure to a certain sector. In addition, to the extent the Fund trades in illiquid markets, it may be unable to dispose of or purchase securities at favorable prices in order to satisfy redemptions or subscriptions. Also, the market price of certain investments may fall dramatically if there is no liquid trading market. To the extent that the Fund's principal investment strategies involve foreign (non-U.S.) securities, derivatives or securities with substantial market and/or credit risk, the Fund will tend to have the greatest exposure to liquidity risk. Additionally, fixed income securities can become difficult to sell, or less liquid, for a variety of reasons, such as lack of a liquid trading market.
High Portfolio Turnover Risk
The Fund will likely engage in active and frequent trading, which may result in higher portfolio turnover rates, higher transaction costs and realization of short-term capital gains that will generally be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. The Fund’s multi-manager approach may also increase the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates. As a result, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rates may be far higher than that of a typical mutual fund.
Large Redemptions
Large redemption activity could result in the Fund being forced to sell portfolio securities at a loss or before RIM or its money managers would otherwise decide to do so. Periods of market illiquidity may exacerbate this risk for fixed income and money market funds. To the extent the Fund is invested in a money market fund, recent regulatory changes relating to money market funds may subject the Fund’s redemption from such money market fund to liquidity fees and/or redemption gates under certain circumstances, including in periods of market illiquidity. Large redemptions in the Fund may also result in increased expense ratios, higher levels of realized capital gains or losses with respect to the Fund's portfolio securities, higher brokerage commissions and other transaction costs. The Fund may be used as an investment for funds of funds that have the same investment adviser as the Fund. The Fund may also be used as an investment in asset allocation programs sponsored by certain Financial Intermediaries. The Fund may have a large percentage of its Shares owned by such funds of funds or through such asset allocation programs. Should RIM or such Financial Intermediary change investment strategies or investment allocations such that fewer assets are invested in the Fund or the Fund is no longer used as an investment, the Fund could experience large redemptions of its Shares.
Global Financial Markets Risk
Global economies and financial markets are becoming increasingly interconnected and political and economic conditions (including recent instability and volatility) and events (including natural disasters) in one country, region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. As a result, issuers of securities held by the Fund may experience significant declines in the value of their assets and even cease operations. Such conditions and/or events may not have the same impact on all types of securities and may expose the Fund to greater market and liquidity risk and potential difficulty in valuing portfolio instruments held by the Fund. This could cause the Fund to underperform other types of investments.
The severity or duration of such conditions and/or events may be affected by policy changes made by governments or quasi-governmental organizations. During the recent global financial crisis, instability in the financial markets has led governments across the globe to take a number of unprecedented actions designed to support the financial markets. Future government regulation and/or intervention could also change the way in which the Fund is regulated, affect the expenses incurred directly by the Fund and the value of its investments, and limit and/or preclude the Fund's ability to achieve its investment objective. For example, uncertainty regarding the status of the euro could also create volatility in currency and the general financial markets, which may affect the liquidity and value of the Fund's investments. In addition, governments or their agencies may acquire distressed assets from financial institutions and acquire ownership interests in those institutions, which may affect the Fund's investments in ways that are unforeseeable.
Furthermore, a country’s economic conditions, political events, military action and/or other conditions may lead to foreign government intervention and the imposition of economic sanctions. Such sanctions may include (i) the prohibition, limitation or restriction of investment, the movement of currency, securities or other assets; (ii) the imposition of
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exchange controls or confiscations; and (iii) barriers to registration, settlement or custody. Sanctions may impact the ability of the Fund to buy, sell, transfer, receive, deliver or otherwise obtain exposure to, foreign securities or currency, which may negatively impact the value and/or liquidity of such investments.
In certain countries, including the U.S., total public debt as a percentage of gross domestic product has grown rapidly since the beginning of the financial downturn. High levels of national debt may raise concerns that a government will be unable to pay investors at maturity, may cause declines in currency valuations or prevent such government from implementing effective fiscal policy. In 2011, Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”) lowered its long-term sovereign credit rating on the U.S., citing, among other reasons, controversy over raising the statutory debt ceiling and growth in public spending. Because the Fund invests in securities supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, the market prices and yields of such securities may be adversely affected by any actual or potential downgrade in the rating of U.S. long-term sovereign debt.
RIM will monitor developments in financial markets and seek to manage the Fund in a manner consistent with achieving the Fund’s investment objective, but there can be no assurance that it will be successful in doing so. In addition, RIC has established procedures to value instruments for which market prices may not be readily available.
Cash Management
The Fund may expose all or a portion of its cash to changes in interest rates or market/sector returns by purchasing equity securities, fixed income securities and/or derivatives. This approach increases the Fund’s performance if the particular market rises in value and reduces the Fund’s performance if the particular market declines in value. However, the performance of these instruments may not correlate precisely to the performance of the corresponding market and RIM or a money manager may not effectively select instruments to gain market exposure. As a result, while the goal is to achieve market returns, this strategy may underperform the applicable market. In addition, the sale of equity index put options with respect to the Fund's cash may reduce the Fund's performance if equity markets decline. 
Securities Lending
If a borrower of the Fund's securities fails financially, the Fund’s recovery of the loaned securities may be delayed or the Fund may lose its rights to the collateral, which could result in a loss to the Fund. While securities are on loan, the Fund is subject to: the risk that the borrower may default on the loan and that the collateral could be inadequate in the event the borrower defaults, the risk that the earnings on the collateral invested may not be sufficient to pay fees incurred in connection with the loan, the risk that the principal value of the collateral invested may decline and may not be sufficient to pay back the borrower for the amount of the collateral posted, the risk that the borrower may use the loaned securities to cover a short sale which may place downward pressure on the market prices of the loaned securities, the risk that the return of loaned securities could be delayed and could interfere with portfolio management decisions and the risk that any efforts to recall the securities for purposes of voting may not be effective.
Distressed Securities
Distressed securities are securities of issuers that are experiencing significant financial or business difficulties. Investments in distressed securities may be considered speculative and may involve substantial risks not normally associated with investments in healthier companies, including the increased possibility that adverse business, financial or economic conditions will cause the issuer to default or initiate insolvency proceedings. Investments in distressed securities inherently have more credit risk than investments in non-distressed issuers, and the degree of risk associated with particular distressed securities may be difficult or impossible to determine. Distressed securities may also be illiquid, difficult to value and experience extreme price volatility. In the event that an issuer of distressed securities defaults or initiates insolvency proceedings, the Fund may lose all of its investments, or it may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than the Fund’s original investment.
Operational Risk
An investment in the Fund, like any fund, can involve operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors, human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failure in systems and technology, changes in personnel and errors caused by third-party service providers. While the Fund seeks to minimize such events through controls and oversight, there may still be failures that could cause losses to the Fund. In addition, as the use of technology increases, the Fund may be more susceptible to operational risks through breaches in cyber security. A breach in cyber security refers to both intentional and unintentional events that may cause the Fund to lose proprietary
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information or operational capacity or suffer data corruption. As a result, the Fund may incur regulatory penalties, reputational damage, additional compliance costs associated with corrective measures, and/or financial loss. In addition, cyber security breaches of the Fund's third party service providers or issuers in which the Fund invests may also subject the Fund to many of the same risks associated with direct cyber security breaches.
New Fund Risk
The Fund is a new fund which may result in additional risk. There can be no assurance that the Fund will grow to an economically viable size, in which case the Fund may cease operations. In such an event, investors may be required to liquidate or transfer their investments at an inopportune time. You should consider your own investment goals, time horizon and risk tolerance before investing in the Fund.
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PORTFOLIO TURNOVER
Portfolio turnover measures how frequently securities held by a fund are bought and sold. The portfolio turnover rates for multi-manager funds are likely to be somewhat higher than the rates for comparable mutual funds with a single money manager. Each of the Fund's money managers makes decisions or recommendations to buy or sell securities independently from other money managers. Thus, one money manager for the Fund may be selling or recommending selling a security when another money manager for the Fund is purchasing or recommending purchasing the same security. Also, when the Fund replaces a money manager, the new money manager may significantly restructure the investment portfolio. Certain investment practices, including those listed above, may increase the Fund's portfolio turnover rate which may result in higher levels of realized gains or losses with respect to the Fund’s portfolio securities, higher brokerage commissions and other transaction costs. Brokerage commissions and transaction costs will reduce Fund performance. Because the Fund is new and has no Shares outstanding, it does not have a portfolio turnover rate at this time. The annual portfolio turnover rate for the Fund will be shown in the Financial Highlights tables in this Prospectus when it is available.
PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
A description of the Fund's policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio securities is available in the Fund's Statement of Additional Information.
DIVIDENDS AND DISTRIBUTIONS
The Fund distributes substantially all of its net investment income and net capital gains to shareholders each year.
Income Dividends
The amount and frequency of distributions are not guaranteed; all distributions are at the Board’s discretion. Currently, the Board intends to declare dividends from net investment income, if any, according to the following schedule:
Declared   Payable
Quarterly

  April, July, October and December
An additional distribution of net investment income may be declared and paid by the Fund if required to avoid the imposition of a federal tax on the Fund.
Capital Gains Distributions
The Board will declare capital gains distributions (both short-term and long-term) once a year in mid-December to reflect any net short-term and net long-term capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund in the prior fiscal year. An additional distribution may be declared and paid by the Fund if required to avoid the imposition of a federal tax on the Fund. Distributions that are declared in October, November or December to shareholders of record in such months, and paid in January of the following year, will be treated for tax purposes as if received on December 31 of the year in which they were declared.
Buying a Dividend
If you purchase Shares just before a distribution, you will pay the full price for the Shares and receive a portion of the purchase price back as a taxable distribution. This is called “buying a dividend.” Unless your account is a tax-deferred account, dividends paid to you would be included in your gross income for tax purposes even though you may not have participated in the increase of the net asset value of the Fund, regardless of whether you reinvested the dividends. To avoid “buying a dividend,” check the Fund’s distribution dates before you invest.
Automatic Reinvestment
Your dividends and other distributions will be automatically reinvested at the closing net asset value on the record date, in additional Fund Shares, unless you elect to have the dividends or distributions paid in cash or invested in another Fund. You may change your election by delivering written notice no later than ten days prior to the record date to your Financial Intermediary.
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additional information about TAXES
Unless you are investing through an IRA, 401(k) or other tax-advantaged retirement account, distributions from the Fund are generally taxable to you as either ordinary income or capital gains. This is true whether you reinvest your distributions in additional Shares or receive them in cash. Any long-term capital gains distributed by the Fund are taxable to you as long-term capital gains no matter how long you have owned your Shares. Early each year, you will receive a statement that shows the tax status of distributions you received for the previous year.
Foreign exchange gain or loss arising from the Fund’s foreign currency-denominated investments may increase or reduce the amount of ordinary income distributions made to investors.
If you are an individual investor, a portion of the dividends you receive from the Fund may be treated as “qualified dividend income” which is taxable to individuals at the same rates that are applicable to long-term capital gains. A Fund distribution is treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that the Fund receives dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met. Fund distributions generally will not qualify as qualified dividend income to the extent attributable to interest, capital gains, REIT distributions and, in some cases, distributions from non-U.S. corporations. There can be no assurance that any portion of the dividends you receive from the Fund will qualify as qualified dividend income.
When you sell or exchange Shares, you may have capital gains or losses. Any losses you incur if you sell or exchange Shares that you have held for six months or less will be treated as long-term capital losses, but only to the extent that the Fund has paid you long-term capital gains dividends with respect to those Shares during that period. The tax rate on any gains from the sale or exchange of your Shares depends on how long you have held your Shares.
The Fund does not make any representation as to the amount or variability of its capital gains distributions which may vary as a function of several factors including, but not limited to, gains and losses related to the sale of securities, prevailing dividend yield levels, general market conditions, shareholders’ redemption patterns and Fund cash equitization activity.
Fund distributions and gains from the sale or exchange of your Shares will generally be subject to state and local income tax. Non-U.S. investors may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate taxes. A portion of Fund distributions received by a non-U.S. investor may be exempt from U.S. withholding tax to the extent attributable to U.S. source interest income and short-term capital gains earned by the Fund if properly reported by the Fund. The Fund will be required to withhold U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) on payments of taxable dividends and (effective January 1, 2019) redemption proceeds and certain capital gain dividends made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive new reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to the Fund to enable the Fund to determine whether withholding is required. You should consult your tax professional about federal, state, local or foreign tax consequences of holding Shares.
When the Fund invests in securities of certain foreign countries, the Fund may have taxes withheld on the income received from these securities. If more than 50% of the total fair market value of the Fund’s assets at the close of its taxable year is made up of foreign securities, the Fund may elect to pass through such taxes to shareholders who may then (subject to limitations) claim a foreign tax credit or deduction.
If you are a corporate investor, a portion of the dividends from net investment income paid by the Fund will generally qualify, in part, for the corporate dividends-received deduction. However, the portion of the dividends so qualified depends on the aggregate qualifying dividend income received by the Fund from domestic (U.S.) sources. Certain holding period and debt financing restrictions may apply to corporate investors seeking to claim the deduction. There can be no assurance that any portion of the dividends paid by the Fund will qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction.  You should consult your tax professional with respect to the applicability of these rules.
By law, the Fund must withhold the legally required amount of your distributions and proceeds if you do not provide your correct taxpayer identification number, or certify that such number is correct, or if the IRS instructs the Fund to do so.
One of the requirements for favorable tax treatment as a regulated investment company under the Code is that the Fund derives at least 90% of its gross income from certain qualifying sources of income. The IRS has issued a revenue ruling which holds that income derived from commodity-linked swaps is not qualifying income under Subchapter M of the Code. As such, the Fund’s ability to utilize commodity-linked swaps as part of its investment strategy is limited to a
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maximum of 10 percent of its gross income. However, the IRS has also issued private letter rulings to other taxpayers in which the IRS specifically concluded that income from certain commodity index-linked notes is qualifying income and that income derived from a wholly-owned subsidiary will also constitute qualifying income, even if the subsidiary itself owns commodity-linked swaps and other commodity-linked derivative instruments. Although those private letter rulings can be relied on only by the taxpayers to whom they were issued, based on the reasoning in such rulings, the Fund intends to seek to gain exposure to the commodity markets primarily through investments in commodity index-linked notes and through investment in the Subsidiary. The IRS recently issued a revenue procedure, which states that the IRS will not in the future issue private letter rulings that would require a determination of whether an asset (such as a commodity index-linked note) is a “security” under the 1940 Act. The IRS also recently issued proposed regulations that, if finalized, would generally treat the Fund's income inclusions with respect to a subsidiary as qualifying income only if there is a distribution out of the earnings and profits of a subsidiary that are attributable to such income inclusion. The proposed regulations, if adopted, would apply to taxable years beginning on or after 90 days after the regulations are published as final. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not change its position that income derived from commodity-linked notes and wholly-owned subsidiaries is qualifying income.The ability of the Fund to qualify for favorable regulated investment company status under the Code could be jeopardized if the Fund was unable to treat its income from  commodity-linked notes and the Subsidiary as qualifying income. Furthermore, the tax treatment of commodity-linked notes, other commodity-linked derivatives and the Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary may otherwise be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and/or guidance issued by the IRS that could affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund’s taxable income or any gains and distributions made by the Fund.
The tax discussion set forth above is included for general information only. You should consult your own tax adviser concerning the federal, state, local or foreign tax consequences of an investment in the Fund.
Additional information on these and other tax matters relating to the Fund and its shareholders is included in the section entitled “Taxes” in the Fund's Statement of Additional Information.
Cost Basis Reporting
Effective January 1, 2012, Department of the Treasury regulations mandate cost basis reporting to shareholders and the IRS for redemptions of Fund shares acquired on or after January 1, 2012. If you acquire and hold shares directly with the Fund and not through a Financial Intermediary, RIFUS will use a default average cost basis methodology for tracking and reporting your cost basis, unless you request, in writing, another cost basis reporting methodology.
If you acquire and hold shares through a Financial Intermediary, please contact your Financial Intermediary for information related to cost basis defaults, cost basis selection, and cost basis reporting.
You should consult your own tax advisor(s) when selecting your cost basis tracking and relief methodology.  
HOW NET ASSET VALUE IS DETERMINED
Net Asset Value Per Share
The net asset value per share is calculated for Shares of each Class of the Fund on each business day on which Shares are offered or redemption orders are tendered. For the Fund, a business day is one on which the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for regular trading. The Fund will normally determine net asset value as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time). If the NYSE has an unscheduled early closing on a day it has opened for business, the Fund reserves the right to treat such day as a business day of the Fund and calculate the Fund’s net asset value as of the normally-scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE for that day, so long as the Fund's management believes there remains an adequate market to meet purchase and redemption orders for that day. The Fund reserves the right to close, and therefore not calculate the Fund’s net asset value for that day, if the primary trading markets of the Fund’s portfolio instruments are closed (such as holidays on which such markets are closed) and the Fund’s management believes that there is not an adequate market to meet purchase or redemption requests on such day.
The price of Fund Shares is based on the Fund’s net asset value and is computed by dividing the current value of the Fund’s assets (less liabilities) by the number of Shares of the Fund outstanding and rounding to the nearest cent. Share value for purchase, redemption or exchange will be based on the net asset value next calculated after your order is received in good form (i.e., when all required documents and your check or wired funds are received) by the Fund or a
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Fund agent. See “Additional Information About How to Purchase Shares,” “Additional Information About How to Redeem Shares” and “Exchange Privilege” for more information. Information regarding the Fund’s current net asset value per Share is available at https://russellinvestments.com.
Valuation of Portfolio Securities
The Fund values portfolio instruments according to Board-approved securities valuation procedures and pricing services, which include market value procedures, fair value procedures and a description of the pricing services used by the Fund. Under the Board-approved securities valuation procedures, the Board has delegated the day-to-day valuation functions to RIFUS, RIFUS’s Oversight Committee and the Fund's custodian. However, the Board retains oversight over the valuation process.
Ordinarily, the Fund values each portfolio instrument based on market quotations provided by pricing services or brokers (when permitted by the market value procedures). Equity securities (including exchange traded funds) are generally valued at the last quoted sale price or the official closing price as of the close of the exchange’s or other market’s regular trading hours on the day the valuation is made. Listed options are valued on the basis of the closing mean price and exchange listed futures contracts are valued on the basis of settlement price. Swaps may be valued at the closing price, clean market price or clean exchange funded price provided by a pricing service or broker depending on the type of swap being valued. Listed fixed income securities that have greater than 60 days remaining until maturity at the time of purchase are generally valued at the last quoted sale price as of the close of the exchange’s or other market’s regular trading hours on the day the valuation is made. Non-listed fixed income securities that have greater than 60 days remaining until maturity at the time of purchase are generally valued using the price supplied by a pricing service or broker, which may be an evaluated bid.  Evaluated bids are derived from a matrix, formula or other objective method that takes into consideration actual trading activity and volume, market indexes, credit quality, maturity, yield curves or other specific adjustments. Fixed income securities that have 60 days or less remaining until maturity at the time of purchase are valued using the amortized cost method of valuation, unless it is determined that the amortized cost method would result in a price that would be deemed to be not reliable. Issuer-specific conditions (e.g., creditworthiness of the issuer and the likelihood of full repayment at maturity) and conditions in the relevant market (e.g., credit, liquidity and interest rate conditions) are among the factors considered in this determination. While amortized cost provides certainty in valuation, it may result in periods when the value of an instrument is higher or lower than the price a Fund would receive if it sold the instrument.
If market quotations are not readily available for an instrument or are considered not reliable because of market and/or issuer-specific information, the instrument will be valued at fair value, as determined in accordance with the fair value procedures. This generally means that equity securities and fixed income securities listed and traded principally on any national securities exchange are valued on the basis of the last sale price or, lacking any sales, at the closing bid price, on the primary exchange on which the security is traded. The fair value procedures may involve subjective judgments as to the fair value of securities. The effect of fair value pricing is that securities may not be priced on the basis of quotations from the primary market in which they are traded, but rather may be priced by another method that the Board believes reflects fair value. The use of fair value pricing by the Fund may cause the net asset value of its Shares to differ significantly from the net asset value that would be calculated using current market values. Fair value pricing could also cause discrepancies between the daily movement of the value of Fund Shares and the daily movement of the benchmark index if the index is valued using another pricing method.
This policy is intended to assure that the Fund's net asset values fairly reflect portfolio instrument values as of the time of pricing. Events or circumstances affecting the values of portfolio instruments that occur between the closing of the principal markets on which they trade and the time the net asset value of Fund Shares is determined may be reflected in the calculation of the net asset values for the Fund when the Fund deems that the particular event or circumstance would materially affect the Fund’s net asset value. For frequently traded exchange listed securities, the Fund will use fair value pricing in limited circumstances since reliable market quotations will often be readily available. For foreign securities, the Fund will use fair value pricing more often (typically daily) since “significant” events may occur between the close of foreign markets and the time of pricing which would trigger fair value pricing of the foreign securities. Examples of significant events that generally trigger fair value pricing of one or more securities are: any market movement of the U.S. securities market (defined in the fair value procedures as the movement of a single major U.S.
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Index); a company development such as a material business development; a natural disaster or emergency situation; or an armed conflict. For low rated debt securities, the Fund is also likely to use fair value pricing more often since the markets in which such securities are traded are generally thinner, more limited and less active than those for higher rated securities.
Because foreign securities can trade on non-business days, the net asset value of the Fund may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem Fund Shares.
CHOOSING A CLASS OF SHARES TO BUY
The Fund offers more than one Class of Shares. Each Class of Shares has different sales charges and expenses, allowing you to choose the Class that best meets your needs. Which Class is more beneficial to you depends on the amount and intended length of the investment.
Comparing the Fund's Classes
Your Financial Intermediary can help you decide which Class of Shares meets your goals. Your Financial Intermediary may receive different compensation depending upon which Class of Shares you choose.
Each Class of Shares has its own sales charge and expense structure, which enables you to choose the Class of Shares (and pricing) that best meets your specific needs and circumstances. In making your decision regarding which Class of Shares may be best for you to invest in, please keep in mind that your Financial Intermediary may receive different compensation depending on the Class of Shares that you invest in and you may receive different services in connection with investments in different Classes of Shares. You should consult with your Financial Intermediary about the comparative pricing and features of each Class, the services available for shareholders in each Class, the compensation that will be received by the Financial Intermediary in connection with each Class and other factors that may be relevant to your decision as to which Class of Shares to buy.
Class A Shares
 
Initial Sales Charge

Up to 5.75%; reduced, waived or deferred for large purchases and certain investors
Deferred Sales Charge

1.00% on redemptions of Class A Shares made within 12 months of a purchase on which no front-end sales charge was paid and your Financial Intermediary was paid a commission by the Fund’s Distributor
Annual 12b-1 Fees

0.25% of average daily assets
Annual Shareholder Service Fees

None
Class C Shares
 
Initial Sales Charge

None
Deferred Sales Charge

None
Annual 12b-1 Fees

0.75% of average daily assets
Annual Shareholder Service Fees

0.25% of average daily assets
Class E Shares
 
Initial Sales Charge

None
Deferred Sales Charge

None
Annual 12b-1 Fees

None
Annual Shareholder Service Fees

0.25% of average daily assets
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Class R6 Shares
 
Initial Sales Charge

None
Deferred Sales Charge

None
Annual 12b-1 Fees

None
Annual Shareholder Service Fees

None
    
Class S Shares
 
Initial Sales Charge

None
Deferred Sales Charge

None
Annual 12b-1 Fees

None
Annual Shareholder Service Fees

None
Class Y Shares
 
Initial Sales Charge

None
Deferred Sales Charge

None
Annual 12b-1 Fees

None
Annual Shareholder Service Fees

None
FRONT-END SALES CHARGES
Class C, E, R6, S and Y Shares
Class C, E, R6, S and Y Shares of the Fund are sold without a front-end sales charge.
Class A Shares
Class A Shares are sold at the offering price, which is the net asset value plus a front-end sales charge. You pay a lower front-end sales charge as the size of your investment increases to certain levels. You do not pay a front-end sales charge on the Fund's distributions of dividends or capital gains you reinvest in additional Class A Shares.
The table below shows the rate of front-end sales charge that you pay, depending on the amount that you purchase. The table below also shows the amount of compensation that is paid to your Financial Intermediary out of the front-end sales charge. This compensation includes commissions to Financial Intermediaries that sell Class A Shares. Financial Intermediaries may also receive the distribution fee payable on Class A Shares at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets represented by the Class A Shares serviced by them.
Front-End Sales Charges   Front-end sales charge
as % of
  Financial Intermediary
commission as
% of offering price
Amount of Investment   Offering Price   Net amount
Invested
 
