UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number:  001-13901

AMERIS BANCORP

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Georgia	58-1456434
(State of incorporation)	(IRS Employer ID No.)

3490 Piedmont Rd N.E., Suite 1550
Atlanta	Georgia	30305
(Address of principal executive offices)

(404)	639-6500
(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1 per share	ABCB	Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý    No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ý    No   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	ý	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐   No  ý

 There were 69,373,863 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of May 3, 2023.

AMERIS BANCORP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements.
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022	1
	Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	2
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)	4
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	30
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	44
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.	45
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.	46
Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	46
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	46
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities.	47
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	47
Item 5.	Other Information.	47
Item 6.	Exhibits.	48
Signatures		49

Item 1. Financial Statements.

AMERIS BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	March 31, 2023 (unaudited)		December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	266,400	$	284,567
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in banks	1,754,453		833,565
Cash and cash equivalents	2,020,853		1,118,132
Debt securities available-for-sale, at fair value, net of allowance for credit losses of $82 and $75	1,496,836		1,500,060
Debt securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses of $— and $— (fair value of $116,093 and $114,538)	134,175		134,864
Other investments	146,715		110,992
Loans held for sale, at fair value	395,096		392,078
Loans, net of unearned income	19,997,871		19,855,253
Allowance for credit losses	(242,658)		(205,677)
Loans, net	19,755,213		19,649,576
Other real estate owned, net	1,502		843
Premises and equipment, net	218,878		220,283
Goodwill	1,015,646		1,015,646
Other intangible assets, net	101,488		106,194
Cash value of bank owned life insurance	389,201		388,405
Other assets	412,781		416,213
Total assets	$	26,088,384	$	25,053,286
Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	7,297,893	$	7,929,579
Interest-bearing	12,599,562		11,533,159
Total deposits	19,897,455		19,462,738
Other borrowings	2,401,327		1,875,736
Subordinated deferrable interest debentures	128,820		128,322
Other liabilities	407,587		389,090
Total liabilities	22,835,189		21,855,886
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 8)
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, stated value $1,000; 5,000,000 shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Common stock, par value $1; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 72,484,210 and 72,263,727 shares issued	72,484		72,264
Capital surplus	1,937,664		1,935,211
Retained earnings	1,362,512		1,311,258
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	(35,581)		(46,507)
Treasury stock, at cost, 3,110,347 and 2,894,677 shares	(83,884)		(74,826)
Total shareholders’ equity	3,253,195		3,197,400
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	26,088,384	$	25,053,286

 See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

1

AMERIS BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (unaudited)

(dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans	$	271,964	$	177,566
Interest on taxable securities	14,300		4,239
Interest on nontaxable securities	339		186
Interest on deposits in other banks and federal funds sold	9,113		1,383
Total interest income	295,716		183,374
Interest expense
Interest on deposits	53,182		4,092
Interest on other borrowings	30,882		6,738
Total interest expense	84,064		10,830
Net interest income	211,652		172,544
Provision for loan losses	49,376		(2,734)
Provision for unfunded commitments	346		9,009
Provision for other credit losses	7		(44)
Provision for credit losses	49,729		6,231
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	161,923		166,313
Noninterest income
Service charges on deposit accounts	10,936		11,058
Mortgage banking activity	31,392		62,938
Other service charges, commissions and fees	971		939
Net gain (loss) on securities	6		(27)
Other noninterest income	12,745		12,003
Total noninterest income	56,050		86,911
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits	80,910		84,281
Occupancy and equipment	12,986		12,727
Data processing and communications expenses	13,034		12,572
Credit resolution-related expenses	435		(965)
Advertising and marketing	3,532		1,988
Amortization of intangible assets	4,706		5,181
Merger and conversion charges	—		977
Loan servicing expense	8,331		8,919
Other noninterest expenses	15,487		18,140
Total noninterest expense	139,421		143,820
Income before income tax expense	78,552		109,404
Income tax expense	18,131		27,706
Net income	60,421		81,698
Other comprehensive loss
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period on debt securities available-for-sale, net of tax expense (benefit) of $3,719 and $(4,633)	10,926		(17,431)
Total other comprehensive loss	10,926		(17,431)
Comprehensive income	$	71,347	$	64,267
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.87	$	1.18
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.87	$	1.17
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic	69,172		69,346
Diluted	69,323		69,661

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

2

AMERIS BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Common Stock			Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		Treasury Stock			Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance, December 31, 2022	72,263,727	$	72,264	$	1,935,211	$	1,311,258	$	(46,507)	2,894,677	$	(74,826)	$	3,197,400
Issuance of restricted shares	101,510	101		(101)		—		—		—	—		—
Issuance of common shares pursuant to PSU agreements	102,973	103		(103)		—		—		—	—		—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	16,000	16		460		—		—		—	—		476
Share-based compensation	—	—		2,197		—		—		—	—		2,197
Purchase of treasury shares	—	—		—		—		—		215,670	(9,058)		(9,058)
Net income	—	—		—		60,421		—		—	—		60,421
Dividends on common shares ($0.15 per share)	—	—		—		(10,444)		—		—	—		(10,444)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle for ASU 2022-02	—	—		—		1,277		—		—	—		1,277
Other comprehensive income during the period	—	—		—		—		10,926		—	—		10,926
Balance, March 31, 2023	72,484,210	$	72,484	$	1,937,664	$	1,362,512	$	(35,581)	3,110,347	$	(83,884)	$	3,253,195

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
	Common Stock			Capital Surplus		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax		Treasury Stock			Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount								Shares	Amount
Balance, December 31, 2021	72,017,126	$	72,017	$	1,924,813	$	1,006,436	$	15,590	2,407,898	$	(52,405)	$	2,966,451
Issuance of restricted shares	145,393	145		1,196		—		—		—	—		1,341
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	49,803	50		1,395		—		—		—	—		1,445
Share-based compensation	—	—		1,298		—		—		—	—		1,298
Purchase of treasury shares	—	—		—		—		—		365,340	(17,234)		(17,234)
Net income	—	—		—		81,698		—		—	—		81,698
Dividends on common shares ($0.15 per share)	—	—		—		(10,409)		—		—	—		(10,409)
Other comprehensive loss during the period	—	—		—		—		(17,431)		—	—		(17,431)
Balance, March 31, 2022	72,212,322	$	72,212	$	1,928,702	$	1,077,725	$	(1,841)	2,773,238	$	(69,639)	$	3,007,159

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements. 

3

AMERIS BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Operating Activities
Net income	$	60,421	$	81,698
Adjustments reconciling net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation	4,648		4,553
Net losses on sale or disposal of premises and equipment	15		37
Provision for credit losses	49,729		6,231
Net write-downs and (gains) losses on sale of other real estate owned	(49)		(1,459)
Share-based compensation expense	2,197		1,499
Amortization of intangible assets	4,706		5,181
Amortization of operating lease right of use assets	2,872		2,904
Provision for deferred taxes	(2,807)		6,435
Net (accretion) amortization of investment securities available-for-sale	(1,417)		392
Net (accretion) amortization of investment securities held-to-maturity	(39)		26
Net amortization of other investments	388		252
Net (gain) loss on securities	(6)		27
Accretion of discount on purchased loans, net	(420)		(1,006)
Net amortization on other borrowings	627		108
Amortization of subordinated deferrable interest debentures	498		499
Loan servicing asset recovery	—		(9,654)
Originations of mortgage loans held for sale	(754,727)		(1,220,771)
Payments received on mortgage loans held for sale	3,661		10,505
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale	748,633		1,464,735
Net (gains) losses on sale of mortgage loans held for sale	(2,919)		22,792
Originations of SBA loans	(8,873)		(14,042)
Proceeds from sales of SBA loans	5,648		20,461
Net gains on sale of SBA loans	(175)		(2,325)
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance	(2,200)		(1,768)
Gain on bank owned life insurance proceeds	(486)		—
Change attributable to other operating activities	21,776		(16,887)
Net cash provided by operating activities	131,701		360,423
Investing Activities, net of effects of business combinations
Purchases of securities available-for-sale	—		(15,667)
Purchases of investment securities held-to-maturity	—		(12,036)
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities available-for-sale	19,280		42,844
Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of securities held-to-maturity	728		406
Net increase in other investments	(36,105)		(2,122)
Net increase in loans	(153,072)		(205,189)
Purchases of premises and equipment	(3,258)		(3,550)
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned	1,042		3,524
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance	1,890		—
Net cash and cash equivalents paid in acquisitions	—		(13,237)
Net cash used in investing activities	(169,495)		(205,027)
			(Continued)