Less than $50,000

  5.75   6.10   5.00
$50,000 but less than $100,000

  4.50   4.71   3.75
$100,000 but less than $250,000

  3.50   3.63   2.75
$250,000 but less than $500,000

  2.50   2.56   2.00
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000

  2.00   2.04   1.60
$1,000,000 or more

  -0-   -0-   up to 1.00
Investments of $1,000,000 or more. You do not pay a front-end sales charge when you buy $1,000,000 or more of Shares of RIC Funds. However, if your Financial Intermediary was paid a commission by the Fund's Distributor on those Class A Shares and you redeem those Class A Shares within one year of purchase, you will pay a deferred sales charge of 1.00%. Additional information on commissions paid to your Financial Intermediary on purchases of $1,000,000 or more is available in the Fund's Statement of Additional Information.
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Reducing Your Front-End Sales Charge. To receive a reduced front-end sales charge on purchases of Class A Shares as described below, you must notify your Financial Intermediary of your ability to qualify for a reduced front-end sales charge at the time your order for Class A Shares is placed. Your Financial Intermediary may require certain records, such as account statements, to verify that the purchase qualifies for a reduced front-end sales charge.  Additionally, you should retain any records necessary to substantiate historical costs of your Class A Share purchases because the Fund, RIFUS and your Financial Intermediary may not maintain this information.
Front-end Sales Charge Waivers. Purchases of Class A Shares may be made at net asset value without a front-end or deferred sales charge in the following circumstances. There is no commission paid to the Financial Intermediaries for Shares purchased under the following circumstances:
1. Sales to RIC trustees and employees of Russell Investments (including retired trustees and employees), to the immediate families (as defined below) of such persons, or to a pension, profit-sharing or other benefit plan for such persons
2. Offers of Class A Shares to any other investment company to effect the combination of such company with the Fund by merger, acquisition of assets or otherwise
3. Sales to current/retired registered representatives of broker-dealers having sales agreements with the Fund's Distributor to sell Class A Shares of the Fund and sales to a current spouse or the equivalent thereof, child, step-child (with respect to current union only), parent, step-parent or parent-in-law of such registered representative or to a family trust in the name of such registered representative
4. Accounts managed by a member of Russell Investments
5. Shares purchased through accounts that are part of certain qualified fee-based programs
Prior to March 1, 2016, sales of Class A Shares to multi-participant employer sponsored Defined Contribution plans held in plan level accounts, excluding SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs, qualified for a front-end sales charge waiver. Sales of Class A Shares to plans that previously purchased, and continue to hold, Class A Shares without a front-end sales charge pursuant to this waiver may continue to qualify for the waiver if the policies and procedures of your Financial Intermediary provide for the continued application of the waiver. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for more information.
Moving Between Accounts. Under certain circumstances, you may transfer Class A Shares of the Fund from an account with one registration to an account with another registration within 90 days without incurring a front-end sales charge. For example, you may transfer Shares without paying a front-end sales load in the following cases:
From a non-retirement account to an IRA or other individual retirement account
From an IRA or other individual retirement account, such as a required minimum distribution, to a non-retirement account
In some cases, due to operational limitations or reporting requirements, you must redeem Shares from one account and purchase Shares in another account to achieve this type of transfer.
If you want to learn more about front-end sales charge waivers, contact your Financial Intermediary.
Aggregated Investments. The following types of accounts may be combined to qualify for reduced front-end sales charge including purchases made pursuant to rights of accumulation or letter of intent as described below:
The following accounts owned by you and/or a member of your immediate family (as defined below):
a. Accounts held individually or jointly
b. Those established under the Uniform Gift to Minors Act or Uniform Transfer to Minors Act
c. IRA accounts, certain single participant retirement plan accounts, and SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA or similar accounts held in individual registration.
d. Solely controlled business accounts
e. Trust accounts benefiting you or a member of your immediate family
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For purposes of aggregated investments, your immediate family includes your spouse, or the equivalent thereof, and your children and step-children under the age of 21.
Purchases made in nominee or street name accounts may NOT be aggregated with those made for other accounts and may NOT be aggregated with other nominee or street name accounts unless otherwise qualified as described above.
Rights of Accumulation (“ROA”). Subject to the limitations described in the aggregation policy, you may combine current purchases of any RIC Fund with your existing holdings of all RIC Funds to determine your current front-end sales charge. Subject to your Financial Intermediary’s capabilities, your accumulated holdings will be calculated as the higher of (a) the current value of your existing holdings or (b) the amount you invested (including reinvested dividends and capital gains, but excluding capital appreciation) less any withdrawals (the “cost value”). You must notify your Financial Intermediary at the time an order is placed for a purchase or purchases which would qualify for the reduced front-end sales charge due to existing investments or other purchases. The reduced front-end sales charge may not be applied if such notification is not furnished at the time of the order.
The value of all of your holdings in accounts established in calendar year 2007 or earlier will be assigned an initial cost value equal to the market value of those holdings as of the last business day of 2007. Thereafter, the cost value of such accounts will increase or decrease according to actual investments or withdrawals.
For purchases to be aggregated for the purpose of qualifying for the ROA, they must be made on the same day through one Financial Intermediary. The right of accumulation is subject to modification or discontinuance at any time with respect to all Shares purchased thereafter. Additional information is available from your Financial Intermediary.
Letter of Intent (“LOI”). A non-binding LOI allows you to combine purchases of Shares of any RIC Funds you intend to make over a 13-month period with the market value of your current RIC Fund holdings to determine the applicable front-end sales charge. Any appreciation of your current RIC Fund holdings and any Shares issued from reinvestment of dividends or capital gains will not be considered purchases made during the 13-month period. A portion of your account (up to 5%) will be held in escrow to cover additional Class A front-end sales charges that may be due. If you purchase less than the amount specified in the LOI and the LOI period expires or a full-balance redemption is requested during the LOI period, Shares in your account will be automatically redeemed to pay additional front-end sales charges that may be due. Class A Shares of the Fund held in plan or omnibus accounts are not eligible for an LOI unless the plan or omnibus account can maintain the LOI on their record keeping system. If the shareholder dies within the 13-month period, no additional front-end sales charges are required to be paid.
Exchange Privilege. Generally, exchanges between Class A Shares of the RIC Funds are not subject to a front-end sales charge. Exchanges may have the same tax consequences as ordinary sales and purchases. Please contact your Financial Intermediary and/or tax adviser for more detailed information.
Reinstatement Privilege. You may reinvest proceeds from a redemption or distribution of Class A Shares into Class A Shares of any RIC Fund without paying a front-end sales charge if such reinvestment is made within 90 days after the redemption or distribution date and the proceeds are invested in any related account eligible to be aggregated for Rights of Accumulation purposes. Proceeds will be reinvested at the net asset value next determined after receipt of your purchase order in proper form. For purposes of this Reinstatement Privilege, automatic transactions (including, for example, automatic purchases, withdrawals and payroll deductions) and ongoing individual retirement plan contributions are not eligible for reinstatement without a sales charge. The privilege may not be exercised if proceeds are subject to a purchase restriction as described in the section entitled “Frequent Trading Policies and Limitations on Trading Activity” and certain other restrictions may apply. Contingent deferred sales charges will be credited to your account at current net asset value following notification to the Fund by your Financial Intermediary.
Information about sales charges and sale charge waivers is available free of charge, on the Fund's website at https://russellinvestments.com.
MORE ABOUT DEFERRED SALES CHARGES
You do not pay a front-end sales charge when you buy $1,000,000 or more of Shares of RIC Funds. However, if your Financial Intermediary was paid a commission by the Fund's Distributor on Class A Shares and you redeem those Class A Shares within one year of purchase, you will pay a deferred sales charge of 1.00%. The 1.00% is charged on the lesser of the purchase price of the Shares being redeemed or the net asset value of those Shares at the time of redemption. Class A Shares not subject to a deferred sales charge (those issued upon reinvestment of dividends or capital gains) are
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redeemed first followed by the Class A Shares you have held the longest. Exchanges between Class A Shares of the RIC Funds are not subject to a deferred sales charge; however, you will pay a deferred sales charge of 1.00% upon redemption if you redeem the Class A Shares within one year of your original purchase.
The deferred sales charge may be waived on:
shares sold within 12 months following the death or disability of a shareholder
redemptions made in connection with the minimum required distribution from retirement plans or IRAs upon the attainment of age 70½
a systematic withdrawal plan equaling no more than 1% of the account value per any monthly redemption
involuntary redemptions
redemptions of Class A Shares to effect a combination of the Fund with any investment company by merger, acquisition of assets or otherwise
All waivers of deferred sales charges are subject to confirmation of your status or holdings.
If you want to learn more about deferred sales charges, contact your Financial Intermediary.
DISTRIBUTION AND SHAREHOLDER SERVICES ARRANGEMENTS AND PAYMENTS TO FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
The Fund offers multiple Classes of Shares in this Prospectus: Class A, Class C, Class E, Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares. Class A Shares are discussed in the sections entitled “Choosing a Class of Shares to Buy,” “Front-End Sales Charges,” and “More About Deferred Sales Charges.”
Class A Shares participate in the Fund's Rule 12b-1 distribution plan. Under the distribution plan, the Fund's Class A Shares pay distribution fees of 0.25% annually for the sale and distribution of Class A Shares. The distribution fees are paid out of the Fund's Class A Shares assets on an ongoing basis, and over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment in the Fund, and the distribution fee may cost an investor more than paying other types of sales charges.
Class C Shares participate in the Fund's Rule 12b-1 distribution plan and in the Fund's shareholder services plan. Under the distribution plan, the Fund's Class C Shares pay distribution fees of 0.75% annually for the sale and distribution of Class C Shares. Under the shareholder services plan, the Fund's Class C Shares pay shareholder services fees of 0.25% on an annualized basis for services provided to Class C shareholders. Because both of these fees are paid out of the Fund's Class C Share assets on an ongoing basis, over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment in Class C Shares of the Fund, and the distribution fee may cost an investor more than paying other types of sales charges.
Class E Shares participate in the Fund's shareholder services plan. Under the shareholder services plan, the Fund's Class E Shares pay shareholder services fees of 0.25% on an annualized basis for services provided to Class E shareholders. The shareholder services fees are paid out of the Fund's Class E Share assets on an ongoing basis, and over time these fees will increase the cost of your investment in the Fund.
Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares do not participate in either the Fund's distribution plan or the Fund's shareholder services plan.
Financial Intermediaries may receive distribution compensation from the Fund's Distributor with respect to Class A Shares of the Fund pursuant to the Fund's Rule 12b-1 distribution plan.  Financial Intermediaries may receive distribution compensation and shareholder services compensation from the Fund's Distributor with respect to Class C Shares of the Fund pursuant to the Fund's Rule 12b-1 distribution plan and the Fund's shareholder services plan. Financial Intermediaries may receive shareholder services compensation from the Fund's Distributor with respect to Class E Shares of the Fund pursuant to the Fund's shareholder services plan. These payments are reflected in the fees and expenses listed in the annual fund operating expenses table earlier in the Prospectus.
In addition to the foregoing payments, the Fund's Distributor may make cash payments, from its own resources, to key Financial Intermediaries (including those who may offer Fund Shares through specialized programs such as tax deferred retirement programs) in connection with distribution, which may include providing services intended to result in the sale of Fund Shares, or to pay for services such as marketing support, education and/or administrative services support. These compensation arrangements may vary by Financial Intermediary and may increase as the dollar value of
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Fund Shares held through a particular Financial Intermediary increases. Because these payments are not made by the Fund, these payments are not reflected in the fees and expenses listed in the annual fund operating expenses table. Some of these payments are commonly referred to as “revenue sharing.” At times, such payments may create an incentive for a Financial Intermediary to recommend or make Shares of the Fund available to its customers and may allow the Fund greater access to the customers of the Financial Intermediary.
RIFUS may also make cash payments, from its own resources, to key Financial Intermediaries and their service providers (including those who may offer Fund Shares through specialized programs such as tax deferred retirement programs) to pay for services such as account consolidation, transaction processing and/or administrative services support. These compensation arrangements may vary by Financial Intermediary and may fluctuate based on the dollar value of Fund Shares held through a particular Financial Intermediary. Because these payments are not made by the Fund, these payments are not reflected in the fees and expenses listed in the annual fund operating expenses table. At times, such payments may create an incentive for a Financial Intermediary to recommend or make Shares of the Fund available to its customers and may allow the Fund greater access to the customers of the Financial Intermediary.
The Fund's Distributor may pay or allow other promotional incentive payments to Financial Intermediaries to the extent permitted by the rules adopted by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority relating to the sale of mutual fund shares.
To enable Financial Intermediaries to provide a higher level of service and information to prospective and current Fund shareholders, the Fund's Distributor also offers them a range of complimentary software tools and educational services. The Fund's Distributor provides such tools and services from its own resources.
Ask your Financial Intermediary for additional information as to what compensation, if any, it receives from the Fund, the Fund's Distributor or RIM.
The Fund's Distributor may sponsor sales programs for its registered representatives in which cash incentives are offered to such registered representatives in connection with the sale of the Fund's Shares by Financial Intermediaries over various periods of time.  Such cash incentives would be paid from the Fund's Distributor’s own resources. 
additional information about HOW TO PURCHASE SHARES
Unless you are eligible to participate in a Russell Investments employee investment program, Shares are only available through a select network of Financial Intermediaries. If you are not currently working with one of these Financial Intermediaries, please call 800-787-7354 for assistance in contacting an investment professional near you.
Class E and Class S Shares may only be purchased by:
(1) clients of Financial Intermediaries who charge an advisory fee, management fee, consulting fee, or other similar fee for their services for the shareholder account in which the Class E or Class S Shares are held or clients of Financial Intermediaries where the Financial Intermediary would typically charge such a brokerage commission or other similar fee but has determined to waive its fee in a particular instance as the result of a potential conflict of interest;
(2) employee benefit and other plans, such as 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer sponsored 403(b) plans, HSAs (Health Savings Accounts), profit sharing plans, money purchase plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, that consolidate and hold all Fund Shares in plan level or omnibus accounts on behalf of participants. SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA and individual 403(b) Plans are not considered plans for purposes of this paragraph;
(3) clients of Financial Intermediaries who are members of Russell Investments;
(4) individuals pursuant to employee investment programs of Russell Investments or its affiliates; or
(5) current/retired registered representatives of broker-dealers having sales agreements with the Fund's Distributor to sell Class E or Class S Shares of the Fund and current spouses or the equivalent thereof, children, step-children (with respect to current union only), parents, step-parents or parents-in-law of such registered representative or to a family trust in the name of such registered representative.
Class R6 Shares are available only to employee benefit and other plans with multiple participants, such as 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer sponsored 403(b) plans, HSAs (Health Savings Accounts), profit sharing plans, money
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purchase plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, that consolidate and hold all Fund Shares in plan level accounts on behalf of participants where such plan level accounts are held in an omnibus account with the Fund's Transfer Agent. Class R6 Shares are not available for any other category of investor, including, for example, retail non-retirement accounts, traditional or Roth IRA accounts, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, SEP-IRAs, SAR-SEPs, SIMPLE IRAs, individual 401(k) or individual 403(b) plan accounts, or for plan level accounts that are not held in an omnibus account with the Fund's Transfer Agent.
The Fund generally does not have the ability to enforce these limitations on access to Share Classes with eligibility requirements. It is the sole responsibility of each Financial Intermediary to ensure that it only makes Share Classes with eligibility requirements available to those categories of investors listed above that qualify for access to such Share Classes. However, the Fund will not knowingly sell Share Classes with eligibility requirements to any investor not meeting one of the foregoing criteria.
There is currently no required minimum initial investment for Class A, Class C, Class E, Class R6 or Class S Shares of the Fund. However, the Fund reserves the right to close any account whose balance falls below $1,000 and to change the categories of investors eligible to purchase its Shares.
For Class Y Shares, there is a $10 million required minimum initial investment for each account in the Fund. However, there is no required minimum initial investment for (i) any Russell Investment Company or Russell Investment Funds fund of funds, (ii) for investment companies that have entered into a contractual arrangement with the Fund or its service providers to acquire Class Y Shares or (iii) shares acquired by any collective vehicle or other discretionary account actively managed by Russell Investments.
If the Fund detects a pattern of trading that appears to be designed to evade the minimum initial investment requirement for Class Y Shares, the Fund reserves the right to close the account(s). The Fund reserves the right to close any account whose balance falls below $1,000 and to change the categories of investors eligible to purchase its Shares or the required minimum investment amounts. Prior to closing an account, the Fund will provide reasonable notice and an opportunity to increase the account balance. You may be eligible to purchase Shares if you do not meet the required initial minimum investment. You should consult your Financial Intermediary for details, which are summarized in the Fund's Statement of Additional Information.
If you purchase, redeem, exchange or hold Shares through a Financial Intermediary, your Financial Intermediary may charge you transaction-based fees, activity based fees and other fees for its services based upon its own policies and procedures. Those fees are retained entirely by your Financial Intermediary and no part of those fees are paid to RIM, the Fund's Distributor or the Fund. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for more information about these fees as they may apply to your investments and your accounts.
You may purchase Shares through a Financial Intermediary on any business day of the Fund (defined as a day on which the NYSE is open for regular trading). Purchase orders are processed at the next net asset value per share calculated after the Fund receives your order in proper form (as determined by your Financial Intermediary). Certain authorized Fund agents have entered into agreements with the Fund's Distributor or its affiliates to receive and accept orders for the purchase and redemption of Shares of the Fund on behalf of Financial Intermediaries. Some, but not all, Financial Intermediaries are Fund agents, and some, but not all, Fund agents are Financial Intermediaries. Purchase orders must normally be received by the Fund or a Fund agent prior to the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) in order to be processed at the net asset value calculated on that day. Any purchase order received after the purchase order cut-off time will be processed on the following business day at the next calculated net asset value per share. If the NYSE has an unscheduled early closing on a day it has opened for business, the Fund reserves the right to treat such day as a business day of the Fund and accept purchase orders until the normally-scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE for that day, so long as the Fund's management believes there remains an adequate market to meet purchase and redemption orders for that day. The Fund reserves the right to close, and therefore not accept purchase orders for that day, if the primary trading markets of the Fund’s portfolio instruments are closed (such as holidays on which such markets are closed) and the Fund’s management believes that there is not an adequate market to meet purchase or redemption requests on such day. Because Financial Intermediaries and Fund agents may have earlier purchase order cut off times to allow them to deliver purchase orders to the Fund prior to the Fund's order transmission cut off time, please ask your Financial Intermediary what the cut off time is.
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For Class A Shares: You must place purchase orders for Class A Shares through a Financial Intermediary in U.S. dollars. Specific payment arrangements should be made with your Financial Intermediary. However, exceptions may be made by prior special arrangement.
For Class C, Class E, Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares: All purchases must be made in U.S. dollars. Checks and other negotiable bank drafts must be drawn on U.S. banks and made payable to “Russell Investment Company” or as otherwise instructed by your Financial Intermediary. Purchases will be rejected if a payment does not clear the bank. Financial Intermediaries settling through National Securities Clearing Corporation, or in limited circumstances with prior arrangement with the Fund, may settle trades on the third business day following receipt by the Fund of your order. If you fail to properly settle a purchase, you will be responsible for any resulting loss to the Fund (i.e., any difference in net asset value between the trade date and the settlement date). In the case of an insufficient funds check, an overdraft charge may also be applied. Third party checks are generally not accepted, however exceptions may be made by prior special arrangements with certain Financial Intermediaries. Cash, checks drawn on credit card accounts, cashiers checks, money orders, traveler checks, and other cash equivalents will not be accepted.
Customer Identification Program: To help the government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, federal law requires financial institutions to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person who opens an account and to determine whether such person’s name appears on government lists of known or suspected terrorists and terrorist organizations. When you open a new account to buy Shares of the Fund, the Fund or your Financial Intermediary will ask your name, address, date of birth, taxpayer identification or other government identification number and other information that will allow the Fund to identify you. If the Fund or your Financial Intermediary are unable to adequately identify you within the time frames set forth in the law, your Shares may be automatically redeemed. If the net asset value per share has decreased since your purchase, you will lose money as a result of this redemption.
Foreign Investors: A Financial Intermediary may offer and sell the Fund to non-resident aliens and non-U.S. entities, if (1) the Financial Intermediary can fulfill the due diligence and other requirements of the USA PATRIOT ACT and applicable Treasury or SEC rules, regulation and guidance applicable to foreign investors, and (2) the offer and sale occur in a jurisdiction where the Fund is authorized to be offered and sold, currently the 50 states of the United States and certain U.S. territories.
Without the prior approval of the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, non-resident aliens and entities not formed under U.S. law may not purchase Shares of the Fund where the Fund is responsible for the due diligence and other requirements of the USA PATRIOT ACT and applicable Treasury or SEC rules, regulation and guidance applicable to foreign investors. If you invest directly through the Fund and a foreign address is added onto your account, the Fund will not be able to accept additional purchases and will discontinue any automated purchases into the account.
Offering Dates and Times
Purchase orders must normally be received by the Fund or a Fund agent prior to the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) in order to be processed at the net asset value calculated on that day. Purchases can be made on any day when Shares are offered. Because Financial Intermediaries and Fund agents may have earlier purchase order cut off times to allow them to deliver purchase orders to the Fund prior to the Fund's order transmission cut off time, please ask your Financial Intermediary what the cut off time is.
Order and Payment Procedures
Generally, you must place purchase orders for Shares through your Financial Intermediary. You may pay for your purchase by mail or funds transfer. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for instructions on how to place orders and make payment to the Fund.
If your account is held directly with the Fund, in order for your instructions by mail to be considered in proper form, the instructions must be received at one of the following addresses:
Regular Mail: Russell Investments, P.O. Box 8420, Boston, MA 02266-8420
Overnight Mail: Russell Investments, 30 Dan Road, Canton, MA 02021-2809
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Automated Investment Program
Your Financial Intermediary may offer an automated investment program whereby you may choose to make regular investments in an established account. With the exception of initial purchases (in certain Share Classes), the Fund does not require minimum investment amounts or specific dates for automated purchases; however, your Financial Intermediary may set certain restrictions for this option. If you would like to establish an automated investment program or for further information, please contact your Financial Intermediary.
You may discontinue the automated investment program, or change the amount and timing of your investments by contacting your Financial Intermediary.
EXCHANGE PRIVILEGE
How to Exchange Shares
Exchanges Between Funds. Through your Financial Intermediary you may exchange Shares you own in the Fund for Shares of any other Fund offered by RIC on the basis of the current net asset value per share at the time of the exchange if you meet any applicable initial minimum investment or investor eligibility requirements stated in the Prospectus for that Fund. For additional information, including Prospectuses for other RIC Funds, contact your Financial Intermediary.
An exchange between Funds involves the redemption of Shares, which is treated as a sale for income tax purposes. Thus, capital gains or losses may be realized. Please consult your tax adviser for more information.
Exchanges Between Classes. Through your Financial Intermediary, you may exchange or convert Shares you own of the Fund for Shares of any other Class of Shares of that Fund on the basis of the current net asset value (except that exchanges into Class A Shares will normally be made at the Public Offering Price) per share at the time of the exchange or conversion if you meet any applicable initial minimum investment or investor eligibility requirements stated in the Prospectus for that Class of Shares.
RIFUS believes that an exchange or conversion between Classes of the same Fund is not a taxable event; however, you must check with your Financial Intermediary to determine if they will process the exchange or conversion as non-taxable. Please consult with your Financial Intermediary and your tax adviser for more information.
Contact your Financial Intermediary for assistance in exchanging or converting Shares and, because Financial Intermediaries’ processing times may vary, to find out when your account will be credited or debited. To request an exchange or conversion in writing, please contact your Financial Intermediary.
For Class A Shares, exchanges must be made through your Financial Intermediary.
If your account is held directly with the Fund, in order for your instructions by mail to be considered in proper form, the instructions must be received at one of the following addresses:
Regular Mail: Russell Investments, P.O. Box 8420, Boston, MA 02266-8420
Overnight Mail: Russell Investments, 30 Dan Road, Canton, MA 02021-2809
Systematic Exchange Program
Your Financial Intermediary may offer a systematic exchange program which allows you to redeem Shares from one or more Funds and purchase Shares of certain other RIC Funds in an established account. With the exception of initial purchases (for certain Share Classes), the Fund does not require minimum exchange amounts or specific dates for systematic exchanges; however, your Financial Intermediary may set certain restrictions for this option. If you would like to establish a systematic exchange program or for further information, please contact your Financial Intermediary.
A systematic exchange involves the redemption of Shares, which is treated as a sale for income tax purposes. Thus, capital gains or losses may be realized. Please consult your tax adviser for more information.
You may discontinue a systematic exchange program, or change the amount and timing of exchanges, by contacting your Financial Intermediary.
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RIGHT TO REJECT OR RESTRICT PURCHASE AND EXCHANGE ORDERS
The Board has adopted frequent trading policies and procedures which are described below. The Fund will apply these policies uniformly. The Fund discourages frequent purchases and redemptions of Fund Shares by Fund shareholders. The Fund does not accommodate frequent purchases and redemptions of Fund Shares by Fund shareholders.
The Fund reserves the right to restrict or reject, without prior notice, any purchase or exchange order for any reason. The Fund may, in its discretion, restrict or reject a purchase or exchange order even if the transaction is not subject to the specific limitations on frequent trading described below if the Fund or its agents (i.e., RIM or RIFUS) determine that accepting the order could interfere with the efficient management of the Fund’s portfolio or otherwise not be in the Fund’s best interests.
In the event that the Fund rejects an exchange request, the Fund will seek additional instructions from the Financial Intermediary regarding whether or not to proceed with the redemption side of the exchange.
Frequent Trading Policies and Limitations on Trading Activity
Frequent trading of Fund Shares, often in response to short-term fluctuations in the market, also known as “market timing,” is not knowingly permitted by the Fund. Frequent traders and market-timers should not invest in the Fund. The Fund is intended for long-term investors. The Fund, subject to the limitations described below, takes steps reasonably designed to curtail frequent trading practices by investors or Financial Intermediaries.
The Fund monitors for “substantive” round trip trades over a certain dollar threshold that the Fund determines, in its discretion, could adversely affect the management of the Fund. A single substantive round trip is a purchase and redemption or redemption and purchase of Shares of the Fund within a rolling 60 day period. The Fund permits two substantive round trip trades within a 60 day period.
While the Fund monitors for substantive trades over a certain dollar threshold, the Fund may deem any round trip trade to be substantive depending on the potential impact to the applicable Fund or Funds.
If after two “substantive” round trips, an additional purchase or redemption transaction is executed within that rolling 60 day period, future purchase transactions will be rejected or restricted for 60 days. If after expiration of such 60 day period, there are two “substantive” round trips followed by an additional purchase or redemption transaction within that rolling 60 day period, that shareholder’s right to purchase Shares of any Fund advised by RIM will be permanently revoked.
If the Fund does not have direct access to the shareholder's account to implement the purchase revocation, the Fund will require the shareholder’s Financial Intermediary to impose similar revocation of purchase privileges on the shareholder. In the event that the shareholder’s Financial Intermediary cannot, due to regulatory or legal obligations, impose a revocation of purchase privileges, the Fund may accept an alternate trading restriction reasonably designed to protect the Fund from improper trading practices.
Any exception to the permanent revocation of a shareholder’s purchase privileges, or an alternative trading restriction designed to protect the Fund from improper trading practices, must be approved by the Fund's Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”).
The Fund, through its agents, will use its best efforts to exercise the Fund's right to restrict or reject purchase and exchange orders as described above.
In certain circumstances, with prior agreement between a Financial Intermediary and the Fund, the Fund may rely on a Financial Intermediary's frequent trading policies if it is determined that the Financial Intermediary’s policies are sufficient to detect and deter improper frequent trading. Any reliance by the Fund on a Financial Intermediary's frequent trading policies must be approved by the Fund's CCO after a determination that such policies are sufficient to detect and deter improper frequent trading. Therefore, with respect to frequent trading, shareholders who invest through a Financial Intermediary should be aware that they may be subject to the policies and procedures of their Financial Intermediary which may be more or less restrictive than the Fund's policies and procedures.
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This policy will not apply to:
Money Market Funds. The Board of Trustees believes that it is unnecessary for any money market fund to have frequent trading policies because these funds may be used as short term investments.
Transactions in the Fund by certain other funds (i.e., funds of funds), including any Russell Investment Company and Russell Investment Funds funds of funds, and any other approved unaffiliated fund of funds. RIM and the Board of Trustees believe these transactions do not offer the opportunity for price arbitrage.
Institutional accounts, including but not limited to, foundations, endowments or defined benefit plans, where the transactions are a result of the characteristics of the account (e.g., donor directed activity or funding or disbursements of defined benefit plan payments) rather than a result of implementation of an investment strategy, so long as such transactions do not interfere with the efficient management of a Fund’s portfolio or are otherwise not in a Fund’s best interests.
Trading associated with asset allocated programs where the asset allocation has been developed by RIM or an affiliate of RIM and RIM has transparency into the amount of trading and the ability to monitor and assess the impact to the Funds or scheduled rebalancing of asset allocated programs based on set trading schedules within specified limits.
Systematic purchase or redemption programs, if available.
In applying the policy on limitations on trading activity, the Fund considers the information available at the time and reserves the right to consider trading history in the Fund including trading history in other accounts under common ownership or control in determining whether to suspend or terminate trading privileges.
This policy will not affect any shareholder’s redemption rights.
Risks of Frequent Trading
Short-term or excessive trading into and out of the Fund may harm the Fund’s performance by disrupting portfolio management strategies and by increasing expenses. These expenses are borne by all Fund shareholders, including long-term investors who do not generate such costs. Frequent trading may interfere with the efficient management of the Fund’s portfolio, and may result in the Fund engaging in certain activities to a greater extent than it otherwise would, such as maintaining higher cash balances, using interfund lending and engaging in portfolio transactions. Increased portfolio transactions and use of interfund lending would correspondingly increase the Fund’s operating expenses and decrease the Fund’s performance. To the extent that the Fund uses hedging strategies to ensure that the Fund is fully invested, maintenance of a higher level of cash balances would not decrease the Fund’s exposure to market moves but would decrease the proportion of the Fund that is actively managed.
Additionally, to the extent that the Fund invests significantly in foreign securities traded on markets which may close prior to when the Fund determines its net asset value (referred to as the valuation time), frequent trading by certain shareholders may cause dilution in the value of Fund Shares held by other shareholders. Because events may occur after the close of these foreign markets and before the valuation time of the Fund that influence the value of these foreign securities, investors may seek to trade Fund Shares in an effort to benefit from their understanding of the value of these foreign securities as of the Fund’s valuation time (referred to as price arbitrage). The Fund has procedures designed to adjust closing market prices of foreign securities under certain circumstances to better reflect what are believed to be the fair values of the foreign securities as of the valuation time. To the extent that the Fund does not accurately value foreign securities as of its valuation time, investors engaging in price arbitrage may cause dilution in the value of Fund Shares held by other shareholders.
Because certain small capitalization equity securities may be traded infrequently, to the extent that the Fund invests significantly in small capitalization equity securities, investors may seek to trade Fund Shares in an effort to benefit from their understanding of the value of these securities (referred to as price arbitrage). Any such frequent trading strategies may interfere with efficient management of the Fund’s portfolio to a greater degree than Funds which invest in highly liquid securities, in part because the Fund may have difficulty selling these small capitalization portfolio securities at advantageous times or prices to satisfy large and/or frequent redemption requests. Any successful price arbitrage may also cause dilution in the value of Fund Shares held by other shareholders.
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Limitations on the Ability to Detect and Curtail Frequent Trading
The Fund will use reasonable efforts to detect frequent trading activity but may not be able to detect such activity in certain circumstances. While the Fund has the authority to request and analyze data on shareholders in omnibus accounts and will use its best efforts to enforce the policy described above, there may be limitations on the ability of the Fund to detect and curtail frequent trading practices and the Fund may still not be able to completely eliminate the possibility of improper trading under all circumstances. Shareholders seeking to engage in frequent trading activities may use a variety of strategies to avoid detection and, despite the efforts of the Fund to prevent frequent trading, there is no guarantee that the Fund or its agents will be able to identify each such shareholder in an omnibus account or curtail their trading practices.
Any exceptions to this policy may only be made by the CCO after a determination that the transaction does not constitute improper trading or other trading activity that may be harmful to the Fund.
additional information about HOW TO REDEEM SHARES
Shares may be redeemed through your Financial Intermediary on any business day of the Fund (defined as a day on which the NYSE is open for regular trading). Redemption requests are processed at the next net asset value per share calculated after the Fund receives an order in proper form as determined by your Financial Intermediary. Redemption orders must normally be received by the Fund or a Fund agent prior to the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) in order to be processed at the net asset value calculated on that day. Any redemption requests received after the redemption order cut-off time will be processed on the following business day at the next calculated net asset value per share. If the NYSE has an unscheduled early closing on a day it has opened for business, the Fund reserves the right to treat such day as a business day of the Fund and accept redemption orders until the normally-scheduled close of regular trading on the NYSE for that day, so long as the Fund's management believes there remains an adequate market to meet purchase and redemption orders for that day. The Fund reserves the right to close, and therefore not accept redemption orders for that day, if the primary trading markets of the Fund’s portfolio instruments are closed (such as holidays on which such markets are closed) and the Fund’s management believes that there is not an adequate market to meet purchase or redemption requests on such day. Shares recently purchased by check may not be available for redemption for 15 days following the purchase or until the check clears, whichever occurs first, to assure that the Fund has received payment for your purchase.
Redemption Dates and Times
Redemption requests must normally be received by the Fund or a Fund agent prior to the close of regular trading on the NYSE (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time) in order to be processed at the net asset value calculated on that day. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for instructions on how to place redemption requests. Because Financial Intermediaries and Fund agents may have earlier redemption order cut off times to allow them to deliver redemption orders to the Fund prior to the Fund's order transmission cut off time, please ask your Financial Intermediary what the cut off time is.
If your account is held directly with the Fund, in order for your instructions by mail to be considered in proper form, the instructions must be received at one of the following addresses:
Regular Mail: Russell Investments, P.O. Box 8420, Boston, MA 02266-8420
Overnight Mail: Russell Investments, 30 Dan Road, Canton, MA 02021-2809
Systematic Withdrawal Program
Your Financial Intermediary may offer a systematic withdrawal program whereby you may choose to redeem your Shares and receive regular payments from your account. The Fund does not require specific redemption amounts or specific dates for systematic withdrawals; however, your Financial Intermediary may set certain restrictions for this option. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for further information.
When you redeem your Shares under a systematic withdrawal program, it may be a taxable transaction.
For Class A Shares, if your Financial Intermediary was paid a commission by the Fund's Distributor on your Class A Shares and you redeem those Class A Shares within one year of purchase, you may pay a deferred sales charge of 1%.
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You may discontinue the systematic withdrawal program, or change the amount and timing of withdrawal payments by contacting your Financial Intermediary.
PAYMENT OF REDEMPTION PROCEEDS
Payment will ordinarily be made within seven days of receipt of your request in proper form. The Fund reserves the right to suspend redemptions or postpone the date of payment for more than seven days if an emergency condition (as determined by the SEC) exists.
For Class A Shares: When you redeem your Shares, the Fund will pay your redemption proceeds to your Financial Intermediary for your benefit within seven days after the Fund receives the redemption request in proper form. Your Financial Intermediary is then responsible for settling the redemption with you as agreed between you and your Financial Intermediary.
For Class C, Class E, Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares: Your redemption proceeds will be paid in one of the following manners: (1) if you invest through certain Financial Intermediaries, your redemption proceeds will be sent directly to your Financial Intermediary who is then responsible for settling the redemption with you as agreed between you and your Financial Intermediary; (2) a check for the redemption proceeds may be sent to the shareholder(s) of record at the address of record within seven days after the Fund receives a redemption request in proper form; or (3) if you have established the electronic redemption option, your redemption proceeds can be (a) wired to your predesignated bank account on the next bank business day after the Fund receives your redemption request in proper form or (b) sent by Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) to your predesignated bank account on the second business day after the Fund receives your redemption request in proper form. On Federal Reserve holidays, funds will settle on the next day the Federal Reserve is open. The Fund may charge a fee to cover the cost of sending a wire transfer for redemptions, and your bank may charge an additional fee to receive the wire. The Fund will always charge a fee when sending an international wire transfer. The Fund reserves the right to charge a fee when sending a domestic wire transfer for redemptions. The Fund does not charge for EFT though your bank may charge a fee to receive the EFT. Wire transfers and EFTs can be sent to U.S. financial institutions that are members of the Federal Reserve System.
OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT SHARE TRANSACTIONS
Written Instructions
For Class A Shares: Written instructions must be in proper form as determined by your Financial Intermediary.
For Class C, Class E, Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares: The Fund requires that written instructions be in proper form and reserves the right to reject any written instructions that are not in proper form. Your Financial Intermediary will assist you in preparing and submitting transaction instructions to the Fund to insure proper form. Generally, your instructions must include:
The Fund name and account number
Details related to the transaction including type and amount
Signatures of all owners exactly as registered on the account
Any supporting legal documentation that may be required
If your account is held directly with the Fund, in order for your instructions by mail to be considered in proper form, the instructions must be received at one of the following addresses:
Regular Mail: Russell Investments, P.O. Box 8420, Boston, MA 02266-8420
Overnight Mail: Russell Investments, 30 Dan Road, Canton, MA 02021-2809
Responsibility for Fraud
Please take precautions to protect yourself from fraud. Keep your account information private and immediately review any account confirmations or statements that the Fund or your Financial Intermediary send you. Contact your Financial Intermediary immediately about any transactions that you believe to be unauthorized.
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Signature Guarantee
The Fund reserves the right to require a signature guarantee for any request related to your account including, but not limited to, requests for transactions or account changes. A signature guarantee verifies the authenticity of your signature and helps protect your account against fraud or unauthorized transactions. You should be able to obtain a signature guarantee from a bank, broker, credit union, savings association, clearing agency, or securities exchange or association with which you have a banking or investment relationship. A notary public cannot provide a signature guarantee. Contact your Financial Intermediary for assistance in obtaining a signature guarantee.
In-Kind Exchange of Securities
The Fund may, at its discretion, permit you to acquire Shares in exchange for securities you currently own. Any securities exchanged must meet the investment objective, policies, and limitations of the Fund; have a readily ascertainable market value; be liquid; and not be subject to restrictions on resale.
Shares purchased in exchange for securities generally may not be redeemed or exchanged for 15 days following the purchase by exchange or until the transfer has settled, whichever comes first. If you are a taxable investor, you will generally realize gains or losses on the exchange for federal income tax purposes. If you are contemplating an in-kind exchange you should consult your tax adviser.
The price at which the exchange will take place will depend upon the relative net asset value of the Shares purchased and securities exchanged. Securities accepted by the Fund will be valued in the same way the Fund values its assets. Any interest earned on the securities following their delivery to the Fund and prior to the exchange will be considered in valuing the securities. All interest, dividends, subscription or other rights attached to the securities becomes the property of the Fund, along with the securities. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for further information.
Redemption In-Kind
The Fund has elected to be governed by Rule 18f-1 under the Investment Company Act. Under that rule, redemptions by a shareholder of up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the Fund’s net assets during any 90-day period must be redeemed solely in cash unless otherwise agreed to by the redeeming shareholder. If operationally possible (typically only when the Fund is notified in advance of a large redemption), the Fund may, at its discretion, pay for any portion of a redemption exceeding such amount by a distribution of in-kind securities from the Fund’s portfolio, instead of in cash. There are also operational limitations on the ability of the Fund to make an in-kind distribution of most non-U.S. securities. An in-kind distribution of portfolio securities could include illiquid securities. Illiquid securities may not be able to be sold quickly or at a price that reflects full value, or there may not be a market for such securities, which could cause you to realize losses on the security if the security is sold at a price lower than that at which it had been valued. If you receive an in-kind distribution of portfolio securities, and choose to sell them, you will incur brokerage charges and continue to be subject to tax consequences and market risk pending any sale.
Escheatment and Inactivity
For any accounts held directly at the Fund, the Fund will comply with all federal search and notification requirements, as defined in section 17AD-17 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Should the assets be determined to be abandoned, then the Fund is legally obligated to escheat said abandoned property to the appropriate state’s unclaimed property administrator, as determined by the owner’s last known address of record.
Furthermore, the Fund will comply with any and all state regulations regarding “inactivity.” Broadly described, state inactivity rules define time periods during which, and specific means by which, shareholders must “contact” their assets, i.e. the Fund, the Fund's agent and/or their Financial Intermediary. The Fund is legally obligated to escheat inactive assets to the state of jurisdiction as identified by the owner’s address of record.
It is the intention of the Fund to comply with the appropriate regulative body for each given instance. For additional information, questions, or concerns regarding these regulations, please contact the Abandoned/Unclaimed Property division of your state of residence, or please contact your Financial Intermediary.
Uncashed Checks
For Class C, Class E, Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares: Please make sure you promptly cash checks issued to you by the Fund. If you do not cash a dividend, distribution, or redemption check, the Fund will act to protect itself
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and you. This may include restricting certain activities in your account until the Fund is sure that it has a valid address for you. After 180 days, the Fund will no longer honor the issued check and, after attempts to locate you, the Fund will follow governing escheatment regulations in disposition of check proceeds. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed checks.
If you have elected to receive dividends and/or distributions in cash, and the postal or other delivery service is unable to deliver checks to your address of record, or you do not respond to mailings from the Fund with regard to uncashed checks, the Fund may convert your distribution option to have all dividends and/or other distributions reinvested in additional Shares.
Registration of Fund Accounts
Many brokers, employee benefit plans and bank trusts combine their clients’ holdings in a single omnibus account with the Fund held in the brokers’, plans’, or bank trusts’ own name or “street name.” Therefore, if you hold Shares through a brokerage account, employee benefit plan or bank trust fund, the Fund may have records only of that Financial Intermediary’s omnibus account. In this case, your broker, employee benefit plan or bank is responsible for keeping track of your account information. This means that you may not be able to request transactions in your Shares directly through the Fund, but can do so only through your broker, plan administrator or bank. Ask your Financial Intermediary for information on whether your Shares are held in an omnibus account.
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FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
No Class A, Class C, Class E, Class R6, Class S or Class Y Shares of the Fund were outstanding as of the date of this Prospectus.
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MONEY MANAGER INFORMATION
The money managers are not affiliates of the Fund, RIM, RIFUS or the Distributor other than as a result of their management of Fund assets. Each money manager is principally engaged in managing institutional investment accounts. These managers may also serve as managers or advisers to other investment companies unaffiliated with RIC, other RIC Funds, or to other clients of RIM or its affiliates, including Russell Investments Trust Company. Investments in the Fund are not deposits with or other liabilities of any of the money managers and are subject to investment risk, including loss of income and principal invested and possible delays in payment of redemption proceeds. The money managers do not guarantee the performance of the Fund or any particular rate of return.
The Fund may engage or terminate a money manager at any time, subject to the approval of the Fund's Board, without a shareholder vote. A complete list of current money managers for the Fund can also be found at https://russellinvestments.com. Assets not allocated to money managers are managed by RIM.
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund
AllianceBernstein L.P., 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10105.
Axiom International Investors LLC, 33 Benedict Place, Greenwich, CT 06830.
Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc., 280 Park Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10017-1216, Cohen & Steers UK Limited, 50 Pall Mall, 7th Floor, London SW1Y 5JH, United Kingdom and Cohen & Steers Asia Limited, Suites 1201-02 Champion Tower, 3 Garden Road, Central Hong Kong.
Colonial First State Asset Management (Australia) Limited, Ground Floor, Darling Park Tower 1, 201 Sussex Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia.
Hermes Investment Management Limited, Lloyds Chambers 1 Portsoken Street, London, E1 8HZ United Kingdom.
Kopernik Global Investors, LLC, Two Harbour Place, 302 Knights Run Avenue, Suite 1225, Tampa, FL 33602.
Lazard Asset Management, LLC, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, 59th Floor, New York, NY 10112.
Levin Capital Strategies, L.P., 595 Madison Ave, 17th floor, New York, NY 10022.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P., One Financial Center, Suite 3300, Boston, MA 02111.
OFI Global Institutional, Inc., 225 Liberty Street, New York, NY 10281.
Polaris Capital Management, LLC, 121 High Street, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02110.
RiverPark Advisors, LLC, 156 West 56th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10019.
Sustainable Growth Advisers, LP, 301 Tresser Boulevard, Suite 1310, Stamford, CT 06901
The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC, One Post Office Square, Boston, MA 02109.
THL Credit Advisors LLC, 100 Federal Street, 31st Floor, Boston, MA 02110
Wellington Management Company LLP, 280 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210.
When considering an investment in the Fund, do not rely on any information unless it is contained in this Prospectus or in the Fund's Statement of Additional Information. The Fund has not authorized anyone to add any information or to make any additional statements about the Fund. The Fund may not be available in some jurisdictions or to some persons. The fact that you have received this Prospectus should not, in itself, be treated as an offer to sell Shares to you. Changes in the affairs of the Fund or in the Fund's money managers may occur after the date on the cover page of this Prospectus. This Prospectus will be amended or supplemented to reflect any material changes to the information it contains.
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EXPENSE NOTES
The following notes supplement the Annual Fund Operating Expenses tables in the Risk/Return Summary and provide additional information necessary to understand the expenses provided in those tables:
If you purchase Shares through a Financial Intermediary, such as a bank or an investment adviser, you may also pay additional fees to the intermediary for services provided by the intermediary. You should contact your Financial Intermediary for information concerning what additional fees, if any, will be charged.
Pursuant to the rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), the aggregate initial sales charges, deferred sales charges and asset-based sales charges on Class A, Class C and Class E Shares of the Fund may not exceed 7.25%, 6.25% and 6.25%, respectively, of total gross sales, subject to certain exclusions. These limitations are imposed at the class level on each Class of Shares of the Fund rather than on a per shareholder basis. Therefore, long-term shareholders of the Class A, Class C and Class E Shares may pay more than the economic equivalent of the maximum sales charges permitted by FINRA.
“Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses” are indirect expenses borne by the Fund as a result of its investment in another fund or funds, including the Subsidiary. The fees payable by the Fund with respect to the investment of cash reserves are included in “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses” if they are at least 0.01% of the Fund’s average net assets. If such fees are less than 0.01% of the Fund’s average net assets, they are included in “Other Expenses.”
“Other Expenses” includes a shareholder services fee of 0.25% of average daily net assets for Class C and E Shares, and an administrative fee of up to 0.05% of average daily net assets for all Classes of Shares.
The cash reserves for the Fund are invested in the U.S. Cash Management Fund. In addition to the advisory and administrative fees payable by the Fund to RIM and RIFUS, the Fund will bear indirectly a proportionate share of the U.S. Cash Management Fund’s operating expenses, which include the administrative fees that the U.S. Cash Management Fund pays to RIFUS. The annual rate of administrative fees payable to RIFUS on the cash reserves invested in the U.S. Cash Management Fund is 0.05%.
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For more information about the Fund, the following documents are available without charge:
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (SAI): The SAI provides more detailed information about the Fund.
The SAI is incorporated into this Prospectus by reference. You may obtain free copies of the Fund's SAI, and may request other information or make other inquiries, by contacting your Financial Intermediary or the Fund at:
Russell Investments
P.O. Box 8420
Boston, MA 02266-8420
Telephone: 1-800-787-7354
The Fund's SAI and annual and semiannual reports to shareholders are available, free of charge, on the Fund's Web site at https://russellinvestments.com.
Each year you are automatically sent an updated Prospectus and annual and semiannual reports for the Fund. You may also occasionally receive notifications of Prospectus changes and proxy statements for the Fund. In order to reduce the volume of mail you receive, when possible, only one copy or one mailing of these documents will be sent to shareholders who are part of the same family, sharing the same name and the same household address. If you would like to opt out of the household-based mailings, please call your Financial Intermediary.
Some Financial Intermediaries may offer electronic delivery of the Fund's Prospectus and annual and semiannual reports. Please contact your Financial Intermediary for further details.
You can review and copy information about the Fund (including the SAI) at the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Office of Investor Education and Advocacy (formerly, the Public Reference Room) in Washington, D.C. You can obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-202-551-8090. Reports and other information about the Fund are available on the EDGAR Database on the Commission’s Internet website at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of this information may be obtained, after paying a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the following email address: publicinfo@sec.gov, or by writing the Commission’s Public Reference Section, Washington, D.C. 20549.
Distributor: Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC
Russell Investment Company’s SEC File No. 811-03153
36-08-562  (1116)


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RUSSELL INVESTMENT COMPANY
1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor
Seattle, Washington 98101
Telephone 1-800-787-7354
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund
November 30, 2016
Russell Investment Company (“RIC”) is a single legal entity organized as a Massachusetts business trust. RIC operates investment portfolios, including the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund, which is referred to as the “Fund.” RIC offers shares of beneficial interest (“Shares”) in the Fund in a separate Prospectus.
This Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) is not a Prospectus; this SAI should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s Prospectus, dated November 30, 2016 and any supplements thereto, which may be obtained without charge by telephoning or writing RIC at the number or address shown above. You should retain this SAI for future reference.
Capitalized terms not otherwise defined in this SAI shall have the meanings assigned to them in the Prospectus.
As of the date of this SAI, RIC is comprised of 42 Funds. This SAI relates to 1 of these Funds. The Fund presently offers interests in different classes of Shares as described in the table below. Unless otherwise indicated, this SAI relates to all classes of Shares of the Fund.
Fund Class A Class C Class E Class R6 Class S Class Y  
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund RAZAX RAZCX RMGEX RMGRX RMGSX RMGYX  

 


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Structure And Governance
ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS HISTORY.
RIC commenced business operations as a Maryland corporation on October 15, 1981. On January 2, 1985, RIC reorganized by changing its domicile and legal status to a Massachusetts business trust.
RIC is currently organized and operating under a Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated October 1, 2008, as amended (the “Master Trust Agreement”), and the provisions of Massachusetts law governing the operation of a Massachusetts business trust. The Board of Trustees (“Board” or the “Trustees”) may amend the Master Trust Agreement from time to time; provided, however, that any amendment which would materially and adversely affect shareholders of RIC as a whole, or shareholders of a particular Fund, must be approved by the holders of a majority of the Shares of RIC or the Fund, respectively. However, the Trustees may, without the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding voting shares (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”)) of RIC or the Fund by a vote of a majority of the Trustees or written instrument executed by a majority of their number then in office, terminate, liquidate or reorganize any Fund or any class of Shares of any such Fund at any time by written notice to affected Shareholders. RIC is a registered open-end management investment company. The Fund is diversified. Under the 1940 Act, a diversified company is defined as a management company which meets the following requirements: at least 75% of the value of its total assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), government securities, securities of other investment companies, and other securities for the purposes of this calculation limited in respect of any one issuer to an amount not greater in value than five percent of the value of the total assets of such management company and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer.
RIC is authorized to issue Shares of beneficial interest, and may divide the Shares into two or more series, each of which evidences a pro rata ownership interest in a different investment portfolioa “Fund.” The Fund is deemed to be a separate trust under Massachusetts law. The Trustees may, without seeking shareholder approval, create additional Funds at any time. The Master Trust Agreement provides that shareholders may be required to redeem their Shares at any time (1) if the Trustees determine in their sole discretion that failure to so redeem may have material adverse consequences to the shareholders of RIC or of any Fund or (2) upon such other conditions as may from time to time be determined by the Trustees and set forth in the Prospectuses with respect to the maintenance of shareholder accounts of a minimum amount. However, shareholders can only be required to redeem their Shares to the extent consistent with the 1940 Act, the rules thereunder and Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) interpretations thereof.
RIC Funds are authorized to issue Shares of beneficial interest in one or more classes. Shares of each class of the Fund have a par value of $0.01 per share, are fully paid and nonassessable, and have no preemptive or conversion rights. Shares of each class of the Fund represent proportionate interests in the assets of that Fund and have the same voting and other rights and preferences as the Shares of other classes of the Fund. Shares of each class of the Fund are entitled to the dividends and distributions earned on the assets belonging to the Fund that the Board declares. Each class of Shares is designed to meet different investor needs. Class A Shares are subject to (1) an initial sales charge and (2) a Rule 12b-1 fee of up to 0.75% (presently limited to 0.25%).  The Class C Shares are subject to a Rule 12b-1 fee of 0.75% and a shareholder services fee of 0.25%.  Class E Shares are subject to a shareholder services fee of 0.25%. The Class R6, Class S and Class Y Shares are not subject to either a Rule 12b-1 fee or a shareholder services fee. Unless otherwise indicated, “Shares” in this SAI refers to all classes of Shares of the Fund.
Under certain unlikely circumstances, as is the case with any Massachusetts business trust, a shareholder of the Fund may be held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. The Master Trust Agreement provides that shareholders shall not be subject to any personal liability for the acts or obligations of the Fund and that every written agreement, obligation or other undertaking of the Fund shall contain a provision to the effect that the shareholders are not personally liable thereunder. The Master Trust Agreement also provides that RIC shall, upon request, assume the defense of any claim made against any shareholder for any act or obligation of the Fund and satisfy any judgment thereon. Thus, the risk of any shareholder incurring financial loss beyond his investment on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the Fund itself would be unable to meet its obligations.
The Fund's investment adviser is Russell Investment Management, LLC (“RIM” or the “Adviser”). The Fund divides responsibility for investment advice between RIM and a number of money managers unaffiliated with RIM.
RIM is registered as a “commodity pool operator” under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) and the rules of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and is subject to regulation as a commodity pool operator under the CEA with respect to the Fund and its wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Subsidiary”). As the Fund and the Subsidiary operate subject to CFTC regulation, they may incur additional expenses. The CFTC has neither reviewed nor approved the Fund or the Subsidiary, their investment strategies or this SAI.
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SHAREHOLDER MEETINGS.
RIC will not hold annual meetings of shareholders, but special meetings may be held. Special meetings may be convened (i) by the Board, (ii) upon written request to the Board by shareholders holding at least 10% of RIC's outstanding Shares, or (iii) upon the Board’s failure to honor the shareholders’ request described above, by shareholders holding at least 10% of the outstanding Shares by giving notice of the special meeting to shareholders. The Board will provide the assistance required by the 1940 Act in connection with any special meeting called by shareholders following a failure of the Board to honor a shareholder request for a special meeting. Each share of a class of the Fund has one vote in Trustee elections and other matters submitted for shareholder vote.  On any matter which affects only a particular class, only Shares of that class are entitled to vote. There are no cumulative voting rights.
CONTROLLING SHAREHOLDERS.
The Trustees have the authority and responsibility under applicable state law to direct the management of the business of RIC, and hold office unless they retire (or upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75), resign or are removed by, in substance, a vote of two-thirds of the number of Trustees or of RIC Shares outstanding. Under these circumstances, no one person, entity or shareholder “controls” RIC. Because the Fund is new, there were no shares outstanding as of the date of this SAI.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS.
The Board of Trustees is responsible under applicable state law for generally overseeing management of the business and affairs of RIC and does not manage operations on a day-to-day basis. The officers of RIC, all of whom are employed by and are officers of RIM or its affiliates, are responsible for the day-to-day management and administration of the Fund's operations. The Board of Trustees carries out its general oversight responsibilities in respect of the Fund's operations by, among other things, meeting with RIC management at the Board's regularly scheduled meetings and as otherwise needed and, with the assistance of RIC management, monitoring or evaluating the performance of the Fund's service providers, including RIM, the Fund's custodian and the Fund's transfer agent. As part of this oversight process, the Board of Trustees consults not only with management and RIM, but with RIC's independent auditors, Fund counsel and separate counsel to the Independent Trustees. The Board of Trustees monitors Fund performance as well as the quality of services provided to the Fund. As part of its monitoring efforts, the Board of Trustees reviews Fund fees and expenses in light of the nature, scope and overall quality of services provided to the Fund. The Board of Trustees is required under the 1940 Act to review and approve the Fund's contracts with RIM and the money managers.
The Trustees are responsible generally for overseeing the management and operations of the Trust. The Trustees and the Trust’s officers may amend the Prospectus, any summary prospectus, the SAI and any contracts to which the Trust or the Fund is a party and interpret the investment objective(s), policies, restrictions and contractual provisions applicable to the Fund without shareholder input or approval, except in circumstances in which shareholder approval is specifically required by law (such as changes to fundamental investment policies) or where a shareholder approval requirement is specifically disclosed in the Prospectus or SAI. Neither the Prospectus, any summary prospectus, the SAI, any contracts filed as exhibits to the Trust’s registration statement, nor any other communications or disclosure documents from or on behalf of the Trust creates a contract between a shareholder of the Fund and: (i) the Trust; (ii) the Fund; (iii) a service provider to the Trust or the Fund; and/or (iv) the Trustees or officers of the Trust.
Generally, a Trustee may be removed at any time by a vote of two-thirds of the number of Trustees or of RIC Shares outstanding. A vacancy in the Board shall be filled by a vote of a majority of the remaining Trustees so long as after filling such vacancy, two-thirds of the Trustees have been elected by shareholders. There is one Trustee Emeritus. Trustees Emeritus do not have the power to vote on matters coming before the Board, or to direct the vote of any Trustee, and generally are not responsible or accountable in any way for the performance of the Board’s responsibilities.
The Trustees and officers of the Fund also serve in similar positions for funds of funds (the “Funds of Funds”) which may invest in the Fund. Thus, if the interests of the Fund and a Fund of Funds were to diverge, it is possible that a conflict of interest could arise. If such a conflict arises, the Trustees and officers of the affected Funds, respectively, will take all steps they believe reasonable to manage, and where possible, minimize the potential conflict, including possibly by disclosing the conflict to shareholders.
The Board of Trustees is currently comprised of seven Independent Trustees, including Kristianne Blake, who has served as the Chair of the Board since 2005. The Board of Trustees has established a standing Audit Committee, a standing Nominating and Governance Committee and a standing Investment Committee which assist in performing aspects of its role in oversight of the Fund's operations and are described in more detail in the following paragraphs. The Board’s role in risk oversight of the Fund reflects its responsibility under applicable state law to oversee generally, rather than to manage, the operations of the
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Fund. In line with this oversight responsibility, the Board receives reports and makes inquiry at its regular meetings and as needed regarding the nature and extent of significant Fund risks (including investment, operational, compliance and valuation risks) that potentially could have a material adverse impact on the business operations, investment performance or reputation of the Fund, but relies upon the Fund's management (including the Fund's portfolio managers), the Fund's Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”), who reports directly to the Board, and the Adviser (including the Adviser’s Chief Risk Officer (“CRO”)) to assist it in identifying and understanding the nature and extent of such risks and determining whether, and to what extent, such risks may be eliminated or mitigated. Under the Fund's multi-manager structure, the Adviser is responsible for oversight, including risk management oversight, of the services provided by the Fund's money managers, and providing reports to the Board with respect to the money managers. In addition to reports and other information received from Fund management and the Adviser regarding the Fund's investment program and activities, the Board as part of its risk oversight efforts meets at its regular meetings and as needed with representatives of the Fund's senior management, including its CCO, to discuss, among other things, risk issues and issues regarding the policies, procedures and controls of the Fund. The Board receives quarterly reports from the CCO and the CRO and other representatives of the Fund's senior management which include information regarding risk issues. The Board may be assisted in performing aspects of its role in risk oversight by the Audit Committee, the Investment Committee and such other standing or special committees as may be established from time to time by the Board. For example, the Audit Committee of the Board regularly meets with the Fund's independent public accounting firm to review, among other things, reports on the Fund's internal controls for financial reporting. The Board believes it is not possible to identify all risks that may affect the Fund; it is not practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate all risks; and it is necessary for the Fund to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve their investment objectives. The processes or controls developed to address risks may be limited in their effectiveness and some risks may be beyond the reasonable control of the Board, the Fund, the Adviser, the Adviser’s affiliates or other service providers. Because the Chairman of the Board and the Chair of each of the Board’s Audit, Investment and Nominating and Governance Committees are Independent Trustees, the manner in which the Board administers its risk oversight efforts is not expected to have any significant impact on the Board’s leadership structure. The Board has determined that its leadership structure, including its role in risk oversight, is appropriate given the characteristics and circumstances of the Fund, including such factors as the number of RIC Funds, the Fund's share classes, the Fund's distribution arrangements and the Fund's manager of managers structure. In addition, the Board believes that its leadership structure facilitates the independent and orderly exercise of its oversight responsibilities.
RIC's Board of Trustees has adopted and approved a formal written charter for the Audit Committee, which sets forth the Audit Committee’s current responsibilities. The Audit Committee’s primary functions are: (1) to assist Board oversight of (a) the integrity of the Fund's financial statements, (b) RIC's compliance with legal and regulatory requirements that relate to financial reporting, as appropriate, (c) the independent registered public accounting firm’s qualifications and independence, and (d) the performance of RIC's independent registered public accounting firm; (2) to oversee the preparation of an Audit Committee report as required by the SEC to be included in RIC's Form N-CSR or any proxy statement, as applicable; (3) to oversee RIC's accounting and financial reporting policies and practices and its internal controls; and (4) to act as a liaison between RIC's independent registered public accounting firm and the full Board. The Audit Committee reviews both the audit and non-audit work of RIC's independent registered public accounting firm, submits a recommendation to the Board as to the selection of the independent registered public accounting firm, and pre-approves (i) all audit and non-audit services to be rendered by the independent registered public accounting firm for RIC, (ii) all audit services provided to RIM, or any affiliate thereof that provides ongoing services to RIC, relating to the operations and financial reporting of RIC, and (iii) all non-audit services relating to the operations and financial reporting of RIC, provided to RIM, or any affiliate thereof that provides ongoing services to RIC, by any auditors with an ongoing relationship with RIC. It is management’s responsibility to maintain appropriate systems for accounting and internal control and the auditor’s responsibility to plan and carry out a proper audit. Currently, the Audit Committee members are Mr. Daniel P. Connealy and Mses. Kristianne Blake and Cheryl Burgermeister, each of whom is an Independent Trustee. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2016, the Audit Committee held six meetings.
RIC's Board of Trustees has adopted and approved a formal written charter for the Investment Committee, which sets forth the Investment Committee’s current responsibilities. The Investment Committee: (1) shall regularly review and monitor the investment strategies and investment performance of the Fund; (2) shall review the kind, scope, and format of, and the time periods covered by, the investment performance data and related reports provided to the Board; (3) may review the investment performance benchmarks and peer groups used in reports delivered to the Board; (4) may review such matters that are related to the investments, investment strategies and investment performance of the Fund as would be considered by the Board as the Committee may deem to be necessary or appropriate; and (5) may meet with any officer of the Trust, or officer or other representative of RIM, any subadviser to a fund or other service provider to the Trust. Currently, the Investment Committee members are Messrs. Thaddas L. Alston, Raymond P. Tennison, Jr. and Jack R. Thompson and Ms. Katherine W. Krysty. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2016, the Investment Committee held four meetings.
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RIC's Board of Trustees has adopted and approved a formal written charter for the Nominating and Governance Committee, which sets forth the Nominating and Governance Committee’s current responsibilities. The primary functions of the Nominating and Governance Committee are to: (1) nominate and evaluate individuals for Trustee membership on the Board, including individuals who are not interested persons of RIC for Independent Trustee membership; (2) supervise an annual assessment by the Trustees taking into account such factors as the Committee may deem appropriate; (3) review the composition of the Board; (4) review Independent Trustee compensation; and (5) make nominations for membership on all Board committees and review the responsibilities of each committee. In identifying and evaluating nominees, the Nominating and Governance Committee considers factors it deems relevant which include: whether or not the person is an “interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act and whether the person is otherwise qualified under applicable laws and regulations to serve on the Board of Trustees of the Trust; whether or not the person has any relationship that might impair his or her independence, such as any business, financial or family relationships with Fund management, the investment adviser of the Fund, Fund service providers or their affiliates; whether or not the person serves on boards of, or is otherwise affiliated with, competing organizations or funds; and the character and integrity of the person and the contribution which the person can make to the Board. The Nominating and Governance Committee does not have a formal diversity policy but it may consider diversity of professional experience, education and skills when evaluating potential nominees. The Committee will not consider nominees recommended by Shareholders of the Fund. Currently, the Nominating and Governance Committee members are Messrs. Raymond P. Tennison, Jr. and Thaddas L. Alston and Mses. Kristianne Blake and Cheryl Burgermeister, each of whom is an Independent Trustee. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2016, the Nominating and Governance Committee held one meeting.
Trustees are paid an annual retainer plus meeting attendance and chairperson fees, both at the Board and Committee levels, in addition to any travel and other expenses incurred in attending Board and Committee meetings. RIC's officers and employees are paid by RIM or its affiliates.
Each Trustee was selected to join the Board based upon a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the Trustee’s background, business and professional experience, qualifications and skills. No factor, by itself, has been controlling in the selection evaluations.
The following tables provide information, as of the date of this SAI, for each officer and Trustee of the Russell Investments Fund Complex. The Russell Investments Fund Complex consists of RIC, which has 42 funds and Russell Investment Funds (“RIF”), which has nine funds. Each of the Trustees is a trustee of RIC and RIF. The first table provides information for the Independent Trustees. The second table provides information for the Trustee Emeritus. The third table provides information for the officers.
Furthermore, each Trustee possesses the following specific attributes: Mr. Alston has business, financial and investment experience as a senior executive of an international real estate firm and is trained as a lawyer; Ms. Blake has had experience as a certified public accountant and has had experience as a member of boards of directors/trustees of other investment companies; Ms. Burgermeister has had experience as a certified public accountant and as a member of boards of directors/trustees of other investment companies; Mr. Connealy has had experience with other investment companies and their investment advisers, first as a partner in the investment management practice of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and, subsequently, as the senior financial executive of two other investment organizations sponsoring and managing investment companies, and has been determined by the Board to be an “audit committee financial expert”; Ms. Krysty has had business, financial and investment experience as the founder and senior executive of a registered investment adviser focusing on high net worth individuals as well as a certified public accountant and a member of the boards of other corporations and non-profit organizations; Mr. Tennison has had business, financial and investment experience as a senior executive of a corporation with international activities and was trained as an accountant; and Mr. Thompson has had experience in business, governance, investment and financial reporting matters as a senior executive of an organization sponsoring and managing other investment companies, and, subsequently, has served as a board member of other investment companies.
Name, Age, Address Position(s) Held
With Fund and
Length of
Time Served
Term of Office* Principal Occupation(s)
During the Past 5 Years
No. of Portfolios
in Russell Investments
Fund Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
Other
Directorships
Held by Trustee During the Past 5 Years
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES        
Thaddas L. Alston
Born April 7, 1945
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2006 • Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified • Senior Vice President, Larco Investments, Ltd. (real estate firm) 51 • Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
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Name, Age, Address Position(s) Held
With Fund and
Length of
Time Served
Term of Office* Principal Occupation(s)
During the Past 5 Years
No. of Portfolios
in Russell Investments
Fund Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
Other
Directorships
Held by Trustee During the Past 5 Years
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES        
Kristianne Blake
Born January 22, 1954
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2000