4

AMERIS BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Financing Activities, net of effects of business combinations
Net increase (decrease) in deposits	$	434,717	$	(77,112)
Net decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase	—		(3,780)
Proceeds from other borrowings	6,655,000		—
Repayment of other borrowings	(6,130,036)		(314,467)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	476		1,445
Dividends paid - common stock	(10,584)		(10,445)
Purchase of treasury shares	(9,058)		(17,234)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	940,515		(421,593)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	902,721		(266,197)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	1,118,132		4,064,657
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	2,020,853	$	3,798,460
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
Cash paid (received) during the period for:
Interest	$	76,589	$	9,022
Income taxes	(1)		204
Loans transferred to other real estate owned	1,652		165
Loans transferred from loans held for sale to loans held for investment	5,734		71,727
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	1,942		1,537
Assets acquired in business acquisitions	—		10,023
Liabilities assumed in business acquisitions	—		(3,214)
Change in unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale, net of tax	10,926		(17,431)
Security purchases settled in a subsequent period	—		(36,216)
			(Concluded)

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

AMERIS BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

March 31, 2023

NOTE 1 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Business

Ameris Bancorp (the “Company” or “Ameris”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Ameris conducts substantially all of its operations through its wholly owned banking subsidiary, Ameris Bank (the “Bank”). At March 31, 2023, the Bank operated 164 branches in select markets in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina and South Carolina. Our business model capitalizes on the efficiencies of a large financial services company, while still providing the community with the personalized banking service expected by our customers. We manage our Bank through a balance of decentralized management responsibilities and efficient centralized operating systems, products and loan underwriting standards. The Company’s Board of Directors and senior managers establish corporate policy, strategy and administrative policies. Within our established guidelines and policies, the banker closest to the customer responds to the differing needs and demands of his or her unique market.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements for Ameris have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statement presentation. The interim consolidated financial statements included herein are unaudited but reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash items in process of collection, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in banks, federal funds sold and restricted cash. There was no restricted cash held at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications of prior year amounts have been made to conform with the current year presentations. The reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders' equity as previously reported.

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

ASU No. 2022-02 – Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"). ASU 2022-02 eliminates the troubled debt restructuring ("TDR") measurement and recognition guidance and requires that entities evaluate whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications. Additional disclosures relating to modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are required under ASU 2022-02. ASU 2022-02 also requires disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2022 on a prospective basis, except for the amendments related to recognition and measurement of TDRs, which were adopted using the modified retrospective method. The adoption was not material and resulted in a reduction to the allowance for credit losses of $1.7 million and an increase to retained earnings of $1.3 million.

6

ASU No. 2022-06 - Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. ASU No. 2022-06 extends the temporary relief in Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. Topic 848 provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for or recognizing the effects of reference rate reform on financial reporting. The objective of this guidance is to provide temporary relief during the transition period away from LIBOR toward new interest rate benchmarks. This update was effective upon issuance. The Company adopted the guidance in Topic 848 effective January 1, 2023 and the adoption was not material the consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 2 – INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available-for-sale along with gross unrealized gains and losses are summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands) Securities available-for-sale	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries	$	776,583	$	—	$	911	$	(11,365)	$	766,129
U.S. government-sponsored agencies	1,032		—		—		(45)		987
State, county and municipal securities	33,965		—		21		(773)		33,213
Corporate debt securities	16,397		(82)		—		(705)		15,610
SBA pool securities	26,942		—		3		(1,603)		25,342
Mortgage-backed securities	686,223		—		317		(30,985)		655,555
Total debt securities available-for-sale	$	1,541,142	$	(82)	$	1,252	$	(45,476)	$	1,496,836
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	775,784	$	—	$	131	$	(16,381)	$	759,534
U.S. government-sponsored agencies	1,036		—		—		(57)		979
State, county and municipal securities	35,358		—		17		(1,180)		34,195
Corporate debt securities	16,397		(75)		—		(396)		15,926
SBA pool securities	29,422		—		3		(2,027)		27,398
Mortgage-backed securities	701,008		—		113		(39,093)		662,028
Total debt securities available-for-sale	$	1,559,005	$	(75)	$	264	$	(59,134)	$	1,500,060

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities held-to-maturity along with gross unrealized gains and losses are summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands) Securities held-to-maturity	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
March 31, 2023
State, county and municipal securities	$	31,905	$	—	$	(4,575)	$	27,330
Mortgage-backed securities	102,270		—		(13,507)		88,763
Total debt securities held-to-maturity	$	134,175	$	—	$	(18,082)	$	116,093
December 31, 2022
State, county and municipal securities	$	31,905	$	—	$	(5,380)	$	26,525
Mortgage-backed securities	102,959		—		(14,946)		88,013
Total debt securities held-to-maturity	$	134,864	$	—	$	(20,326)	$	114,538

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity as of March 31, 2023, by contractual maturity are shown below. Maturities may differ from contractual maturities in mortgage-backed securities because

7

the mortgages underlying these securities may be called or repaid without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary:

	Available-for-Sale				Held-to-Maturity
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	76,191	$	75,649	$	—	$	—
Due from one year to five years	732,862		722,272		—		—
Due from five to ten years	23,108		22,363		—		—
Due after ten years	22,758		20,997		31,905		27,330
Mortgage-backed securities	686,223		655,555		102,270		88,763
	$	1,541,142	$	1,496,836	$	134,175	$	116,093

Securities with a carrying value of approximately $927.7 million and $861.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, serve as collateral to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of available-for-sale securities aggregated by category and length of time that securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(dollars in thousands) Securities available-for-sale	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
March 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries	$	509,696	$	(9,501)	$	73,070	$	(1,864)	$	582,766	$	(11,365)
U.S. government-sponsored agencies	—		—		987		(45)		987		(45)
State, county and municipal securities	11,374		(174)		12,223		(599)		23,597		(773)
Corporate debt securities	888		(10)		13,223		(695)		14,111		(705)
SBA pool securities	472		(20)		24,660		(1,583)		25,132		(1,603)
Mortgage-backed securities	369,445		(14,305)		261,152		(16,680)		630,597		(30,985)
Total debt securities available-for-sale	$	891,875	$	(24,010)	$	385,315	$	(21,466)	$	1,277,190	$	(45,476)
December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasuries	$	725,250	$	(16,381)	$	—	$	—	$	725,250	$	(16,381)
U.S. government sponsored agencies	979		(57)		—		—		979		(57)
State, county and municipal securities	27,438		(1,180)		—		—		27,438		(1,180)
Corporate debt securities	13,271		(126)		1,155		(270)		14,426		(396)
SBA pool securities	17,806		(1,298)		9,329		(729)		27,135		(2,027)
Mortgage-backed securities	620,544		(37,774)		16,847		(1,319)		637,391		(39,093)
Total debt securities available-for-sale	$	1,405,288	$	(56,816)	$	27,331	$	(2,318)	$	1,432,619	$	(59,134)

As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s available-for-sale security portfolio consisted of 438 securities, 410 of which were in an unrealized loss position. At March 31, 2023, the Company held 329 mortgage-backed securities that were in an unrealized loss position, all of which were issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies. At March 31, 2023, the Company held 30 U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) pool securities, 24 state, county and municipal securities, six corporate securities, one U.S. government-sponsored agency security, and 20 U.S. Treasury securities that were in an unrealized loss position.

8

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and estimated fair value of held-to-maturity securities aggregated by category and length of time that securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(dollars in thousands) Securities held-to-maturity	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
March 31, 2023
State, county and municipal securities	$	7,746	$	(254)	$	19,584	$	(4,321)	$	27,330	$	(4,575)
Mortgage-backed securities	32,750		(1,650)		56,013		(11,857)		88,763		(13,507)
Total debt securities held-to-maturity	$	40,496	$	(1,904)	$	75,597	$	(16,178)	$	116,093	$	(18,082)
December 31, 2022
State, county and municipal securities	$	16,512	$	(1,488)	$	10,013	$	(3,892)	$	26,525	$	(5,380)
Mortgage-backed securities	32,471		(1,925)		55,542		(13,021)		88,013		(14,946)
Total debt securities held-to-maturity	$	48,983	$	(3,413)	$	65,555	$	(16,913)	$	114,538	$	(20,326)

As of March 31, 2023, the Company’s held-to-maturity security portfolio consisted of 25 securities, all of which were in an unrealized loss position. At March 31, 2023, the Company held 19 mortgage-backed securities and six state, county and municipal securities that were in an unrealized loss position.