• Chairman since 2005
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Approved annually
• Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee, Avista Corp. (electric utilities)
• Regent, University of Washington
• President, Kristianne Gates Blake, P.S. (accounting services)
• Until June 30, 2014, Director, Ecova (total energy and sustainability management)
• Until December 31, 2013, Trustee and Chairman of the Operations Committee, Principal Investors Funds and Principal Variable Contracts Funds (investment company)
• From April 2004 through December 2012, Director, Laird Norton Wealth Management and Laird Norton Tyee Trust (investment company)
51 • Director, Avista Corp (electric utilities)
• Until June 30, 2014, Director, Ecova (total energy and sustainability management)
• Until December 31, 2013, Trustee, Principal Investors Funds (investment company)
• Until December 31, 2013, Trustee, Principal Variable Contracts Funds (investment company)
• From April 2004 through December 2012, Director, Laird Norton Wealth Management and Laird Norton Tyee Trust (investment company)
          • Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
Cheryl Burgermeister
Born June 26, 1951
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2012 • Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified • Retired
• Trustee and Chairperson of Select Sector SPDR Funds (investment company)
• Until December 31, 2014, Chairperson of Audit Committee, Select Sector SPDR Funds (investment company)
51 • Trustee and Chairperson of Select Sector SPDR Funds (investment company)
• Until May 6, 2016, Trustee, ALPS Series Trust (investment company)
• Until December 31, 2014, Chairperson of Audit Committee, Select Sector SPDR Funds (investment company)
• Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
Daniel P. Connealy
Born June 6, 1946
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2003 

• Chairman of the Audit Committee since 2015
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Retired
• June 2004 to June 2014, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. (investment company)
51 • Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
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Name, Age, Address Position(s) Held
With Fund and
Length of
Time Served
Term of Office* Principal Occupation(s)
During the Past 5 Years
No. of Portfolios
in Russell Investments
Fund Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
Other
Directorships
Held by Trustee During the Past 5 Years
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES        
Katherine W. Krysty
Born December 3, 1951
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2014 • Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified • Retired
• January 2011 through March 2013, President Emerita, Laird Norton Wealth Management (investment company)
51 • Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
Raymond P. Tennison, Jr.
Born December 21, 1955
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2000


• Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee since 2007
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Retired
• From January 2008 to December 2011,Vice Chairman of the Board, Simpson Investment Company (paper and forest products)
51 • Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
Jack R. Thompson
Born March 21, 1949
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee since 2005


• Chairman of the Investment Committee since 2015
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Appointed until successor is duly elected and qualified
• Retired 51 • Until October 2015, Trustee, Russell Exchange Traded Funds Trust
* Each Trustee is subject to mandatory retirement at age 75.
Name, Age, Address Position(s) Held
With Fund and
Length of
Time Served
Term of Office Principal Occupation(s)
During the Past 5 Years
No. of Portfolios
in Russell Investments
Fund Complex
Overseen
by Trustee
Other
Directorships
Held by Trustee During the Past 5 Years
TRUSTEE EMERITUS        
George F. Russell, Jr.
Born July 3, 1932
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
• Trustee Emeritus and Chairman Emeritus since 1999 • Until resignation or removal • Director Emeritus, RIM 51 None
    
Name, Age, Address Position(s) Held
With Fund
and Length
of Time Served
Term of Office Principal Occupation(s)
During the Past 5 Years
OFFICERS    
Cheryl Wichers
Born December 16, 1966
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
Chief Compliance Officer since 2005 Until removed by Independent Trustees • Chief Compliance Officer, RIC and RIF
• Chief Compliance Officer, Russell Investments Fund Services, LLC (“RIFUS”)
• 2011 to 2016 Chief Compliance Officer, U.S. One Inc.
• 2005 to 2011 Chief Compliance Officer, RIM
Mark E. Swanson
Born November 26, 1963
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
President and Chief Executive Officer since 2016 Treasurer, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer since 1998 Until successor is chosen and qualified by Trustees • Global Head of Fund Services, Russell Investments
• President, CEO, Treasurer, Chief Accounting Officer and CFO, RIC and RIF
• Director, President and CEO, RIFUS
• Director, RIM, Russell Investments Trust Company (“RITC”) and Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC (“RIFIS”).
• October 2011 to December 2013, Head of North America Operations, Russell Investments
• May 2009 to October 2011, Global Head of Fund Operations, Russell Investments
Jeffrey T. Hussey
Born May 2, 1969
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
Chief Investment Officer since 2013 Until removed by Trustees • Global Chief Investment Officer, Russell Investments
• Chief Investment Officer, RIC and RIF
• Chairman of the Board, President and CEO, RIM
• Director, RITC, Russell Investments Implementation Services, LLC and Russell Investments Delaware, LLC
• Board of Managers, Russell Investments Funds Management, LLC
• 2003 to 2013 Chief Investment Officer, Fixed Income, Russell Investments
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Name, Age, Address Position(s) Held
With Fund
and Length
of Time Served
Term of Office Principal Occupation(s)
During the Past 5 Years
OFFICERS    
Mary Beth R. Albaneze
Born April 25, 1969
1301 Second Avenue,
18th Floor
Seattle, WA 98101
Secretary since 2010 Until successor is chosen and qualified by Trustees • Associate General Counsel, Russell Investments
• Secretary, RIM, RIFUS and RIFIS
• Secretary and Chief Legal Officer, RIC and RIF
• Assistant Secretary, Russell Investments Insurance Agency, LLC (“RIIA”) (insurance agency) and U.S. One Inc.
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Trustee Compensation Table
For The Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2016
  AGGREGATE
COMPENSATION
FROM RIC
  PENSION OR
RETIREMENT
BENEFITS ACCRUED
AS PART OF RIC
EXPENSES
  ESTIMATED ANNUAL
BENEFITS UPON
RETIREMENT
  TOTAL COMPENSATION
FROM RIC AND
RUSSELL INVESTMENTS
FUND COMPLEX
PAID TO TRUSTEES
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES              
Thaddas L. Alston $178,646   $0   $0   $193,000
Kristianne Blake $263,459   $0   $0   $284,083
Cheryl Burgermeister $178,646   $0   $0   $193,000
Daniel P. Connealy $169,873   $0   $0   $183,500
Katherine W. Krysty $175,397   $0   $0   $189,500
Raymond P. Tennison, Jr. $189,752   $0   $0   $205,000
Jack R. Thompson $188,354   $0   $0   $203,500
TRUSTEE EMERITUS              
George F. Russell, Jr. $0   $0   $0   $0
Equity Securities Beneficially Owned By Trustees
For The Calendar Year Ended December 31, 2015
  DOLLAR RANGE OF EQUITY
SECURITIES IN THE FUND
AGGREGATE DOLLAR
RANGE OF
EQUITY SECURITIES
IN ALL REGISTERED
INVESTMENT
COMPANIES
OVERSEEN
BY TRUSTEES
IN RUSSELL INVESTMENTS
FUND COMPLEX
INDEPENDENT TRUSTEES
Thaddas L. Alston N/A Over $100,000
Kristianne Blake N/A Over $100,000
Cheryl Burgermeister N/A Over $100,000
Daniel P. Connealy N/A Over $100,000
Katherine W. Krysty N/A $10,001-$50,000
Raymond P. Tennison, Jr. N/A Over $100,000
Jack R. Thompson N/A Over $100,000
TRUSTEE EMERITUS
George F. Russell, Jr. N/A None
  
Prior to the date of this SAI, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and therefore, as of December 31, 2015 the Trustees and officers of the Fund, as a group, did not beneficially own any shares of the Fund.
Operation Of RIC
SERVICE PROVIDERS.
RIC's principal service providers are:
Adviser Russell Investment Management, LLC
Administrator and Transfer and Dividend Disbursing Agent Russell Investments Fund Services, LLC
Money Managers Multiple professional discretionary or non-discretionary investment management organizations
Custodian and Portfolio Accountant State Street Bank and Trust Company
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Distributor Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC
The Trustees, on behalf of the Trust, enter into service agreements with RIM, RIFUS and other service providers in order to provide, and in some cases authorize service providers to procure through other parties, necessary or desirable services on behalf of the Trust and the Fund. Shareholders are not third-party beneficiaries of such agreements.
ADVISER.
The Fund's investment adviser is RIM, 1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor, Seattle, WA 98101. RIM was established in 1982 and pioneered the “multi-style, multi-manager” investment method in mutual funds and, as of December 31, 2015, managed over $38.1 billion in 50 mutual fund portfolios. RIM provides or oversees the provision of all investment advisory and portfolio management services for the Fund, including developing the investment program for the Fund and managing the Fund's overall exposures.
RIM is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Russell Investments Group Ltd., a Cayman company through which the limited partners of certain private equity funds affiliated with TA Associates Management, L.P. (the “TA Funds”) indirectly have a majority ownership interest through alternative investment vehicles created by or from the TA Funds (the “TA Alternative Investment Vehicles”) and the limited partners of certain private equity funds affiliated with Reverence Capital Partners, L.P. (the “Reverence Capital Funds”) indirectly have a significant minority ownership interest through certain Reverence Capital Funds and alternative investment vehicles (the “Reverence Capital Entities”) in RIM and its affiliates (“Russell Investments”). The TA Alternative Investment Vehicles are ultimately controlled by a Cayman corporation, TA Associates Cayman, Ltd., and the Reverence Capital Entities are ultimately controlled by Milton Berlinski, Alexander Chulack and Peter Aberg.
Subject to the approval of the Fund's Board, RIM selects, oversees and evaluates the performance results of the Fund’s money managers and allocates a portion of Fund assets among multiple money manager investment strategies. A money manager may have (1) a discretionary asset management assignment pursuant to which it is allocated a portion of Fund assets to manage directly and selects the individual portfolio securities for the assets assigned to it and/or (2) a non-discretionary assignment pursuant to which it provides a model portfolio to RIM representing its investment recommendations, based upon which RIM purchases and sells securities for the Fund.  RIM does not evaluate the investment merits of a money manager’s individual security selections or recommendations.  Money managers are unaffiliated with RIM. RIM manages Fund assets not allocated to discretionary money managers, which include assets managed by RIM to effect the Fund's investment strategies and/or to actively manage the Fund’s overall exposures to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund. RIM also manages the portion of Fund assets for which the Fund’s non-discretionary money managers provide model portfolios to RIM and the Fund’s cash balances. RIM may also manage portions of the Fund during transitions between money managers. RIM, as agent for RIC, pays the money managers’ fees for the Fund, as a fiduciary for the Fund, out of the advisory fee paid by the Fund to RIM. The remainder of the advisory fee is retained by RIM as compensation for the services described above and to pay expenses.
The Fund pays an advisory fee directly to RIM, billed monthly on a pro rata basis and calculated as a percentage of the average daily net assets of the Fund as follows: 0.85% of the first $2 billion, 0.81% of the next $3 billion, 0.78% of the next $5 billion and 0.76% in excess of $10 billion annually.
The Fund invests its cash reserves in an unregistered cash management fund advised by RIM. RIM has waived its 0.05% advisory fee for the unregistered fund.
The Fund invests all or a portion of its collateral received in securities lending transactions in an unregistered cash management fund advised by RIM. RIM charges a management fee of 0.07% to this unregistered fund. Out of the management fee, RIM pays certain expenses of the unregistered fund, including an administrative fee of 0.0025% to RIFUS. RIM retains the balance of the management fee.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued.
RIM has contractually agreed to waive and/or reimburse all or a portion of its advisory fees for the Fund.  These arrangements are not part of the Advisory Agreement with RIC and may be changed or discontinued. The following paragraphs list the current waivers.
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Current Waivers:
Until February 28, 2018, RIM has contractually agreed to waive up to the full amount of its advisory fee and then to reimburse the Fund for other direct Fund-level expenses and expenses of the Subsidiary borne indirectly by the Fund to the extent such expenses exceed 0.88% of the average daily net assets of the Fund on an annual basis. This waiver and reimbursement may not be terminated during the relevant period except with Board approval. Direct Fund-level expenses do not include 12b-1 fees, shareholder services fees, transfer agency fees, extraordinary expenses or the expenses of other investment companies in which the Fund invests which are borne indirectly by the Fund.
The Subsidiary pays RIM an advisory fee at the annual rate of 0.85% of the first $2 billion, 0.81% of the next $3 billion, 0.78% of the next $5 billion and 0.76% in excess of $10 billion as a percentage of the Subsidiary’s average daily net assets (the “Subsidiary Advisory Fees”). Pursuant to a contractual agreement with the Fund, RIM has agreed to permanently waive the portion of the advisory fees paid by the Fund to RIM in the amount equal to the amount of the Subsidiary Advisory Fees received by RIM, if any. This waiver may not be terminated by RIM.
From its advisory fees, RIM, as agent for RIC, pays all fees to the money managers for their investment advisory services. During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus no shares of the Fund were issued.
ADMINISTRATOR.
RIFUS, with the assistance of RIM and its affiliates, provides the Fund with office space, equipment and the personnel necessary to operate and administer the Fund's business and to supervise the provision of services by certain third parties such as the custodian. RIFUS, like Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC (the Fund's distributor), is a wholly-owned subsidiary of RIM (the Fund's adviser).
The Fund pays an administrative fee directly to RIFUS, billed monthly on a pro rata basis and calculated as a specified percentage of the average daily net assets of the Fund. Services which are administrative in nature are provided by RIFUS pursuant to an Administrative Agreement for an annual fee of up to 0.05% of the average daily net asset value of the Fund.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued.
The Fund invests its cash reserves in an unregistered cash management fund administered by RIFUS. RIFUS charges a 0.05% administrative fee to the unregistered fund.
The Fund invests all or a portion of its collateral received in securities lending transactions in an unregistered cash management fund advised by RIM. RIM charges a management fee of 0.07% to this unregistered fund. Out of the management fee, RIM pays certain expenses of the unregistered fund, including an administrative fee of 0.0025% to RIFUS. RIM retains the balance of the management fee.
RIFUS has contractually agreed to waive and/or reimburse all or a portion of its administrative fees for the Fund. These arrangements are not part of the Administrative Agreement with RIC and may be changed or discontinued. The following paragraphs list the current waivers.
Current Waivers:
The Subsidiary pays RIFUS an administrative fee at the annual rate of up to 0.05% of the Subsidiary’s net assets (the “Subsidiary Administrative Fees”). Pursuant to a contractual agreement with the Fund, RIFUS has agreed to permanently waive the portion of the administrative fees paid by the Fund to RIFUS in the amount equal to the amount of the Subsidiary Administrative Fees received by RIFUS, if any. This waiver may not be terminated by RIFUS.
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WHOLLY-OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF THE FUND.
The Fund intends to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiary.
The Subsidiary is a company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands, whose registered office is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. The Subsidiary’s affairs are overseen by a board consisting of three directors.
The Subsidiary has entered into separate contracts with RIM and RIFUS whereby RIM and RIFUS provide investment advisory and administrative services, respectively, to the Subsidiary. In addition, RIM may enter into money manager agreements with certain of the Fund’s money managers to manage a portion of the Subsidiary’s assets. Neither RIM, RIFUS nor the money managers receive separate compensation from the Subsidiary for providing it with investment advisory or
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administrative services. However, the Fund pays RIM and RIFUS based on the Fund’s assets, including the assets invested in the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary has also entered into a separate contract for the provision of custody services with the same or with an affiliate of the same service provider that provides those services to the Fund. The Fund is the sole shareholder of the Subsidiary, and it is not currently expected that shares of the Subsidiary will be sold or offered to other investors.
The Subsidiary is managed pursuant to compliance policies and procedures that are the same, in all material respects, as the policies and procedures adopted by the Fund. As a result, RIM and the money managers, in managing the Subsidiary, are subject to the same investment policies and restrictions that apply to the management of the Fund, and, in particular, to the requirements relating to portfolio leverage, liquidity, industry concentration, brokerage, and the timing and method of the valuation of the Subsidiary’s portfolio investments and shares. These policies and restrictions are described elsewhere in detail in this SAI. The Fund’s CCO oversees implementation of the Subsidiary’s policies and procedures, and makes periodic reports to the Fund’s Board of Trustees regarding the Subsidiary’s compliance with its policies and procedures. The Fund and the Subsidiary will test for compliance with certain investment restrictions on a consolidated basis, except that with respect to its investments in certain securities that may involve leverage, the Subsidiary will comply with asset segregation or “earmarking” requirements to the same extent as the Fund.
Please refer to the section in this SAI titled “Additional Information Concerning Taxes” for information about certain tax aspects of the Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary.
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS.
The RIM Managers (RIM’s employees who manage the RIC Funds, oversee the RIC Funds' asset allocations and have primary responsibility for the management of the RIC Funds ) are compensated by RIM with salaries, annual incentive awards (paid in cash or awarded as part of a long term incentive plan) and profit sharing contributions. Salaries are fixed annually and are driven by the market place. Although compensation is not directly affected by an increase in fund assets, RIM Managers are responsible for aiding in client retention and assistance in RIM assets under management growth.
Annual incentive awards for the RIM Managers of the RIC Funds are assessed by senior management based on the following:
Qualitative measures, such as a RIM Manager’s quality of decisions made for the accounts, contributions to client services efforts and improvement of RIM’s investment process. RIM Managers are evaluated on the performance of the total portfolio and all related decisions, for example, money manager selection, timing of money manager change decisions, direct investment activities and risk management.
Quantitative measures (fund performance). RIM Managers receive a quantitative performance assessment score for the Funds they manage. The score is predominantly based on 1-year and 3-year measurement horizons. A two year horizon may be used for a Fund that does not have 3 years of performance history.
In determining the relevant peer group, senior management assigns the peer group which in their judgment most closely represents the habitat of the Fund.  The RIM Manager does not choose the peer group.  As of the date of this SAI, the relevant peer group had not yet been determined.
RIM Manager evaluations, salary and annual incentive award recommendations are conducted and reviewed by RIM asset class CIOs. Russell Investments’ compensation committee approves salaries and annual incentive awards after the asset class CIOs’ recommendations have been reviewed by the Global Chief Investment Officer.
For the profit sharing plan, contributions by Russell Investments will be made at the discretion of Russell Investments’ Board of Directors based on a profitability assessment (which may include factors in addition to achieving the operating profit plan). The annual determination of whether or not Russell Investments’ profitability warrants a discretionary contribution will be solely within the Russell Investments Board’s discretion and not based on a static formula.
The long term incentive plan provides key professionals with future cash payments, the value of which is tied to Russell Investments’ financial performance. Awards under the long term incentive plan are based on expected future contribution to the success of Russell Investments. A long term incentive plan award could be part of a RIM Manager’s annual incentive award, which is discretionary. A long term incentive plan award is paid according to a three year vesting schedule from date of grant.
RIM Managers earning over a specified amount of cash compensation (salary plus annual incentive awards) are eligible to participate in the deferred compensation plan which allows the RIM Manager to elect to defer a portion of her/his cash compensation. Deferred amounts earn the return of an asset allocated mix of RIF Funds selected by the RIM Manager.
Prior to the date of this SAI, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and therefore, as of October 31, 2016, Rob Balkema and Brian Meath, the RIM Managers of the Fund, did not own any shares of the Fund.
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RIM Managers typically manage multiple portfolios. These portfolios may include mutual funds, separate accounts, unregistered funds and commingled trusts. Russell Investments’ investment process, which includes money manager selection and proprietary asset allocation, is guided by the principle that all portfolios will be treated in a fair and equitable manner. To adhere to this guiding principle, RIM Managers follow a process of constructing portfolios in accordance with regulatory and investment guidelines and then selecting money managers to fulfill those needs. Specifically, RIM Managers make money manager selection and allocation decisions for each portfolio based on a variety of factors relevant to that portfolio. The investment process dictates that RIM Managers utilize RIM’s manager research analysis and manager rankings to assist in selecting the most suitable money manager(s) to meet the unique investment needs of the various portfolios they manage.
At the core of Russell Investments’ investment process is a robust oversight and peer review program for money manager selection.  It includes the hiring, termination and retention of money managers. This process is overseen by Russell Investments’ Investment Strategy Committee (“ISC”) and the asset class CIOs who are responsible for monitoring the portfolio management duties performed within their specific asset class.
Occasionally, a particular money manager may restrict the total amount of capacity they will allocate to Russell Investments portfolios. If, however, the total allocation is too small to be shared in a meaningful size across all Russell Investments portfolios or if the money manager restricts the absolute number of assignments they will accept from Russell Investments, it is the RIM Manager’s responsibility to determine which portfolios receive the allocation. In cases where a RIM Manager is managing multiple portfolios and must allocate a manager differently across her/his funds, or multiple RIM Managers must allocate the same manager differently across their funds, both the asset class CIO and the ISC must review and ratify the recommendations.
Other Accounts Managed By THE Rim ManagerS
And Assets Under Management In The Accounts
As Of SEPTEMBER 30, 2016
RIM Manager   Number of
Registered
Investment
Companies
  Assets Under
Management
(in millions)
  Number
of Pooled
Investment
Vehicles
  Assets Under
Management
(in millions)
  Other Types
of Accounts
  Assets Under
Management
(in millions)
  Asset Total
(in millions)
Rob Balkema   19   $7,569.7   17   $5,314.2   2   $1,500.5   $14,384.4
Brian Meath   19   $7,569.7   17   $5,314.2   2   $1,500.5   $14,384.4
None of the above Other Accounts Managed by RIM Managers have an advisory fee based on the performance of the account.
MONEY MANAGERS.
The Fund's money managers are not affiliates of RIC or RIM, other than as discretionary or non-discretionary managers for a portion of the Fund's portfolio. Some money managers (and their affiliates) may effect brokerage transactions for the Fund (see “Brokerage Allocations” and “Brokerage Commissions”). Money managers may serve as advisers or discretionary and/or non-discretionary managers for Russell Investments Trust Company, other investment vehicles sponsored or advised by RIM or its affiliates, other consulting clients of RIM, other offshore vehicles and/or for accounts which have no business relationship with RIM or its affiliates.
From its advisory fees received from the Fund, RIM, as agent for RIC, pays all fees to the money managers for their investment selection services. Money manager fees are determined through arm’s-length negotiations with RIM. These negotiations take into account, among other factors, the anticipated nature and quality of services to be rendered, the current and expected future level of business with the money manager, and fees charged by the money manager and other money managers for services provided to funds and accounts with similar investment mandates. Typically, a sliding fee scale corresponding to future levels of assets is agreed upon to reflect economies of scale achieved as a result of cash inflows or market appreciation. RIM periodically reviews money manager fee levels and renegotiates these agreements as appropriate. Quarterly, each money manager is paid the pro rata portion of an annual fee, based on the average for the quarter of all the assets with respect to which the money manager provides its services.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued.
Each money manager has agreed that it will look only to RIM for the payment of the money manager’s fee, after RIC has paid RIM. Fees paid to the money managers are not affected by any voluntary or statutory expense limitations. Some money managers may benefit as a result of brokerage commissions received by their broker-dealer affiliates that execute portfolio transactions for the Fund.
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CUSTODIAN AND PORTFOLIO ACCOUNTANT.
State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”) serves as the custodian and fund accountant for RIC. As custodian, State Street is responsible for the safekeeping of the Fund's assets and the appointment of any subcustodian banks and clearing agencies. State Street also provides basic portfolio recordkeeping required for the Fund for regulatory and financial reporting purposes. The mailing address for State Street Bank and Trust Company is: 1 Heritage Drive, North Quincy, MA 02171.
DISTRIBUTOR.
Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC (the “Distributor”) serves as the distributor of RIC Shares. Certain classes of the Fund pay for distribution-related services and shareholder services pursuant to RIC’s Rule 12b-1 Distribution Plan and Shareholder Services Plan, respectively.  As permitted by RIC’s Rule 12b-1 Distribution Plan and Shareholder Services Plan, the Distributor has entered into arrangements with Selling Agents and Servicing Agents (each, as defined below) to perform certain distribution and shareholder services for certain classes of RIC.  The distribution fees and shareholder services fees paid by the Fund to the Distributor are then paid by the Distributor to these Selling Agents and Servicing Agents.  The Distributor does not retain any of the distribution fees or shareholder servicing fees paid to it by the Fund.  Any amounts that are unable to be paid to the Selling and Servicing Agents are returned to RIC.  The Distributor keeps a portion of the front-end sales charge imposed on Class A Shares. Financial Intermediaries receive the remaining amount of the front-end sales charge imposed on Class A Shares and may be deemed to be underwriters of the relevant Fund as defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”). Financial Intermediaries that sell Class A Shares may also receive the distribution fee payable under the Fund's Distribution Plan at an annual rate of up to 0.75% (presently limited to 0.25%) of the average daily net assets represented by the Class A Shares sold by them.
The Distributor distributes shares of the Fund continuously, but reserves the right to suspend or discontinue distribution on that basis. The Distributor is not obligated to sell any specific amount of Fund shares. The Distributor is a wholly-owned subsidiary of RIM and its mailing address is 1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor, Seattle, WA 98101.
TRANSFER AND DIVIDEND DISBURSING AGENT.
RIFUS serves as transfer and dividend disbursing agent for RIC. For this service, RIFUS is paid a fee for transfer agency and dividend disbursing services provided to RIC. RIFUS retains a portion of this fee for its services provided to RIC and pays the balance to unaffiliated agents who assist in providing these services. RIFUS’s mailing address is 1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor, Seattle, WA 98101.
RIFUS has contractually agreed to waive, through February 28, 2018, a portion of its transfer agency fees for certain classes of the Fund as set forth below.
Class   Amount Waived
Class R6

  0.02%
ORDER PLACEMENT DESIGNEES.
The Distributor or its affiliates have authorized certain Financial Intermediaries to accept on its behalf purchase and redemption orders for RIC Shares. Certain Financial Intermediaries are authorized, subject to approval of the Distributor, to designate other intermediaries to accept purchase and redemption orders on RIC’s behalf. With respect to those intermediaries, RIC will be deemed to have received a purchase or redemption order at the time such a Financial Intermediary or, if applicable, an authorized designee, accepts the order. The customer orders will be priced at the Fund’s net asset value next computed after they are accepted by such a Financial Intermediary or an authorized designee, provided that Financial Intermediary or an authorized designee timely transmits the customer order to RIC.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”) serves as the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm of RIC. PwC is responsible for performing annual audits of the financial statements and financial highlights of the Fund in accordance with the auditing standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and a review of federal tax returns. The mailing address of PwC is 1420 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2800, Seattle, WA 98101.
CODES OF ETHICS.
RIC, RIM, the Distributor and each money manager have each adopted a code of ethics which complies in all material respects with applicable law and which is intended to protect the interests of the Fund's shareholders. The codes of ethics are designed to prevent affiliated persons of RIC, RIM, the Distributor and the money managers from engaging in deceptive,
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manipulative, or fraudulent activities in connection with securities held or to be acquired by the Fund (which may also be held by persons subject to a code of ethics). There can be no assurance that the codes of ethics will be effective in preventing such activities. The codes of ethics generally permit investment personnel to trade securities for their own account, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund, subject to restrictions on personal securities trading specified in the applicable code of ethics. Each code of ethics has been filed with the SEC and may be viewed by the public.
Because each money manager is an entity not affiliated with RIC or RIM, RIM relies on each money manager to monitor the personal trading activities of the money manager’s personnel in accordance with that money manager’s code of ethics. Each money manager provides RIM with a quarterly certification of the money manager’s compliance with its code of ethics and a report of any significant violations of its code.
PLAN PURSUANT TO RULE 18f-3.
SEC Rule 18f-3 under the 1940 Act permits a registered open-end investment company to issue multiple classes of Shares in accordance with a written plan approved by the investment company’s board of trustees that is filed with the SEC. For purposes of this SAI, because the Fund offers multiple classes of Shares, the Fund will also be referred to as the “Multiple Class Fund.” The key features of the Rule 18f-3 plan are as follows: Shares of each class of the Multiple Class Fund represent an equal pro rata interest in the underlying assets of the Fund, and generally have identical voting, dividend, liquidation, and other rights, preferences, powers, restrictions, limitations, qualifications and terms and conditions, except that: (1) each class of Shares offered in connection with a Rule 12b-1 plan may bear certain fees under its respective Rule 12b-1 plan and may have exclusive voting rights on matters pertaining to that plan and any related agreements; (2) each class of Shares may contain a conversion feature; (3) each class of Shares may bear differing amounts of certain class expenses; (4) different policies may be established with respect to the payment of distributions on the classes of Shares of the Multiple Class Fund to equalize the net asset values of the classes or, in the absence of such policies, the net asset value per share of the different classes may differ at certain times; (5) each class of Shares of the Multiple Class Fund may have different exchange privileges from another class; (6) each class of Shares of the Multiple Class Fund may have a different class designation from another class of the Fund; and (7) each class of Shares offered in connection with a shareholder servicing plan would bear certain fees under its respective plan.
DISTRIBUTION PLANS.
Under the 1940 Act, the SEC has adopted Rule 12b-1, which regulates the circumstances under which mutual funds may, directly or indirectly, bear distribution expenses. Rule 12b-1 provides that mutual funds may pay for such expenses only pursuant to a plan adopted in accordance with Rule 12b-1. The  Multiple Class Fund has adopted a distribution plan (the “Distribution Plan”) in accordance with the Rule.
Description of the Distribution Plan for Multiple Class Funds
In adopting the Distribution Plan for the  Multiple Class Fund, a majority of the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of RIC and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of any Distribution Plan or in any agreements entered into in connection with any Distribution Plan (the “Independent Trustees”), have concluded, in conformity with the requirements of the 1940 Act, that there is a reasonable likelihood that the Distribution Plan will benefit the Multiple Class Fund and its shareholders. In connection with the Trustees’ consideration of whether to adopt the Distribution Plan for the Multiple Class Fund, the Distributor, as the Multiple Class Fund’s principal underwriter, represented to the Trustees that the Distributor believed that the Distribution Plan was expected to result in increased sales and asset retention for the Multiple Class Fund by enabling the Multiple Class Fund to reach and retain more investors and Financial Intermediaries (such as brokers, banks, financial planners, investment advisers and other financial institutions), although it is impossible to know for certain, in the absence of a Distribution Plan or under an alternative distribution arrangement, the level of sales and asset retention that the Multiple Class Fund would have.
For the Multiple Class Fund, the 12b-1 fees may be used to compensate (a) Selling Agents (as defined below) for sales support services provided, and related expenses incurred with respect to Class A and Class C Shares, by such Selling Agents, and (b) the Distributor for distribution services provided by it, and related expenses incurred, including payments by the Distributor to compensate Selling Agents for providing support services. The Distribution Plan is a compensation-type plan. As such, RIC makes no distribution payments to the Distributor with respect to Class A or Class C Shares except as described above. Therefore, RIC does not pay for unreimbursed expenses of the Distributor, including amounts expended by the Distributor in excess of amounts received by it from RIC, interest, carrying or other financing charges in connection with excess amounts expended, or the Distributor’s overhead expenses. However, the Distributor may be able to recover such amount or may earn a profit from future payments made by RIC under the Distribution Plan.
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For the Multiple Class Fund, the Distribution Plan provides that it may spend annually, directly or indirectly, up to 0.75% of the average daily net asset value of its Class A and Class C Shares for any activities or expenses primarily intended to result in the sale of Class A and Class C Shares of the  Multiple Class Fund. Such payments by RIC will be calculated daily and paid as billed. Any amendment to increase materially the costs that Shares may bear for distribution pursuant to the Distribution Plan shall be effective upon a vote of the holders of the affected Class of the lesser of (a) more than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding Shares of the affected Class of the Multiple Class Fund or (b) sixty-seven percent (67%) or more of the Shares of the affected Class of the Multiple Class Fund present at a shareholders’ meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding Shares of the affected Class of the  Multiple Class Fund are present or represented by proxy (a “1940 Act Vote”) and a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees. For the Multiple Class Fund, the Distribution Plan does not provide for those Multiple Class Fund to be charged for interest, carrying or any other financing charges on any distribution expenses carried forward to subsequent years. A quarterly report of the amounts expended under the Distribution Plan, and the purposes for which such expenditures are incurred, must be made to the Trustees for their review. To remain in effect, the Distribution Plan must be approved annually by a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees. Also, any material amendments must be approved by a vote of the Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees. While the Distribution Plan is in effect, the selection and nomination of the Independent Trustees shall be committed to the discretion of such Independent Trustees. For the Multiple Class Fund, the Distribution Plan is terminable without penalty at any time by (a) a vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees, or (b) a vote of the holders of the lesser of (i) more than fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding Shares of the affected Class of the Multiple Class Fund or (ii) a 1940 Act Vote.
Selling Agent Agreements for the Multiple Class Fund
Under the Distribution Plans, the Distributor may also enter into agreements (“Selling Agent Agreements”) with Financial Intermediaries to provide sales support services with respect to Multiple Class Fund Shares held by or for the customers of the Financial Intermediaries. Financial Intermediaries that have entered into Selling Agent Agreements are referred to in this SAI as “Selling Agents.”
As of the date of this SAI, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.
SHAREHOLDER SERVICES PLAN.
A majority of the Trustees, including a majority of Independent Trustees, adopted and amended a Shareholder Services Plan for certain classes of Shares of the Fund. This plan is referred to as the “Service Plan.”
Under the Service Plan, RIC may compensate the Distributor or any investment advisers, insurance companies, banks, broker-dealers, financial planners or other financial institutions that are dealers of record or holders of record or that have a servicing relationship with the beneficial owners or record holders of Class C or Class E Shares, offering such Shares (“Servicing Agents”), for any activities or expenses primarily intended to assist, support or service their clients who beneficially own or are primarily intended to assist, support or service their clients who beneficially own or are record holders of Class C or Class E Shares. Such payments by RIC will be calculated daily and paid quarterly or monthly at a rate or rates set from time to time by the Trustees, provided that no rate set by the Trustees for Class C or Class E Shares may exceed, on an annual basis, 0.25% of the average daily net asset value of the Fund’s Shares.
Among other things, the Service Plan provides that (1) the Distributor shall provide to RIC’s officers and Trustees, and the Trustees shall review at least quarterly, a written report of the amounts expended by it pursuant to the Service Plan, or by Servicing Agents pursuant to Service Agreements, and the purposes for which such expenditures were made; (2) the Service Plan shall continue in effect for so long as its continuance is specifically approved at least annually, and any material amendment thereto is approved by a majority of the Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for that purpose; (3) while the Service Plan is in effect, the selection and nomination of the Independent Trustees shall be committed to the discretion of such Independent Trustees; and (4) the Service Plan is terminable, as to a Multiple Class Fund’s Shares, by a vote of a majority of the Independent Trustees.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued.
FUND EXPENSES.
The Fund will pay all its expenses other than those expressly assumed by RIM and RIFUS. The principal expenses of the Fund are the annual advisory fee and the annual administrative fee, payable to RIM and RIFUS, respectively. The Fund's other expenses include: fees for independent accountants, legal, transfer agent, registrar, custodian, dividend disbursement, portfolio and shareholder recordkeeping services, and maintenance of tax records; state taxes; brokerage fees and
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commissions; insurance premiums; association membership dues; fees for filing of reports and registering Shares with regulatory bodies; and such extraordinary expenses as may arise, such as federal taxes and expenses incurred in connection with litigation proceedings and claims and the legal obligations of RIC to indemnify the Trustees, officers, employees, shareholders, distributors and agents with respect thereto. Whenever an expense can be attributed to a particular Fund or Class of Shares, the expense is charged to that Fund or Class of Shares. Common expenses are allocated among the RIC Funds based primarily upon their relative net assets.
PURCHASE, EXCHANGE AND REDEMPTION OF FUND SHARES.
As described in the Prospectus, the Fund provides you with different classes of shares based upon your individual investment needs.
Each class of shares of the Fund represents an interest in the same portfolio of investments. Each class is identical in all respects except that each class bears its own class expenses, including distribution and service fees, and each class has exclusive voting rights with respect to any distribution or service plan applicable to its shares. As a result of the differences in the expenses borne by each class of shares, net income per share, dividends per share and net asset value per share will vary for each class of shares. There are no conversion, preemptive or other subscription rights.
Shareholders of each class will share expenses proportionately for services that are received equally by all shareholders. A particular class of shares will bear only those expenses that are directly attributable to that class, where the type or amount of services received by a class varies from one class to another. The expenses that may be borne by specific classes of shares may include (i) payments pursuant to the distribution plan or shareholder services plan for that specific class, (ii) transfer agency fees attributable to a specific class of shares, (iii) printing and postage expenses related to preparing and distributing materials such as shareholder reports, prospectuses and proxy statements to current shareholders of a specific class of shares, (iv) SEC and state securities registration fees incurred by a specific class, (v) the expense of administrative personnel and services required to support the shareholders of a specific class of shares, (vi) litigation or other legal expenses relating to a specific class of shares, (vii) audit or accounting expenses relating to a specific class of shares, (viii) the expense of holding meetings solely for shareholders of a specific class and (ix) any additional incremental expenses subsequently identified and determined to be properly allocated to one or more classes of shares.
The following classes of shares are available for purchase. See the Prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider in selecting which class of shares to purchase and for applicable service/distribution fees.
Class A Shares of the Fund
Class A Shares are sold at offering price, which is the net asset value plus a front-end sales charge as follows. You pay a lower front-end sales charge as the size of your investment increases to certain levels. The Fund receives the entire net asset value of all Class A Shares that are sold. The Distributor receives the full applicable sales charge from which it pays the broker/dealer commission shown in the table below.
Front-End Sales Charge for Class A Shares
Amount of
investment
  Front-end sales
charge as a %
of offering price
  Front-end sales
charge as a % of
net amount invested
  Broker/Dealer
commission
as a % of
offering price
Less than $50,000