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities were obligations of government-sponsored agencies.

Management and the Company’s Asset and Liability Committee (the “ALCO Committee”) evaluate available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation, to determine if credit-related impairment exists. Management first evaluates whether they intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell an impaired security before recovering its amortized cost basis. If either criteria is met, the entire amount of unrealized loss is recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security's amortized cost basis. If either of the above criteria is not met, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value is attributable to credit or resulted from other factors. The Company does not intend to sell these available-for-sale investment securities at an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities prior to recovery or maturity. Based on the results of management's review, at March 31, 2023, management determined that $82,000 was attributable to credit impairment and an allowance for credit losses was recorded. The remaining $45.5 million in unrealized loss was determined to be from factors other than credit.

(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
Allowance for credit losses	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	75	$	—
Provision for other credit losses	7		—
Ending balance	$	82	$	—

The Company's held-to-maturity securities have no expected credit losses, and no related allowance for credit losses has been established.

Total net gain (loss) on securities reported on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income is comprised of the following for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on equity securities	$	6	$	(27)
Net gain (loss) on securities	$	6	$	(27)

9

NOTE 3 – LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Loans are stated at amortized cost. Balances within the major loans receivable categories are presented in the following table:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	2,722,180	$	2,679,403
Consumer	349,775		384,037
Indirect automobile	83,466		108,648
Mortgage warehouse	958,418		1,038,924
Municipal	505,515		509,151
Premium finance	947,257		1,023,479
Real estate – construction and development	2,144,605		2,086,438
Real estate – commercial and farmland	7,721,732		7,604,867
Real estate – residential	4,564,923		4,420,306
	$	19,997,871	$	19,855,253

Accrued interest receivable on loans is reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets totaling $68.0 million and $69.3 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company had no recorded allowance for credit related to accrued interest on loans at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Nonaccrual and Past-Due Loans

A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s judgment, the collection of the interest income appears doubtful. Interest receivable that has been accrued and is subsequently determined to have doubtful collectability is charged to interest income. Interest on loans that are classified as nonaccrual is subsequently applied to principal until the loans are returned to accrual status. The Company’s loan policy states that a nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when (i) none of its principal and interest is due and unpaid, and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or (ii) it otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection. Restoration to accrual status on any given loan must be supported by a well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and the prospects for full repayment, approved by the Company’s Chief Credit Officer. Past-due loans are loans whose principal or interest is past due 30 days or more. In some cases, where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulties, loans may be restructured to provide terms significantly different from the original contractual terms.

The following table presents an analysis of loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	11,583	$	11,094
Consumer	400		420
Indirect automobile	285		346
Real estate – construction and development	548		523
Real estate – commercial and farmland	14,416		13,203
Real estate – residential(1)	115,795		109,222
	$	143,027	$	134,808

(1) Included in real estate - residential were $75.0 million and $69.6 million of serviced GNMA-guaranteed nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

10

The following table presents an analysis of nonaccrual loans with no related allowance for credit losses:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,452	$	33
Real estate – commercial and farmland	2,510		1,464
Real estate – residential	67,535		58,734
	$	71,497	$	60,231

The following table presents an analysis of past-due loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(dollars in thousands)	Loans 30-59 Days Past Due		Loans 60-89 Days Past Due		Loans 90 or More Days Past Due		Total Loans Past Due		Current Loans		Total Loans		Loans 90 Days or More Past Due and Still Accruing
March 31, 2023
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	12,302	$	5,307	$	13,381	$	30,990	$	2,691,190	$	2,722,180	$	3,969
Consumer	5,314		2,835		632		8,781		340,994		349,775		409
Indirect automobile	190		122		157		469		82,997		83,466
Mortgage warehouse	—		—		—		—		958,418		958,418		—
Municipal	—		—		—		—		505,515		505,515		—
Premium finance	9,922		6,102		11,414		27,438		919,819		947,257		11,414
Real estate – construction and development	1,727		—		463		2,190		2,142,415		2,144,605		—
Real estate – commercial and farmland	6,723		5,801		10,887		23,411		7,698,321		7,721,732		—
Real estate – residential	33,775		9,199		111,706		154,680		4,410,243		4,564,923		—
Total	$	69,953	$	29,366	$	148,640	$	247,959	$	19,749,912	$	19,997,871	$	15,792
December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	16,219	$	5,451	$	11,632	$	33,302	$	2,646,101	$	2,679,403	$	3,267
Consumer	2,539		3,163		741		6,443		377,594		384,037		472
Indirect automobile	466		77		267		810		107,838		108,648		—
Mortgage warehouse	—		—		—		—		1,038,924		1,038,924		—
Municipal	—		—		—		—		509,151		509,151		—
Premium finance	13,859		10,620		13,626		38,105		985,374		1,023,479		13,626
Real estate – construction and development	25,367		3,829		966		30,162		2,056,276		2,086,438		500
Real estate – commercial and farmland	1,738		168		10,223		12,129		7,592,738		7,604,867		—
Real estate – residential	35,015		11,329		106,170		152,514		4,267,792		4,420,306		—
Total	$	95,203	$	34,637	$	143,625	$	273,465	$	19,581,788	$	19,855,253	$	17,865

Collateral-Dependent Loans

Collateral-dependent loans are loans where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. If the Company determines that foreclosure is probable, these loans are written down to the lower of cost or fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, the allowance for credit losses is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. The Company may, in the alternative, measure the allowance for credit loss as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the estimated fair value of the collateral.

11

The following table presents an analysis of individually evaluated collateral-dependent financial assets and related allowance for credit losses:

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Allowance for Credit Losses		Balance		Allowance for Credit Losses
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	8,451	$	5,740	$	7,128	$	6,294
Mortgage warehouse	16,500		—		—		—
Premium finance	694		—		3,233		—
Real estate – construction and development	280		23		780		13
Real estate – commercial and farmland	12,554		1,104		15,168		1,428
Real estate – residential	18,683		2,093		15,464		2,066
	$	57,162	$	8,960	$	41,773	$	9,801

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company uses a nine category risk grading system to assign a risk grade to each loan in the portfolio. The following is a description of the general characteristics of the grades:

Pass (Grades 1 - 5) – These grades represent acceptable credit risk to the Company based on factors including creditworthiness of the borrower, current performance and nature of the collateral.

Other Assets Especially Mentioned (Grade 6) – This grade includes loans that exhibit potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard (Grade 7) – This grade represents loans which are inadequately protected by the current credit worthiness and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. These assets exhibit a well-defined weakness or are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. These weaknesses may be characterized by past due performance, operating losses or questionable collateral values.

Doubtful (Grade 8) – This grade includes loans which exhibit all of the characteristics of a substandard loan with the added provision that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable or improbable.

Loss (Grade 9) – This grade is assigned to loans which are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as active assets of the Bank is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer writing it off.

The following tables present the loan portfolio's amortized cost by class of financing receivable, risk grade and year of origination (in thousands) as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Generally, current period renewals of credit are underwritten again at the point of renewal and considered current period originations for purposes of the tables below. The Company had an immaterial amount of revolving loans which converted to term loans and the amortized cost basis of those loans is included in the applicable origination year. There were no loans risk graded 8 or 9 at March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

12

As of March 31, 2023	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior				Total
Commercial, Financial and Agricultural
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	334,129	$	988,365	$	485,629	$	154,912	$	95,530	$	84,470	$	556,049	$	2,699,084
6	—		89		67		194		173		2,145		363		3,031
7	5,683		1,736		2,806		1,196		3,576		2,973		2,095		20,065
Total commercial, financial and agricultural	$	339,812	$	990,190	$	488,502	$	156,302	$	99,279	$	89,588	$	558,507	$	2,722,180
Current-period gross charge offs	150		7,226		3,457		597		368		410		25		12,233
Consumer
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	23,767	$	27,439	$	10,479	$	34,256	$	21,350	$	28,171	$	202,965	$	348,427
6	—		25		—		2		—		95		197		319
7	—		83		30		203		152		439		122		1,029
Total consumer	$	23,767	$	27,547	$	10,509	$	34,461	$	21,502	$	28,705	$	203,284	$	349,775
Current-period gross charge offs	—		71		44		416		147		405		57		1,140
Indirect Automobile
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,128	$	72,628	$	—	$	82,756
6	—		—		—		—		—		8		—		8
7	—		—		—		—		38		664		—		702
Total indirect automobile	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,166	$	73,300	$	—	$	83,466
Current-period gross charge offs	—		—		—		—		—		34		—		34
Mortgage Warehouse
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	882,183	$	882,183
6	—		—		—		—		—		—		57,578		57,578
7	—		—		—		—		—		—		18,657		18,657
Total mortgage warehouse	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	958,418	$	958,418
Current-period gross charge offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Municipal
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	2,544	$	18,003	$	53,717	$	186,274	$	8,749	$	236,228	$	—	$	505,515
Total municipal	$	2,544	$	18,003	$	53,717	$	186,274	$	8,749	$	236,228	$	—	$	505,515
Current-period gross charge offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Premium Finance
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	423,901	$	505,791	$	6,145	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	935,843
7	20		11,336		58		—		—		—		—		11,414
Total premium finance	$	423,921	$	517,127	$	6,203	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	947,257
Current-period gross charge offs	—		1,154		267		—		—		—		—		1,421