  5.75%   6.10%   5.00%
$50,000 but less than $100,000

  4.50%   4.71%   3.75%
$100,000 but less than $250,000

  3.50%   3.63%   2.75%
$250,000 but less than $500,000

  2.50%   2.56%   2.00%
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000

  2.00%   2.04%   1.60%
$1,000,000 or more

  --0--   --0--   up to 1.00%
Investments of $1,000,000 or more. You do not pay a front-end sales charge when you buy $1,000,000 or more of shares of the RIC Funds. However, if your Financial Intermediary was paid a commission by the Fund's Distributor on those Class A Shares and you redeem those Class A Shares within one year of purchase, you will pay a deferred sales charge of 1.00%.
Commissions are paid to Financial Intermediaries on Class A Share purchases of $1 million or more by a single shareholder which are not subject to a front-end sales charge, at the following rates: 1.00% on purchases of $1 million or more but less than $4 million, plus 0.50% on the next $6 million, plus 0.25% on purchases of $10 million or more. Commissions are paid based on cumulative purchases by a shareholder over time, not on purchases made during a calendar year.
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Class C Shares of the Fund
Financial Intermediaries that sell Class C Shares will receive the shareholder services fee payable under the Fund's shareholder services plan at an annual rate equal to 0.25% of the average daily net assets represented by Class C Shares sold by them and the distribution fee payable under the Fund's Distribution Plan at an annual rate equal to 0.75% of the average daily net assets represented by the Class C Shares sold by them.
Class E Shares of the Fund
Financial Intermediaries that sell Class E Shares will receive the shareholder services fee payable under the Fund's shareholder services plan at an annual rate equal to 0.25% of the average daily net assets represented by Class E Shares sold by them.
Class R6, S and Y Shares of the Fund
Financial Intermediaries will receive no shareholder services or distribution fees for these classes of shares.
Class E and S Shares of the Fund
Class E and S Shares of the Fund may only be purchased by:
(1) clients of Financial Intermediaries who charge an advisory fee, management fee, consulting fee or other similar fee for their services for the shareholder account in which the Class E or S Shares are held or clients of Financial Intermediaries where the Financial Intermediary would typically charge such a fee but has determined to waive its fee in a particular instance as the result of a potential conflict of interest;
(2) employee benefit and other plans, such as 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer sponsored 403(b) plans, HSAs (Health Savings Accounts), profit sharing plans, money purchase plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans that consolidate and hold all Fund Shares in plan level or omnibus accounts on behalf of participants. SEP-IRAs, SIMPLE-IRA and individual 403(b) Plans are not considered plans for purposes of this paragraph;
(3) clients of Financial Intermediaries who are members of Russell Investments;
(4) individuals pursuant to employee investment programs of Russell Investments or its affiliates; or
(5) current and retired registered representatives of broker-dealers having sales agreements with the Fund's Distributor to sell such Class E or S Shares and current spouses or the equivalent thereof, children, step-children (with respect to current union only), parents, step-parents or parents-in-law of such registered representative or to a family trust in the name of such registered representative.
Class R6 Shares of the Fund
Class R6 Shares are available only to employee benefit and other plans with multiple participants, such as 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer sponsored 403(b) plans, HSAs (Health Savings Accounts), profit sharing plans, money purchase plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, that consolidate and hold all Fund Shares in plan level accounts on behalf of participants where such plan level accounts are held in an omnibus account with the Fund’s Transfer Agent. Class R6 Shares are not available for any other category of investor, including, for example, retail non-retirement accounts, traditional or Roth IRA accounts, Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, SEP-IRAs, SAR-SEPs, SIMPLE IRAs, individual 401(k) or individual 403(b) plan accounts, or for plan level accounts that are not held in an omnibus account with the Fund’s Transfer Agent.
The Fund generally does not have the ability to enforce these limitations on access to Share Classes with eligibility requirements. It is the sole responsibility of each Financial Intermediary to ensure that it only makes Share Classes with eligibility requirements available to those categories of investors listed above that qualify for access to such Share Classes. However, the Fund will not knowingly sell Share Classes with eligibility requirements to any investor not meeting one of the foregoing criteria.
Moving From Class S To Class A Shares
You can redeem Class S Shares held in an account that charges an advisory fee, management fee, consulting fee or other similar fee for services (a “fee-based program”) and with the redemption proceeds purchase Class A Shares without paying a front-end sales charge if all of the following conditions are met: (a) you are leaving or have left the fee-based program, (b) you have held the Class S Shares in the fee-based program for at least one year, (c) the purchase of the Class A Shares is part
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of a series of transactions designed to move you from Class S Shares to Class A Shares of the same Fund and (d) you notify your Financial Intermediary that you meet the preceding three conditions. RIFUS believes that an exchange between classes of the same Fund is not a taxable event; however, you must check with your Financial Intermediary to determine if they will process the exchange as non-taxable. Please consult with your Financial Intermediary and your tax adviser for more information.
Sales Charge Waivers and Reductions
Please see the Fund's Prospectus for information about sales charge waivers and reductions, including front-end sales charge waivers, cumulative purchase discounts, accumulation privileges, letters of intent, reinstatement privileges, exchange privileges, and deferred sales charge waivers.
Minimum Initial Investment Requirements
If you invest less than the required minimum investment in the Fund, the Fund reserves the right to refuse your order or to correct, within a reasonable period, your purchase transaction and notify you promptly of that correction. The Fund reserves the right to close any account whose balance falls below $1,000 and to change the categories of investors eligible to purchase its Shares.
Generally, for purposes of the minimum investment requirements, an account is at the shareholder level, not at the omnibus level. For retirement plans invested in the Fund at a plan level, the plan is considered the shareholder for minimum investment requirements.
The following lists the exceptions to the minimum initial investment requirements. Exceptions to the minimum initial investment requirements must be approved by the Fund’s Distributor.
1. A transfer of an existing account from one Financial Intermediary or financial platform to another is not subject to the minimum initial investment requirements. For the purpose of this exception, a transfer is a transfer-in- kind or the sale and purchase of shares of the same class of the same Fund within 30 days.
2. For Class Y Shares, upon prior notice to the Transfer Agent, multiple related party accounts will not be subject to the minimum initial investment requirements if the average Class Y account balance per Fund of these related party accounts exceeds $5 million.
3. For Class Y Shares, upon satisfaction of certain criteria established by the Distributor, for (i) omnibus accounts servicing multiple employee benefit plans; (ii) rollover account transfers; and (iii) omnibus accounts servicing multiple ultra high net worth clients of multi- or single-family offices, an account may be considered at the omnibus level and not the shareholder level for purposes of satisfying the minimum investment requirement.
4. For Class Y Shares, there is no required minimum initial investment for (i) any Russell Investment Company or Russell Investment Funds fund of funds; (ii) for investment companies that have entered into contractual arrangements with the Fund or its service providers to acquire Class Y Shares; or (iii) shares acquired by any collective vehicle or other discretionary account actively managed by Russell Investments.
Signature Guarantee
The Fund reserves the right to require a signature guarantee for any request related to your account including, but not limited to, requests for transactions or account changes. A signature guarantee verifies the authenticity of your signature and helps protect your account against fraud or unauthorized transactions. You should be able to obtain a signature guarantee from a bank, broker, credit union, savings association, clearing agency, or securities exchange or association, with which you have a banking or investment relationship. A notary public cannot provide a signature guarantee. Contact your Financial Intermediary for assistance in obtaining a signature guarantee.
If you hold shares directly with the Fund and you do not have a relationship with any eligible guarantor, and are unable to obtain a signature guarantee, the Fund may accept alternate identification documentation in lieu of a signature guarantee, at the discretion of the Transfer Agent.
Uncashed Checks
Please make sure you promptly cash checks issued to you by the Fund. If you do not cash a dividend, distribution, or redemption check, the Fund will act to protect itself and you. This may include restricting certain activities in your account until the Fund is sure that it has a valid address for you. After 180 days, the Fund will no longer honor the issued check and, after attempts to locate you, the Fund will follow governing escheatment regulations in disposition of check proceeds. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed checks.
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If you have elected to receive dividends and/or distributions in cash, and the postal or other delivery service is unable to deliver checks to your address of record, or you do not respond to mailings from the Fund with regards to your uncashed checks, the Fund may convert your distribution option to have all dividends and/or distributions reinvested in additional shares.
VALUATION OF FUND SHARES.
The net asset value per share of each Class of Shares is calculated separately for each Fund Class on each business day on which Shares are offered or redemption orders are tendered. A business day is one on which the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) is open for regular trading. Currently, the NYSE is open for trading every weekday except New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
Net asset value per share is computed for each class of Shares of the Fund by dividing the current value of the Fund’s assets attributable to each class of Shares, less liabilities attributable to that class of Shares, by the number of each individual class of Shares of the Fund outstanding and rounding to the nearest cent. Information regarding the Fund’s current net asset value per Share is available at https://russellinvestments.com. For additional information regarding the calculation of Fund net asset value, please see the section titled “HOW NET ASSET VALUE IS DETERMINED” in the Prospectus.
The Fund's portfolio securities actively trade on foreign exchanges which may trade on Saturdays and on days that the Fund does not offer or redeem Shares. The trading of portfolio securities on foreign exchanges on such days may significantly increase or decrease the net asset value of Fund Shares when the shareholder is not able to purchase or redeem Fund Shares. Further, because foreign securities markets may close prior to the time the Fund determines its net asset value, events affecting the value of the portfolio securities occurring between the time prices are determined and the time the Fund calculates its net asset value may not be reflected in the calculations of net asset value unless RIFUS determines that a particular event would materially affect the net asset value.
VALUATION OF PORTFOLIO SECURITIES.
The Fund values its portfolio instruments according to Board-approved securities valuation procedures and pricing services, which include market value procedures, fair value procedures and a description of the pricing services used by the Fund. Under the Board-approved securities valuation procedures, the Board has delegated the day-to-day valuation functions to RIFUS, RIFUS’s Oversight Committee and the Fund's custodian. However, the Board retains oversight over the valuation process.
Ordinarily, the Fund values each portfolio instrument based on market quotations provided by pricing services or brokers (when permitted by the market value procedures). Equity securities (including exchange traded funds) are generally valued at the last quoted sale price or the official closing price as of the close of the exchange’s or other market’s regular trading hours on the day the valuation is made. Listed options are valued on the basis of the closing mean price and exchange listed futures contracts are valued on the basis of settlement price. Swaps may be valued at the closing price, clean market price or clean exchange funded price provided by a pricing service or broker depending on the type of swap being valued. Listed fixed income securities that have greater than 60 days remaining until maturity at the time of purchase are generally valued at the last quoted sale price as of the close of the exchange’s or other market’s regular trading hours on the day the valuation is made. Non-listed fixed income securities that have greater than 60 days remaining until maturity at the time of purchase are generally valued using the price supplied by a pricing service or broker, which may be an evaluated bid. Evaluated bids are derived from a matrix, formula or other objective method that takes into consideration actual trading activity and volume, market indexes, credit quality, maturity, yield curves or other specific adjustments. Fixed income securities that have 60 days or less remaining until maturity at the time of purchase are valued using the amortized cost method of valuation, unless it is determined that the amortized cost method would result in a price that would be deemed to be not reliable. Issuer-specific conditions (e.g., creditworthiness of the issuer and the likelihood of full repayment at maturity) and conditions in the relevant market (e.g., credit, liquidity and interest rate conditions) are among the factors considered in this determination. While amortized cost provides certainty in valuation, it may result in periods when the value of an instrument is higher or lower than the price the Fund would receive if it sold the instrument.
If market quotations are not readily available for an instrument or are considered not reliable because of market and/or issuer-specific information, the instrument will be valued at fair value, as determined in accordance with the fair value procedures. This generally means that equity securities and fixed income securities listed and traded principally on any national securities exchange are valued on the basis of the last sale price or, lacking any sales, at the closing bid price, on the primary exchange on which the security is traded. The fair value procedures may involve subjective judgments as to the fair value of securities. The effect of fair value pricing is that securities may not be priced on the basis of quotations from the primary market in which they are traded, but rather may be priced by another method that the Board believes reflects fair
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value. The use of fair value pricing by the Fund may cause the net asset value of its Shares to differ significantly from the net asset value that would be calculated using current market values. Fair value pricing could also cause discrepancies between the daily movement of the value of Fund Shares and the daily movement of the benchmark index if the index is valued using another pricing method.
This policy is intended to assure that the Fund's net asset values fairly reflect portfolio instrument values as of the time of pricing. Events or circumstances affecting the values of portfolio instruments that occur between the closing of the principal markets on which they trade and the time the net asset value of Fund Shares is determined may be reflected in the calculation of the net asset values for the Fund when the Fund deems that the particular event or circumstance would materially affect the Fund’s net asset value. For frequently traded exchange listed securities, the Fund will use fair value pricing in limited circumstances since reliable market quotations will often be readily available. For foreign securities, the Fund will use fair value pricing more often (typically daily) since “significant” events may occur between the close of foreign markets and the time of pricing which would trigger fair value pricing of the foreign securities. Examples of significant events that generally trigger fair value pricing of one or more securities are: any market movement of the U.S. securities market (defined in the fair value procedures as the movement of a single major U.S. Index); a company development such as a material business development; a natural disaster or emergency situation; or an armed conflict. For low rated debt securities, the Fund is also likely to use fair value pricing more often since the markets in which such securities are traded are generally thinner, more limited and less active than those for higher rated securities.
Because foreign securities can trade on non-business days, the net asset value of the Fund’s portfolio may change on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or redeem Fund Shares.
PORTFOLIO TURNOVER RATE.
Portfolio turnover measures how frequently securities held by the Fund are bought and sold. The portfolio turnover rate for the Fund is calculated by dividing the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the particular year, by the monthly average value of the portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the year. For purposes of determining the rate, all short–
term securities, including options, futures, forward contracts, and repurchase agreements, are excluded. Significant variations in the portfolio turnover rates for the Fund generally are primarily attributable to money manager changes, market volatility, and/or duration of portfolio investments.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued.
A high portfolio turnover rate generally will result in higher brokerage transaction costs and may result in higher levels of realized capital gains or losses with respect to the Fund’s portfolio securities (see “Taxes”).
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS.
The Fund maintains portfolio holdings disclosure policies that govern the timing and circumstances of disclosure to shareholders and third parties of information regarding the portfolio investments held by the Fund. These portfolio holdings disclosure policies have been approved by the Board. Disclosures of portfolio holdings information may only be made pursuant to these Board-approved policies and procedures.
Disclosure of the Fund’s portfolio holdings may only occur if such disclosure is consistent with the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws and the fiduciary duties of the Fund and its adviser. Disclosure is permissible only when the Fund, as determined by the Board or CCO, has legitimate business purposes for such disclosure and the recipients are subject to a written confidentiality agreement, which includes a duty not to trade on non-public information.
Public Disclosures of Portfolio Holdings Information
Disclosure of the Fund’s complete holdings as of the end of each fiscal quarter is required to be made quarterly within 60 days of the end of each fiscal quarter in the Annual Report and Semi-Annual Report to Fund shareholders and in the quarterly holdings report on Form N-Q. These reports are available, free of charge, on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The Fund will also make these reports available on its website, https://russellinvestments.com. Disclosure of the Fund’s complete portfolio holdings will be available on the Fund's website no more frequently than weekly and following each month end. Such holdings will be available no sooner than 5 business days after trade date.  Disclosure of the Fund’s top ten portfolio holdings will be available on the Fund's website no later than 15 calendar days after each month end.
Upon the occurrence of an unexpected, out of the ordinary event with respect to one or more portfolio holdings or the market as a whole, RIM may, consistent with the statement of policy set forth above and with the prior approval of the CCO, prepare and make available on the Fund's website a statement relating to such event which may include information regarding the Fund's portfolio holdings.
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Portfolio managers and other senior officers or spokespersons of the Fund may disclose or confirm the ownership of any individual portfolio holdings position to reporters, brokers, shareholders, consultants or other interested persons only if such information has been previously publicly disclosed in accordance with the portfolio holdings disclosure policies.
The Fund may pay for any portion of a redemption amount by a distribution of in-kind securities from the Fund’s portfolio, instead of in cash. Prior to making an in-kind distribution, RIM will notify the redeeming Shareholder that all information regarding the Fund’s portfolio holdings is non-public and confidential, may not be disclosed to others and may not be used as the basis for any trading decisions.
Non-Public Disclosures of Portfolio Holdings Information
RIM and the money managers may periodically distribute lists of applicable investments held by the Fund for the purpose of facilitating management of the Fund's portfolios including compliance testing, receipt of relevant research and for creation of Fund sales literature. Mellon Analytical Solutions, Brown Brothers Harriman, Bloomberg AIM, Barclays Point, Glass Lewis & Co., LLC, FactSet Research Systems Inc., Axioma, Advent Software, Inc., Vestek, Amba Research, Genpact, Riskmetrics Hedge Platform, Hexaware, CaliberPoint, SS&C, Electra Information Systems and Fund Assist provide such services to RIM and the money managers and as such may receive monthly, weekly or daily portfolio holdings. RIM and the money managers may periodically distribute a list of the issuers and securities which are covered by their respective research departments as of a particular date, but in no case will such a list identify an issuer’s securities as either currently held or anticipated to be held by the Fund or identify Fund position sizes.
In addition, the Fund's custodian generates portfolio holdings information in connection with its services to the Fund. Confluence Technologies, Inc. (“CTI”), GainsKeeper, Interactive Data Corporation (“IDC”), Glass Lewis & Co., LLC, ISS, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and Cloudmargin provide performance and financial reporting, tax filing services, pricing, proxy voting, class action registration services, audit services and collateral management, respectively, to RIM, RIFUS or the Fund. CTI and Glass Lewis receive daily portfolio holdings information in connection with their services. State Street (Boston) as custodian and fund accounting agent for the Fund provides portfolio holdings to State Street (Sacramento) who is the pricing vendor for over the counter (OTC) derivative instruments. Such service providers must keep the portfolio holdings information confidential and cannot trade based on the non-public information. There is no lag between the date of such portfolio holdings information and the date on which the information is disclosed to the service providers.
From time to time, rating and ranking organizations such as Crane Data LLC, Standard & Poor’s, Morningstar, Inc. and Lipper Analytical Services may request complete portfolio holdings information in connection with rating the Fund. In order to facilitate the review of the Fund by these rating agencies, the Fund may distribute (or authorize its service providers to distribute) portfolio holdings information to such ratings agencies before their public disclosure is required or authorized, provided that (a) the recipient does not distribute the information or results of analyses to third parties, other departments or persons who are likely to use the information for purposes of purchasing or selling the Fund's shares before the information or results of analyses become public information and (b) the recipient is subject to a confidentiality agreement, which includes a duty not to trade on non-public information.
No compensation or other consideration is paid to the Fund, RIM or the money managers for any non–public disclosure of portfolio holdings information.
Administration of the Portfolio Holdings Disclosure Policies
The CCO will exercise oversight of disclosures of the Fund's portfolio holdings. It is the duty of the CCO or her designee to ensure that all disclosures of the portfolio holdings of the Fund are in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. It is the responsibility of each business unit with access to portfolio holdings, including RIFUS Fund Administration and RIM’s Investment Management and Research Division, to inform the CCO of any third parties receiving portfolio holdings information which has not previously been disclosed. The CCO is also responsible for monitoring for conflicts of interest between the interests of Fund shareholders and the interests of the Fund's investment adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund, their investment adviser or their principal underwriter. Every violation of the portfolio holdings disclosure policies must be reported to the Fund's CCO. If the CCO deems that such violation constitutes a “Material Compliance Matter” within the meaning of Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act, the violation will be reported to the Fund's Board, as required by Rule 38a-1. The CCO also has the discretion to report other compliance matters arising under the portfolio holdings disclosure policies to the Board.
Disclosure of the Fund's portfolio holdings made in accordance with these procedures is authorized by the Fund's Board. The portfolio holdings disclosure policies may not be waived, and exceptions may not be made, without the consent of the Fund's Board; provided, however that waivers or exceptions in connection with operational or administrative functions may be made
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with the prior consent of the CCO. If the CCO is unavailable, waivers or exceptions in connection with the operational or administrative functions may be made with the prior consent of the Fund's Chief Legal Officer or Chief Financial Officer. All such waivers and exceptions by the CCO, Chief Legal Officer or Chief Financial Officer will be disclosed to the Board no later than its next regularly scheduled quarterly meeting.
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES.
The Board has delegated to RIM, as RIC's investment adviser, the primary responsibility for monitoring, evaluating and voting proxies solicited by or with respect to issuers of securities in which assets of the Fund may be invested. RIM has established a proxy voting committee (“Committee”) and has adopted written proxy voting policies and procedures (“P&P”) and proxy voting guidelines (“Guidelines”). RIM has also hired a third party service provider to serve as proxy administrator (“Proxy Administrator”), which may provide RIM with research, analysis and/or recommendations relating to proxy voting. RIM (whether acting directly or through the Committee) retains final authority with respect to proxy voting.
The P&P are designed to ensure that proxy voting decisions are made in accordance with the best interests of RIM’s clients (including the Fund) and to enable the Committee to receive timely notice of and resolve any material conflicts of interest between the Fund on the one hand, and RIM or its affiliates, on the other, before voting proxies with respect to a matter in which such a conflict may be present. In order to assure that proxies are voted in accordance with the best interests of clients at all times, the P&P authorize votes to be cast in accordance with the Guidelines and delegate to the Proxy Administrator responsibility for performing research and making recommendations in accordance with the Guidelines. Conflicts are addressed in the P&P by requiring the implementation of a process requiring additional diligence and documentation if ballots are not voted in accordance with the Guidelines or pursuant to the recommendation of the Proxy Administrator.
The Guidelines address matters that are commonly submitted to shareholders of a company for voting, including, but not limited to, issues relating to corporate governance, auditors, the board of directors, capital structure, executive and director compensation, and mergers and corporate restructurings. Subject to the supervision and oversight of the Committee, and the authority of the Committee to intervene with respect to a particular proxy matter, the Proxy Administrator is obligated to vote all proxies as set forth in the Guidelines.
The following are examples of certain types of issues that are covered in the Guidelines and how the proxies are generally voted.
Proxies will generally be voted for routine agenda items such as the opening of the shareholder meeting; the presence of quorum; regulatory filings; the designation of inspector or shareholder representatives of minutes of meeting; the allowance of questions; the publication of minutes; and the closing of the shareholder meeting.
In connection with director and officer indemnification and liability protection, proxies will generally be voted: against proposals to eliminate entirely director and officer liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care or for proposals that expand protection beyond the standards set forth by Delaware law; against proposals that would expand indemnification beyond coverage of legal expenses to coverage of acts that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligations than mere carelessness; and for proposals that would provide indemnification for an Italian company’s internal auditors or expanded indemnification where a director’s or officer’s legal defense was unsuccessful if the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company.
In certain corporate governance matters, proxies will generally be voted: for proposals seeking to amend a company’s articles of association, procedures, processes and/or other company documents unless the Proxy Administrator recommends a vote against such matter, in which case such vote will be determined on a case-by-case basis; for mergers and acquisitions proposals unless the Proxy Administrator recommends a vote against, in which case such vote will be determined on a case-by-case basis; for corporate restructuring proposals, including minority squeezeouts, leveraged buyouts, spin-offs, liquidations, asset sales and creation of holding companies, unless the Proxy Administrator recommends a vote against, in which case such vote will be determined on a case-by-case basis; against proposals to classify the board; for shareholder proposals that ask a company to submit its poison pill for shareholder ratification unless the Proxy Administrator recommends a vote against, in which case such vote will be determined on a case-by-case basis; and against management proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote to approve charter and bylaw amendments.
In regard to changes to a company’s capital structure, proxies are generally voted against proposals that seek to increase the authorized common or preferred stock by twice the present limit, unless the increase is in connection
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  with a stock split or merger that was voted in favor of; against proposals to create preferred stock, unless the Proxy Administrator recommends a vote for, in which case such vote will be determined on a case-by-case basis; if the company does not have any preferred shares outstanding, proxies will generally be voted against the requested authorization.
Generally, proxies are voted for executive and director stock option plans unless the Proxy Administrator recommends a vote against such matter, in which case additional criteria specified in the Guidelines will apply and such vote may be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Other than with respect to the exceptions specified in the Guidelines, proxies related to social, political or environmental issues will be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Where a voting matter is not specifically addressed in the Guidelines or there is a question as to the outcome, the Proxy Administrator is obligated to request additional direction from the Committee. The Proxy Administrator is obligated to maintain records of all votes received, all votes cast and other relevant information.
To the extent that any shares of the Fund are owned directly by any other RIC or RIF fund, those shares will be voted directly by such fund in the same proportion as all other votes received from the other holders of the Fund’s shares.
Information on how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12 month period ended June 30 is not currently available, but once it is available, can be obtained without charge, at https://russellinvestments.com and on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATIONS.
Subject to the arrangements and provisions described below, the selection of a broker or dealer to execute portfolio transactions is made either by the money manager or by RIM. RIC's arrangements with RIM and the money managers provide that in executing portfolio transactions and selecting brokers or dealers, the principal objective is to seek best execution. The factors that may be considered in assessing the best execution available for any transaction include the breadth of the market in the security, the price of the security, the financial condition and execution capability of the broker or dealer, the reasonableness of the commission, if any, and the value of research services (as that term is defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). In assessing whether the best overall terms have been obtained, RIM and the money managers are not obligated to select the broker offering the lowest commission. Any commission, fee or other remuneration paid to an affiliated broker-dealer is paid in compliance with RIC's procedures adopted in accordance with Rule 17e-1 of the 1940 Act.
A money manager may effect portfolio transactions for the segment of the Fund’s portfolio assigned to the money manager with a broker-dealer affiliated with the money manager or RIM, including Russell Investments Implementation Services, LLC (“RIIS”), a registered broker and investment adviser and an affiliate of RIM, as well as with brokers affiliated with other money managers. RIM effects certain portfolio transactions for the Fund through RIIS.
RIIS uses a multi-venue trade management approach whereby RIIS allocates trades among RIIS’ network of independent brokers for execution, clearing and other services. Trades placed through RIIS and its independent brokers are made (i) to manage trading associated with changes in money managers, rebalancing across existing money managers, cash flows and other portfolio transitions, (ii) to execute portfolio securities transactions for the portion of the Fund’s assets that RIM determines not to allocate to money managers, including assets RIM may manage to effect the Fund's investment strategies and/or to modify the Fund's overall portfolio characteristics and for the Fund’s cash reserves, (iii) to execute portfolio securities transactions for the portion of the Fund’s assets that RIM manages based upon model portfolios provided by the Fund’s non-discretionary managers or (iv) to execute a money manager’s portfolio securities transactions for the segment of the Fund’s portfolio assigned to the money manager. RIM has authorized RIIS to effect certain futures, swaps, over-the-counter derivatives transactions, and cleared swaps, including foreign currency spot, forwards and options trading (collectively, “derivatives trading”) on behalf of the Fund. In connection with these transactions, RIIS may (i) negotiate, amend, execute and deliver International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. agreements, supporting annexes, confirmations and schedules, including but not limited to, credit support documents (whether by way of title transfer or by way of security), futures agreements, foreign currency documentation and any other agreements or instruments RIIS considers necessary or desirable for the purpose of entering into derivatives trading transactions; and (ii) deliver to counterparties, on the behalf of the Fund, representations, warranties and covenants, including but not limited to certain tax representations, along with such financial information regarding the Fund as such counterparties may reasonably request.
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In the case of securities traded in the over-the-counter market and depending on where best execution is believed to be available, portfolio transactions may be effected either (1) on an agency basis, which involves the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions to the broker-dealer, including electronic communication networks, or (2) on a principal basis at net prices, which include compensation to the broker-dealer in the form of a mark-up or mark-down without commission.
The Fund will effect transactions through Recapture Services, a division of BNY ConvergEX Execution Solutions LLC (“Recapture Services”) and its global network of unaffiliated correspondent brokers, as well as State Street Global Markets, LLC (“SSGM”) and its global network of unaffiliated correspondent brokers. Trades placed through Recapture Services, SSGM and their correspondents are used (i) to obtain research services for RIM to assist RIM in its investment decision-making process in its capacity as Advisor to the Fund or (ii) to generate commission rebates to the Fund on whose behalf the trades were made. For purposes of trading to obtain research services for RIM or to generate commission rebates to the Fund, the Fund's money managers are requested to, and RIM may with respect to transactions it places, effect transactions with or through Recapture Services, SSGM and their correspondents or other brokers only to the extent that the money managers or RIM believe that the Fund will receive best execution. In addition, RIM recommends targets for the amount of trading that money managers direct though Recapture Services and SSGM based upon several factors including asset class and investment style, among others. Research services provided to RIM by Recapture Services, SSGM or other brokers include performance measurement statistics, fund analytics systems and market monitoring systems. Research services will generally be obtained from unaffiliated third parties at market rates, which may be included in commission costs. Research provided to RIM may benefit the particular Funds generating the trading activity and may also benefit other Funds within RIC and other funds and clients managed or advised by RIM or its affiliates. Similarly, the Fund may benefit from research provided with respect to trading by those other funds and clients.
Decisions concerning the acquisition of research services by RIM are approved and monitored by a Soft Commission Committee (“SCC”), which consists principally of employees in research and investment management roles. The SCC acts as an oversight body with respect to purchases of research services acquired by RIM using soft commissions generated by funds managed by RIM or its affiliates, including the Fund.
Recapture Services, SSGM or other brokers may also rebate to the Fund a portion of commissions earned on certain trading by the Fund through Recapture Services, SSGM and their correspondents in the form of commission recapture. Commission recapture is paid solely to those Funds generating the applicable commission. Commission recapture is generated on the instructions of the SCC once RIM’s research needs have been met.
Recapture Services and SSGM retain a portion of all commissions generated, regardless of whether the trades were used to provide research services to RIM or commission recapture to the Fund. Trades through Recapture Services, SSGM and their correspondents for transition services and manager funding (i.e., brokerage arrangements designed to reduce costs and optimize performance during the transition of Fund assets upon the hiring, termination or additional funding of a money manager) are at ordinary and customary commission rates and do not result in commission rebates or accrued credits for the procurement of research related services.
Additionally, a money manager may independently effect transactions through Recapture Services, SSGM and their correspondents or a broker affiliated with the money manager or another broker to obtain research services for its own use. Research services provided to a money manager may benefit the Fund generating the trading activity but may also benefit other funds and clients managed or advised by the money manager. Similarly, the Fund may benefit from research services provided with respect to trading by those other funds and clients.
BROKERAGE COMMISSIONS.
During the fiscal years ended October 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Fund had not yet commenced operations and thus, no shares of the Fund were issued.
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Investment Restrictions, Policies And CERTAIN INVESTMENTS
The Fund’s investment objective is “non-fundamental.” Having a non-fundamental investment objective means that it may be changed without the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. If the Fund’s investment objective is changed by the Board of Trustees, the Prospectus will be supplemented to reflect the new investment objective. Certain investment policies and restrictions may be fundamental, which means that they may only be changed with the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. The vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund means the vote of the lesser of (a) 67% or more of the voting securities of the Fund present at the meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund are present or represented by proxy; or (b) more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund. Other policies and restrictions may be changed by the Fund without shareholder approval. The Fund’s investment objective is set forth in the Prospectus. The Fund looks through its Subsidiary to the Subsidiary's assets for the purposes of complying with the investment restrictions noted below.
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
The Fund is subject to the following fundamental investment restrictions.
Unless otherwise stated, all restrictions, percentage limitations and credit quality limitations on Fund investments listed in this SAI apply at the time of investment. There would be no violation of any of these requirements unless the Fund fails to comply with any such limitation immediately after and as a result of an investment. A later change in circumstances will not require the sale of an investment if it was proper at the time it was made.
The Fund may not:
1. Purchase securities if, as a result of such purchase, the Fund's investments would be concentrated within the meaning of the 1940 Act in securities of issuers in a particular industry or group of industries.
Investments in other investment companies shall not be considered an investment in any particular industry or group of industries for purposes of this investment restriction.
This investment restriction shall not apply to securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities.
2. Purchase or sell real estate; provided that the Fund may invest in securities secured by real estate or interests therein or issued by companies which invest in real estate or interests therein.
3. Purchase or sell physical commodities except that the Fund may purchase or sell currencies, may enter into futures contracts on securities, currencies and other indices or any other financial instruments, and may purchase and sell options on such futures contracts.
This restriction shall not prevent the Fund from purchasing or selling commodity-linked derivative instruments and other commodity-linked securities, including swap agreements, commodity-linked structured notes, options, swaptions, futures contracts with respect to indices or individual commodities and options on futures contracts, equities of commodity–related companies, exchange traded funds and exchange traded notes or from investing in securities or other instruments backed by physical commodities or by indices.
4. Borrow money, except that the Fund may borrow money to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, or to the extent permitted by any exemptions therefrom which may be granted by the SEC.
5. Act as an underwriter except to the extent the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter when disposing of securities it owns or when selling its own shares.
6. Make loans to other persons except (a) through the lending of its portfolio securities, (b) through the purchase of debt securities, loan participations and/or engaging in direct corporate loans in accordance with its investment objectives and policies, (c) to the extent the entry into a repurchase agreement is deemed to be a loan, or (d) to affiliated investment companies to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act or any exemptions therefrom that may be granted by the SEC.
7. Issue securities senior to the Fund’s presently authorized shares of beneficial interest except that this restriction shall not be deemed to prohibit the Fund from (a) making any permitted borrowings, loans, mortgages or pledges, (b) entering into options, futures contracts, forward contracts, repurchase transactions, or reverse repurchase transactions, or (c) making short sales of securities to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act and any rule or order thereunder.
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With regard to investment restriction 1, above, concentration within the meaning of the 1940 Act refers to the position of the staff of the SEC that a fund is concentrated if it invests 25% or more of the value of its total assets in any one industry or group of industries. For purposes of this investment restriction, “industry” is defined by reference to the Bloomberg Industry Classification Standard (“BICs”) methodology.
With regard to investment restriction 1, above, mortgage-backed securities that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities are not subject to the Fund's industry concentration restrictions, by virtue of the exclusion from that test available to all U.S. Government securities. Privately-issued mortgage-backed securities are, however, subject to the Fund's industry concentration restrictions.
With regard to investment restriction 3, above, this restriction shall not prevent the Fund from entering into swap agreements or swaptions.
With regard to investment restriction 4, above, this restriction applies constantly and not only at the time a borrowing is made.
With regard to investment restriction 6, above, the Fund may lend its portfolio securities in an amount not to exceed 33 13% of total fund assets. The Fund may invest without limit in repurchase agreements, dollar rolls and to-be announced mortgage-backed securities so long as they abide by its investment objective, investment restrictions, and all 1940 Act requirements, including diversification requirements. Loans to affiliated investment companies are not presently permitted by the 1940 Act in the absence of an exemption from the SEC. The Fund has received exemptive relief from the SEC to loan money to affiliated investment companies.
With regard to investment restriction 7, above, permitted borrowings refer to borrowings by the Fund as permitted by the 1940 Act.
The Fund is also subject to the following non-fundamental investment restriction (one that can be changed by the Trustees without shareholder approval):
The Fund may not borrow money for purposes of leveraging or investment. Provisional credits related to contractual settlements shall not be considered to be a form of leverage.
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is presently permitted to borrow up to 5% of its total assets from any person for temporary purposes, and may also borrow from banks, provided that if borrowings exceed 5%, the Fund must have assets totaling at least 300% of the borrowing when the amount of the borrowing is added to the Fund's other assets. Put another way, an investment company may borrow, in the aggregate, from banks and others, amounts up to one-third (33 13%) of its total assets (including those assets represented by the borrowing). Accordingly, if the Fund were required to pledge assets to secure a borrowing, it would pledge no more than one-third (33 13%) of its assets.
The Fund will not purchase additional securities while outstanding cash borrowings exceed 5% of total assets.
The Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategies in attempting to respond to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions. During these times, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash or cash equivalents, shares of money market mutual funds, commercial paper, zero coupon bonds, repurchase agreements, and other securities RIM believes to be consistent with the Fund’s best interests. During a period in which the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
INVESTMENT POLICIES
The investment objective and principal investment strategies for the Fund are provided in its Prospectus. The following discussion describes certain investment strategies that the Fund may pursue and certain types of instruments in which the Fund may invest. The Fund may not invest in all of the instruments listed below. The Fund uses investment techniques commonly used by other mutual funds. The instruments and investment strategies listed below are discretionary, which means that RIM or the money managers may or may not use them.
Unless otherwise stated, all percentage and credit quality limitations on Fund investments listed in this SAI apply at the time of investment. There would be no violation of any of these limitations unless an excess or deficiency exists immediately after and as a result of an investment.
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Investment Strategies and Portfolio Instruments.
The Fund’s principal and certain non-principal investment strategies and the related risks are described in the Fund's Prospectus. The following discussion provides additional information regarding those investment strategies and risks, as well as information regarding additional non-principal investment strategies and risks. An investment strategy and related risk that is described below, but which is not described in the Fund's Prospectus, is a non-principal strategy and risk of the Fund.
Cash Reserves and Being Fully Invested. The Fund at times has to sell portfolio securities in order to meet redemption requests. The selling of securities may negatively affect the Fund’s performance since securities are sold for other than investment reasons. The Fund can avoid selling its portfolio securities by holding adequate levels of cash to meet anticipated redemption requests (“cash reserves”). The cash reserves may also include cash awaiting investment or to pay expenses. The Fund, like any mutual fund, maintains cash reserves. Depending upon market conditions, RIM may determine to allocate a significant portion of the Fund’s assets to cash, all or a portion of which may be “equitized” as described below. RIM may increase or decrease the Fund’s cash balances to seek to achieve the desired risk/return profile for the Fund or in anticipation of a transition to a new money manager or large redemptions resulting from rebalancing by funds of funds or asset allocation programs.
The Fund may expose all or a portion of its cash to changes in interest rates or market/sector returns by purchasing equity securities, fixed income securities and/or derivatives, as described herein (also known as “equitization”). RIM may also use the cash equitization process to reduce market exposure.
RIM invests any remaining cash in short-term investments, including the U.S. Cash Management Fund, an unregistered fund advised by RIM and administered by RIFUS, whose investment objective is to seek to preserve principal and provide liquidity and current income (the “Cash Management Fund”).In addition, any remaining cash may also be invested in fixed income securities with an average portfolio duration of one year and individual effective maturities of up to five years, which may include U.S. and non-U.S. corporate debt securities, asset-backed securities (which may include, among others, credit card and automobile loan receivables) and money market securities similar to those invested in by the Cash Management Fund. RIM has waived its 0.05% advisory fee with respect to cash invested in the Cash Management Fund. RIFUS charges a 0.05% administrative fee on the cash invested in the Cash Management Fund.
The Cash Management Fund invests in a portfolio of high quality U.S. dollar denominated money market securities. The dollar-weighted average maturity of the Cash Management Fund’s portfolio is 90 days or less. The Cash Management Fund primarily invests in (1) securities issued by U.S. and foreign banks; (2) commercial paper, including asset-backed commercial paper, and short-term debt of U.S. and foreign corporations and trusts; (3) bank instruments, including certificates of deposit, Eurodollar certificates of deposit, Eurodollar time deposits and Yankee certificates of deposit; (4) Yankee Bonds; (5) other money market funds; (6) demand notes; (7) repurchase agreements; (8) investment-grade municipal debt obligations; (9) securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies; (10) variable and floating rate securities and (11) asset backed securities.
Commodity-Linked Derivatives. The Fund may invest in commodity-linked derivative instruments, such as structured notes, swap agreements, commodity options, futures and options on futures. The prices of commodity-linked derivative instruments may move in different directions than investments in traditional equity and debt securities when the value of those traditional securities is declining due to adverse economic conditions. As an example, during periods of rising inflation, historically debt securities have tended to decline in value due to the general increase in prevailing interest rates. Conversely, during those same periods of rising inflation, historically the prices of certain commodities, such as oil and metals, have tended to increase. Of course, there cannot be any guarantee that commodity-linked derivative investments will perform in that manner in the future, and at certain times the price movements of commodity-linked investments have been parallel to those of debt and equity securities.
In selecting investments for the Fund's portfolio, RIM and the money managers evaluate the merits of commodity-linked derivative instruments based upon such factors as the underlying commodity, futures contract, index or other economic variables that are linked to the instrument, the issuer of the instrument, and whether the principal of the instrument is protected by any form of credit enhancement or guarantee.
The Fund's primary method for gaining exposure to the commodities markets is through derivative instruments (including futures and options contracts with respect to indexes or individual commodities options on futures contracts, swap agreements and swaptions), exchange traded funds, exchange traded notes and commodity linked securities. These instruments have one or more commodity-dependent components. Some of these investments are derivative instruments because at least part of their value is derived from the value of an underlying commodity, commodity index, commodity futures or option contract, index or other readily measurable economic variable. The Fund may invest in these instruments directly and indirectly through investments in the Subsidiary, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Fund formed in the Cayman Islands.
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Principal Protection. The Fund may invest in commodity-linked instruments. Commodity-linked structured notes and certain other commodity-linked instruments may be principal protected, partially protected, or offer no principal protection. A principal protected hybrid instrument means that the issuer will pay, at a minimum, the par value of the note at maturity. Therefore, if the commodity value to which the hybrid instrument is linked declines over the life of the note, the Fund will receive at maturity the face or stated value of the note.
With a principal protected commodity-linked instrument, the Fund would receive at maturity the greater of the par value of the note or the increase in value of the underlying commodity index. This protection is, in effect, an option whose value is subject to the volatility and price level of the underlying commodity index. This optionality can be added to an instrument, but only for a cost higher than that of a partially protected (or no protection) instrument. RIM or a money manager’s decision on whether to use principal protection depends in part on the cost of the protection. In deciding to purchase a note without principal protection, RIM or a money manager may consider, among other things, the expected performance of the underlying commodity index, commodity futures contract or other economic variables over the term of the note, the cost of the note, and any other economic factors that RIM or the money manager believes are relevant. In addition, the utility of the protection feature depends upon the ability of the issuer to meet its obligation to buy back the security, and therefore depends on the creditworthiness of the issuer.
With full principal protection, the Fund will receive at maturity of the commodity-linked instrument either the stated par value of the commodity-linked instrument, or, potentially, an amount greater than the stated par value if the underlying commodity index, futures contract or economic variable to which the commodity-linked instrument is linked has increased in value. Partially protected commodity-linked instruments may suffer some loss of principal if the underlying commodity index, futures contract or economic variable to which the commodity-linked instrument is linked declines in value during the term of the commodity-linked instrument. However, partially protected commodity-linked instruments have a specified limit as to the amount of principal that they may lose.
The Fund may also invest in commodity-linked instruments that offer no principal protection. At maturity, there is a risk that the underlying commodity index, futures contract or other economic variable may have declined sufficiently in value such that some or all of the face value of the instrument might not be returned. Some of the instruments that the Fund may invest in may have no principal protection and the instrument could lose all of its value.
Hedging Strategies. Financial futures contracts may be used by the Fund during or in anticipation of adverse market events such as interest rate changes or declining equity prices. For example, if interest rates were anticipated to rise or equity prices were anticipated to fall, financial futures contracts may be sold (short hedge), which would have an effect similar to short selling bonds or equities. Once interest rates increase or equity prices fall, securities held in the Fund's portfolio may decline, but the futures contract value may increase, partly offsetting the loss in value of the Fund's securities by enabling the Fund to repurchase the futures contract at a lower price to close out the position.
The Fund may purchase a put and/or sell a call option or enter into an option spread on a stock index futures contract instead of selling a futures contract in anticipation of an equity market decline. Conversely, purchasing a call and/or selling a put option or entering into an option spread on a stock index futures contract may be used instead of buying a futures contract in anticipation of an equity market advance, or to temporarily create an equity exposure for cash reserves until those balances are invested in equities. Options on financial futures are used in a similar manner in order to hedge portfolio securities against anticipated market changes.
Risk Associated with Hedging Strategies. There are certain investment risks involved with using futures contracts and/or options as a hedging technique. One risk is the imperfect correlation between the price movement of the futures contracts or options and the price movement of the portfolio securities, stock index or currency subject of the hedge. Another risk is that a liquid secondary market may not exist for a futures contract causing the Fund to be unable to close out the futures contract thereby affecting the Fund's hedging strategy.
In addition, foreign currency options and foreign currency futures involve additional risks. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States; may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees; and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities. The value of such positions could also be adversely affected by (1) other complex foreign, political, legal and economic factors, (2) lesser availability of data on which to make trading decisions than in the United States, (3) delays in the Fund's ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (4) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States and (5) lesser trading volume.
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Lending Portfolio Securities. The Fund may lend securities to other parties (typically brokers, dealers, banks or other financial institutions) who may need to borrow securities in order to complete certain transactions such as covering short sales, avoiding failures to deliver securities or completing arbitrage operations. The borrower provides the Fund with collateral in an amount at least equal to the value of the securities loaned. By lending its portfolio securities, the Fund attempts to increase its net investment income through investment earnings from collateral received or the receipt of negotiated fees on the securities lent.
The Fund retains most rights of beneficial ownership, including interest or other distributions on the loaned securities. Any gain or loss in the market price of the securities lent that occurs during the term of the loan would be for the account of the Fund. Voting rights may pass with the lending. The Fund may recall loans to vote proxies if a material issue affecting the investment is to be voted upon. Payments received by the Fund in lieu of any dividends paid on the loaned securities will not be treated as “qualified dividend income” for purposes of determining what portion of the Fund’s dividends received by the Fund and distributed to its shareholders may be taxed at the rates generally applicable to long-term capital gains.
If the borrower defaults on its obligations to return the securities lent because of insolvency or other reasons, the Fund could experience delays and costs in recovering the securities lent or in gaining access to the collateral. These delays could be greater for foreign securities. If the Fund is not able to recover the securities lent, the Fund may sell the collateral and purchase a replacement security in the market. The value of the collateral could decrease below the value of the replacement security or the value of the replacement security could increase above the value of the collateral by the time the replacement security is purchased.
The Fund invests cash collateral received, at the Fund’s own risk, in an unregistered short-term investment fund advised by RIM. Income generated from the investment of the cash collateral is first used to pay any negotiated rebate to the borrower of the securities. Any remaining income is divided between the Fund and the unaffiliated lending agent.
The Fund may incur costs or possible losses in excess of the interest income and fees received in connection with securities lending transactions. To the extent that the value of the cash collateral as invested is insufficient to return the full amount of the collateral plus any negotiated rebate to the borrower upon termination of the loan, the Fund must immediately pay the amount of the shortfall to the borrower.
No Fund may lend portfolio securities in an amount that exceeds 33 13% of total fund assets.
Illiquid and Restricted Securities. No more than 15% of the Fund's net assets will be invested in securities, including repurchase agreements of more than seven days' duration, that are illiquid. This limitation is applied at the time of purchase. A security is illiquid if it cannot be disposed of within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the amount at which the Fund has valued such security. There may be delays in selling illiquid securities at prices representing their fair value.
The Board of the Fund has adopted procedures to permit the Fund to deem as liquid the following types of securities that are otherwise presumed to be illiquid securities: (i) certain restricted securities that are eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A (“Rule 144A Securities”) under the Securities Act; (ii) certain commercial paper issued in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (“Section 4(a)(2) Paper”); (iii) certain interest-only and principal-only fixed mortgage-backed securities issued by the United States government or its agencies and instrumentalities (collectively, “Eligible MBS”); (iv) certain municipal lease obligations and certificates of participation in municipal lease obligations (collectively, “Municipal Lease Obligations”); and (v) certain restricted debt securities that are subject to unconditional puts or demand features exercisable within seven days (“Demand Feature Securities”).
The expenses of registration of restricted securities that are illiquid (excluding securities that may be resold by the Fund pursuant to Rule 144A) may be negotiated at the time such securities are purchased by the Fund. When registration is required, a considerable period may elapse between a decision to sell the securities and the time the sale would be permitted. Thus, the Fund may not be able to obtain as favorable a price as that prevailing at the time of the decision to sell. The Fund also may acquire, through private placements, securities having contractual resale restrictions, which might lower the amount realizable upon the sale of such securities.
When-Issued Securities and Delayed-Delivery Transactions. The Fund may contract to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time (a “when-issued” transaction or “forward commitment”) or purchase or sell securities for delayed delivery (i.e., payment or delivery occur beyond the normal settlement date at a stated price and yield) so long as such transactions are consistent with the Fund's ability to manage its investment portfolio and meet redemption requests. The Fund will enter into a when-issued transaction for the purpose of acquiring portfolio securities and not for the purpose of leverage but may dispose of a forward commitment or when-issued transaction prior to settlement if it is appropriate to do so and may realize short-term profits or losses upon such sale. The payment obligation and the interest rate
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that will be received on when-issued securities are fixed at the time the buyer enters into the commitment. Due to fluctuations in the value of securities purchased or sold on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis, the yields obtained on such securities may be higher or lower than the yields available in the market on the dates when the investments are actually delivered to the buyers. When effecting such transactions, liquid assets of the Fund, in a dollar amount sufficient to make payment for the portfolio securities to be purchased, will be segregated on the Fund's records at the trade date and maintained until the transaction is settled. When-issued and delayed-delivery transactions involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date or the other party to the transaction fails to complete the transaction.
Additionally, under certain circumstances, the Fund may occasionally engage in “free trade” transactions in which delivery of securities sold by the Fund is made prior to the Fund’s receipt of cash payment therefor or the Fund’s payment of cash for portfolio securities occurs prior to the Fund’s receipt of those securities. Cash payment in such instances generally occurs on the next business day in the local market. “Free trade” transactions involve the risk of loss to the Fund if the other party to the “free trade” transaction fails to complete the transaction after the Fund has tendered cash payment or securities, as the case may be.
Investment Company Securities and Pooled Investment Vehicles. The Fund may invest in securities of other open-end or closed-end investment companies. If the Fund invests in other investment companies, shareholders will bear not only their proportionate share of the Fund’s expenses (including operating expenses and the advisory fee paid by the Fund to RIM), but also, indirectly, the similar expenses of the underlying investment companies. Shareholders would also be exposed to the risks associated not only to the investments of the Fund but also to the portfolio investments of the underlying investment companies.
Some emerging market countries have laws and regulations that currently preclude direct foreign investments in the securities of their companies. However, indirect foreign investments in the securities of companies listed and traded on the stock exchanges in these countries are permitted through pooled investment vehicles or investment funds that have been specifically authorized.
Exchange Traded Funds or “ETFs.” The Fund may invest in shares of open-end mutual funds or unit investment trusts that are traded on a stock exchange, called exchange-traded funds or ETFs. Typically, an ETF seeks to track the performance of an index, such as the S&P 500® or the NASDAQ 100, by holding in its portfolio either the same securities that comprise the index, or a representative sample of the index. Investing in an ETF will give the Fund exposure to the securities comprising the index on which the ETF is based, and the Fund will gain or lose value depending on the performance of the index. ETFs have expenses, including advisory and administrative fees paid by ETF shareholders, and, as a result, if the Fund invests in an ETF, an investor in the Fund will indirectly bear the fees and expenses of the underlying ETF.
Unlike shares of typical mutual funds or unit investment trusts, shares of ETFs are bought and sold based on market values throughout each trading day, and not at net asset value. For this reason, shares could trade at either a premium or discount to net asset value. The Fund may invest in ETFs that track equity market indices. The portfolios held by these ETFs are publicly disclosed on each trading day, and an approximation of actual net asset value is disseminated throughout the trading day. Because of this transparency, the trading prices of these index-based ETFs tend to closely track the actual net asset value of the underlying portfolios. The Fund may invest in ETFs that are based on fixed income indices, or that are actively managed. Actively managed ETFs may not have the transparency of index based ETFs, and therefore, may be more likely to trade at a discount or premium to actual net asset values. If an ETF held by the Fund trades at a discount to net asset value, the Fund could lose money even if the securities in which the ETF invests go up in value.
Foreign Securities
Investment in Foreign Securities. The Fund may invest in foreign (non-U.S.) securities traded on U.S. or foreign exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. Investing in securities issued by foreign governments and corporations involves considerations and possible risks not typically associated with investing in obligations issued by the U.S. government and domestic corporations. Less information may be available about foreign companies than about domestic companies, and foreign companies generally are not subject to the same uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards or other regulatory practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to domestic companies. The values of foreign investments are affected by changes in currency rates or exchange control regulations, application of foreign tax laws, including withholding taxes, changes in governmental administration or economic or monetary policy (in the United States or abroad) or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. Costs are incurred in connection with conversions between various currencies. In addition, foreign brokerage commissions are generally higher than in the United States, and foreign securities markets may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental supervision than in the United States. Investments in foreign countries could be affected by other factors not present in the United States, including nationalization,
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expropriation, confiscatory taxation, lack of uniform accounting and auditing standards and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations and could be subject to extended settlement periods or restrictions affecting the prompt return of capital to the United States. To the extent that the Fund’s principal investment strategies involve foreign (non-U.S.) securities, the Fund may tend to have a greater exposure to liquidity risk.
In a June 2016 referendum, citizens of the United Kingdom (“UK”) voted to leave the European Union (the “EU”). It is expected that the UK will formally withdraw from the EU, a process that may take up to two years once formally initiated. There is a significant degree of uncertainty about how negotiations relating to the UK’s withdrawal will be conducted, as well as the potential consequences, precise time frame and financial market reaction. During this period and beyond, the impact on the UK and European economies and the broader global economy could be significant and could, among other outcomes, result in increased volatility and illiquidity, potentially lower economic growth and decreased asset valuations. The UK vote to leave the EU may have a destabilizing impact on the EU to the extent other member states similarly seek to withdraw from the union. It may also have a negative impact on the economy and currency of the UK as a result of anticipated or actual changes to the UK’s economic and political relations with the EU. Any or all of these challenges may affect the value of a Fund’s investments economically tied to the UK or EU.
Investment in Emerging Markets. The Fund may invest in emerging markets stocks. The Fund may invest in the following types of emerging market debt: bonds; notes and debentures of emerging market governments; debt and other fixed-income securities issued or guaranteed by emerging market government agencies, instrumentalities or central banks; and other fixed-income securities issued or guaranteed by banks or other companies in emerging markets which the money managers believe are suitable investments for the Fund. As a general rule, the Fund considers emerging market countries to include every country in the world except Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Foreign investment may include emerging market stock and emerging market debt.
Risks Associated with Emerging Markets. The considerations outlined above when making investments in foreign securities also apply to investments in emerging markets. The risks associated with investing in foreign securities are often heightened for investments in developing or emerging markets. Investments in emerging or developing markets involve exposure to economic structures that are generally less diverse and mature, and to political systems which can be expected to have less stability, than those of more developed countries. As a result, emerging market governments are more likely to take actions that are hostile or detrimental to private enterprise or foreign investment than those of more developed countries, including expropriation of assets, confiscatory taxation or unfavorable diplomatic developments. In the past, governments of such nations have expropriated substantial amounts of private property, and most claims of the property owners have never been fully settled. There is no assurance that such expropriations will not reoccur. In such an event, it is possible that the Fund could lose the entire value of its investments in the affected market. Some countries have pervasiveness of corruption and crime that may hinder investments. Practices in relation to settlement of securities transactions in emerging markets involve higher risks than those in developed markets, in part because the Fund will need to use brokers and counterparties that are less well capitalized, and custody and registration of assets in some countries may be unreliable. The possibility of fraud, negligence, undue influence being exerted by the issuer or refusal to recognize that ownership exists in some emerging markets, along with other factors, could result in ownership registration being completely lost. The Fund would absorb any loss resulting from such registration problems and may have no successful claim for compensation. In addition, communications between the United States and emerging market countries may be unreliable, increasing the risk of delayed settlements or losses of security certificates. Practices in relation to settlement of securities transactions in emerging markets involve higher risks than those in developed markets, in part because the Fund will need to use brokers and counterparties that are less well capitalized, and custody and registration of assets in some countries may be unreliable. Moreover, the economies of individual emerging market countries may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as the rate of growth in gross domestic product, the rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Because the Fund's foreign securities will generally be denominated in foreign currencies, the value of such securities to the Fund will be affected by changes in currency exchange rates and in exchange control regulations. A change in the value of a foreign currency against the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in the U.S. dollar value of the Fund's foreign securities. In addition, some emerging market countries may have fixed or managed currencies which are not free-floating against the U.S. dollar. Further, certain emerging market countries’ currencies may not be internationally traded. Certain of these currencies have experienced devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
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Investments in emerging market country government debt securities involve special risks. Certain emerging market countries have historically experienced high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate fluctuations, large amounts of external debt, balance of payments and trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. The issuer or governmental authority that controls the repayment of an emerging market country’s debt may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. As a result, a government obligor may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor.
Foreign Government Securities. Foreign government securities which the Fund may invest in generally consist of obligations issued or backed by the national, state or provincial government or similar political subdivisions or central banks in foreign countries. Foreign government securities also include debt obligations of supranational entities, which include international organizations designated or backed by governmental entities to promote economic reconstruction or development, international banking institutions and related government agencies. These securities also include debt securities of “quasi-government agencies” and debt securities denominated in multinational currency units of an issuer.
The recent global economic crisis brought several governments close to bankruptcy and many other economies into recession and weakened the banking and financial sectors of many countries. For example, the governments of Greece, Spain, Portugal, and the Republic of Ireland have all recently experienced large public budget deficits, the effects of which remain unknown and may slow the overall recovery of economies from the recent global economic crisis. In addition, due to large public deficits, some countries may be dependent on assistance from other governments and institutions or multilateral agencies and offices. Such assistance may require a country to implement reforms or reach a certain level of performance. If a country receiving assistance fails to reach certain objectives or receives an insufficient level of assistance it could cause a deep economic downturn which could significantly affect the value of the Fund’s investments.
Privatizations. The Fund may invest in privatizations (i.e., foreign government programs of selling interests in government-owned or controlled enterprises). The ability of U.S. entities, such as the Fund, to participate in privatizations may be limited by local law, or the terms for participation may be less advantageous than for local investors. There can be no assurance that privatization programs will be available or successful.
Synthetic Foreign Equity/Fixed Income Securities (also referred to as International Warrants, Local Access Products, Participation Notes or Low Exercise Price Warrants). The Fund may invest in local access products. Local access products, also called participation notes, are a form of derivative security issued by foreign banks that either give holders the right to buy or sell an underlying security or securities for a particular price or give holders the right to receive a cash payment relating to the value of the underlying security or securities. The instruments may or may not be traded on a foreign exchange. Local access products are similar to options in that they are exercisable by the holder for an underlying security or the value of that security, but are generally exercisable over a longer term than typical options. These types of instruments may be exercisable in the American style, which means that they can be exercised at any time on or before the expiration date of the instrument, or exercisable in the European style, which means that they may be exercised only on the expiration date. Local access products have an exercise price, which is fixed when they are issued.
Investments in these instruments involve the risk that the issuer of the instrument may default on its obligation to deliver the underlying security or its value. These instruments may also be subject to counterparty risk, liquidity risk, currency risk and the risks associated with investment in foreign securities. In the case of any exercise of the instruments, there may be a time delay between the time a holder gives instructions to exercise and the time the price of the security or the settlement date is determined, during which time the price of the underlying security could change significantly. In addition, the exercise or settlement date of the local access products may be affected by certain market disruption events, such as difficulties relating to the exchange of a local currency into U.S. dollars, the imposition of capital controls by a local jurisdiction or changes in the laws relating to foreign investments. These events could lead to a change in the exercise date or settlement currency of the instruments, or postponement of the settlement date. In some cases, if the market disruption events continue for a certain period of time, the local access products may become worthless resulting in a total loss of the purchase price.
Equity Linked Notes. The Fund may invest in equity linked notes, which are instruments whose return is determined by the performance of a single equity security, a basket of equity securities or an equity index. The principal payable at maturity is based on the current price of the linked security, basket or index. Equity linked notes are generally subject to the risks associated with the securities of foreign issuers and with securities denominated in foreign currencies and, because they are equity-linked, may return a lower amount at maturity because of a decline in value of the linked security or securities. Equity linked notes are also subject to default risk and counterparty risk.
Foreign Currency Exchange. Since the Fund may invest in securities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, and since the Fund may temporarily hold funds in bank deposits or other money market investments denominated in foreign currencies, the Fund may be affected favorably or unfavorably by exchange control regulations or changes in the exchange
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rate between such currencies and the dollar. A change in the value of a foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar will result in a corresponding change in the dollar value of the Fund assets denominated in that foreign currency. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may also affect the value of dividends and interest earned, gains and losses realized on the sale of securities and net investment income and gains, if any, to be distributed to shareholders by the Fund. The rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and other currencies is determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets. Changes in the exchange rate may result over time from the interaction of many factors directly or indirectly affecting economic and political conditions in the U.S. and a particular foreign country, including economic and political developments in other countries. Governmental intervention may also play a significant role. National governments rarely voluntarily allow their currencies to float freely in response to economic forces. Sovereign governments use a variety of techniques, such as intervention by a country’s central bank or imposition of regulatory controls or taxes, to affect the exchange rates of their currencies. The Fund may use hedging techniques with the objective of protecting against loss through the fluctuation of the value of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar, particularly the forward market in foreign exchange, currency options and currency futures.
Investments in the People’s Republic of China. The Fund may invest in securities and instruments that are economically tied to the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). In determining whether an instrument is economically tied to the PRC, RIM uses the criteria for determining whether an instrument is economically tied to an emerging market country as set forth in the Prospectus. Investing in securities and instruments economically tied to the PRC subjects the Fund to the risks listed under “Foreign Securities” in this section, including those associated with investment in emerging markets. In addition to these risks, investing in the PRC presents additional risks including, but not limited to, the following: (a) inefficiencies caused by erratic growth; (b) a lack of consistently-reliable economic data; (c) potentially high rates of inflation; (d) export and international trade dependency; (e) relatively high levels of asset price volatility; (f) small market capitalization and less liquidity; (g) greater competition from regional economies; (h) fluctuations in currency exchange rates or currency devaluation by the PRC government or central bank; (i) the relatively small size and lack of operating history of many PRC companies; (j) a legal and regulatory framework for securities markets, custody arrangements and commerce that is in developing stages; and (k) uncertainty regarding the PRC government’s commitment to economic reforms.
The PRC is an emerging market, and certain factors, including increasing gaps between the rich and poor and the instability of existing political structures, may affect the country’s stability. Such factors could adversely affect the Fund investing in securities and instruments economically tied to the PRC. Additionally, favorable trends toward market and economic reform and the privatization and removal of trade barriers could be reversed by political uncertainty, political corruption and military intervention. Significant disruption to securities markets could result.
The PRC is dominated by the one-party rule of the Communist Party. Investments in the PRC involve risks of greater governmental control over the economy. Unlike in the U.S., the PRC’s currency is not determined by the market, but is instead managed at artificial levels relative to the U.S. dollar. This system could result in sudden, large adjustments in the currency, which could negatively impact foreign investors. The PRC could also restrict the free conversion of its currency into foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar. Currency repatriation restrictions could cause securities and instruments tied to the PRC to become relatively illiquid, particularly in connection with redemption requests. The PRC government exercises significant control over economic growth through direct and heavy involvement in resource allocation and monetary policy, control over payment of foreign currency denominated obligations and provision of preferential treatment to particular industries and/or companies. Economic reform programs in the PRC have contributed to growth, but there is no guarantee that such reforms will continue.
The PRC has historically been prone to natural disasters, including droughts, floods, earthquakes and tsunamis, and the region’s economy may be affected by such environmental events in the future. The Fund’s investment in the PRC is therefore subject to the risk of such natural disasters. Additionally, the relationship between the PRC and Taiwan is particularly sensitive, and hostilities between the PRC and Taiwan may present a risk to the Fund’s investments in the PRC.
The application of tax laws (e.g., the imposition of withholding taxes on dividend or interest payments) or confiscatory taxation may also affect the Fund’s investment in the PRC. Because the rules governing taxation of investments in securities and instruments economically tied to the PRC are unclear, RIM may provide for capital gains taxes on the Fund investing in such securities and instruments by reserving both realized and unrealized gains from disposing or holding securities and instruments economically tied to the PRC. This approach is based on current market practice and RIM’s understanding of the applicable tax rules. Changes in market practice or understanding of the applicable tax rules may result in the amounts reserved being too great or too small relative to actual tax burdens.
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Equity Securities
Common Stocks. The Fund may invest in common stocks, which are shares of a corporation or other entity that entitle the holder to a pro rata share of the profits of the entity, if any, without preference over any other shareholder or class of shareholders, including holders of the entity's preferred stock and other senior equity. Common stock usually carries with it the right to vote and frequently an exclusive right to do so. The Fund may invest in common stocks and other securities issued by medium capitalization, small capitalization and micro capitalization companies and companies with capitalization smaller than the Russell 2000(R) Index.  Please see the Fund's Prospectus for the risks associated with investments in securities of these capitalization sizes.
Preferred Stocks. The Fund may invest in preferred stocks, which are shares of a corporation or other entity that pay dividends at a specified rate and have precedence over common stock in the payment of dividends. If the corporation or other entity is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of preferred stock will have precedence over the claims of owners of common stock, but not over the claims of owners of bonds. Some preferred stock dividends are non-cumulative, but some are “cumulative,” meaning that they require that all or a portion of prior unpaid dividends be paid to preferred stockholders before any dividends are paid to common stockholders. Certain preferred stock dividends are “participating” and include an entitlement to a dividend exceeding the specified dividend rate in certain cases. Investments in preferred stocks carry many of the same risks as investments in common stocks and debt securities.
Convertible Securities. The Fund may invest in convertible securities, which entitle the holder to acquire the issuer’s common stock by exchange or purchase for a predetermined rate. Convertible securities can be bonds, notes, debentures, preferred stock or other securities which are convertible into common stock. Convertible securities are subject both to the credit and interest rate risks associated with fixed income securities and to the stock market risk associated with equity securities. Convertible securities rank senior to common stocks in a corporation's capital structure. They are consequently of higher quality and entail less risk than the corporation's common stock, although the extent to which such risk is reduced depends in large measure upon the degree to which the convertible security sells above its value as a fixed income security. The Fund may purchase convertible securities rated Ba or lower by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody's”), BB or lower by Standard & Poor's Ratings Group (“S&P”) or BB+ or lower by Fitch Investors Services, Inc. (“Fitch”) and may also purchase non-rated securities considered by a money manager to be of comparable quality. Although a money manager selects these securities primarily on the basis of their equity characteristics, investors should be aware that debt securities rated in these categories are considered high risk securities; the rating agencies consider them speculative, and payment of interest and principal is not considered well assured. To the extent that such convertible securities are acquired by the Fund, there is a greater risk as to the timely payment of the principal of, and timely payment of interest or dividends on, such securities than in the case of higher rated convertible securities. The Fund may invest in contingent convertible securities. Unlike traditional convertible securities, contingent convertible securities generally provide for mandatory conversion into common stock of the issuer under certain circumstances. The mandatory conversion might be automatically triggered, for instance, if a company fails to meet the minimum amount of capital described in the security, the company's regulator makes a determination that the security should convert or the company receives specified levels of extraordinary public support. Since the common stock of the issuer may not pay a dividend, the Fund could experience a reduced income rate, potentially to zero. Conversion would deepen the subordination of the Fund, hence worsening the Fund’s standing in the case of an issuer’s insolvency. In addition, some contingent convertible securities have a set stock conversion rate that would cause a reduction in value of the security if the price of the stock is below the conversion price on the conversion date.
Rights and Warrants. The Fund may invest in rights and warrants. Rights and warrants are instruments which entitle the holder to buy an equity security at a specific price for a specific period of time. Rights are similar to warrants but typically have shorter durations and are offered to current stockholders of the issuer. Changes in the value of a right or a warrant do not necessarily correspond to changes in the value of its underlying security. The price of a right or a warrant may be more volatile than the price of its underlying security, and a right or a warrant may offer greater potential for capital loss.
Real Estate Investment Trusts or “REITs.” The Fund may invest in REITs. REITs are characterized as equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. An equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings and derives its income primarily from rental income. An equity REIT may also realize capital gains (or losses) by selling real estate properties in its portfolio that have appreciated (or depreciated) in value. A mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real estate, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans. A mortgage REIT generally derives its income primarily from interest payments on the credit it has extended. A hybrid REIT combines the characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate.
The Fund's investments in REITs are subject to the risks associated with particular properties and with the real estate market in general, including the risks of a general downturn in real estate values. Mortgage REITs may be affected by the creditworthiness of the borrower. The value of securities issued by REITs is affected by tax and regulatory requirements and
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by perceptions of management skill. The Fund's investments in REITs is also subject to changes in availability of debt financing, heavy cash flow dependency, tenant defaults, self-liquidation, and, for U.S. REITs, the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free status under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) or failing to maintain exemption from the 1940 Act. By investing in REITs indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear expenses of the REITs in addition to expenses of the Fund.
Depositary Receipts. The Fund may hold securities of foreign issuers in the form of American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) and European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”), or other securities convertible into securities of eligible non-U.S. issuers. These securities may not necessarily be denominated in the same currency as the securities for which they may be exchanged. ADRs and ADSs typically are issued by an American bank or trust company and evidence ownership of underlying securities issued by a foreign corporation. EDRs, which are sometimes referred to as Continental Depositary Receipts (“CDRs”), are issued in Europe typically by foreign banks and trust companies and evidence ownership of either foreign or domestic securities. Generally, ADRs and ADSs in registered form are designed for use in United States securities markets and EDRs in bearer form are designed for use in European securities markets. GDRs allow companies in Europe, Asia, the United States and Latin America to offer shares in many markets around the world. GDRs are traded on major stock exchanges, particularly the London SEAQ International trading system. For purposes of the Fund’s investment policies, the Fund’s investments in ADRs, ADSs, GDRs and EDRs will be deemed to be investments in the equity securities representing securities of foreign issuers into which they may be converted.
ADR facilities may be established as either “unsponsored” or “sponsored.” While ADRs issued under these two types of facilities are in some respects similar, there are distinctions between them relating to the rights and obligations of ADR holders and the practices of market participants. A depositary may establish an unsponsored facility without participation by (or even necessarily the acquiescence of) the issuer of the deposited securities, although typically the depositary requests a letter of non-objection from such issuer prior to the establishment of the facility. Holders of unsponsored ADRs generally bear all the costs of such facilities. The depositary usually charges fees upon the deposit and withdrawal of the deposited securities, the conversion of dividends into U.S. dollars, the disposition of non-cash distributions, and the performance of other services. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited securities or to pass through voting rights to ADR holders with respect to the deposited securities. Sponsored ADR facilities are created in generally the same manner as unsponsored facilities, except that the issuer of the deposited securities enters into a deposit agreement with the depositary. The deposit agreement sets out the rights and responsibilities of the issuer, the depositary and the ADR holders. With sponsored facilities, the issuer of the deposited securities generally will bear some of the costs relating to the facility (such as dividend payment fees of the depositary), although ADR holders continue to bear certain other costs (such as deposit and withdrawal fees). Under the terms of most sponsored arrangements, depositories agree to distribute notices of shareholder meetings and voting instructions, and to provide shareholder communications and other information to the ADR holders at the request of the issuer of the deposited securities. Unsponsored depositary receipts tend to trade over the counter, and are issued without the involvement of the underlying non-U.S. company whose stock underlies the depositary receipts. Shareholder benefits, voting rights and other attached rights may not be extended to the holder of an unsponsored depositary receipt. The Fund may invest in sponsored and unsponsored ADRs.
“Special Situation” Companies. The Fund may invest in “special situation companies.” “Special situation companies” are companies involved in an actual or prospective acquisition or consolidation; reorganization; recapitalization; merger, liquidation or distribution of cash, securities or other assets; a tender or exchange offer; a breakup or workout of a holding company; or litigation which, if resolved favorably, would improve the value of the company’s stock. If the actual or prospective situation does not materialize as anticipated, the market price of the securities of a “special situation company” may decline significantly. The Fund believes, however, that if a money manager analyzes “special situation companies” carefully and invests in the securities of these companies at the appropriate time, it may assist the Fund in achieving its investment objective. There can be no assurance, however, that a special situation that exists at the time of its investment will be consummated under the terms and within the time period contemplated.
Investment in Unseasoned Companies. The Fund may invest in companies (including predecessors) which have operated for less than three years. The securities of such companies may have limited liquidity, which can result in their being priced higher or lower than might otherwise be the case. In addition, investments in unseasoned companies are more speculative and entail greater risk than do investments in companies with an established operating record.
Master Limited Partnerships (“MLPs”). The Fund may invest in MLPs. An MLP is a publicly traded limited partnership. Holders of MLP units have limited control on matters affecting the partnership. An investment in MLP units involves some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation. Investing in MLPs involves certain risks related to
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investing in the underlying assets of the MLPs and risks associated with pooled investment vehicles. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or a particular geographic region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. The benefit derived from the Fund’s investment in MLPs is largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships for Federal income tax purposes. Any return of capital distributions received from an MLP equity security may require the Fund to restate the character of distributions made by the Fund as well as amend any previously issued shareholder tax reporting information.
Debt Instruments and Money Market Instruments
To the extent the Fund invests in the following types of debt securities, its net asset value may change as the general levels of interest rates fluctuate. When interest rates decline, the value of debt securities can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of debt securities can be expected to decline. The Fund's investments in debt securities with longer terms to maturity are subject to greater volatility than the Fund’s shorter-term obligations. Debt securities may have all types of interest rate payment and reset terms, including fixed rate, adjustable rate, zero coupon, contingent, deferred, payment in kind and auction rate features.
U.S. Government Obligations. The types of U.S. government obligations the Fund may purchase include: (1) a variety of U.S. Treasury obligations which differ only in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance: (a) U.S. Treasury bills that at time of issuance have maturities of one year or less, (b) U.S. Treasury notes that at time of issuance have maturities of one to ten years and (c) U.S. Treasury bonds that at time of issuance generally have maturities of greater than ten years; and (2) obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities and supported by any of the following: (a) the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury (such as Government National Mortgage Association participation certificates), (b) the right of the issuer to borrow an amount limited to a specific line of credit from the U.S. Treasury, (c) discretionary authority of the U.S. government agency or instrumentality or (d) the credit of the agency or instrumentality (examples of agencies and instrumentalities are: Federal Land Banks, Farmers Home Administration, Central Bank for Cooperatives, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, Federal Home Loan Banks and Federal National Mortgage Association). No assurance can be given that the U.S. government will provide financial support to such U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities described in (2)(b), (2)(c) and (2)(d) in the future since it is not obligated to do so by law. Accordingly, such U.S. government obligations may involve risk of loss of principal and interest. The Fund may invest in fixed-rate and floating or variable rate U.S. government obligations. The Fund may purchase U.S. government obligations on a forward commitment basis.
The Fund may also purchase Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (“TIPS”). TIPS are U.S. Treasury securities issued at a fixed rate of interest but with principal adjusted every six months based on changes in the Consumer Price Index. As changes occur in the inflation rate, as represented by the Consumer Price Index, the value of the security’s principal is adjusted by the same proportion. If the inflation rate falls, the principal value of the security will be adjusted downward, and consequently, the interest payable on the securities will be reduced.
STRIPS. The Fund may invest in STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities). STRIPS are created by separating the interest and principal components of an outstanding U.S. Treasury or agency note or bond and selling them as individual securities. STRIPS generally trade like zero coupon securities, which do not pay interest periodically but accrue interest until maturity. See “Zero Coupon Securities” below for a fuller discussion of such securities. STRIPS tend to be subject to the same risks as zero coupon securities. The market prices of STRIPS generally are more volatile than the market prices of securities with similar maturities that pay interest periodically and are likely to respond to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than do non-zero coupon securities having similar maturities and credit quality.
Repurchase Agreements. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements. A repurchase agreement is an agreement under which the Fund acquires a fixed income security from a commercial bank, broker or dealer and simultaneously agrees to resell such security to the seller at an agreed upon price and date (normally the next business day). The resale price reflects an agreed upon interest rate effective for the period the security is held by the Fund and is unrelated to the interest rate on the security. The securities acquired by the Fund constitute collateral for the repurchase obligation. In these transactions, the securities acquired by the Fund (including accrued interest earned thereon) must have a total value in excess of the value of the repurchase agreement and must be held by the custodian bank until repurchased. Subject to the overall limitations described in “Illiquid Securities,” the Fund will not invest more than 15% of its net assets (taken at current market value) in repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days.
Risk Factors. The use of repurchase agreements involves certain risks. One risk is the seller’s ability to pay the agreed-upon repurchase price on the repurchase date. If the seller defaults, the Fund may incur costs in disposing of the collateral, which would reduce the amount realized thereon. If the seller seeks relief under bankruptcy laws, the disposition of the collateral may be delayed or limited. For example, if the other party to the agreement becomes insolvent and subject to liquidation or
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reorganization under bankruptcy or other laws, a court may determine that the underlying securities are collateral for a loan by the Fund and not within its control and therefore the realization by the Fund on such collateral may be automatically stayed. It is possible that the Fund may not be able to substantiate its interest in the underlying securities and may be deemed an unsecured creditor of the other party to the agreement.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Dollar Rolls. The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements. A reverse repurchase agreement is a transaction whereby the Fund transfers possession of a portfolio security to a bank or broker–dealer in return for a percentage of the portfolio security’s market value. The Fund retains record ownership of the security involved including the right to receive interest and principal payments. At an agreed upon future date, the Fund repurchases the security by paying an agreed upon purchase price plus interest. Liquid assets of the Fund equal in value to the repurchase price, including any accrued interest, will be segregated on the Fund's records while a reverse repurchase agreement is in effect. Reverse repurchase agreements are subject to the risk that the other party may fail to return the security in a timely manner or at all. The Fund may lose money if the market value of the security transferred by the Fund declines below the repurchase price. Reverse repurchase agreements may be considered a form of borrowing for some purposes.
The Fund may purchase dollar rolls. A “dollar roll” is similar to a reverse repurchase agreement in certain respects. In a “dollar roll” transaction, the Fund sells a mortgage-related security, such as a security issued by Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), to a dealer and simultaneously agrees to repurchase a similar security (but not the same security) in the future at a pre-determined price. A “dollar roll” can be viewed, like a reverse repurchase agreement, as a collateralized borrowing in which the Fund pledges a mortgage-related security to a dealer to obtain cash. Unlike in the case of reverse repurchase agreements, the dealer with which the Fund enters into a dollar roll transaction is not obligated to return the same securities as those originally sold by the Fund, but only securities which are “substantially identical.” To be considered “substantially identical,” the securities returned to the Fund generally must: (1) be collateralized by the same types of underlying mortgages; (2) be issued by the same agency and be part of the same program; (3) have a similar original stated maturity; (4) have identical net coupon rates; (5) have similar market yields (and therefore price); and (6) satisfy “good delivery” requirements, meaning that the aggregate principal amounts of the securities delivered and received back must be within 0.01% of the initial amount delivered.
The Fund's obligations under a dollar roll agreement must be covered by segregated or “earmarked” liquid assets equal in value to the securities subject to repurchase by the Fund. As with reverse repurchase agreements, to the extent that positions in dollar roll agreements are not covered by segregated or “earmarked” liquid assets at least equal to the amount of any forward purchase commitment, such transactions would be subject to the Fund's restrictions on borrowings. Furthermore, because dollar roll transactions may be for terms ranging between one and six months, dollar roll transactions may be deemed “illiquid” and subject to the Fund’s overall limitations on investments in illiquid securities.
Successful use of mortgage dollar rolls depends on the Fund’s ability to predict interest rates and mortgage payments. Dollar roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities the Fund is required to purchase may decline below the agreed upon repurchase price.
Corporate Debt Securities. The Fund may invest in debt securities, such as convertible and non-convertible bonds, preferred stock, notes and debentures, issued by corporations, limited partnerships and other similar entities. Investments in securities that are convertible into equity securities and preferred stock have characteristics of equity as well as debt securities, and their value may be dependent in part on the value of the issuer’s equity securities. The Fund may also invest in debt securities that are accompanied by warrants which are convertible into the issuer’s equity securities, which have similar characteristics. See “Equity Securities” above for a fuller description of convertible securities.
The Fund may invest in corporate debt securities issued by infrastructure companies.
Securities Issued in Connection with Reorganizations and Corporate Restructuring. In connection with reorganizing or restructuring of an issuer or its capital structure, an issuer may issue common stock or other securities to holders of debt instruments. The Fund may hold such common stock and other securities even though it does not ordinarily purchase or may not be permitted to purchase such securities.
Zero Coupon Securities. The Fund may invest in zero coupon securities. Zero coupon securities are notes, bonds and debentures that (1) do not pay current interest and are issued at a substantial discount from par value, (2) have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons and receipts or (3) pay no interest until a stated date one or more years into the future. These securities also include certificates representing interests in such stripped coupons and receipts. Zero coupon securities trade at a discount from their par value and are subject to greater fluctuations of market value in response to changing interest rates.
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Government Zero Coupon Securities. The Fund may invest in (i) government securities that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, (ii) the coupons themselves and (iii) receipts or certificates representing interests in stripped government securities and coupons (collectively referred to as “Government zero coupon securities”).
Mortgage-Related And Other Asset-Backed Securities.
The forms of mortgage-related and other asset-backed securities the Fund may invest in include the securities described below. 
Reverse Mortgages. The Fund may invest in mortgage-related securities that reflect an interest in reverse mortgages. Due to the unique nature of the underlying loans, reverse mortgage-related securities may be subject to risks different than other types of mortgage-related securities. The date of repayment for such loans is uncertain and may occur sooner or later than anticipated. The timing of payments for the corresponding mortgage-related security may be uncertain.
Mortgage Pass-Through Securities. Mortgage pass-through securities are securities representing interests in “pools” of mortgages in which payments of both interest and principal on the securities are generally made monthly. The securities are “pass-through” securities because they provide investors with monthly payments of principal and interest which in effect are a “pass-through” of the monthly payments made by the individual borrowers on the underlying mortgages, net of any fees paid to the issuer or guarantor. The principal governmental issuer of such securities is the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), which is a wholly-owned U.S. government corporation within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Government related issuers include the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), a corporate instrumentality of the United States created pursuant to an Act of Congress, and which is owned entirely by the Federal Home Loan Banks, and the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), a government sponsored corporation owned entirely by private stockholders. Commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market issuers also create pass-through pools of conventional residential mortgage loans. Such issuers may be the originators of the underlying mortgage loans as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-related securities.
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations. The Fund may invest in collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”), which are mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) that are collateralized by mortgage loans or mortgage pass-through securities, and multi-class pass-through securities, which are equity interests in a trust composed of mortgage loans or other MBS. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the discussion of CMOs below also applies to multi-class pass through securities.
CMOs may be issued by governmental or government-related entities or by private entities, such as banks, savings and loan institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers and other secondary market traders. CMOs are issued in multiple classes, often referred to as “tranches,” with each tranche having a specific fixed or floating coupon rate and stated maturity or final distribution date. Under the traditional CMO structure, the cash flows generated by the mortgages or mortgage pass-through securities in the collateral pool are used to first pay interest and then pay principal to the holders of the CMOs. Subject to the various provisions of individual CMO issues, the cash flow generated by the underlying collateral (to the extent it exceeds the amount required to pay the stated interest) is used to retire the bonds.
The principal and interest on the underlying collateral may be allocated among the several tranches of a CMO in innumerable ways including “interest only” and “inverse interest only” tranches. In a common CMO structure, the tranches are retired sequentially in the order of their respective stated maturities or final distribution dates (as opposed to the pro-rata return of principal found in traditional pass-through obligations). The fastest-pay tranches would initially receive all principal payments. When those tranches are retired, the next tranches in the sequence receive all of the principal payments until they are retired. The sequential retirement of bond groups continues until the last tranche is retired. Accordingly, the CMO structure allows the issuer to use cash flows of long maturity, monthly-pay collateral to formulate securities with short, intermediate, and long final maturities and expected average lives and risk characteristics.
The primary risk of CMOs is the uncertainty of the timing of cash flows that results from the rate of prepayments on the underlying mortgages serving as collateral and from the structure of the particular CMO transaction (that is, the priority of the individual tranches). An increase or decrease in prepayment rates (resulting from a decrease or increase in mortgage interest rates) may cause the CMOs to be retired substantially earlier than their stated maturities or final distribution dates and will affect the yield and price of CMOs. In addition, if the collateral securing CMOs or any third-party guarantees are insufficient to make payments, the Fund could sustain a loss. The prices of certain CMOs, depending on their structure and the rate of prepayments, can be volatile. Some CMOs may also not be as liquid as other types of mortgage securities. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible to sell the securities at an advantageous time or price.
Privately issued CMOs are arrangements in which the underlying mortgages are held by the issuer, which then issues debt collateralized by the underlying mortgage assets. Such securities may be backed by mortgage insurance, letters of credit, or other credit enhancing features. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing
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privately issued CMOs may be guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies and instrumentalities, these CMOs represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies and instrumentalities or any other person or entity. Privately issued CMOs are subject to prepayment risk due to the possibility that prepayments on the underlying assets will alter the cash flow. Yields on privately issued CMOs have been historically higher than the yields on CMOs backed by mortgages guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities. The risk of loss due to default on privately issued CMOs, however, is historically higher since the U.S. Government has not guaranteed them.
New types of CMO tranches have evolved. These include floating rate CMOs, planned amortization classes, accrual bonds and CMO residuals. These newer structures affect the amount and timing of principal and interest received by each tranche from the underlying collateral. For example, an inverse interest-only class CMO entitles holders to receive no payments of principal and to receive interest at a rate that will vary inversely with a specified index or a multiple thereof. Under certain of these newer structures, given classes of CMOs have priority over others with respect to the receipt of prepayments on the mortgages. Therefore, depending on the type of CMOs in which the Fund invests, the investment may be subject to a greater or lesser risk of prepayment than other types of MBS.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Fund may invest in stripped mortgage-backed securities (“SMBS”). SMBS are derivative multi-class mortgage securities. SMBS may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks and special purpose entities of the foregoing. SMBS are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (the “IO” class), while the other class will receive the entire principal (the principal-only or “PO” class). The yield to maturity on an IO class is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including pre-payments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on the Fund's yield to maturity from these securities. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated pre- payments of principal, the Fund may fail to recoup some or all of its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories. Conversely, PO classes tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated. The secondary market for SMBS may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the Fund's ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time.
Asset-Backed Securities. Asset-backed securities represent undivided fractional interests in pools of instruments, such as consumer loans, and are similar in structure to mortgage-related pass-through securities. Payments of principal and interest are passed through to holders of the securities and are typically supported by some form of credit enhancement, such as a letter of credit liquidity support, surety bond, limited guarantee by another entity or by priority to certain of the borrower’s other securities. The degree of enhancement varies, generally applying only until exhausted and covering only a fraction of the security’s par value. If the credit enhancement held by the Fund has been exhausted, and if any required payments of principal and interest are not made with respect to the underlying loans, the Fund may experience loss or delay in receiving payment and a decrease in the value of the security.
To-Be-Announced Mortgage-Backed Securities. As with other delayed-delivery transactions, a seller agrees to issue a to-be-announced mortgage-backed security (a “TBA”) at a future date. A TBA transaction arises when a mortgage-backed security, such as a GNMA pass-through security, is purchased or sold with specific pools that will constitute that GNMA pass-through security to be announced on a future settlement date. However, at the time of purchase, the seller does not specify the particular mortgage-backed securities to be delivered. Instead, the Fund agrees to accept any mortgage-backed security that meets specified terms. Thus, the Fund and the seller would agree upon the issuer, interest rate and terms of the underlying mortgages, but the seller would not identify the specific underlying mortgages until shortly before it issues the mortgage-backed security. TBAs are subject to the risk that the underlying mortgages may be less favorable than anticipated by the Fund.
Risk Factors. The value of the Fund’s MBS may be affected by, among other things, changes or perceived changes in interest rates, factors concerning the interests in and structure of the issuer or the originator of the mortgage, or the quality of the underlying instruments. The mortgages underlying the securities may default or decline in quality or value. Through its investments in MBS, the Fund has exposure to subprime loans, Alt-A loans and non-conforming loans as well as to the mortgage and credit markets generally. Subprime loans refer to loans made to borrowers with weakened credit histories or with a lower capacity to make timely payments on their loans. Alt-A loans refer to loans extended to borrowers who have incomplete documentation of income, assets, or other variables that are important to the credit underwriting processes.
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Non-conforming mortgages are loans that do not meet the standards that allow purchase by government-sponsored enterprises. Underlying collateral related to subprime, Alt-A and non-conforming mortgage loans has become increasingly susceptible to defaults and declines in quality or value, especially in a declining residential real estate market. In addition, regulatory or tax changes may adversely affect the mortgage securities markets as a whole.
MBS often have stated maturities of up to thirty years when they are issued, depending upon the length of the mortgages underlying the securities. In practice, however, unscheduled or early payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages may make the securities’ effective maturity shorter than this, and the prevailing interest rates may be higher or lower than the current yield of the Fund’s portfolio at the time the Fund receives the payments for reinvestment.
Rising or high interest rates may result in slower than expected principal payments which may tend to extend the duration of MBS, making them more volatile and more sensitive to changes in interest rates. This is known as extension risk.
MBS may have less potential for capital appreciation than comparable fixed income securities due to the likelihood of increased prepayments of mortgages resulting from foreclosures or declining interest rates. These foreclosed or refinanced mortgages are paid off at face value (par) or less, causing a loss, particularly for any investor who may have purchased the security at a premium or a price above par. In such an environment, this risk limits the potential price appreciation of these securities.
MBS held by the Fund may be issued by private issuers including commercial banks, savings associations, mortgage companies, investment banking firms, finance companies and special purpose finance entities (called special purpose vehicles or SPVs) and other entities that acquire and package mortgage loans for resale as MBS. These privately issued non-governmental MBS may offer higher yields than those issued by government entities, but also may be subject to greater price changes and other risks than governmental issues. MBS with exposure to subprime loans, Alt-A loans or non-conforming loans have had in many cases higher default rates than those loans that meet government underwriting requirements. The risk of non-payment is greater for MBS that are backed by mortgage pools that contain subprime, Alt-A and non-conforming loans, but a level of risk exists for all loans.
Unlike MBS issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or a government sponsored entity (e.g., Fannie Mae (the Federal National Mortgage Association) and Freddie Mac (the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation)), MBS issued by private issuers do not have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee, but may have credit enhancements provided by external entities such as banks or financial institutions or achieved through the structuring of the transaction itself. Examples of such credit support arising out of the structure of the transaction include the issue of senior and subordinated securities (e.g., the issuance of securities by an SPV in multiple classes or “tranches,” with one or more classes being senior to other subordinated classes as to the payment of principal and interest, with the result that defaults on the underlying mortgage loans are borne first by the holders of the subordinated class); creation of “reserve funds” (in which case cash or investments, sometimes funded from a portion of the payments on the underlying mortgage loans, are held in reserve against future losses); and “overcollateralization” (in which case the scheduled payments on, or the principal amount of, the underlying mortgage loans exceeds that required to make payment on the securities and pay any servicing or other fees). However, there can be no guarantee that credit enhancements, if any, will be sufficient to prevent losses in the event of defaults on the underlying mortgage loans. In addition, MBS that are issued by private issuers are not subject to the underwriting requirements for the underlying mortgages that are applicable to those MBS that have a government or government-sponsored entity guarantee. As a result, the mortgage loans underlying private MBS may, and frequently do, have less favorable collateral, greater credit risk or different underwriting characteristics than government or government-sponsored MBS and have wider variances in a number of terms including interest rate, term, size, purpose and borrower characteristics. Privately issued pools more frequently include second mortgages, high loan-to-value mortgages and manufactured housing loans. The coupon rates and maturities of the underlying mortgage loans in a private-label MBS pool may vary to a greater extent than those included in a government guaranteed pool, and the pool may include subprime mortgage loans.
Privately issued MBS are not traded on an exchange and there may be a limited market for the securities, especially when there is a perceived weakness in the mortgage and real estate market sectors. Without an active trading market, MBS held in the Fund’s portfolio may be particularly difficult to value because of the complexities involved in assessing the value of the underlying mortgage loans.
Asset-backed securities may include MBS, loans, receivables or other assets. The value of the Fund’s asset-backed securities may be affected by, among other things, actual or perceived changes in interest rates, factors concerning the interests in and structure of the issuer or the originator of the receivables, the market’s assessment of the quality of underlying assets or actual or perceived changes in the creditworthiness of the individual borrowers, the originator, the servicing agent or the financial institution providing the credit support.
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Payment of principal and interest may be largely dependent upon the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities. Rising or high interest rates tend to extend the duration of asset-backed securities, making them more volatile and more sensitive to changes in interest rates. The underlying assets are sometimes subject to prepayments, which can shorten the security’s weighted average life and may lower its return. Defaults on loans underlying asset-backed securities have become an increasing risk for asset-backed securities that are secured by home-equity loans related to sub-prime, Alt-A or non-conforming mortgage loans, especially in a declining residential real estate market.
Asset-backed securities (other than MBS) present certain risks that are not presented by MBS. Primarily, these securities may not have the benefit of any security interest in the related assets. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. There is the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities. Asset-backed securities are often backed by a pool of assets representing the obligations of a number of different parties. To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, the securities may contain elements of credit support which fall into two categories: (i) liquidity protection, and (ii) protection against losses resulting from ultimate default by an obligor on the underlying assets. Liquidity protection refers to the provision of advances, generally by the entity administering the pool of assets, to ensure that the receipt of payments on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion. Protection against losses results from payment of the insurance obligations on at least a portion of the assets in the pool. This protection may be provided through guarantees, policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, through various means of structuring the transaction or through a combination of such approaches. The Fund will not pay any additional or separate fees for credit support. The degree of credit support provided for each issue is generally based on historical information respecting the level of credit risk associated with the underlying assets. Delinquency or loss in excess of that anticipated or failure of the credit support could adversely affect the return on an investment in such a security. The availability of asset-backed securities may be affected by legislative or regulatory developments. It is possible that such developments may require the Fund to dispose of any then existing holdings of such securities.
Structured Investment Vehicles. Certain investments in derivatives, including structured instruments as well as investments in mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, involve the purchase of securities from structured investment vehicles (SIVs). SIVs are legal entities that are sponsored by banks, broker-dealers or other financial firms specifically created for the purpose of issuing particular securities or instruments. SIVs are often leveraged and securities issued by SIVs may have differing credit ratings. Investments in SIVs present counterparty risks, although they may be subject to a guarantee or other financial support by the sponsoring entity. Investments in SIVs may be more volatile, less liquid and more difficult to price accurately than other types of investments.
Because SIVs depend on short-term funding through the issuance of new debt, if there is a slowdown in issuing new debt or a smaller market of purchasers of the new debt, the SIVs may have to liquidate assets at a loss. Also, with respect to SIVs assets in finance companies, the Fund may have significant exposure to the financial services market which, depending on market conditions, could have a negative impact on the Fund.
Collateralized Loan Obligations. The Fund may invest in collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”). CLOs are special purpose entities which are collateralized mainly by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CLOs may charge management and other administrative fees. Payments of principal and interest are passed through to investors in a CLO and divided into several tranches of rated debt securities and typically at least one tranche of unrated subordinated securities, which may be debt or equity (“CLO Securities”). CLO Securities generally receive some variation of principal and/or interest installments and, with the exception of certain subordinated securities, bear different interest rates. If there are defaults or a CLO’s collateral otherwise underperforms, scheduled payments to senior tranches typically take priority over less senior tranches.
Risk Factors. In addition to normal risks associated with debt obligations and fixed income and/or asset-backed securities as discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Prospectus (e.g., credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk, default risk and prepayment risk), CLOs carry additional risks including, but not limited to: (i) the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments and one or more tranches may be subject to up to 100% loss of invested capital; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the Fund may invest in CLOs that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
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A CLO’s investments in its underlying assets may be CLO Securities that are privately placed and thus are subject to restrictions on transfer to meet securities law and other legal requirements. In the event that Fund does not satisfy certain of the applicable transfer restrictions at any time that it holds CLO Securities, it may be forced to sell the related CLO Securities and may suffer a loss on sale. CLO Securities generally will be considered illiquid as there may be no secondary market for the CLO Securities.
Loans and Other Direct Indebtedness. The Fund may purchase loans or other direct indebtedness, or participations in loans or other direct indebtedness, that entitle the acquiror of such interest to payments of interest, principal and/or other amounts due under the structure of the loan or other direct indebtedness. This may include investments in floating rate “bank loans” or “leveraged loans,” which are generally loans issued to below investment grade companies that carry floating coupon payments. This may also include debtor-in-possession financing for companies currently going through the bankruptcy process. In addition to being structured as secured or unsecured, such investments could be structured as novations or assignments or represent trade or other claims owed by a company to a supplier. Loan participations typically represent direct participation in a loan to a borrower, and generally are offered by banks or other financial institutions or lending syndicates.
Risk Factors. Loans and other direct indebtedness involve the risk that the Fund will not receive payment of principal, interest and other amounts due in connection with these investments, which depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower. Loans that are fully secured offer the Fund more protection than an unsecured loan in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal, although there is no assurance that the liquidation of collateral from a secured loan would satisfy the borrower’s obligation, or that the collateral can be liquidated. Some loans or claims may be in default at the time of purchase. Certain of the loans and the other direct indebtedness acquired by the Fund may involve revolving credit facilities or other standby financing commitments which obligate the Fund to pay additional cash on a certain date or on demand. These commitments may require the Fund to increase its investment in a company at a time when that Fund might not otherwise decide to do so (including at a time when the company’s financial condition makes it unlikely that such amounts will be repaid). To the extent that the Fund is committed to advance additional funds, it will at all times hold and segregate liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet such commitments. Default or an increased risk of default in the payment of interest or principal on a loan results in a reduction in income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the loan and a potential decrease in the Fund’s net asset value. The risk of default increases in the event of an economic downturn or a substantial increase in interest rates. If a borrower defaults on its obligations, the Fund may end up owning any underlying collateral securing the loan and there is no assurance that sale of the collateral would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrower’s payment obligation or that the collateral can be liquidated. If the terms of a loan do not require the borrower to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the value of the original collateral, the Fund will be exposed to the risk that the value of the collateral will not at all times equal or exceed the amount of the borrower’s obligations under the loan. To the extent that a loan is collateralized by stock in the borrower or its subsidiaries, such stock may lose all of its value in the event of bankruptcy of the borrower. Senior loans are subject to the risk that a court may not give lenders the full benefit of their senior positions. In addition, there is less readily available, reliable information about most senior loans than is the case for many other types of securities. With limited exceptions, the Fund will generally take steps intended to ensure that it does not receive material non-public information about the issuers of senior or floating rate loans who also issue publicly-traded securities and, therefore, the Fund may have less information than other investors about certain of the senior or floating rate loans in which the Fund seeks to invest. The Fund's intentional or unintentional receipt of material non-public information about such issuers could limit the Fund’s ability to sell certain investments held by the Fund or pursue certain investment opportunities, potentially for a substantial period of time. Loans and other forms of direct indebtedness are not registered under the federal securities laws and, therefore, do not offer securities law protections against fraud and misrepresentation. The Fund relies on RIM’s and/or the money manager(s)’ research in an attempt to avoid situations where fraud or misrepresentation could adversely affect the Fund. The market for loan obligations may be subject to extended trade settlement periods. Because transactions in many loans are subject to extended trade settlement periods, the Fund may not receive the proceeds from the sale of a loan for a period after the sale. As a result, sale proceeds related to the sale of loans may not be available to make additional investments or to meet the Fund’s redemption obligations for a period after the sale of the loans, and, as a result, the Fund may have to sell other investments or take other actions if necessary to raise cash to meet its obligations.
Investments in floating rate “bank loans” or “leveraged loans” are generally rated below investment grade and are expected to exhibit credit risks similar to “high yield” or “junk” bonds. The highly leveraged nature of many such loans and other direct indebtedness may make such loans and other direct indebtedness especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions and/or changes in the financial condition of the debtor. Bank loans have recently experienced significant investment inflows and if inflows reverse, bank loans could be subject to liquidity risk and lose value. Bank loans generally are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and to illiquidity risk, including potential illiquidity resulting from extended trade settlement periods. In addition, investments in bank loans are typically subject to the risks of floating rate
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securities and “high yield” or “junk bonds.” Investments in such loans and other direct indebtedness may involve additional risk to the Fund. Senior loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions are subject to greater risks than other senior loans. For example, the risks of default or bankruptcy of the borrower or the risks that other creditors of the borrower may seek to nullify or subordinate the Fund’s claims on any collateral securing the loan are greater in highly leveraged transactions.
As the Fund may be required to rely on an interposed bank or other financial intermediary to collect and pass on to the Fund amounts payable with respect to the loan and to enforce the Fund’s rights under the loan and other direct indebtedness, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the Fund from receiving such amounts.
In purchasing loans or loan participations, the Fund assumes the credit risk associated with the corporate borrower and may assume the credit risk associated with the interposed bank or other financial intermediary. The participation may not be rated by a nationally recognized rating service. Further, loan participations may not be readily marketable and may be subject to restrictions on resale. Loan participations are generally illiquid investments and are priced through a nationally recognized pricing service which determines loan prices by surveying available dealer quotations.
Credit Linked Notes, Credit Options and Similar Instruments. The Fund may invest in credit linked notes, credit options and similar instruments. Credit linked notes are obligations between two or more parties where the payment of principal and/or interest is based on the performance of some obligation, basket of obligations, index or economic indicator (a “reference instrument”). In addition to the credit risk associated with the reference instrument and interest rate risk, the buyer and seller of a credit linked note or similar structured investment are subject to counterparty risk. Credit options are options whereby the purchaser has the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a transaction involving either an asset with inherent credit risk or a credit derivative, at terms specified at the initiation of the option. These transactions involve counterparty risk.
Brady Bonds. The Fund may invest in Brady Bonds, the products of the “Brady Plan,” under which bonds are issued in exchange for cash and certain of a country's outstanding commercial bank loans. The Brady Plan offers relief to debtor countries that have effected substantial economic reforms. Specifically, debt reduction and structural reform are the main criteria countries must satisfy in order to obtain Brady Plan status. Brady Bonds may be collateralized or uncollateralized, are issued in various currencies (primarily U.S.-dollar) and are actively traded on the over-the-counter market.
Bank Instruments. The Fund may invest in bank instruments, which include Eurodollar certificates of deposit (“ECDs”), Eurodollar time deposits (“ETDs”) and Yankee Certificates of Deposit (“Yankee CDs”).
Risk Factors. ECDs, ETDs, and Yankee CDs are subject to somewhat different risks from the obligations of domestic banks. ECDs are U.S. dollar denominated certificates of deposit issued by foreign branches of U.S. and foreign banks; ETDs are U.S. dollar denominated time deposits in a foreign branch of a U.S. bank or a foreign bank; and Yankee CDs are certificates of deposit issued by a U.S. branch of a foreign bank denominated in U.S. dollars and held in the United States.
Different risks may also exist for ECDs, ETDs, and Yankee CDs because the banks issuing these instruments, or their domestic or foreign branches, are not necessarily subject to the same regulatory requirements that apply to domestic banks, such as reserve requirements, loan limitations, examinations, accounting, auditing and recordkeeping, and the public availability of information.
High Yield Bonds. The Fund may invest in debt securities that are rated below investment grade (commonly referred to as “high-yield” or “junk bonds”), which include securities rated below BBB- by S&P, below Baa3 by Moody’s or below BBB- by Fitch (using highest of split ratings), or in unrated securities judged to be of similar credit quality to those designations.
Risks Associated with High Yield Bonds. Lower rated debt securities, or junk bonds, generally offer a higher yield than that available from higher grade issues but involve higher risks because they are especially subject to adverse changes in general economic conditions and in the industries in which the issuers are engaged, to changes in the financial condition of the issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates, and because they are less liquid than higher rated securities.
Lower rated or unrated debt securities may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than investment grade securities. The prices of lower rated debt securities are often less sensitive to interest rate changes than investment grade securities, but more sensitive to economic downturns, individual corporate developments, and price fluctuations in response to changing interest rates. A projection of an economic downturn, for example, could cause a sharper decline in the prices of lower rated debt securities because the advent of a recession could lessen the ability of a highly leveraged company to make principal and interest payments on its debt securities. If the issuer of lower rated debt securities defaults, the Fund may incur additional expenses to seek financial recovery and may not recover the full amount or any of its investment. In the event of an issuer’s bankruptcy, the claims of other creditors may have priority over the claims of lower rated debt holders, leaving insufficient assets to repay the holders of lower rated debt securities.
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In addition, the markets in which lower rated or unrated debt securities are traded are generally thinner, more limited and less active than those for higher rated securities. The existence of limited markets for particular securities may diminish the Fund’s ability to sell the securities at fair value either to meet redemption requests or to respond to changes in the economy or in the financial markets and could adversely affect and cause fluctuations in the daily net asset value of the Fund’s shares. While such debt may have some quality and protective characteristics, these are generally outweighed by large uncertainties or major risk exposure to adverse conditions.
Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may decrease the values and liquidity of low rated debt securities, especially in a thinly traded market. Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of low rated securities may be more complex than for issuers of investment grade securities, and the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objectives may be more dependent on credit analysis than would be the case if the Fund was investing only in investment grade securities.
Lowest Rated Investment Grade Securities. The Fund may invest in debt securities that have the lowest investment grade rating provided by a rating agency. Securities rated BBB- by S&P, Baa3 by Moody’s or BBB- by Fitch are the lowest ratings which are considered “investment grade,” although Moody’s considers securities rated Baa3, S&P considers bonds rated BBB- and Fitch considers bonds rated BBB-, to have some speculative characteristics.
Securities rated BBB- by S&P, Baa3 by Moody’s or BBB by Fitch may involve greater risks than securities in higher rating categories. Securities receiving S&P’s BBB- rating are regarded as having adequate capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Such securities typically exhibit adequate investor protections but adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity to pay interest and repay principal for debt in this category than in higher rating categories. For further description of the various rating categories, see “Credit Rating Definitions.”
Securities possessing Moody’s Baa3 rating are considered medium grade obligations, i.e., they are neither highly protected nor poorly secured. Interest payments and principal security are judged adequate for the present, but certain protective elements may be lacking or may be characteristically unreliable over any great length of time. Such securities lack outstanding investment characteristics and in fact may have speculative characteristics as well.
Securities possessing Fitch’s BBB- rating indicate that there are currently expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse changes in circumstances and economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
The money managers of the Fund may use ratings to assist in investment decisions. Ratings of debt securities represent a rating agency’s opinion regarding their quality and are not a guarantee of quality. Rating agencies attempt to evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments and do not evaluate the risks of fluctuations in market value. Also, rating agencies may fail to make timely changes in credit ratings in response to subsequent events, so that an issuer’s current financial condition may be better or worse than a rating indicates.
Auction Market and Remarketed Preferred Stock. The Fund may purchase certain types of auction market preferred stock (“AMPS”) or remarketed preferred stock (“RPS”) subject to a demand feature. These purchases may include AMPS and RPS issued by closed-end investment companies. AMPS and RPS may be deemed to meet the maturity and quality requirements of money market funds if they are structured to comply with conditions established by the SEC. AMPS and RPS subject to a demand feature, despite their status as equity securities, are economically similar to variable rate debt securities subject to a demand feature. Both AMPS and RPS allow the holder to sell the stock at a liquidation preference value at specified periods, provided that the auction or remarketing, which are typically held weekly, is successful. If the auction or remarketing fails, the holder of certain types of AMPS or RPS may exercise a demand feature and has the right to sell the AMPS or RPS to a third party guarantor or counterparty at a price that can reasonably be expected to approximate its amortized cost. The ability of a bank or other financial institution providing the demand feature to fulfill its obligations might be affected by possible financial difficulties of its borrowers, adverse interest rate or economic conditions, regulatory limitations, or other factors.
Alternative Minimum Tax Bonds. The Fund may invest in “Alternative Minimum Tax Bonds,” which are certain bonds issued after August 7, 1986 to finance certain non-governmental activities. While the income from Alternative Minimum Tax Bonds is exempt from regular federal income tax, it is a tax preference item for purposes of the federal individual and corporate “alternative minimum tax.” The alternative minimum tax is a special tax that applies to taxpayers who have certain adjustments or tax preference items. Available returns on Alternative Minimum Tax Bonds acquired by the Fund may be lower than those from other Municipal Obligations acquired by the Fund due to the possibility of federal, state and local alternative minimum or minimum income tax liability on Alternative Minimum Tax Bonds.
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Event-Linked Bonds. The Fund may invest in “event-linked bonds.” Event-linked bonds are fixed income securities for which the return of principal and payment of interest is contingent on the non-occurrence of a specific “trigger” event, such as a hurricane, earthquake, or other physical or weather-related phenomenon. They may be issued by government agencies, insurance companies, reinsurers, special purpose corporations or other onshore or offshore entities. If a trigger event causes losses exceeding a specific amount in the geographic region and time period specified in a bond, the Fund may lose a portion or all of its principal invested in the bond. If no trigger event occurs, the Fund will recover its principal plus interest. For some event-linked bonds, the trigger event or losses may be based on company-wide losses, index-portfolio losses, industry indices, or readings of scientific instruments rather than specified actual losses. Often the event-linked bonds provide for extensions of maturity that are mandatory, or optional at the discretion of the issuer, in order to process and audit loss claims in those cases where a trigger event has, or possibly has, occurred. In addition to the specified trigger events, event-linked bonds may also expose the Fund to certain unanticipated risks including but not limited to issuer (credit) default, adverse regulatory or jurisdictional interpretations, and adverse tax consequences.
Event-linked bonds are a relatively new type of financial instrument. As such, there is no significant trading history for these securities, and there can be no assurance that a liquid market in these instruments will develop. Lack of a liquid market may impose the risk of higher transaction costs and the possibility that the Fund may be forced to liquidate positions when it would not be advantageous to do so. Event-linked bonds are typically rated, and the Fund will only invest in event-linked bonds that meet the credit quality requirements for the Fund.
Deferred Interest, Pay-In-Kind and Capital Appreciation Bonds. The Fund's investments in fixed income securities may include deferred interest, pay-in-kind (“PIK”) and capital appreciation bonds. Deferred interest and capital appreciation bonds are debt securities issued or sold at a discount from their face value and which do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or a specified date. The original issue discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or cash payment date, prevailing interest rates, the liquidity of the security and the perceived credit quality of the issuer. The deferral of PIK interest increases the loan-to-value ratio, which is a measure of the riskiness of the loan.These securities also may take the form of debt securities that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, the coupons themselves or receipts or certificates representing interests in such stripped debt obligations or coupons. The market prices of deferred interest, capital appreciation bonds and PIK securities generally are more volatile than the market prices of interest bearing securities and are likely to respond to a greater degree to changes in interest rates than interest bearing securities having similar maturities and credit quality or securities that pay interest in cash.
PIK securities may be debt obligations or preferred shares that provide the issuer with the option of paying interest or dividends on such obligations in cash or in the form of additional securities rather than cash. Similar to deferred interest bonds, PIK securities are designed to give an issuer flexibility in managing cash flow. PIK securities that are debt securities can be either senior or subordinated debt and generally trade flat (i.e., without accrued interest). The trading price of PIK debt securities generally reflects the market value of the underlying debt plus an amount representing accrued interest since the last interest payment. The higher interest rates of PIK securities reflect the payment deferral and increased credit risk associated with those securities and such investments generally represent a significantly higher credit risk than coupon loans.
Deferred interest, capital appreciation and PIK securities involve the additional risk that, unlike securities that periodically pay interest to maturity, the Fund will realize no cash until a specified future payment date unless a portion of such securities is sold and, if the issuer of such securities defaults, the Fund may, even if accounting conditions are met, obtain no return at all on its investment. PIK securities may have unreliable valuations because their continuing accruals require ongoing judgments about the collectability of the deferred payments and the value of any associated collateral. In addition, even though such securities do not provide for the payment of current interest in cash, the Fund is nonetheless required to accrue income on such investments for each taxable year and generally is required to distribute such accrued amounts (net of deductible expenses, if any) to avoid being subject to tax. Because no cash is generally received at the time of the accrual and in the event that accrued income is not realized, the Fund may be required to liquidate other portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy federal tax distribution requirements applicable to the Fund. As a result, the Fund may have difficulty meeting the annual distribution requirement necessary to maintain favorable tax treatment. If the Fund is not able to obtain cash from other sources, and chooses not to make a qualifying share distribution, it may become subject to corporate-level income tax. A portion of the discount with respect to stripped tax-exempt securities or their coupons may be taxable.
Municipal Debt Instruments.
The recent economic downturn and budgetary constraints have made municipal securities more susceptible to downgrade, default and bankruptcy. In addition, difficulties in the municipal securities markets could result in increased illiquidity, price volatility and credit risk, and a decrease in the number of municipal securities investment opportunities. The value of municipal securities may also be affected by uncertainties involving the taxation of municipal securities or the rights of
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municipal securities holders in the event of a bankruptcy, as expanded further below. Proposals to restrict or eliminate the federal income tax exemption for interest on municipal securities are introduced before Congress from time to time. These uncertainties could affect the municipal securities market generally, certain specific segments of the market, or the relative credit quality of particular securities.
The City of Detroit filed for federal bankruptcy protection on July 18, 2013. The bankruptcy of large cities such as Detroit is relatively rare, making the consequences of such bankruptcy filings difficult to predict. Accordingly, it is unclear what impact a large city’s bankruptcy filing would have on the city's outstanding obligations or on the obligations of other municipal issuers in that state. It is possible that the city could default on, restructure or otherwise avoid some or all of these obligations, which may negatively affect the marketability, liquidity and value of securities issued by the city and other municipalities in that state. If the Fund holds securities that are affected by a city’s bankruptcy filing, the Fund's investments in those securities may lose value, which could cause the Fund's performance to decline.
Municipal Obligations and Bonds. The Fund may invest in “municipal obligations.” Municipal obligations are debt obligations issued by states, territories and possessions of the United States and the District of Columbia and their political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities, or multi-state agencies or authorities the interest from which may be exempt from federal income tax in the opinion of bond counsel to the issuer. Municipal obligations include debt obligations issued to obtain funds for various public purposes and certain industrial development bonds issued by or on behalf of public authorities. Municipal obligations are classified as general obligation bonds, revenue bonds and notes. Municipal bonds generally have maturities of more than one year when issued and have two principal classificationsGeneral Obligation Bonds and Revenue Bonds.
General Obligation Bonds – are secured by the issuer’s pledge of its faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest.
Revenue Bonds – are payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or group of facilities or from the proceeds of special excise or other specific revenue service.
Additional types of municipal obligations include the following:
Industrial Development Bonds – are a type of revenue bond and do not generally constitute the pledge of credit of the issuer of such bonds but rather the pledge of credit by the core obligor. The payment of the principal and interest on such bonds is dependent on the facility’s user to meet its financial obligations and the pledge, if any, of real and personal property financed as security for such payment. Industrial development bonds are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to raise money to finance public and private facilities for business, manufacturing, housing, ports, pollution control, airports, mass transit and other similar type projects.
Private Activity Bonds – are issued by municipalities and other public authorities to finance development of industrial facilities for use by a private enterprise, which is solely responsible for paying the principal and interest on the bond, and payment under these bonds depends on the private enterprise’s ability to do so.
Moral Obligation Bonds – are generally issued by special purpose public authorities of a state or municipality. If the issuer is unable to meet its obligations, repayment of these bonds becomes a moral commitment, but not a legal obligation, of the state or municipality.
Municipal Lease Obligations – are obligations in which the issuer agrees to make payments when due on the lease obligation. Although the issuer does not pledge its unlimited taxing power for payment of the lease obligation, the lease obligation is secured by the leased property.
Pre-Refunded Municipal Bonds – are tax-exempt bonds that have been refunded to a call date prior to the maturity of principal (or to the final maturity of principal, in the case of pre-refunded municipal bonds known as “escrowed-to-maturity bonds”) and remain outstanding in the municipal market. Principal and interest payments on pre-refunded municipal bonds are funded from securities in designated escrow accounts holding U.S. Treasury securities or other obligations of the U.S. government and its agencies and instrumentalities. Issuers use pre-refunded municipal bonds to obtain more favorable terms with respect to bonds that are not yet callable or redeemable. Issuers can refinance their debt at lower rates when market interest rates decline, improve cash flow by restructuring the debt, or eliminate certain restrictive covenants. However, other than a change in revenue source from which principal and interest payments are made, the pre-refunded municipal bonds remain outstanding on their original terms until maturity or until redeemed by the issuer. These bonds often sell at a premium over face value.
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Municipal obligations include the obligations of the governments of Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories and their political subdivisions, such as the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam. General obligations and/or revenue bonds of issuers located in U.S. territories may be affected by political, social and economic conditions in such U.S. territories. The sources of payment for such obligations and the marketability thereof may be affected by financial and other difficulties experienced by such issuers. While Puerto Rico has taken significant steps toward fiscal stabilization, the Commonwealth continues to face serious fiscal challenges, including a multi-year trend of chronic budget deficits, high debt levels, a protracted recession, high unemployment, and low workforce participation. In addition, Puerto Rico has high levels of national debt and its general obligation credit rating has been rated below investment grade by a number of nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. The Commonwealth’s ratings reflect an economy in recession for more than eight years, limited economic activity, lower-than-estimated revenue collections, lackluster revenue growth, high government debt levels relative to the size of the economy, structural budget gaps, high spending and other potential fiscal challenges. The market prices and yields of Puerto Rican general obligations may be adversely affected by the ratings downgrade and any future downgrades. There can be no assurance that current or future economic difficulties in Puerto Rico will not adversely affect the market value of Puerto Rico municipal obligations or the ability of particular issuers to make timely payments of debt service on these obligations. Municipal bankruptcies are relatively rare, and certain provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code governing such bankruptcies are unclear and remain untested. Although Puerto Rico is a U.S. Territory, neither Puerto Rico nor its subdivisions or agencies are eligible to file under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in order to seek protection from creditors or restructure their debt. However, the U.S. Congress approved legislation that establishes an oversight board, temporarily stays creditor legislation and provides for a restructuring process. Any restructuring of some or all of the commonwealth’s debt, or further decline in market prices of Puerto Rico debt obligations, could have a negative impact on the marketability, liquidity or value of certain investments held by the Fund, which could reduce a Fund’s performance. Guam’s economy depends in large measure on tourism and the U.S. military presence, each of which is subject to uncertainties as a result of global economic, social and political events. Any reduction in tourism or the U.S. military presence could adversely affect Guam’s economy. Tourism accounts for a substantial portion of the U.S. Virgin Islands’ gross domestic product. A weak economy, war, epidemic outbreaks or the threat of terrorist activity, among other influences that are beyond the control of the territory, can adversely affect its tourism.
Some municipal bonds feature credit enhancements, such as lines of credit, letters of credit, municipal bond insurance, and standby bond purchase agreements (“SBPAs”). SBPAs include lines of credit that are issued by a third party, usually a bank, to enhance liquidity and ensure repayment of principal and any accrued interest if the underlying municipal bond should default. Municipal bond insurance, which is usually purchased by the bond issuer from a private, non-governmental insurance company, provides an unconditional and irrevocable assurance that the insured bond’s principal and interest will be paid when due. Insurance does not guarantee the price of the bond or the share price of the Fund.
The credit rating of an insured bond may reflect the credit rating of the insurer, based on its claims-paying ability. The obligation of a municipal bond insurance company to pay a claim extends over the life of each insured bond. Although defaults on insured municipal bonds have been historically low and municipal bond insurers historically have met their claims, there is no assurance this will continue. A higher-than-expected default rate could strain the insurer’s loss reserves and adversely affect its ability to pay claims to bondholders. The number of municipal bond insurers is relatively small, and not all of them have the highest credit rating. An SBPA can include a liquidity facility that is provided to pay the purchase price of any bonds that cannot be remarketed. The obligation of the liquidity provider (usually a bank) is only to advance funds to purchase tendered bonds that cannot be remarketed and does not cover principal or interest under any other circumstances. The liquidity provider’s obligations under the SBPA are usually subject to numerous conditions, including the continued creditworthiness of the underlying borrower or bond issuer.
Municipal Notes. The Fund may invest in municipal notes. Municipal notes generally have maturities of one year or less when issued and are used to satisfy short-term capital needs. Municipal notes include:
Tax Anticipation Notes – issued to finance working capital needs of municipalities and are generally issued in anticipation of future tax revenues.
Bond Anticipation Notes – issued in expectation of a municipality issuing a long-term bond in the future. Usually the long-term bonds provide the money for the repayment of the notes.
Revenue Anticipation Notes – issued in expectation of receipt of other types of revenues such as certain federal revenues.
Construction Loan Notes – sold to provide construction financing and may be insured by the Federal Housing Administration. After completion of the project, FNMA or GNMA frequently provides permanent financing.
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Pre-Refunded Municipal Bonds – bonds no longer secured by the credit of the issuing entity, having been escrowed with U.S. Treasury securities as a result of a refinancing by the issuer. The bonds are escrowed for retirement either at original maturity or at an earlier call date.
Tax Free Commercial Paper – a promissory obligation issued or guaranteed by a municipal issuer and frequently accompanied by a letter of credit of a commercial bank. It is used by agencies of state and local governments to finance seasonal working capital needs, or as short-term financing in anticipation of long-term financing.
Project Notes – sold by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development but issued by a state or local housing agency to provide financing for a variety of programs. They are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and generally carry a term of one year or less.
Variable Rate Demand Notes – long-term, taxable, or tax-exempt bonds issued on a variable rate basis that can be tendered for purchase at par whenever rates reset upon contractual notice by the investor. The bonds tendered are then resold by the remarketing agent in the secondary market to other investors. Variable Rate Demand Notes can be converted to a long term fixed rate security upon appropriate notice by the issuer. The Fund's money managers will continually monitor the pricing, quality and liquidity of the floating and variable rate demand instruments held by the Fund.
Tax Free Participation Certificates – tax free floating, or variable rate demand notes which are issued by a municipal or governmental entity that sells a participation in the note. They are usually purchased by the Fund to maintain liquidity. The Fund's money managers will continually monitor the pricing, quality and liquidity of the participation certificates.
A participation certificate gives the Fund an undivided interest in the municipal obligation in the proportion that the Fund’s participation interest bears to the total principal amount of the municipal obligation and provides the demand feature described below. Each participation is backed by: an irrevocable letter of credit or guaranty of a bank which may be the bank issuing the participation certificate, a bank issuing a confirming letter of credit to that of the issuing bank, or a bank serving as agent of the issuing bank with respect to the possible repurchase of the certificate of participation; or an insurance policy of an insurance company that the money manager has determined meets the prescribed quality standards for the Fund. The Fund has the right to sell the participation certificate back to the institution and draw on the letter of credit or insurance on demand after thirty days’ notice for all or any part of the full principal amount of the Fund’s participation interest in the security plus accrued interest. The Fund's money managers intend to exercise the demand feature only (1) upon a default under the terms of the bond documents, (2) as needed to provide liquidity to the Fund in order to make redemptions of Fund Shares, or (3) to maintain the required quality of its investment portfolios.
The institutions issuing the participation certificates will retain a service and letter of credit fee and a fee for providing the demand feature, in an amount equal to the excess of the interest paid on the instruments over the negotiated yield at which the participations were purchased by the Fund. The total fees generally range from 5% to 15% of the applicable prime rate or other interest rate index. The Fund will attempt to have the issuer of the participation certificate bear the cost of the insurance. The Fund retains the option to purchase insurance if necessary, in which case the cost of insurance will be a capitalized expense of the Fund.
Puts, Stand-by Commitments and Demand Notes. The Fund may purchase municipal obligations with the right to a “put” or “stand-by commitment.” A “put” on a municipal obligation obligates the seller of the put to buy within a specified time and at an agreed upon price a municipal obligation the put is issued with. A stand-by commitment gives the holder the right to sell the underlying security to the seller at an agreed-upon price or yield on certain dates or within a specified period prior to maturity.
The Fund will enter into put and stand-by commitments with institutions such as banks and broker-dealers that the Fund's money managers believe continually satisfy the Fund's credit quality requirements.
The Fund may also invest in demand notes and in variable rate demand notes that are supported by credit and liquidity enhancements from entities such as banks, insurance companies, other financial institutions, or U.S. government agencies. Demand notes are obligations with the right to a “put,” obligating the provider of the put to buy the security within a specified time and at an agreed upon price. Variable rate demand notes are floating rate instruments with terms of as much as 40 years which pay interest monthly or quarterly based on a floating rate that is reset daily or weekly based on an index of short-term municipal rates. Liquidity is provided with a put feature, which allows the holder to put the security at par plus accrued interest on any interest rate reset date, usually with one or seven days notice. Variable rate demand notes almost always have credit enhancements in the form of either a letter of credit or bond insurance.
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The Fund may purchase floating or variable rate municipal obligations, some of which are subject to payment of principal by the issuer on demand by the Fund (usually not more than thirty days’ notice). The Fund may also purchase floating or variable rate municipal obligations or participations therein from banks, insurance companies or other financial institutions which are owned by such institutions or affiliated organizations. Each participation is usually backed by an irrevocable letter of credit, or guaranty of a bank or insurance policy of an insurance company.
Risk Factors. The ability of the Fund to exercise the put or stand-by commitment may depend on the seller’s ability to purchase the securities at the time the put or stand-by commitment is exercised or on certain restrictions in the buy back arrangement. A seller may be unable to honor a put or stand-by commitment for financial reasons. Restrictions in the buy back arrangement may not obligate the seller to repurchase the securities or may prohibit the Fund from exercising the put or stand-by commitment except to maintain portfolio flexibility and liquidity. (See “Investment Strategies and Portfolio Instruments Municipal NotesTax Free Participation Certificates.”)
Variable Amount Master Demand Notes. The Fund may invest in variable amount master demand notes. Variable amount master demand notes are unsecured obligations redeemable upon notice that permit investment of fluctuating amounts at varying rates of interest pursuant to direct arrangements with the issuer of the instrument. A variable amount master demand note differs from ordinary commercial paper in that (1) it is issued pursuant to a written agreement between the issuer and the holders, (2) its amount may, from time to time, be increased (may be subject to an agreed maximum) or decreased by the holder of the issue, (3) it is payable on demand, (4) its rate of interest payable varies with an agreed upon formula and (5) it is not typically rated by a rating agency.
Variable and Floating Rate Securities. The Fund may invest in variable and floating rate securities. A floating rate security is one whose terms provide for the automatic adjustment of an interest rate whenever the specified interest rate changes. A variable rate security is one whose terms provide for the automatic establishment of a new interest rate on set dates. The interest rate on floating rate securities is ordinarily tied to and is a specified margin above or below the prime rate of a specified bank or some similar objective standard, such as the yield on the 90-day U.S. Treasury Bill, and may change as often as daily. Generally, changes in interest rates on variable and floating rate securities will reduce changes in the securities' market value from the original purchase price resulting in the potential for capital appreciation or capital depreciation being less than for fixed–income obligations with a fixed interest rate.
The Fund may purchase variable rate U.S. government obligations which are instruments issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, which have a rate of interest subject to adjustment at regular intervals but no less frequently than every 762 days. Variable rate U.S. government obligations whose interest rates are readjusted no less frequently than every 762 days will be deemed to have a maturity equal to the period remaining until the next readjustment of the interest rate.
Commercial Paper. The Fund may invest in commercial paper, which consists of short-term (usually 1 to 270 days) unsecured promissory notes issued by corporations in order to finance their current operations.
Asset-Backed Commercial Paper. The Fund may invest in asset-backed commercial paper. This is commercial paper issued by a bankruptcy remote special purpose entity to fund the acquisition of financial assets (such as trade receivables, commercial loans, auto and equipment loans, leases or collateral debt obligations) that is repaid from the cash flows of those receivables on a specific date.
Indexed Commercial Paper. The Fund may invest in indexed commercial paper, which is U.S.-dollar denominated commercial paper the yield of which is linked to certain foreign exchange rate movements. The yield to the investor on indexed commercial paper is established at maturity as a function of spot exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a designated currency as of or about that time. The yield to the investor will be within a range stipulated at the time of purchase of the obligation, generally with a guaranteed minimum rate of return that is below, and a potential maximum rate of return that is above, market yields on U.S.-dollar denominated commercial paper, with both the minimum and maximum rates of return on the investment corresponding to the minimum and maximum values of the spot exchange rate two business days prior to maturity.
While such commercial paper entails risk of loss of principal, the potential for realizing gains as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates enables the Fund to hedge (or cross-hedge) against a decline in the U.S. dollar value of investments denominated in foreign currencies while providing an attractive money market rate of return.
Credit and Liquidity Enhancements. The Fund may invest in securities supported by credit and liquidity enhancements from third parties, generally letters of credit from foreign or domestic banks. Liquidity enhancements may be used to shorten the maturity of the debt obligation through a demand feature. Adverse changes in the credit quality of these institutions could cause losses to the Fund that invests in these securities and may affect its share price.
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Funding Agreements. The Fund may invest in various types of funding agreements. A funding agreement is an obligation of indebtedness negotiated privately between an investor and an insurance company. A funding agreement has a fixed maturity date and may have either a fixed or variable interest rate that is based on an index and guaranteed for a set time period. Because there is normally no secondary market for these investments, funding agreements purchased by the Fund may be regarded as illiquid and therefore will be subject to the Fund’s limitation on illiquid investments.
Investment in a Subsidiary
The Fund will invest up to 25% of its total assets in the shares of its wholly -owned and controlled Subsidiary. Investment in its Subsidiary is expected to provide the Fund with exposure to the commodity markets within the limitations of Subchapter M of the Code and recent IRS rulings, as discussed below under “Taxes-Tax Treatment of Commodity-Linked Swaps and Structured Notes.”
The Subsidiary is managed by RIM and may be advised by certain of the Fund’s money managers. The Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity-linked securities and derivative instruments that provide exposure to the performance of the commodities markets, including futures and options contracts with respect to indexes or individual commodities, options on futures contracts, swap agreements and swaptions (unlike the Fund, which may not invest without limitation in such instruments). However, the Subsidiary is otherwise subject to the same fundamental, non-fundamental and certain other investment restrictions as the Fund, including the timing and method of the valuation of the Subsidiary’s portfolio investments and shares of the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary is managed pursuant to compliance policies and procedures that are the same, in all material respects, as the policies and procedures adopted by the Fund. The Subsidiary is a company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and is overseen by its own board of directors. The Fund is the sole shareholder of the Subsidiary, and it is not currently expected that shares of the Subsidiary will be sold or offered to other investors.
By investing in the Subsidiary, the Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiary’s investments. The derivatives and other investments held by the Subsidiary are subject to the same risks that would apply to similar investments if held directly by the Fund. Although the Fund may enter into commodity-linked derivative instruments directly, the Fund will likely gain exposure to these derivative instruments indirectly by investing in the Subsidiary. To the extent that RIM or a money manager believes that these commodity-linked derivative instruments are better suited to provide exposure to the commodities market than commodity index-linked notes, the Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary will likely increase. The Subsidiary will also invest in fixed income instruments, some of which are intended to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiary’s derivatives positions.
Subject to its investment management agreement with the Subsidiary, RIM may select money managers for the Subsidiary, allocate Subsidiary assets among money managers, oversee the money managers and evaluate their performance results. The Subsidiary’s money managers, if any, select the individual portfolio securities for the assets assigned to them. Neither RIM nor the money managers receive any additional compensation for doing so. The Subsidiary also has entered into an administration agreement with RIFUS, pursuant to which RIFUS provides certain administrative services for the Subsidiary, but receives no additional compensation for doing so. The Subsidiary has also entered into separate contracts for the provision of custody, transfer agency, and accounting agent services with the same or with affiliates of the same service providers that provide those services to the Fund.
The Subsidiary is not registered under the 1940 Act, and, although the Subsidiary is subject to the same fundamental, non-fundamental and certain other investment restrictions as the Fund, the Subsidiary is not subject to all the investor protection of the 1940 Act. However, the Fund wholly owns and controls the Subsidiary, and the Fund and the Subsidiary are managed by RIM, making it unlikely that the Subsidiary will take action contrary to the interests of the Fund and the Fund’s shareholders. The Fund’s Board of Trustees has oversight responsibility for the investment activities of the Fund, including the Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary, and the Fund’s role as sole shareholder of the Subsidiary. As noted above, the Subsidiary will be subject to the same investment restrictions and limitations, and follow the same compliance policies and procedures, as the Fund. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the Prospectus and the SAI and could adversely affect the Fund. For example, the Cayman Islands does not currently impose any income, corporate or capital gains tax, estate duty, inheritance tax, gift tax or withholding tax on the Subsidiary. If Cayman Islands law changes such that the Subsidiary must pay Cayman Islands taxes, Fund shareholders would likely suffer decreased investment returns.
Other Financial Instruments Including Derivatives
Options, Futures and Other Financial Instruments. The Fund may use various types of financial instruments, some of which are derivatives, to attempt to manage the risk of the Fund's investments or for investment purposes (e.g., as a substitute for investing in securities). These financial instruments include, but are not limited to, options, futures, forward contracts and swaps. Derivatives may be used to take long or short positions.  Positions in these financial instruments may expose the Fund
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to an obligation to another party. The Fund will not enter into any such transaction unless it owns (1) an offsetting (“covered”) position in securities, currencies or other options, futures contracts or forward contracts or (2) cash or liquid assets with a value, marked-to-market daily, sufficient to cover their obligations to the extent not covered as provided in (1) above. The Fund will comply with SEC guidelines regarding cover for these instruments and will, if the guidelines so require, designate the prescribed amount of cash or liquid assets as segregated.
Assets used as cover or held as segregated cannot be sold while the position in the corresponding financial instrument is open unless they are replaced with other appropriate assets.
Options and Futures. The Fund may purchase and sell (write) both call and put options on securities, securities indexes, foreign currencies and other assets, and purchase and sell interest rate, foreign currency, index and other types of futures contracts and purchase and sell options on such futures contracts for hedging purposes or to effect investment transactions consistent with the Fund's investment objective and strategies. If other types of options, futures contracts, or options on futures contracts are traded in the future, the Fund may also use those instruments, provided that their use is consistent with the Fund's investment objectives, and provided that their use is consistent with restrictions applicable to options and futures contracts currently eligible for use by the Fund (i.e., that written call or put options will be “covered” or “secured” and that futures contracts and options on futures contracts will be used for the purposes of hedging or effecting the Fund's permitted investment strategies).
Options on Securities and Indexes. The Fund may purchase and write both call and put options on securities and securities indexes in standardized contracts traded on foreign or national securities exchanges, boards of trade, or similar entities, or quoted on NASDAQ or on a regulated foreign or national over-the-counter market, and agreements, sometimes called cash puts, which may accompany the purchase of a new issue of bonds from a dealer.
Exchange-listed options are issued by a regulated intermediary, such as the Options Clearing Corporation (“OCC”), which guarantees the performance of the obligations of the parties to such options. This discussion uses the OCC as an example but is also applicable to other financial intermediaries. With certain exceptions, OCC-issued and exchange-listed options generally settle by physical delivery of the underlying security or currency, although cash settlements may sometimes be available. Index options and Eurodollar instruments are cash settled for the net amount, if any, by which the option is “in-the-money” (i.e., where the value of the underlying instruments exceeds, in the case of a call option, or is less than, in the case of a put option, the exercise price of the option) at the time the option is exercised. Frequently, rather than taking or making delivery of the underlying instrument through the process of exercising the option, listed options are closed by entering into offsetting purchase or sale transactions that do not result in ownership of the new option.
The Fund's ability to close out its position as a purchaser or seller of an OCC or exchange-listed put or call option is dependent, in part, upon the liquidity of the option market. If one or more exchanges decide to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), the relevant market for that option on that exchange would cease to exist, although outstanding options on that exchange would generally continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
Over-the-counter options (“OTC Options”) are purchased from or sold to securities dealers, financial institutions or other parties (“Counterparties”) through a direct bilateral agreement with the Counterparty. In contrast to exchange-listed options, which generally have standardized terms and performance mechanics, all the terms of an OTC Option, including such terms as method of settlement, term, exercise price, premium, guarantees and security, are set by negotiation of the parties.
Certain OTC Options will eventually be exchange-traded and cleared. Although these changes are expected to decrease the Counterparty risk involved in bi-laterally negotiated contracts, exchange-trading and clearing would not make the contracts risk-free. Where OTC Options remain uncleared, if the Counterparty fails to make or take delivery of the security, currency or other instrument underlying an OTC Option it has entered into with the Fund or fails to make a cash settlement payment due in accordance with the terms of that option, the Fund will lose any anticipated benefits of the transaction. Accordingly, RIM or the money manager must assess the creditworthiness of each such Counterparty or any guarantor or credit enhancement of the Counterparty’s credit to determine the likelihood that the terms of the OTC Option will be satisfied. The Fund will engage in OTC Option transactions only with U.S. Government securities dealers recognized by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as “primary dealers” or broker/dealers, domestic or foreign banks or other financial institutions that have received (or the guarantors or the obligations of which have received) a minimum long-term Counterparty credit rating, including reassignments, of BBB- or better as defined by S&P or an equivalent rating from any nationally recognized statistical rating organization (using highest of split ratings) or determined to be of equivalent credit.
An option on a security (or securities index) is a contract that gives the purchaser of the option, in return for a premium, the right (but not the obligation) to buy from (in the case of a call) or sell to (in the case of a put) the writer of the option the security underlying the option at a specified exercise price at any time during the option period. The writer of an option on a security has the obligation upon exercise of the option to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price,
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in the case of a call option, or to pay the exercise price upon delivery of the underlying security, in the case of a put option. Upon exercise, the writer of an option on an index is obligated to pay the difference between the cash value of the index and the exercise price multiplied by the specified multiplier (established by the exchange upon which the stock index is traded) for the index option. (An index is designed to reflect specified facets of a particular financial or securities market, a specified group of financial instruments or securities, or certain economic indicators.) Options on securities indexes are similar to options on specific securities except that settlement is in cash and gains and losses depend on price movements in the stock market generally (or in a particular industry or segment of the market), rather than price movements in a specific security.
The Fund may purchase a call option on securities to protect against substantial increases in prices of securities the Fund intends to purchase pending its ability or desire to purchase such securities in an orderly manner or as a cost-efficient alternative to acquiring the securities for which the option is intended to serve as a proxy. The Fund may purchase a put option on securities to protect holdings in an underlying or related security against a substantial decline in market value. Securities are considered related if their price movements generally correlate positively to one another.
If an option written by the Fund expires, the Fund realizes a capital gain equal to the premium received at the time the option was written. If an option purchased by the Fund expires unexercised, the Fund realizes a capital loss (long- or short-term depending on whether the Fund's holding period for the option is greater than one year) equal to the premium paid.
Prior to the earlier of exercise or expiration, an option may be closed out by an offsetting purchase or sale of an option of the same series (type, exchange, underlying security or index, exercise price and expiration).
The Fund will realize a capital gain from a closing transaction on an option it has written if the cost of the closing option is less than the premium received from writing the option. If the cost of the closing option is more than the premium received from writing the option, the Fund will realize a capital loss. If the premium received from a closing sale transaction is more than the premium paid to purchase the option, the Fund will realize a capital gain. If the premium received from a closing sale transaction is less than the premium paid to purchase the option, the Fund will realize a capital loss. With respect to closing transactions on purchased options, the capital gain or loss realized will be short- or long-term depending on the holding period of the option closed out. The principal factors affecting the market value of a put or a call option include supply and demand, interest rates, the current market price of the underlying security or index in relation to the exercise price of the option, the volatility of the underlying security or index, and the time remaining until the expiration date.
The premium paid for a put or call option purchased by the Fund is an asset of the Fund. The premium received for an option written by the Fund is recorded as a liability. The value of an option purchased or written is marked-to-market daily and is valued at the closing price on the exchange on which it is traded or, if not traded on an exchange or no closing price is available, at the last bid.
Risks Associated With Options On Securities and Indexes. There are several risks associated with transactions in options on securities and on indexes. For example, there are significant differences between the securities and options markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between these markets, causing a given transaction not to achieve its objectives. A decision as to whether, when and how to use options involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived transaction may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected events.
If a put or call option purchased by the Fund is not sold when it has remaining value, and if the market price of the underlying security or index, in the case of a put, remains equal to or greater than the exercise price or, in the case of a call, remains less than or equal to the exercise price, the Fund will lose its entire investment (i.e., the premium paid) on the option. When the Fund writes an option on a security or index, movements in the price of the underlying security or value of the index may result in a loss to the Fund. Also, where a put or call option on a particular security is purchased to hedge against price movements in a related security, the price of the put or call option may move more or less than the price of the related security.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist when the Fund seeks to close out an option position. If the Fund were unable to close out an option that it had purchased on a security, it would have to exercise the option in order to realize any profit or the option may expire worthless. If the Fund were unable to close out a covered call option that it had written on a security, it would not be able to sell the underlying security unless the option expired without exercise.
As the writer of a covered call option, the Fund forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the underlying security above the exercise price, but, as long as its obligation as a writer continues, has retained a risk of loss should the price of the underlying security increase above the exercise price. It also retains a risk of loss on the underlying security should the price of the underlying security decrease. Where the Fund writes a put option, it is exposed during the term of the option to a decline in the price of the underlying security.
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If trading were suspended in an option purchased by the Fund, the Fund would not be able to close out the option. If restrictions on exercise were imposed, the Fund might be unable to exercise an option it has purchased. Except to the extent that a call option on an index written by the Fund is covered by an option on the same index purchased by the Fund, movements in the index may result in a loss to the Fund; however, such losses may be mitigated by changes in the value of the Fund's securities during the period the option was outstanding.
Options on Foreign Currency. The Fund may buy and sell put and call options on foreign currencies either on exchanges or in the over-the-counter market for the purpose of hedging against changes in future currency exchange rates or to effect investment transactions consistent with the Fund's investment objectives and strategies. Call options convey the right to buy the underlying currency at a price which is expected to be lower than the spot price of the currency at the time the option expires. Put options convey the right to sell the underlying currency at a price which is anticipated to be higher than the spot price of the currency at the time the option expires. Currency options traded on U.S. or other exchanges may be subject to position limits which may limit the ability of the Fund to reduce foreign currency risk using such options. OTC Options differ from traded options in that they are two-party contracts with price and other terms negotiated between buyer and seller, and generally do not have as much market liquidity as exchange-traded options.
Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts. The Fund may invest in interest rate futures contracts, foreign currency futures contracts, Eurodollar futures or stock index futures contracts, and options thereon that are traded on a U.S. or foreign exchange or board of trade or over-the-counter. A futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of financial instruments (such as GNMA certificates or Treasury bonds) or foreign currency at a specified price at a future date. A futures contract on an index (such as the S&P 500®) is an exchange-traded contract to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. In the case of futures contracts traded on U.S. exchanges, the exchange itself or an affiliated clearing corporation assumes the opposite side of each transaction (i.e., as buyer or seller). A futures contract may be satisfied or closed out by delivery or purchase, as the case may be, of the financial instrument or by payment of the change in the cash value of the index. Although the value of an index may be a function of the value of certain specified securities, no delivery of these securities is made. A public market exists in futures contracts covering several indexes as well as a number of financial instruments and foreign currencies. For example: the S&P 500®; the Russell 2000®; Nikkei 225; CAC-40; FTSE 100; the NYSE composite; U.S. Treasury bonds; U.S. Treasury notes; GNMA Certificates; three-month U.S. Treasury bills; Eurodollar certificates of deposit; the Australian Dollar; the Canadian Dollar; the British Pound; the Swiss Franc; the Mexican Peso and certain multinational currencies, such as the Euro. It is expected that other futures contracts will be developed and traded in the future. Eurodollar futures are typically dollar-denominated futures contracts or options on those contracts that are linked to the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). In addition, foreign currency denominated instruments are available from time to time. Eurodollar futures contracts enable purchasers to obtain a fixed rate for the lending of funds and sellers to obtain a fixed rate for borrowings. The Fund might use Eurodollar futures contracts and options thereon to hedge against changes in LIBOR, to which many interest rate swaps and fixed income instruments are linked.
According to various reports, certain financial institutions, commencing as early as 2005 and throughout the global financial crisis, routinely made artificially low submissions in the LIBOR rate setting process. Since this conduct came to light, several financial institutions have been fined significant amounts by various financial regulators in connection with allegations of manipulation of LIBOR rates. Other financial institutions in various countries are being investigated for similar actions. These developments may have adversely affected the interest rates on securities whose interest payments were determined by reference to LIBOR. Any future similar developments could, in turn, reduce the value of such securities owned by the Fund.
The Fund may use futures contracts for both hedging purposes and to effect investment transactions consistent with its investment objective and strategies. For example, the Fund might use futures contracts to hedge against anticipated changes in interest rates that might adversely affect either the value of the Fund's securities or the price of the securities which the Fund intends to purchase. In addition, the Fund may use futures contracts to create equity exposure for its cash or, conversely, to reduce market exposure. See “Cash Reserves and Being Fully Invested” and “Hedging Strategies” for a fuller description of these strategies.
Frequently, using futures to affect a particular strategy instead of using the underlying or related security or index will result in lower transaction costs being incurred.
The Fund may also purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts. Options on futures contracts possess many of the same characteristics as options on securities and indexes (discussed above). A futures option gives the holder the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a long position (in the case of a call) or short position (in the case of a put) in a
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futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Upon exercise of a call option, the holder acquires a long position in the futures contract and the writer is assigned the opposite short position. In the case of a put option, the opposite is true. An option on a futures contract may be closed out (before exercise or expiration) by an offsetting purchase or sale of an option on a futures contract of the same series.
There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when the Fund seeks to close out a futures contract or an option position. Most futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single day. Once the daily limit has been reached on a particular contract, no trades may be made that day at a price beyond that limit. In addition, certain of these instruments are relatively new and without a significant trading history. As a result, there is no assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist. Lack of a liquid market for any reason may prevent the Fund from liquidating an unfavorable position and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed.
When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by the Fund, the Fund is required to deposit with the broker a specified amount of cash or U.S. government securities (“initial margin”). The initial margin required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and, in certain cases, by the Fund's futures commission merchant (“FCM”). The required margin may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract which is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. The Fund expects to earn interest income on its initial margin deposits.
A futures contract held by the Fund is valued daily at the official settlement price of the exchange on which it is traded. Each day the Fund pays or receives cash, called “variation margin,” equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. This process is known as “marking-to-market.” Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund, but is instead a settlement between the Fund and the FCM of the amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. In computing daily net asset value, the Fund will mark-to-market its open futures positions.
The Fund is also required to deposit and maintain margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it. Such margin deposits will vary depending on the nature of the underlying futures contract (and the related initial margin requirements), the current market value of the option, and other futures positions held by the Fund.
Although some futures contracts call for making or taking delivery of the underlying securities or other assets, generally these obligations are closed out prior to delivery by offsetting purchases or sales of matching futures contracts (same exchange, underlying security or index, and delivery month). If an offsetting purchase price is less than the original sale price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is more, the Fund realizes a capital loss. Conversely, if an offsetting sale price is more than the original purchase price, the Fund realizes a capital gain, or if it is less, the Fund realizes a capital loss. The transaction costs must also be included in these calculations. In the case of transactions, if any, involving certain regulated futures contracts, any gain or loss arising from the lapse, closing out or exercise of such positions generally will be treated as 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. In addition, at the close of each taxable year, such positions generally will be marked-to-market (i.e., treated as sold for fair market value), and any resulting gain or loss will be treated as 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gain or loss.
Limitations on Use of Futures and Options on Futures Contracts.
The Fund will only enter into futures contracts or options on futures contracts which are standardized and traded on a U.S. or foreign exchange, board of trade or similar entity, or quoted on an automated quotation system. With respect to futures contracts that are required to cash settle, the Fund will at all times maintain liquid, segregated assets equal to or greater than the Fund's daily marked-to-market (net) obligation, if any (less any margin or deposit). With respect to futures contracts that are not required to cash settle, the Fund will maintain liquid, segregated assets equal to or greater than the notional value of the futures contract (less any margin or deposit). The Fund may enter into agreements with broker-dealers which require the broker-dealers to accept physical settlement for certain futures contracts. If this occurs, the Fund would treat the futures contract as being cash-settled for purposes of determining the Fund’s segregation requirements. The Fund is not required to segregate liquid assets if the purchase or sale of a futures contract is “covered” by a substantially similar security. For a discussion of how to cover a written call or put option on a futures contract, see “Options on Securities and Indexes” above.
Risks Associated with Futures and Options on Futures Contracts. There are several risks associated with the use of futures and options on futures contracts as hedging techniques. A purchase or sale of a futures contract may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. There can be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in the hedging vehicle and in the portfolio securities being hedged. In addition, there are significant differences between the securities and futures markets that could result in an imperfect correlation between the markets, causing a given hedge not to achieve its objectives. The degree of imperfection of correlation depends on circumstances such as variations in speculative market demand for futures and options on futures contracts on securities, including technical influences in futures
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trading and options on futures contracts, and differences between the financial instruments being hedged and the instruments underlying the standard contracts available for trading in such respects as interest rate levels, maturities and creditworthiness of issuers. An incorrect correlation could result in a loss on both the hedged securities in the Fund and the hedging vehicle so that the portfolio return might have been greater had hedging not been attempted. A decision as to whether, when and how to hedge involves the exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived hedge may be unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected interest rate or other trends.
Futures exchanges may limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in certain futures contract prices during a single trading day. The daily limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of a futures contract may vary either up or down from the previous day's settlement price at the end of the current trading session. Once the daily limit has been reached in a futures contract subject to the limit, no more trades may be made on that day at a price beyond that limit. As a result, there can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when the Fund seeks to close out a futures contract or a futures option position. The daily limit governs only price movements during a particular trading day and therefore does not limit potential losses because the limit may work to prevent the liquidation of unfavorable positions. For example, futures prices have occasionally moved to the daily limit for several consecutive trading days with little or no trading, thereby preventing prompt liquidation of positions and subjecting some holders of futures contracts to substantial losses.
In addition, certain of these instruments are relatively new and without a significant trading history. As a result, there is no assurance that an active secondary market will develop or continue to exist. Lack of a liquid market for any reason may prevent the Fund from liquidating an unfavorable position and the Fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed.
Foreign Currency Futures Contracts. The Fund is also permitted to enter into foreign currency futures contracts in accordance with their investment objectives and as limited by the procedures outlined above.
A foreign currency futures contract is an exchange-traded contract pursuant to which a party makes or accepts delivery of a specified type of debt security or currency at a specified price. Although such futures contracts by their terms call for actual delivery or acceptance of debt securities or currency, in most cases the contracts are closed out before the settlement date without the making or taking of delivery.
The Fund may sell a foreign currency futures contract to hedge against possible variations in the exchange rate of the foreign currency in relation to the U.S. dollar or other currencies or to effect investment transactions consistent with the Fund's investment objectives and strategies. When a manager anticipates a significant change in a foreign exchange rate while intending to invest in a foreign security, the Fund may purchase a foreign currency futures contract to hedge against a rise in foreign exchange rates pending completion of the anticipated transaction or as a means to gain portfolio exposure to that currency. Such a purchase would serve as a temporary measure to protect the Fund against any rise in the foreign exchange rate which may add additional costs to acquiring the foreign security position. The Fund may also purchase call or put options on foreign currency futures contracts to obtain a fixed foreign exchange rate. The Fund may purchase a call option or write a put option on a foreign exchange futures contract to hedge against a decline in the foreign exchange rates or the value of its foreign securities. The Fund may write a call option on a foreign currency futures contract as a partial hedge against the effects of declining foreign exchange rates on the value of foreign securities or as a means to gain portfolio exposure to a currency.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Transactions (“Forward Currency Contracts”). The Fund may engage in forward currency contracts to hedge against uncertainty in the level of future exchange rates or to effect investment transactions consistent with the Fund's investment objectives and strategies. The Fund will conduct their forward foreign currency exchange transactions either on a spot (i.e., cash) basis at the rate prevailing in the currency exchange market, or through entering into forward currency exchange contracts (“forward contract”) to purchase or sell currency at a future date. A forward contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency on a specific date in the future. For example, a forward contract may require the Fund to exchange a certain amount of U.S. dollars for a certain amount of Japanese Yen at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. Forward currency contracts are (a) traded in an interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (typically, commercial banks or other financial institutions) and their customers, (b) often have deposit or initial margin requirements and (c) are consummated without payment of any commissions. In order to assure that the Fund's forward currency contracts are not used to achieve investment leverage, to the extent that such contracts are not “covered” by liquid underlying investments in the respective foreign currency or a “proxy” currency, the Fund will segregate liquid assets in an amount at all times equal to or exceeding the Fund's commitments with respect to these contracts. The Fund may engage in a forward contract that involves transacting in a currency whose changes in value are considered to be linked (a proxy) to a currency or currencies in which some or all of the Fund's portfolio securities are or are expected to be denominated. The Fund's dealings in forward contracts may involve hedging involving either specific transactions or portfolio positions or
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taking a position in a foreign currency. Transaction hedging is the purchase or sale of foreign currency with respect to specific receivables or payables of the Fund generally accruing in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. Position hedging is the sale of foreign currency with respect to portfolio security positions denominated or quoted in the currency. The Fund may not enter into a forward currency contract to sell a particular currency to an extent greater than the aggregate market value (at the time of making such sale) of the securities held in its portfolio denominated or quoted in or currency convertible into that particular currency (or another currency or aggregate of currencies which act as a proxy for that currency). The Fund may enter into a forward currency contract to purchase a currency other than that held in the Fund's portfolios. Forward currency transactions may be made from any foreign currency into U.S. dollars or into other appropriate currencies.
At or before the maturity of a forward foreign currency contract, the Fund may either sell a portfolio security and make delivery of the currency, or retain the security and offset its contractual obligation to deliver the currency by purchasing a second contract pursuant to which the Fund will obtain, on the same maturity date, the same amount of the currency which it is obligated to deliver. If the Fund retains the portfolio security and engages in an offsetting transaction, the Fund, at the time of execution of the offsetting transaction, will incur a gain or a loss to the extent that movement has occurred in forward currency contract prices. Should forward prices decline during the period between the Fund's entering into a forward contract for the sale of a currency and the date that it enters into an offsetting contract for the purchase of the currency, the Fund will realize a gain to the extent that the price of the currency that it has agreed to sell exceeds the price of the currency that it has agreed to purchase. Should forward prices increase, the Fund will suffer a loss to the extent that the price of the currency it has agreed to purchase exceeds the price of the currency that it has agreed to sell.
Upon maturity of a forward currency contract, the Fund may (a) pay for and receive, or deliver and be paid for, the underlying currency, (b) negotiate with the dealer to roll over the contract into a new forward currency contract with a new future settlement date or (c) negotiate with the dealer to terminate the forward contract by entering into an offset with the currency trader whereby the parties agree to pay for and receive the difference between the exchange rate fixed in the contract and the then-current exchange rate. The Fund also may be able to negotiate such an offset prior to maturity of the original forward contract. There can be no assurance that new forward contracts or offsets will be available to the Fund.
The cost to the Fund of engaging in currency transactions varies with factors such as the currency involved, the length of the contract period and the market conditions then prevailing. Because transactions in currency exchange are usually conducted on a principal basis, no fees or commissions are typically involved. The use of forward foreign currency contracts does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities, but it does establish a rate of exchange that can be achieved in the future. In addition, although forward foreign currency contracts limit the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of a hedged currency, at the same time, they limit any potential gain that might result should the value of the currency increase.
If a devaluation is generally anticipated, the Fund may be able to contract to sell the currency at a price above the devaluation level that it anticipates. The Fund will not enter into a currency transaction if, as a result, it will fail to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code for a given year.
Many foreign currency forwards will eventually be exchange-traded and cleared as discussed further below. Although these changes are expected to decrease the Counterparty risk involved in bi-laterally negotiated contracts, exchange-trading and clearing would not make the contracts risk-free. In the forward foreign currency market, there are no daily price fluctuation limits, and adverse market movements could therefore continue to an unlimited extent over a period of time. Moreover, as with foreign currency futures contracts, a trader of forward contracts could lose amounts substantially in excess of its initial investments, due to the collateral requirements associated with such positions.
The market for forward currency contracts may be limited with respect to certain currencies. These factors will restrict the Fund's ability to hedge against the risk of devaluation of currencies in which the Fund holds securities and are unrelated to the qualitative rating that may be assigned to any particular portfolio security. Where available, the successful use of forward currency contracts draws upon a money manager’s special skills and experience with respect to such instruments and usually depends on the money manager’s ability to forecast interest rate and currency exchange rate movements correctly. Should interest or exchange rates move in an unexpected manner, the Fund may not achieve the anticipated benefits of forward currency contracts or may realize losses and thus be in a worse position than if such strategies had not been used. In addition, the correlation between movements in the prices of such instruments and movements in the price of the securities and currencies hedged or used for cover will not be perfect. In the case of proxy hedging, there is also a risk that the perceived linkage between various currencies may not be present or may not be present during the particular time the Fund is engaged in that strategy.
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The Fund's ability to dispose of its positions in forward currency contracts will depend on the availability of active markets in such instruments. It is impossible to predict the amount of trading interest that may exist in various types of forward currency contracts. Forward currency contracts may be closed out only by the parties entering into an offsetting contract. Therefore, no assurance can be given that the Fund will be able to utilize these instruments effectively for the purposes set forth above. Many foreign currency forward contracts will eventually be exchange-traded and cleared. Although these changes are expected to decrease the credit risk involved in bi-laterally negotiated contracts, exchange-trading and clearing would not make the contracts risk-free.
Additional Risks of Options on Securities, Futures Contracts, Options on Futures Contracts, and Forward Currency Contracts and Options Thereon. Options on securities, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward currency contracts and options on currencies may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the United States, may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees, and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (1) other complex foreign, political, legal and economic factors, (2) lesser availability of data on which to make trading decisions than in the United States, (3) delays in the Fund's ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the United States, (4) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States and (5) lesser trading volume.
Swap Agreements and Swaptions. The Fund may enter into swap agreements, on either an asset-based or liability-based basis, depending on whether they are hedging their assets or their liabilities, and will usually enter into swaps on a net basis, i.e., the two payment streams are netted out, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. The Fund may also enter into swap agreements for investment purposes. When the Fund enters into a swap, it exchanges its obligations to pay or rights to receive payments for the obligations or rights to receive payments of another party (e.g., an exchange of floating rate payments for fixed rate payments).
The Fund may enter into several different types of swap agreements, including equity index, interest rate, credit default, currency and recovery lock swaps. Equity index swaps are agreements where two parties exchange two sets of cash flows on predetermined dates for an agreed-upon amount of time. The cash flows will typically be an equity index value swapped with a floating rate such as LIBOR plus or minus a pre-defined spread. Interest rate swaps are agreements that can be customized to meet each party’s needs, and involve the exchange of a fixed payment per period for a payment that is not fixed. Currency swaps are agreements where two parties exchange specified principal amounts of different currencies which are followed by each paying the other a series of interest payments that are based on the principal cash flow. At maturity, the principal amounts are returned. Credit default swaps are agreements which allow the transfer of third-party credit risk (the possibility that an issuer will default on an obligation by failing to pay principal or interest in a timely manner) from one party to another. The lender faces the credit risk from a third party and the Counterparty in the swap agrees to insure this risk in exchange for regular periodic payments. Recovery lock swaps are agreements between two parties that provide for a fixed payment by one party and the delivery of a reference obligation, typically a bond, by the other party upon the occurrence of a credit event, such as a default, by the issuer of the reference obligation.
The Fund generally expects to enter into these transactions primarily to preserve a return or spread on a particular investment or portion of its portfolios or to protect against any increase in the price of securities they anticipate purchasing at a later date or for return enhancement. Under most swap agreements entered into by the Fund, the parties’ obligations are determined on a “net basis.” The net amount of the excess, if any, of the Fund's obligations over its entitlements with respect to each swap will be accrued on a daily basis and liquid assets having an aggregate net asset value at least equal to the accrued excess will be segregated. To the extent that the Fund enters into swaps on other than a net basis, the amount maintained in a segregated account will be the full amount of the Fund's obligations, if any, with respect to such swaps, accrued on a daily basis. If there is a default by the other party to such a transaction, the Fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreement related to the transaction.
The Fund may enter into swap agreements with Counterparties that meet RIM’s credit quality limitations. The Fund will not enter into any swap agreement unless the Counterparty has a minimum senior unsecured credit rating or long-term Counterparty credit rating, including reassignments, of BBB- or better as defined by S&P or an equivalent rating from any nationally recognized statistical rating organization (using highest of split ratings) at the time of entering into such transaction. Some swaps the Fund may enter into, such as interest rate and certain credit default swaps, are traded on exchanges and subject to central clearing.
Certain derivatives, including swaps, may be subject to fees and expenses, and by investing in such derivatives indirectly through the Fund, a shareholder will bear the expenses of such derivatives in addition to expenses of the Fund.
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There is a possibility of future regulatory changes altering, perhaps to a material extent, the nature of an investment in the Fund or the ability of the Fund to continue to implement its investment strategies. The futures markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations, and margin requirements. In addition, the SEC, CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits or higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading. The regulation of swaps and futures transactions in the United States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Fund is impossible to predict, but could be substantial and adverse.
In particular, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) was signed into law by President Obama on July 21, 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act is changing the way in which the U.S. financial system is supervised and regulated. Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act sets forth the legislative framework for over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives, including financial instruments, such as swaps, in which the Fund may invest. Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act makes broad changes to the OTC derivatives market, grants significant new authority to the SEC and the CFTC to regulate OTC derivatives and market participants, and requires clearing and exchange trading of certain OTC derivatives transactions. The CFTC and SEC have approved joint final rules and interpretations that further define the terms “swap” and “security-based” swap and govern “mixed swaps” (the “Swap Definitions”). Under the Swap Definitions, the term “swap” includes OTC foreign exchange options, among other OTC contracts. The U.S. Department of the Treasury has determined that certain deliverable foreign exchange forwards and deliverable foreign exchange swaps are exempt from the definition of “swap.” The occurrence of the effective date for the Swap Definitions triggered numerous effective and compliance dates for other rules promulgated by the CFTC and SEC under the Dodd-Frank Act. The Swap Definitions are broad and encompass a number of transactions that were historically not subject to CFTC or SEC regulation. The impact of the effectiveness of the Swap Definitions along with the implementation of the various other rules contingent on the promulgation of the Swap Definitions is impossible to predict, but could be substantial and adverse.
Provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act include registration, recordkeeping, capital and margin requirements for “swap dealers” and “major swap participants” as determined by the Dodd-Frank Act and applicable regulations, and the required use of clearinghouse mechanisms for many OTC derivative transactions. The CFTC, SEC and other federal regulators have been tasked with developing the rules and regulations enacting the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. Because the rulemaking and regulations implementing the Dodd-Frank Act have not been completed, it is not possible at this time to gauge the exact nature and scope of the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on the Fund, but it is expected that swap dealers, major market participants and swap Counterparties, including the Fund, will experience new and/or additional regulations, requirements, compliance burdens and associated costs. The Dodd-Frank Act and the rules to be promulgated may negatively impact the Fund's ability to meet its investment objective either through limits or requirements imposed on it or its Counterparties. In particular, new position limits imposed on the Fund or its Counterparties’ on-exchange and OTC trading may impact the Fund's ability to invest in a manner that efficiently meets its investment objective, and new requirements, including capital and mandatory clearing, may increase the cost of the Fund's investments and cost of doing business, which could adversely affect investors.
The Fund may enter into credit default swaps. A credit default swap can refer to corporate issues, asset-backed securities or an index of assets, each known as the reference entity or underlying asset. Credit default swaps allow the Fund to acquire or reduce credit exposure to a particular issuer, asset or basket of assets. The Fund may act as either the buyer or the seller of a credit default swap. Depending upon the terms of the contract, the credit default swap may be closed via physical settlement. However, due to the possible or potential instability in the market, there is a risk that the Fund may be unable to deliver the underlying debt security to the other party to the agreement. Additionally, the Fund may not receive the expected amount under the swap agreement if the other party to the agreement defaults or becomes bankrupt. In an unhedged credit default swap, the Fund enters into a credit default swap without owning the underlying asset or debt issued by the reference entity. Certain standardized swaps, including certain credit default swaps, are subject to mandatory clearing, and more are expected to be subject to mandatory clearing in the future. The Counterparty risk for cleared derivatives is generally lower than for uncleared derivatives, but cleared contracts are not risk-free. Clearing may subject the Fund to increased costs or margin requirements.
As the seller of protection in a credit default swap, the Fund would be required to pay the par or other agreed-upon value (or otherwise perform according to the swap contract) of a reference debt obligation to the Counterparty in the event of a default (or other specified credit event), and the Counterparty would be required to surrender the reference debt obligation. In return, the Fund would receive from the Counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no credit event has occurred. If no credit event occurs, the Fund would keep the stream of payments and would have no payment obligations. As a seller of protection, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because in addition to its total net assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.
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The Fund may also purchase protection via credit default swap contracts in order to offset the risk of default of debt securities held in its portfolio, in which case the Fund would function as the Counterparty referenced in the preceding paragraph.
Credit default swap agreements on corporate issues involve one party making a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in the event of a default or other credit event. If a credit event occurs and cash settlement is not elected, a variety of other deliverable obligations may be delivered in lieu of the specific reference obligation. The ability to deliver other obligations may result in a cheapest-to-deliver option (the buyer of protection’s right to choose the deliverable obligation with the lowest value following a credit event). The Fund may use credit default swaps on corporate issues to provide a measure of protection against defaults of the issuers (i.e., to reduce risk where the Fund owns or has exposure to the reference obligation) or to take an active long or short position with respect to the likelihood (as measured by the credit default swap’s spread) of a particular issuer’s default.
Credit default swap agreements on asset-backed securities also involve one party making a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in the event of a default or other credit event. Unlike credit default swaps on corporate issues, deliverable obligations in most instances would be limited to the specific reference obligation as performance for asset-backed securities can vary across deals. Prepayments, principal paydowns, and other write-down or loss events on the underlying mortgage loans will reduce the outstanding principal balance of the reference obligation. These reductions may be temporary or permanent as defined under the terms of the swap agreement and the notional amount for the swap agreement generally will be adjusted by corresponding amounts. The Fund may use credit default swaps on asset-backed securities to provide a measure of protection against defaults (or other defined credit events) of the reference obligation or to take an active long or short position with respect to the likelihood of a particular reference obligation’s default (or other defined credit events).
Credit default swap agreements on credit indices involve one party making a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in the event of a write-down, principal shortfall, interest shortfall or default of all or part of the reference obligations comprising the credit index. A credit index is a basket of credit instruments or exposures designed to be representative of some part of the credit market as a whole. These indices are made up of reference credits that are judged by a poll of dealers to be the most liquid entities in the credit default swap market based on the sector of the index. Components of the indices may include, but are not limited to, investment grade securities, high yield securities, asset-backed securities, emerging markets, and/or various credit ratings within each sector. Credit indices are traded using credit default swaps with standardized terms including a fixed spread and standard maturity dates. An index credit default swap references all the names in the index, and if there is a default, the credit event is settled based on that name’s weight in the index. The composition of the indices changes periodically, usually every six months, and for most indices, each name has an equal weight in the index. Traders may use credit default swaps on indices to speculate on changes in credit quality.
Credit default swaps could result in losses if the Fund does not correctly evaluate the creditworthiness of the company or companies on which the credit default swap is based. Credit default swap agreements may involve greater risks than if the Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly since, in addition to risks relating to the reference obligation, credit default swaps are subject to the risks inherent in the use of swaps, including illiquidity risk and Counterparty risk. The Fund will generally incur a greater degree of risk when selling a credit default swap than when purchasing a credit default swap. As a buyer of a credit default swap, the Fund may lose its investment and recover nothing should a credit event fail to occur and the swap is held to its termination date. As seller of a credit default swap, if a credit event were to occur, the value of any deliverable obligation received by the Fund, coupled with the upfront or periodic payments previously received, may be less than what it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund.
If the creditworthiness of the Fund's uncleared swap Counterparty declines, the risk that the Counterparty may not perform could increase, potentially resulting in a loss to the Fund. To limit the Counterparty risk involved in uncleared swap agreements, the Fund will only enter into uncleared swap agreements with Counterparties that meet certain standards of creditworthiness. Although there can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to do so, the Fund may be able to reduce or eliminate its exposure under a swap agreement either by assignment or other disposition, or by entering into an offsetting swap agreement with the same party or another creditworthy party. The Fund may have limited ability to eliminate its exposure under a credit default swap if the credit of the reference entity or underlying asset has declined.
The use of interest rate swaps is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. If a money manager using this technique is incorrect in its forecast of market values, interest rates and other applicable factors, the investment performance of the Fund might diminish compared to what it would have been if this investment technique were not used.
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Interest rate swaps do not involve the delivery of securities or other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to interest rate swaps is limited to the net amount of interest payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make. Interest rate swaps are traded on exchanges and are subject to central clearing. If the clearing house or futures commission merchant defaults, the Fund's risk of loss consists of the net amount of interest payments that the Fund is contractually entitled to receive. The counterparty risk for cleared derivatives is generally lower than for uncleared derivatives. However, clearing may subject the Fund to increased costs or margin requirements.
The Fund may enter into recovery lock swaps. Recovery lock swaps are used to “lock in” a recovery amount on the reference obligation at the time the parties enter into the agreement. In contrast to a credit default swap where the final settlement amount may be dependent on the market price for the reference obligation upon the credit event, a recovery lock swap fixes the settlement amount in advance and is not dependent on the market price of the reference obligation at the time of the credit event. Unlike certain other types of derivatives, recovery lock swaps generally do not involve upfront or periodic cash payments by either of the parties. Instead, payment and settlement occurs after there has been a credit event. If a credit event does not occur prior to the termination date of a recovery lock swap, the agreement terminates and no payments are made by either party. A party may enter into a recovery lock swap to purchase or sell a reference obligation upon the occurrence of a credit event. Recovery lock swaps are subject to certain risks, including, without limitation, the risk that a counterparty will not accurately forecast the value of a reference obligation upon the occurrence of a credit event. In addition to general market risks, recovery lock swaps are subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk and credit risk. The market for recovery lock swaps is relatively new and is smaller and less liquid than the market for credit default swaps and other derivatives. Elements of judgment may play a role in determining the value of a recovery lock. In addition, it may not be possible to enter into a recovery lock swap at an advantageous time or price.
The Fund may enter into swaptions (an option on a swap). In a swaption, in exchange for an option, the buyer gains the right but not the obligation to enter into a specified swap agreement with the issuer on a specified future date. The writer of the contract receives the premium and bears the risk of unfavorable changes in the preset rate on the underlying interest rate swap. Unrealized gains/losses on swaptions are reflected in investment assets and investment liabilities in the Fund's statements of financial condition.
The Fund may invest in certain types of equity swaps. Equity swaps allow the parties to a swap agreement to exchange the dividend income or other components of return on a basket of equity securities (an “equity basket swap”) or individual equity security for another payment stream. An equity swap may be used by the Fund to invest in a market without owning or taking physical custody of securities in circumstances in which direct investment may be restricted for legal reasons or is otherwise deemed impractical or disadvantageous.  The Fund will receive all of the economic benefits and risks equivalent to direct investments in the reference equity positions such as capital appreciation (depreciation), corporate actions, and dividends and interest received and paid, all of which are reflected in the swap value.  The swap value may also include interest charges and credits related to the notional values of the equity positions and any cash balances within the swap. These interest charges and credits are based on defined market rates plus or minus a specified spread.  The value of some components of an equity swap (such as the dividends on a common stock) may also be sensitive to changes in interest rates. Equity basket swaps provide the Fund exposure to a portfolio of long and/or short equity securities. These swaps are designed to function as a portfolio of direct investments in long and short equity positions and the Fund has the ability to trade in and out of long and short positions within the swap.  Equity swaps normally do not involve the delivery of securities or other underlying assets. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to equity swaps is normally limited to the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an equity swap defaults, the Fund’s risk of loss consists of the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually entitled to receive, if any.
Index Swap Agreements. The Fund may enter into index swap agreements to expose cash reserves to markets or to effect investment transactions consistent with the Fund's investment objectives and strategies. Index swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to more than one year. In a standard index swap transaction, the two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular investments or instruments. The returns to be exchanged between the parties are calculated with respect to a “notional amount” (i.e., a specified dollar amount that is hypothetically invested in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index).
The Fund will not enter into a swap agreement with any single party if the net amount owed or to be received under existing contracts with that party would exceed 5% of that Fund's net assets.
Structured Notes. The Fund may invest in structured notes. Structured notes are derivative debt instruments, the interest rate or principal of which is determined by an unrelated indicator (for example, a currency, security, commodity or index thereof). The terms of the instrument may be “structured” by the purchaser and the borrower issuing the note. The terms of structured notes may provide that in certain circumstances no principal is due at maturity, which may result in a loss of invested capital.
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Structured notes may be positively or negatively indexed, so that appreciation of the unrelated indicator may produce an increase or a decrease in the interest rate or the value of the structured note at maturity may be calculated as a specified multiple of the change in the value of the unrelated indicator. Structured notes may entail a greater degree of market risk than other types of debt securities because the investor bears the risk of the unrelated indicator. Further, the change in the principal amount payable with respect to, or the interest rate of, a structured note may be a multiple of the percentage change (positive or negative) in the value of the underlying reference instrument(s). Therefore, structured notes may be more volatile, less liquid and more difficult to accurately price than less complex securities and instruments or more traditional debt securities. To the extent the Fund invests in these notes and securities, however, these notes are analyzed in the overall assessment of the effective duration of the Fund’s holdings in an effort to monitor the Fund’s interest rate risk.
Commodity-linked notes are a type of structured note. Commodity-linked notes are privately negotiated structured debt securities indexed to the return of an index such as the Bloomberg Commodity Index Total Return (formerly, the Dow Jones – UBS Commodity Index Total Return), which is representative of the commodities market. They are available from a limited number of approved issuers, and all invested amounts are exposed to the issuer’s credit risk. Commodity-linked notes may be leveraged. For example, if a fund invests $100 in a three-times leveraged commodity-linked note, it will exchange $100 principal with the dealer to obtain $300 exposure to the commodities market because the value of the note will change by a magnitude of three for every percentage change (positive or negative) in the value of the underlying index. This means a $100 note would be worth $70 if the commodity index decreased by 10 percent. Structured notes also are subject to credit risk of the dealer.
Uncovered Options Transactions. The Fund may write options that are not covered (or so called “naked options”). When the Fund sells an uncovered call option, it does not simultaneously have a long position in the underlying security. When the Fund sells an uncovered put option, it does not simultaneously have a short position in the underlying security. Uncovered options are riskier than covered options because there is no underlying security held by the Fund that can act as a partial hedge. Uncovered calls have speculative characteristics and the potential for loss is unlimited. There is also a risk, especially with less liquid preferred and debt securities, that the securities may not be available for purchase. Uncovered call and put options have speculative characteristics and the potential loss is substantial.
Stand-By Commitment Agreements. The Fund may invest in “stand-by commitments” with respect to securities held in its portfolio. Under a stand-by commitment, a dealer agrees to purchase at the Fund’s option specified securities at a specified price. The Fund’s right to exercise stand-by commitments is unconditional and unqualified. Stand-by commitments acquired by the Fund may also be referred to as “put” options. A stand-by commitment is not transferable by the Fund, although the Fund can sell the underlying securities to a third party at any time. The principal risk of stand-by commitments is that the writer of a commitment may default on its obligation to repurchase the securities. When investing in stand-by commitments, the Fund will seek to enter into stand-by commitments only with brokers, dealers and banks that, in the opinion of the money manager, present minimal credit risks. The Fund acquires stand-by commitments only in order to facilitate portfolio liquidity and does not expect to exercise its rights under stand-by commitments for trading purposes.
The amount payable to the Fund upon its exercise of a stand-by commitment is normally (i) the Fund’s acquisition cost of the securities (excluding any accrued interest which the Fund paid on their acquisition), less any amortized market premium or plus any amortized market or original issue discount during the period the Fund owned the securities, plus (ii) all interest accrued on the securities since the last interest payment date during that period. The Fund expects that stand-by commitments will generally be available without the payment of any direct or indirect consideration. However, if necessary or advisable, the Fund may pay for a stand-by commitment either separately in cash or by paying a higher price for portfolio securities which are acquired subject to the commitment (thus reducing the yield-to-maturity otherwise available for the same securities). The total amount paid in either manner for outstanding stand-by commitments held in the Fund’s portfolio will not exceed 1/2 of 1% of the value of the Fund’s total assets calculated immediately after each stand-by commitment is acquired.
The acquisition of a stand-by commitment would not affect the valuation or assumed maturity of the underlying securities. Stand-by commitments acquired by the Fund would be valued at zero in determining net asset value. Where the Fund paid any consideration directly or indirectly for a stand-by commitment, its cost would be reflected as unrealized depreciation for the period during which the commitment was held by the Fund.
The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has issued a revenue ruling to the effect that a regulated investment company will be treated for federal income tax purposes as the owner of the municipal obligations acquired subject to a stand-by commitment and the interest on the municipal obligations will be tax-exempt to the Fund.
Custodial Receipts and Trust Certificates. The Fund may invest in custodial receipts and trust certificates, which may be underwritten by securities dealers or banks, representing interests in securities held by a custodian or trustee. The securities so held may include U.S. Government securities, municipal securities or other types of securities in which the Fund may invest.
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The custodial receipts or trust certificates are underwritten by securities dealers or banks and may evidence ownership of future interest payments, principal payments or both on the underlying securities, or, in some cases, the payment obligation of a third party that has entered into an interest rate swap or other arrangement with the custodian or trustee. For certain securities laws purposes, custodial receipts and trust certificates may not be considered obligations of the U.S. Government or other issuer of the securities held by the custodian or trustee. As a holder of custodial receipts and trust certificates, the Fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses charged to the custodial account or trust. The Fund may also invest in separately issued interests in custodial receipts and trust certificates.
Although under the terms of a custodial receipt or trust certificate the Fund would be typically authorized to assert its rights directly against the issuer of the underlying obligation, the Fund could be required to assert through the custodian bank or trustee those rights as may exist against the underlying issuers. Thus, in the event an underlying issuer fails to pay principal and/or interest when due, the Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the Fund had purchased a direct obligation of the issuer. In addition, in the event that the trust or custodial account in which the underlying securities have been deposited is determined to be an association taxable as a corporation, instead of a non-taxable entity, the yield on the underlying securities would be reduced in recognition of any taxes paid.
Certain custodial receipts and trust certificates may be synthetic or derivative instruments that have interest rates that reset inversely to changing short-term rates and/or have embedded interest rate floors and caps that require the issuer to pay an adjusted interest rate if market rates fall below or rise above a specified rate. Because some of these instruments represent relatively recent innovations, and the trading market for these instruments is less developed than the markets for traditional types of instruments, it is uncertain how these instruments will perform under different economic and interest-rate scenarios. Also, because these instruments may be leveraged, their market values may be more volatile than other types of fixed income instruments and may present greater potential for capital gain or loss. The possibility of default by an issuer or the issuer’s credit provider may be greater for these derivative instruments than for other types of instruments. In some cases, it may be difficult to determine the fair value of a derivative instrument because of a lack of reliable objective information and an established secondary market for some instruments may not exist. In many cases, the IRS has not ruled on the tax treatment of the interest or payments received on the derivative instruments and, accordingly, purchases of such instruments are based on the opinion of counsel to the sponsors of the instruments.
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Taxes
Distributions of Net Investment Income. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and interest on its investments. This income, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund's net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. If you are a taxable investor, any distributions by the Fund from such income (other than certain qualified dividend income, described below) will be taxable to you as ordinary income, whether you receive them in cash or in additional shares.
If you are an individual investor, a portion of the dividends you receive from the Fund may be treated as “qualified dividend income” which is taxable to individuals at the same rates that are applicable to long-term capital gains. The Fund’s distribution is treated as qualified dividend income to the extent that the Fund receives dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and certain qualified foreign corporations, provided that certain holding period and other requirements are met. Fund distributions generally will not qualify as qualified dividend income to the extent attributable to interest, capital gains, REIT distributions and, in many cases, distributions from non-U.S. corporations. For individual and other non-corporate taxpayers, the maximum rate applicable to qualified dividend income is 20%.
Distributions of Capital Gain. The Fund may realize a capital gain or loss in connection with sales or other dispositions of its portfolio securities. Distributions from net short-term capital gain will be taxable to you as ordinary income. Distributions from net long-term capital gain will be taxable to you as long-term capital gain, regardless of how long you have held your shares in the Fund. Any net capital gain realized by the Fund generally will be distributed once each year, and may be distributed more frequently, if necessary, to reduce or eliminate excise or income taxes on the Fund. For individual and other non-corporate taxpayers, the maximum rate applicable to long-term capital gains is 20%.
Medicare Tax. An additional 3.8% Medicare tax is imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from the Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Fund Shares) of U.S. individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such person’s “modified adjusted gross income” (in the case of an individual) or “adjusted gross income” (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds a threshold amount.
Effect of Foreign Investments on Distributions. Most foreign exchange gain realized by the Fund on the sale of debt securities is treated as ordinary income. Similarly, foreign exchange loss realized on the sale of debt securities generally is treated as ordinary loss. This gain when distributed will be taxable to you as ordinary income, and any loss will reduce the Fund’s ordinary income otherwise available for distribution to you. This treatment could increase or decrease the Fund’s ordinary income distributions to you, and may cause some or all of the Fund’s previously distributed income to be classified as a return of capital. A return of capital generally is not taxable to you, but reduces the Fund’s tax basis of your shares in the Fund. Any return of capital in excess of your tax basis is taxable as a capital gain.
The Fund may invest in foreign securities and may be subject to foreign withholding taxes on income from these securities. This, in turn, could reduce ordinary income distributions to you. If more than 50% of the Fund's total assets at the end of the fiscal year is invested in foreign securities, the Fund may elect to pass through to you your pro rata share of foreign taxes paid by the Fund. If this election is made, the year-end statement you receive from the Fund will show more taxable income than was actually distributed to you. In that case, you will be entitled either to deduct your share of these taxes in computing your taxable income or to claim a foreign tax credit for these taxes against your U.S. federal income tax (subject to limitations for certain shareholders). The Fund will provide you with the information necessary to complete your personal income tax return if it makes this election.
Information on the Amount and Tax Character of Distributions. The Fund will inform you of the amount of your ordinary income and capital gain dividends at the time they are paid, and will advise you of its tax status for federal income tax purposes shortly after the end of each calendar year. If you have not held Fund shares for a full year, the Fund may report and distribute to you, as ordinary income or capital gain, a percentage of income that may not be equal to the actual amount of this type of income earned during the period of your investment in the Fund. Taxable distributions declared by the Fund in October, November or December to shareholders of record in such a month but paid in January are taxable to you as if they were paid in December.
Election to be Taxed as a Regulated Investment Company. The Fund intends to elect or has elected to be treated as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. As a regulated investment company, the Fund generally pays no federal income tax on the income and gain it distributes to you. The Board of Trustees reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a regulated investment company if it determines such a course of action to be beneficial to shareholders. In such a case, the Fund would be subject to federal, and possibly state, corporate taxes on its taxable income and gain, and distributions to you would be taxed as ordinary dividend income to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits.
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Excise Tax Distribution Requirements. To avoid federal excise taxes, the Code requires the Fund to distribute to you by December 31 of each year, at a minimum, the following amounts: 98% of its taxable ordinary income earned during the calendar year; 98.2% of its capital gain net income earned during the twelve-month period ending October 31; and 100% of any undistributed amounts from the prior year. The Fund intends to declare and pay these distributions in December (or to pay them in January, in which case you must treat them as received in December) but can give no assurances that its distributions will be sufficient to eliminate all taxes.
Redemption of Fund Shares. Redemptions (including redemptions in kind) and exchanges of Fund shares are taxable transactions for federal and state income tax purposes. If you redeem your Fund shares, or exchange them for shares of a different RIC Fund, the IRS will require that you report any gain or loss on your redemption or exchange. If you held your shares as a capital asset, the gain or loss that you realize will be capital gain or loss and will be long-term or short-term, generally depending on how long you held your shares.
Redemptions at a Loss Within Six Months of Purchase. Any loss incurred on a redemption or exchange of shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of any long-term capital gain distributed to you by the Fund on those shares.
Wash Sales. All or a portion of any loss that you realize on a redemption of your Fund shares is disallowed to the extent that you buy other shares in the Fund (through reinvestment of dividends or otherwise) within 30 days before or after your share redemption. Any loss disallowed under these rules is added to your tax basis in the new shares.
U.S. Government Securities. The income earned on certain U.S. government securities is generally exempt from state and local personal income taxes if earned directly by you. States also grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on these securities, subject in some states to minimum investment or reporting requirements that must be met by the Fund. The income on Fund investments in certain securities, such as repurchase agreements, commercial paper and federal agency-backed obligations (e.g., Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) or Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) securities), generally does not qualify for tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporations.
Dividends-Received Deduction for Corporations. If you are a corporate shareholder, a percentage of the dividends paid by the Fund for the most recent fiscal year may have qualified for the dividends-received deduction. You may be allowed to deduct a portion of these qualified dividends, thereby reducing the tax that you would otherwise be required to pay on these dividends, if certain holding period and other requirements are met. The dividends-received deduction will be available only with respect to dividends reported by the Fund as eligible for such treatment. All dividends (including the deducted portion) must be included in your alternative minimum taxable income calculation. If the Fund’s income is derived primarily from either investments in foreign rather than domestic securities or interest rather than dividends, generally none of its distributions are expected to qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction.
Investment in Complex Securities. The Fund may invest in complex securities that may be subject to numerous special and complex tax rules. These rules could affect whether gain or loss recognized by the Fund is treated as ordinary or capital, or as interest or dividend income. These rules could also accelerate the recognition of income to the Fund (possibly causing the Fund to sell securities to raise the cash for necessary distributions). These rules could defer the Fund’s ability to recognize a loss, and, in limited cases, subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax on income from certain foreign securities. These rules could, therefore, affect the amount, timing or character of the income distributed to you by the Fund.
Non-U.S. Investors. Non-U.S. investors are generally subject to U.S. withholding tax and may be subject to U.S. estate taxes, and are subject to special U.S. tax certification requirements. A portion of Fund distributions received by a non-U.S. investor may, however, be exempt from U.S. withholding tax to the extent attributable to U.S. source interest income and short-term capital gains if properly reported by the Fund. If a non-U.S. investor were to hold an interest of more than 5% in the Fund that were deemed to be a “U.S. real property holding company” by reason of holding significant interests (other than as a creditor) in other U.S. real property holding companies (including REITs) or “U.S. real property,” certain Fund distributions could be taxable to such investor and require the investor to file U.S. tax returns and may also be subject to withholding taxes. Non-U.S. investors holding an interest of 5% or less in the Fund may be subject to withholding tax with respect to certain Fund distributions that are attributable to U.S. real property gains, as well as ordinary income dividends.
The Fund will be required to withhold U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) on payments of dividends and (effective January 1, 2019) redemption proceeds and certain capital gain dividends made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply or be deemed compliant with extensive new reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to the Fund to enable the Fund to determine whether withholding is required.
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You should consult your tax adviser about the federal, state, local or foreign tax consequences of your investment in the Fund.
Backup Withholding. By law, the Fund must withhold a portion of your taxable distributions and redemption proceeds unless you provide your correct social security or taxpayer identification number, certify that this number is correct, certify that you are not subject to backup withholding, and certify that you are a U.S. person (including a U.S. resident alien) or (if applicable) certify that you are exempt from backup withholding. The Fund also must withhold if the IRS instructs it to do so. When withholding is required, the rate is 28%.
Tax Treatment of Commodity-Linked Swaps and Structured Notes. The IRS has issued rulings that provide that in order for funds such as the Fund to qualify as a regulated investment company under the Code, the income derived from commodity-linked swaps must be limited to a maximum of 10% of the Fund’s gross income.
However, the IRS has also issued private letter rulings to other taxpayers in which the IRS specifically concluded that income from certain commodity index-linked notes is qualifying income and that income derived from a wholly-owned subsidiary will also constitute qualifying income, even if the subsidiary itself owns commodity-linked swaps and other commodity-linked derivative instruments, including commodity options, futures and options on futures. Although those private letter rulings can be relied on only by the taxpayers to whom they were issued, based on the reasoning in such rulings, the Fund intends to seek to gain exposure to the commodity markets primarily through investments in commodity index-linked notes and, through investments in the Subsidiary, commodity-linked swaps and other commodity-linked derivative instruments. The IRS recently issued a revenue procedure, which states that the IRS will not in the future issue private letter rulings that would require a determination of whether an asset (such as a commodity index-linked note) is a “security” under the 1940 Act. The IRS also recently issued proposed regulations that, if finalized, would generally treat the Fund’s income inclusions with respect to a subsidiary as qualifying income only if there is a distribution out of the earnings and profits of a subsidiary that are attributable to such income inclusion. The proposed regulations, if adopted, would apply to taxable years beginning on or after 90 days after the regulations are published as final. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not change its position that income derived from commodity-linked notes and wholly-owned subsidiaries is qualifying income. The ability of the Fund to qualify for favorable regulated investment company status under the Code could be jeopardized if the Fund was unable to treat its income from commodity-linked notes and the Subsidiary as qualifying income. Furthermore, the tax treatment of commodity-linked notes, other commodity-linked derivatives and the Fund's investment in the Subsidiary may otherwise be adversely affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and/or guidance issued by the IRS that could affect the character, timing and/or amount of the Fund's taxable income or any gains and distributions made by the Fund.
The Subsidiary is not expected to be subject to U.S. federal income tax. It will, however, be considered a controlled foreign corporation, and the Fund will be required to include as ordinary income annually amounts earned by the Subsidiary during that year. Furthermore, the Fund, as a regulated investment company, will be required to distribute the Subsidiary’s income, whether or not the Subsidiary makes a distribution to the Fund during the taxable year. Any losses of the Subsidiary will generally only be available to offset any income of the Subsidiary in the same year.  Payments to the Subsidiary of U.S. source income and (effective January 1, 2019) gross proceeds from U.S. source interest- and dividend-bearing securities will be subject to U.S. withholding tax (at a 30% rate) if the Subsidiary fails to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive new reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Pursuant to an intergovernmental agreement between the United States and the Cayman Islands, the Subsidiary may be deemed compliant, and therefore not subject to the withholding tax if it complies with applicable Cayman regulatory requirements. Detailed guidance as to the mechanics and scope of this new reporting and withholding regime is continuing to develop.
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Money Manager Information
Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund
AllianceBernstein L.P. is a limited partnership the majority ownership interests in which are held by its affiliates. AllianceBernstein Corporation, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of AXA Financial, Inc., a publicly traded financial services organization, is the general partner of both AllianceBernstein L.P. and AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. On a combined basis as of March 31, 2012, AXA Financial, Inc. had a majority economic interest in AllianceBernstein’s business. A minority economic interest is held by AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. and AllianceBernstein Directors, Officers and employees.
Axiom International Investors LLC is wholly-owned by Axiom Investors LP. Axiom Investors LP is 100% employee owned, with Andrew Jacobson the only individual owning more than 25%.
Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. and Cohen & Steers UK Limited are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Cohen & Steers, Inc., a publicly traded company. Cohen & Steers Asia Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc.  Cohen & Steers, Inc. is controlled by Martin Cohen and Robert H. Steers, who together have a majority ownership of its voting securities.
Colonial First State Asset Management (Australia) Limited (“Colonial”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Commonwealth Bank of Australia, a publicly owned company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange.
Hermes Investment Management Limited is wholly-owned by Hermes Fund Managers Limited. Hermes Fund Managers Limited is wholly-owned by the BT Pension Scheme, which is controlled by its nine trustee directors.
Kopernik Global Investors LLC is 100% employee owned and controlled by David Iben thorough his ownership of at least 25% of Kopernik Global Investors, LLC’s outstanding shares.
Lazard Asset Management, LLC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lazard Freres & Co, LLC. Lazard Freres & Co., LLC is a limited liability company with one member, Lazard Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Lazard Group LLC is controlled by Lazard Ltd., which is a Bermuda corporation with shares that are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
Levin Capital Strategies, L.P. is controlled by John Levin and his family through their controlling share ownership.
Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. is majority owned and controlled by Natixis Global Asset Management, L.P. (“Natixis US”) and minority owned by Loomis Sayles' general partner, Loomis, Sayles & Company, Incorporated. Natixis US is part of Natixis Global Asset Management that is in turn principally owned by Natixis which is majority owned by BPCE. The minority ownership of Natixis is publicly traded on the Paris Stock Exchange with no single shareholder holding greater than 25%. BPCE is owned by banks comprising two autonomous and complementary retail banking networks consisting of the Caisse d’Epargne regional savings banks and the Banque Populaire regional cooperative banks, each of which is generally owned by its members.
OFI Global Institutional, Inc. is directly and wholly-owned by OppenheimerFunds, Inc. OppenheimerFunds, Inc. is a private company and is directly and wholly owned by Oppenheimer Acquisition Corp. (“OAC”). OAC is indirectly owned by Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (“MassMutual”). MassMutual through its subsidiary holding companies (MM Asset Management Holding, LLC and MassMutual Holding, LLC) owns substantially all of the voting stock of OAC. MassMutual is 100% owned by policy holders.
Polaris Capital Management, LLC is controlled by its president, Bernard R. Horn, through his majority ownership of its voting securities.
RiverPark Advisers, LLC is controlled by Morty Schaja and Mitchell Rubin through their indirect controlling ownership.
Sustainable Growth Advisers, LP is a limited partnership with no one individual controlling more than 25%. Its general partner is SGIA, LLC, which is equally owned by its three principals.
The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC is an indirect subsidiary of Power Corporation of Canada, a public company. Power Corporation of Canada is controlled by the Paul G. Desmarais Sr. Testamentary Trust.
THL Credit Advisors LLC (“THL”) is majority owned and controlled by THLP Debt Partners, L.P. THLP Debt Partners, L.P. is owned by senior executives at the private equity firm Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P. in their individual capacities. No one individual owns more than 25% of THLP Debt Partners, L.P. THL is minority owned and controlled by senior executives of THL in their individual capacities, with no such individual owning more than 25% of THL.
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Wellington Management Company LLP (“Wellington”) is a limited liability partnership formed under Delaware law with no one individual controlling more than 5% of the firm.
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credit Rating definitions
MOODY’S INVESTORS SERVICE, INC. (MOODY’S):
Long-Term Obligation Ratings
Aaa –– Obligations rated ‘Aaa’ are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa –– Obligations rated ‘Aa’ are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A –– Obligations rated ‘A’ are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa –– Obligations rated ‘Baa’ are judged to be medium grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba –– Obligations rated ‘Ba’ are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B –– Obligations rated ‘B’ are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa –– Obligations rated ‘Caa’ are judged to be speculative and of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca –– Obligations rated ‘Ca’ are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C –– Obligations rated ‘C’ are the lowest rated class and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
STANDARD & POOR’S RATINGS GROUP (“S&P”):
Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings
AAA –– An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA –– An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
A –– An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
BBB –– An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
BB, B, CCC, CC, C –– Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
BB –– An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B –– An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CCC –– An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
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CC –– An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time of default.
C –– A ‘C’ rating is assigned to obligations that are currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and are expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher.
D –– An obligation rated ‘D’ is in payment default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the due date, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
Plus (+) or minus (-)
The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
NR –– This indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.
FITCH INVESTORS SERVICE, INC. (“FITCH”):
Long-Term Ratings Scales
AAA –– Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA –– Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A –– High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB –– Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB –– Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists which supports the servicing of financial commitments.
B –– Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.
CCC –– Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.
CC –– Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.
C –– Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. Default is imminent or inevitable, or the issuer is in standstill. Conditions that are indicative of a ‘C’ category rating for an issuer include:
the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation;
the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation; or
Fitch Ratings otherwise believes a condition of ‘RD’ or ‘D’ to be imminent or inevitable, including through the formal announcement of a distressed debt exchange.
RD –– Restricted default.
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‘RD’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has experienced an uncured payment default on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation but which has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and which has not otherwise ceased operating. This would include:
the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt;
the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation;
the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; and
execution of a distressed debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations.
D –– Default. ‘D’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, or which has otherwise ceased business.
Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a distressed debt exchange.
“Imminent” default typically refers to the occasion where a payment default has been intimated by the issuer, and is all but inevitable. This may, for example, be where an issuer has missed a scheduled payment, but (as is typical) has a grace period during which it may cure the payment default. Another alternative would be where an issuer has formally announced a distressed debt exchange, but the date of the exchange still lies several days or weeks in the immediate future.
In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agency’s opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings, and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuer’s financial obligations or local commercial practice.
Note to Long-Term Ratings:
The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term IDR category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below ‘B’.
SECTOR SPECIFIC CREDIT RATING SERVICES
U.S. Municipal Short-Term Debt and Demand Obligation Ratings
MOODY’S:
Short-Term Obligation Ratings
There are three rating categories for short-term municipal obligations that are considered investment grade. These ratings are designated as Municipal Investment Grade (MIG) and are divided into three levels MIG 1 through MIG 3. In addition, those short-term obligations that are of speculative quality are designated SG, or speculative grade. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation.
MIG-1 –– This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG-2 –– This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG-3 –– This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG –– This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs), a two-component rating is assigned; a long or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moody’s evaluation of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (“demand feature”), using a variation of the MIG rating scale, the Variable Municipal Investment Grade or VMIG rating.
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VMIG 1 –– This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 2 –– This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG 3 –– This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG –– This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
S&P:
An S&P U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P’s opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P’s analysis will review the following considerations:
Amortization schedulethe larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and
Source of paymentthe more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.
Note rating symbols are as follows:
SP-1 –– Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 –– Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 –– Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
SHORT-TERM RATINGS
MOODY’S:
Prime-1 –– Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
Prime-2 –– Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
Prime-3 –– Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP –– Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
S&P:
A-1 ––  A short-term obligation rated “A–1” is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments is extremely strong.
A-2 –– A short-term obligation rated “A–2” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 –– A short-term obligation rated “A–3” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B –– A short-term obligation rated “B” is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
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C –– A short-term obligation rated “C” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.
D –– An obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the due date, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.
FITCH:
Short Term Ratings
F1 –– Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 –– Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3 –– Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B –– Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C –– High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD –– Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Applicable to entity ratings only.
D –– Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a specific short-term obligation.
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Financial Statements
Because the Fund has not yet commenced operations, financial information is not available.
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Appendix
Because the Fund is new, there were no shares outstanding as of the date of this SAI, and thus, no shareholders could be deemed to “control” the Fund due to owning more than 25% of the voting Shares of the Fund. In addition, no shareholders owned 5% or more of any Class of the Fund’s shares.
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RUSSELL INVESTMENT

COMPANY

File No. 2-71299 and 811-03153

1933 Act Post-Effective

Amendment No. 225

1940 Act Amendment No. 231

PART C

OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 28. Exhibits

 

(a)

   1.1    Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated October 1, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   1.2    Amendment No. 1 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated October 24, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   1.3    Form of Amendment No. 2 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated October 12, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 128 dated December 1, 2009)
   1.4    Form of Amendment No. 3 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated December 8, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 129 dated December 23, 2009)
   1.5    Amendment No. 4 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated March 2, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.6    Amendment No. 5 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated May 25, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.7    Amendment No. 6 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated August 31, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 149 dated February 28, 2011)
   1.8    Amendment No. 7 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated August 31, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 149 dated February 28, 2011)
   1.9    Amendment No. 8 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated December 7, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 150 dated March 18, 2011)


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   1.10    Amendment No. 9 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated December 7, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 150 dated March 18, 2011)
   1.11    Amendment No. 10 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated August 31, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 150 dated March 18, 2011)
   1.12    Amendment No. 11 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated March 1, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 dated July 29, 2011)
   1.13    Amendment No. 12 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement dated January 1, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)
   1.14    Form of Amendment No. 13 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)
   1.15    Amendment No. 14 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 177 dated June 11, 2012)
   1.16    Form of Amendment No. 15 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 184 dated August 10, 2012)
   1.17    Amendment No. 16 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 187 dated December 3, 2012)
   1.18    Form of Amendment No. 17 to Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective amendment No. 193 dated April 30, 2013)
   1.19    Amendment No. 18 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post- Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.20    Form of Amendment No. 19 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.21    Form of Amendment No. 20 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)


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   1.22    Form of Amendment No. 21 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 199 dated April 18, 2014)
   1.23    Form of Amendment No. 22 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 202 dated September 15, 2014)
   1.24    Form of Amendment No. 23 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.25    Form of Amendment No. 24 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.26    Form of Amendment No. 25 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 dated February 25, 2015)
   1.27    Form of Amendment No. 26 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 dated February 25, 2015)
   1.28    Form of Amendment No. 27 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.29    Form of Amendment No. 28 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.30    Form of Amendment No. 29 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No, 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.31    Form of Amendment No. 30 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Trust Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)

(b)

   1.1    By-Laws of Russell Investment Company dated February 28, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 168 dated March 15, 2012)

(c)

   1.1    Form of Shares of Beneficial Interest for the Equity I, Equity II, Equity III, Fixed Income I, Fixed Income II, International and Money Market Funds (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(4)(a) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 39 dated April 28, 1998)


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   1.2    Form of Shares of Beneficial Interest for the Diversified Equity, Special Growth, Equity Income, Diversified Bond, Volatility Constrained Bond, International Securities, Limited Volatility Tax Free and U.S. Government Money Market Funds (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(4)(b) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 39 dated April 28, 1998)
   1.3    Form of Shares of Beneficial Interest for the Quantitative Equity, Equity Q and Tax Free Money Market Funds (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(4)(c) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 39 dated April 28, 1998)
   1.4    Form of Shares of Beneficial Interest for the Real Estate Securities Fund (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(4)(d) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 39 dated April 28, 1998)

(d)

   1.1    Advisory Agreement with Russell Investment Management Company dated December 2, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.2    Advisory Agreement with Russell Investment Management Company for the Russell Strategic Call Overwriting Fund, Select U.S. Equity Fund and Select International Equity Fund dated December 2, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.3    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Multi-Strategy Income Fund to the Advisory Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.4    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Tax-Managed International Equity Fund to the Advisory Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.5    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Tax Exempt High Yield Bond Fund to the Advisory Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 dated February 25, 2015)
   1.6    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Unconstrained Total Return Fund to the Advisory Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.7    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund to the Advisory Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   2.1    Service Agreement with Frank Russell Company and Frank Russell Investment Management Company dated May 1, 1987 (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(5)(b)(1) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)


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   2.2    Letter Agreement with Frank Russell Company and Frank Russell Investment Management Company dated May 1, 1989 adding Real Estate Securities Fund to the Service Agreement (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(5)(b)(2) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   2.3    Amendment No. 1 to Service Agreement dated July 1, 1992 with Frank Russell Company and Frank Russell Investment Management Company changing services and fees (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(5)(b)(3) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   2.4    Letter Agreement dated August 24, 1992 adding Fixed Income III, Multistrategy Bond and Emerging Markets Funds to the Service Agreement (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(5)(b)(4) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   2.5    Amendment No. 2 to the Service Agreement dated August 1995 with Frank Russell Company and Frank Russell Investment Management Company (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(5)(b)(5) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 32 dated May 1, 1996)
   2.6    Letter Agreement dated March 14, 1996 with State Street Bank and Trust Company for development of a Tax Accounting System (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(5)(b)(7) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 32 dated May 1, 1996)
   3.1    Form of Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 84 dated August 24, 2006)
   3.2    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Retirement Distribution Fund I – A Shares, Accelerated Distribution Fund I – A Shares, Extended Distribution Fund I – A Shares, Retirement Distribution Fund I – S Shares, Accelerated Distribution Fund I – S Shares and Extended Distribution Fund I – S Shares (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 104 dated August 24, 2007)
   3.3    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Class A Shares to the Real Estate Securities Fund, Short Duration Bond Fund and Multistrategy Bond Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 96 dated February 28, 2007)
   3.4    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Class C and S Shares to the Fixed Income I Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 103 dated July 24, 2007)
   3.5    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding 2015 Strategy Fund,


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      2025 Strategy Fund, 2035 Strategy Fund, 2045 Strategy Fund, 2050 Strategy Fund and In Retirement Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 113 dated January 7, 2008)
   3.6    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Class Y Shares to the Real Estate Securities Fund, Emerging Markets Fund, Short Duration Bond Fund, Global Equity Fund and Money Market Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated June 2, 2008)
   3.7    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Class A, Class C and Class S Shares to the Equity I Fund, Equity Q Fund, Equity II Fund, International Fund and Fixed Income III Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated June 2, 2008)
   3.8    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Class A Shares to the Russell Investment Grade Bond Fund, Russell Tax Exempt Bond Fund and In Retirement Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 133 dated March 24, 2010)
   3.9    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the Russell Global Credit Strategies Fund and the Russell Global Infrastructure Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 135 dated April 1, 2010)
   3.10    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the 2055 Strategy Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 142 dated September 3, 2010)
   3.11    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the 2020 Retirement Distribution Fund – A Shares and the 2020 Retirement Distribution Fund – S Shares (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 150 dated March 18, 2011)
   3.12    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the Russell U.S. Large Cap Equity Fund and the Russell U.S. Mid Cap Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)
   3.13    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the Russell Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 168 dated March 15, 2012)


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   3.14    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the Russell U.S. Strategic Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 dated April 11, 2012)
   3.15    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding the Russell Strategic Call Overwriting Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 173 dated May 9, 2012)
   3.16    Form of Letter Agreement to the Amended and Restated Yield Calculation Services Agreement with State Street Bank and Trust Company adding Class A and Class Y Shares to the Russell U.S. Growth Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 177 dated June 11, 2012)
   4.1    Form of Portfolio Management Contract with Money Managers and Russell Investment Management Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   4.2    Form of Non-Discretionary Investment Advisory Contract with Money Managers and Russell Investment Management Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   5.1    Administrative Agreement with Russell Fund Services Company dated December 2, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   5.2    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Multi-Strategy Income Fund and Russell Tax-Managed International Equity Fund to the Administrative Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   5.3    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Tax Exempt High Yield Bond Fund to the Administrative Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 dated February 25, 2015)
   5.4    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Unconstrained Total Return Fund to the Administrative Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   5.5    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund to the Administrative Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
(e)    1.1    Distribution Agreement with Russell Financial Services, Inc. dated December 2, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)


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   1.2    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Multi-Strategy Income Fund and Russell Tax-Managed International Equity Fund to the Distribution Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.3    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Tax Exempt High Yield Bond Fund to the Distribution Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 dated February 25, 2015)
   1.4    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Unconstrained Total Return Fund to the Distribution Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.5    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund to the Distribution Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
(f)    1.1    Bonus or Profit Sharing Plans (none)
(g)    1.1    Master Custodian Contract with State Street Bank and Trust Company dated August 25, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 128 dated December 1, 2009)
   1.2    Amendment to Master Custodian Contract dated January 21, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 189 dated February 7, 2013)
   1.3    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Commodity Strategies Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 129 dated December 23, 2009)
   1.4    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Global Credit Strategies Fund and Russell Global Infrastructure Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 135 dated April 1, 2010)
   1.5    Form of Letter Agreement adding the 2055 Strategy Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 142 dated September 3, 2010)
   1.6    Form of Letter Agreement adding the 2020 Retirement Distribution Fund – A Shares and the 2020 Retirement Distribution Fund – S Shares to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 150 dated March 18, 2011)
   1.7    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell U.S. Large Cap Equity Fund and the Russell U.S. Mid Cap Equity Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)


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   1.8    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 168 dated March 15, 2012)
   1.9    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell U.S. Strategic Equity Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 dated April 11, 2012)
   1.10    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Strategic Call Overwriting Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 173 dated May 9, 2012)
   1.11    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Select U.S. Equity Fund and the Select International Equity Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 199 dated April 18, 2014)
   1.12    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Multi-Strategy Income Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.13    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Tax-Managed International Equity Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 19, 2014)
   1.14    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Russell Tax Exempt High Yield Bond Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 208 dated February 25, 2015)
   1.15    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Unconstrained Total Return Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.16.    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund to the Master Custodian Contract (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
(h)    1.1    Second Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement dated August 31, 2015 between Russell Investment Company and Russell Fund Services Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.2    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Unconstrained Total Return Fund to the Second Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.3    Form of Letter Agreement adding the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund to the Second Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)


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   2.1    General forms of Frank Russell Investment Management Company’s Asset Management Services Agreements with Bank Trust Departments and with other clients (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(9)(b) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   2.2    General forms of Frank Russell Investment Management Company’s Asset Management Services Agreement with its clients (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(9)(c) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   2.3    General form of Frank Russell Investment Management Company’s Asset Management Services Agreement with Private Investment Consulting clients of Frank Russell Company (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(9)(c) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   2.4    General Form of Frank Russell Investment Management Company Asset Management Services Agreement with non-compete clause customers (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(9)(f) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)
   3.1    Form of Letter Agreements regarding fee waivers and waivers and reimbursements (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   3.2    Letter Agreement regarding expense assumption for the Target Date Series Funds (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 144 dated December 3, 2010)
   3.3    Form of Letter Agreements regarding fee waivers for the Russell Multi-Strategy Income Fund and Russell Tax-Managed International Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 dated March 4, 2015)
   3.4    Letter Agreement regarding fee waivers for the Russell Tax Exempt High Yield Bond Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 213 dated May 11, 2015)
   3.5    Form of Letter Agreements regarding fee waivers and reimbursements for the Unconstrained Total Return Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 221 dated August 23, 2016)
   3.6    Form of Letter Agreements regarding fee waivers and reimbursements for the Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   4.1    Shareholder Services Plan (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)


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   4.2    Form of Russell Multi-Manager Principal Protected Fund Shareholder Services Plan (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 dated December 16, 2002)
   5.1    Second Amended and Restated Joint Insurance Agreement dated November 29, 2006 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 89 dated December 8, 2006)
   6.1    Form of Russell Cayman Commodity Strategies Fund Ltd. Appointment of Agent For Service of Process (incorporated by reference to Post Effective Amendment No. 134 dated March 31, 2010)
   6.2    Form of Russell Cayman Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund Ltd. Appointment of Agent For Service of Process (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 171 dated April 11, 2012)
   6.3    Form of Cayman Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund, Ltd. Appointment of Agent For Service of Process (filed herewith)
   7.1    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the Diversified Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   7.2    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the Special Growth Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   7.3    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the Quantitative Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   7.4    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the International Securities Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   7.5    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the Multistrategy Bond Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   7.6    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the 2010 Strategy Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 149 dated February 28, 2011)
   7.7    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the Russell U.S. Value Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 187 dated December 3, 2012)
   7.8    Guarantee Agreement (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   7.9    Guarantee Agreement Extension Notice (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 122 dated March 1, 2009)
   7.10    Form of Guarantee Agreement Extension Notice (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 123 dated April 30, 2009)


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   7.11    Plan of Liquidation and Dissolution of Sub-Trust of the Russell Flex Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   7.12    Plan of Liquidation and Dissolution of Sub-Trust of the Russell Tax-Managed Global Equity Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 128 dated December 1, 2009)
   7.13    Plan of Liquidation and Dissolution of Sub Trust of the 2017 Accelerated Distribution Fund – A Shares, 2027 Extended Distribution Fund – A Shares, 2017 Accelerated Distribution Fund – S Shares and 2027 Extended Distribution Fund – S Shares (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)
   7.14    Form of Plan of Liquidation and Dissolution of Sub Trust of the Russell Money Market Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 193 dated April 30, 2013)
   7.15    Plan of Liquidation and Dissolution of Sub Trusts of the 2017 Retirement Distribution Fund – A Shares and 2017 Retirement Fund – S Shares (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   7.16    Agreement and Plan of Reorganization of the 2015 Strategy Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   7.17    Form of Plan of Liquidation and Dissolution of Sub Trust of the Russell Multi-Strategy Alternative Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
(i)    1.1    Opinion and Consent of Counsel (filed herewith)
(j)    1.1    Other Opinions – (none)
(k)    1.1    Financial Statements omitted from Item 22 (none)
(l)    1.1    Agreement dated October 5, 1981 related to Initial Capital provided by Frank Russell Company (incorporated by reference to Item 24(b)(13) filed under Post-Effective Amendment No. 38 dated February 24, 1998)


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(m)    1.1    Rule 12b-1 Distribution Plan (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.2    Form of Rule 12b-1 Distribution Plan for the Russell Multi-Manager Principal Protected Fund (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 dated December 16, 2002)
   1.3    Form of Distribution and Shareholder Services Plan Pursuant to Rule 12b-1 for Class R4 and Class R5 Shares (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
(n)    1.1    Multiple Class Plan Pursuant to Rule 18f-3 (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
(p)    Codes of Ethics of the following advisors and sub-advisors:
   1.1    2100 Xenon Group, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.2    AEW Capital Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.3    AQR Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 190 dated February 28, 2013)
   1.4    Acorn Derivatives Management Corp. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.5    AllianceBernstein L.P. incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.6    Altrinsic Global Advisors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated June 2, 2008)
   1.7    Amundi Investments USA, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 187 dated December 3, 2012)
   1.8    Ancora Advisors LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.9    Arbor Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.10    Ark Asset Management Co., Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 89 dated December 8, 2006)
   1.11    Armstrong Shaw Associates Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.12    Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Advisers, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 dated December 3, 2007)
   1.13    Aronson+Johnson+Ortiz, LP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.14    Arrowstreet Capital, Limited Partnership (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 162 dated December 7, 2011)
   1.15    Axiom International Investors LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.16    Barclays Global Fund Advisors N.A. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)


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   1.17    Barrow, Hanley, Mewhinney & Strauss, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.18    Bear Stearns Asset Management Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 81 dated December 7, 2005)
   1.19    Bel Air Investment Advisors LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 dated March 4, 2015)
   1.20    Berkeley Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 104 dated August 24, 2007)
   1.21    Blackrock Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 128 dated December 1, 2009)
   1.22    BlackRock Financial Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.23    The Boston Company Asset Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.24    Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.25    Brigade Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.26    Brookfield Investment Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.27    Capital International, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 69 dated March 1, 2004)
   1.28    CapitalWorks International Partners (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 81 dated December 7, 2005)
   1.29    Cardinal Capital Management, L.L.C. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.30    Ceredex Value Advisors LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)
   1.31    Chartwell Investment Partners (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 113 dated January 7, 2008)
   1.32    ClariVest Asset Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 187 dated December 3, 2012)
   1.33    Cohen & Steers (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.34    Coho Partners, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.35    Colchester Global Investors Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.36    Colonial First State Asset Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 189 dated February 7, 2013)
   1.37    Columbus Circle Investors (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 122 dated March 1, 2009)
   1.38    Consilium Investment Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.39    Copeland Capital Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.40    CoreCommodity Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)


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   1.41    Cornerstone Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.42    Credit Suisse Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 134 dated March 31, 2010)
   1.43    David J. Greene & Company, LLC (incorporated by reference from Post-Effective Amendment No. 48 dated October 19, 2000)
   1.44    DCI, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.45    Delaware International Advisors Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.46    Delaware Management Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.47    Delphi Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.48    del Rey Global Investors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 144 dated December 3, 2010)
   1.49    DePrince, Race & Zollo, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 197 dated February 28, 2014)
   1.50    DDJ Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.51    Drake Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 dated December 3, 2007)
   1.52    Driehaus Capital Management LLC. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.53    EAM Investors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.54    Eaton Vance Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 187 dated December 3, 2012)
   1.55    Elk Creek Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.56    Epoch Investment Partners, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 dated March 4, 2015)
   1.57    Equinox Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.58    FAF Advisors (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.59    Falcon Point Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.60    Fidelity International Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 52 dated March 1, 2001)
   1.61    Fidelity Management and Research Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 81 dated December 7, 2005)
   1.62    First Eagle Investment Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.63    Foreign & Colonial Emerging Markets Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.64    Franklin Portfolio Associates LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 104 dated August 24, 2007)


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   1.65    Fuller & Thaler Asset Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   1.66    Galtera N.A. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.67    Galtere Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.68    Gartmore Global Partners (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 124 dated July 24, 2009)
   1.69    Geewax, Terker & Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.70    Genesis Asset Managers, LLP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.71    GLG Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 144 dated December 3, 2010)
   1.72    GlobeFlex Capital, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.73    Goldman Sachs Asset Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 162 dated December 7, 2011)
   1.74    Gould Investment Partners LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   1.75    H2O AM LLP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.76    Harding, Loevner Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.77    Harris Associates, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.78    Heitman Real Estate Securities LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   1.79    Hermes Investment Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.80    HSBC Global Asset Management (USA), Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.81    Huber Capital Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166 dated February 10, 2012)
   1.82    Institutional Capital LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 187 dated December 3, 2012)
   1.83    INTECH Investment Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 dated February 10, 2011)
   1.84    Iridian Asset Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.85    INVESCO Realty Advisors, a division of INVESCO Institutional (N.A.), Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 124 dated July 24, 2009)
   1.86    Jacobs Levy Equity Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.87    Janus Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 dated March 4, 2015)


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   1.88    Jefferies Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 dated July 29, 2011)
   1.89    J.P. Morgan Investment Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 163 dated January 17, 2012)
   1.90    JS Asset Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   1.91    Kayne Anderson Rudnick Investment Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 77 dated February 28, 2005)
   1.92    Kopernik Global Investors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.93    Lazard Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Pot Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.94    Lehman Brothers Asset Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 124 dated July 24, 2009)
   1.95    John A. Levin & Co., Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 69 dated March 1, 2004)
   1.96    Levin Capital Strategies, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.97    Lincoln Capital Fixed Income Management Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 69 dated March 1, 2004)
   1.98    Logan Circle Partners, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 190 dated February 28, 2013)
   1.99    Loomis, Sayles & Company, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.100    Lord, Abbett & Co. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 61 dated December 16, 2002)
   1.101    Luther King Capital Management Corporation (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.102    MacKay Shields LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.103    Macquarie Capital Investment Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.104    Marsico Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.105    Marvin & Palmer Associates, Inc. (Amended) (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 77 dated February 28, 2005)
   1.106    Mar Vista Investment Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.107    Mastholm Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.108    Merganser Capital Management LP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 50 dated January 12, 2001)
   1.109    Metropolitan West Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 197 dated February 28, 2014)
   1.110    MFS Institutional Advisors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 142 dated September 3, 2010)
   1.111    Miller, Anderson & Sherrerd, LLP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)


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   1.112    Monarch Partners Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.113    Mondrian Investment Partners Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 dated December 3, 2007)
   1.114    Montag & Caldwell, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.115    Montgomery Asset Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.116    Morgan Stanley Investment Management Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.117    Netols Asset Management, Inc. ( incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.118    Neuberger Berman Management Inc (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 129 dated December 23, 2009)
   1.119    Next Century Growth Investors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.120    Nicholas-Applegate Capital Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 89 dated December 8, 2006)
   1.121    Numeric Investors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.122    Nuveen Asset Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.123    NWQ Investment Management Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.124    Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.125    Oechsle International Advisors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.126    Omega Advisors (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.127    Oppenheimer Funds (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.128    Pacific Investment Management Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.129    Palisades Investment Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   1.130    PanAgora Asset Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 dated July 29, 2011)
   1.131    Parametric Portfolio Associates (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.132    Passport Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.133    Peachtree Asset Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.134    PENN Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 166 dated February 10, 2012)
   1.135    Perkins Investment Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 dated March 4, 2015)


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   1.136    Principal Global Investors LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 176 dated June 7, 2012)
   1.137    Polaris Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 206 dated December 5, 2014)
   1.138    Post Advisory Group (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.139    Putnam Investments (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.140    Pzena Investment Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.141    Ranger Investment Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 209 dated February 27, 2015)
   1.142    RiverPark Capital Management, LLC and RiverPark Advisors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 222 dated August 31, 2016)
   1.143    Roxbury Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 69 dated March 1, 2004)
   1.144    RREEF America L.L.C. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 115 dated February 29, 2008)
   1.145    Russell Investments (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 219 dated May 25, 2016)
   1.146    Sands Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 dated February 10, 2011)
   1.147    Sanders Capital, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 dated February 10, 2011)
   1.148    Schneider Capital Management Corporation (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 89 dated December 8, 2006)
   1.149    Schroders Capital Management International Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 55 dated December 21, 2001)
   1.150    Scout Investments, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.151    Security Capital Global Capital Management Group (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.152    Signia Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.153    Sirach Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 56 dated March 1, 2002)
   1.154    Snow Capital Management L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.155    Somerset Capital Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 210 dated March 4, 2015)
   1.156    Standish Mellon Asset Management Company LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 122 dated March 1, 2009)
   1.157    Stone Harbor Investment Partners LP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 145 dated December 10, 2010)
   1.158    STW Fixed Income Management Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 115 dated February 29, 2008)
   1.159    Strong Capital Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)


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   1.160    Suffolk Capital Management Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 133 dated March 22, 2010)
   1.161    Summit Creek Advisors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 141 dated June 29, 2010)
   1.162    Sustainable Growth Advisers, LP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.163    Systematic Financial Management, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 148 dated February 10, 2011)
   1.164    TCW Asset Management Co. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.165    TCW/Scoggin, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.166    The Cambridge Strategy (Asset Management) Limited (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.167    THL Credit Advisors LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.168    TimesSquare Capital Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 47 dated October 19, 2000)
   1.169    Timpani Capital Management LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)
   1.170    Tradewinds Global Investors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated June 2, 2008)
   1.171    Transamerica Investment Management, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 120 dated December 4, 2008)
   1.172    T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 189 dated February 7, 2013)
   1.173    Turner Investment Partners (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 81 dated December 7, 2005)
   1.174    Tygh Capital Management (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 112 dated December 3, 2007)
   1.175    UBS Global Asset Management – Americas (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.176    Victoria 1522 Investment, LP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 159 dated July 29, 2011)
   1.177    Weiss, Peck & Greer, L.L.C. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.178    Wellington Management Company, LLP (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 195 dated December 6, 2013)
   1.179    Wells Capital Management Incorporated (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 77 dated February 28, 2005)
   1.180    Westcap Investors (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 77 dated February 28, 2005)
   1.181    Western Asset Management Company (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 119 dated August 1, 2008)
   1.182    Westpeak Investment Advisors, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 46 dated April 27, 2000)
   1.183    Westwood Management Corp. (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective amendment No. 193 dated April 30, 2013)
   1.184    Wilkinson O’Grady & Co. Inc (d/b/a Fiera Capital Global Asset Management) (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 217 dated February 29, 2016)
   1.185    William Blair & Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 215 dated December 4, 2015)


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Item 29. Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with Registrant

None

 

Item 30. Indemnification (incorporated by reference to Post-Effective Amendment No. 113 dated January 7, 2008)

 

Item 31. Business and Other Connections of Investment Advisor

See Registrant’s prospectus sections “Management of the Funds” and “The Money Managers,” and the Statement of Additional Information sections “Structure and Governance—Trustees and Officers,” and “Operation of RIC.”

 

Item 32. Principal Underwriters

 

  (a) Russell Investment Funds

 

  (b) Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC is the principal underwriter of the Registrant. The directors and officers of Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC, their principal business address in each case is 1301 Second Avenue, 18th Floor, Seattle, Washington 98101, and positions and offices with the Registrant and Russell Investments Financial Services, LLC are set forth below:

 

Name

  

Positions and

Offices with

Registrant

  

Position and

Offices with

Underwriter

Carla L. Anderson    None    Assistant Secretary
Len Brennan    None    Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
Jessica Gates    Assistant Secretary    Assistant Secretary
Brian Golob    None    Director
Matthew Moss    None    Chief Financial Officer
Mary Beth Rhoden Albaneze    Secretary and Chief Legal Counsel    Secretary
Mark E. Swanson    President, Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Financial Officer    Director
Jean Webber    None    Treasurer
Douglas Whittle    None    Chief Compliance and Anti-Money Laundering Officer

 

  (c) Inapplicable.


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Item 33.      

   Location of Accounts and Records   
   All accounts and records required to be maintained by section 31(a) of the 1940 Act and Rules 31a-1 to 31a-3 thereunder are maintained in the following locations:
    

RIC

  

RIM

    
   Russell Investment Company    Russell Investment   
   1301 Second Avenue,    Management, LLC   
   18th Floor    1301 Second Avenue   
   Seattle, Washington 98101    18th Floor   
      Seattle, Washington 98101   
    

RIFUS

         
   Russell Investments Fund Services, LLC      
   1301 Second Avenue      
   18th Floor      
   Seattle, Washington 98101      
    

SS

  

MM

    
   State Street Bank & Trust Company    Money Managers   
   1 Heritage Drive    See, Prospectus Section   
   North Quincy, Massachusetts 02171    “Money Manager Information”   
      for Names and Addresses   
  Rule 31a-1
  (a)       Records forming basis for financial statements - at principal offices of SS, RIC, RIM, and MM for each entity
  (b)       RIC Records:
     (1)   

SS - Journals, etc.

     (2)   

SS - Ledgers, etc.

     (3)   

Inapplicable

     (4)   

RIC - Corporate charter, etc.

     (5)   

MM and RIM - Brokerage orders

     (6)   

MM and RIM - Other portfolio purchase orders

     (7)   

SS - Contractual commitments

     (8)   

SS and RIC - Trial balances

     (9)   

MM and RIM - Reasons for brokerage allocations

     (10)   

MM and RIM - Persons authorizing purchases and sales

     (11)   

RIC and MM - Files of advisory material

     (12)   

—  

  (c)       Inapplicable
  (d)       RIM - Broker-dealer records, to the extent applicable
  (e)       Inapplicable
  (f)       RIM and MM - Investment adviser records
Item 34.   Management Services
  None except as described in Parts A and B.


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Item 35.      

   Undertakings
   The Cayman subsidiary has designated an agent in the U.S. for service of process in any suit, action, or proceeding before the Commission, or any appropriate court and consents to the jurisdiction of the U.S. courts and the Commission over it.
   The Fund will not in any way use the Cayman subsidiary to evade the provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940 or Advisers Act.
   The Cayman subsidiary maintains a set of its books and records at an office located within the U.S., and the Commission and its staff will have access to the books and records consistent with the requirements of Section 31 of Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder.
   The Cayman subsidiary has designated RIC as agent in the U.S. for service of process for any suit, action or proceeding before the commission or any appropriate court and the Cayman subsidiary consents to the jurisdiction of the U.S. courts and the Commission over it.


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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant, Russell Investment Company, certifies that it meets all of the requirements for effectiveness of this Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 485(b) of the Securities Act of 1933. The Registrant has duly caused this Post Effective Amendment No. 225 to its Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized, in the City of Seattle, and State of Washington, on this 30th day of November, 2016.

 

RUSSELL INVESTMENT COMPANY

  Registrant

By:  

/s/ Mark E. Swanson

  Mark E. Swanson, President and
  Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer and
  Chief Accounting Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated on November 30, 2016.

 

Signatures

     

Signatures

/s/ Mark E. Swanson

   

/s/ Thaddas L. Alston

Mark E. Swanson, President and     Thaddas L. Alston, Trustee
Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer    
And Chief Accounting Officer    

/s/ Kristianne Blake

   

/s/ Cheryl Burgermeister

Kristianne Blake, Trustee     Cheryl Burgermeister, Trustee

/s/ Daniel P. Connealy

   

/s/ Katherine W. Krysty

Daniel P. Connealy, Trustee     Katherine W. Krysty, Trustee

/s/ Raymond P. Tennison

   

/s/ Jack R. Thompson

Raymond P. Tennison, Jr., Trustee     Jack R. Thompson, Trustee


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RUSSELL INVESTMENT COMPANY

FILE NO. 2-71299

FILE NO. 811-03153

EXHIBITS

Listed in Part C, Item 28

To Post-Effective Amendment No. 225

and Amendment No. 231

to

Registration Statement on Form N-1A

Under

Securities Act of 1933

and

Investment Company Act of 1940


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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

Name of Exhibit

  

Exhibit

Number

Form of Cayman Multi-Asset Growth Strategy Fund, Ltd. Appointment of Agent For Service of Process

   (h)6.3

Opinion and Consent of Counsel

   (i)1.1