13

As of March 31, 2023	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior				Total
Real Estate – Construction and Development
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	81,481	$	900,977	$	757,046	$	263,122	$	67,158	$	37,665	$	24,214	$	2,131,663
6	—		—		—		—		—		632		—		632
7	—		274		285		164		5		11,582		—		12,310
Total real estate – construction and development	$	81,481	$	901,251	$	757,331	$	263,286	$	67,163	$	49,879	$	24,214	$	2,144,605
Current-period gross charge offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	172,639	$	1,812,054	$	1,967,480	$	1,073,741	$	858,980	$	1,649,014	$	95,182	$	7,629,090
6	—		—		—		—		30,335		20,073		—		50,408
7	—		423		2,423		3,056		11,758		24,574		—		42,234
Total real estate – commercial and farmland	$	172,639	$	1,812,477	$	1,969,903	$	1,076,797	$	901,073	$	1,693,661	$	95,182	$	7,721,732
Current-period gross charge offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Real Estate - Residential
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	208,784	$	1,498,532	$	1,198,924	$	539,228	$	262,709	$	491,267	$	240,227	$	4,439,671
6	—		235		144		268		745		2,597		378		4,367
7	109		10,186		24,809		28,094		26,597		29,405		1,685		120,885
Total real estate - residential	$	208,893	$	1,508,953	$	1,223,877	$	567,590	$	290,051	$	523,269	$	242,290	$	4,564,923
Current-period gross charge offs	24		—		—		—		—		100		4		128
Total Loans
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	1,247,245	$	5,751,161	$	4,479,420	$	2,251,539	$	1,324,604	$	2,599,443	$	2,000,820	$	19,654,232
6	—		349		211		464		31,253		25,550		58,516		116,343
7	5,812		24,038		30,411		32,713		42,126		69,637		22,559		227,296
Total loans	$	1,253,057	$	5,775,548	$	4,510,042	$	2,284,716	$	1,397,983	$	2,694,630	$	2,081,895	$	19,997,871
Total current-period gross charge offs	174		8,451		3,768		1,013		515		949		86		14,956

14

As of December 31, 2022	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior				Total
Commercial, Financial and Agricultural
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	1,127,120	$	526,043	$	174,120	$	109,091	$	56,657	$	41,612	$	621,784	$	2,656,427
6	—		13		94		183		895		1,774		317		3,276
7	8,565		1,214		1,182		3,314		545		2,759		2,121		19,700
Total commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,135,685	$	527,270	$	175,396	$	112,588	$	58,097	$	46,145	$	624,222	$	2,679,403
Consumer
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	41,487	$	12,692	$	37,906	$	23,454	$	17,144	$	13,825	$	236,113	$	382,621
6	38		—		—		—		—		98		196		332
7	68		62		216		106		118		431		83		1,084
Total consumer	$	41,593	$	12,754	$	38,122	$	23,560	$	17,262	$	14,354	$	236,392	$	384,037
Indirect Automobile
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,900	$	50,749	$	45,120	$	—	$	107,769
6	—		—		—		—		—		11		—		11
7	—		—		—		41		149		678		—		868
Total indirect automobile	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11,941	$	50,898	$	45,809	$	—	$	108,648
Mortgage Warehouse
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	990,106	$	990,106
6	—		—		—		—		—		—		22,831		22,831
7	—		—		—		—		—		—		25,987		25,987
Total mortgage warehouse	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,038,924	$	1,038,924
Municipal
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	18,074	$	46,809	$	188,507	$	9,752	$	4,358	$	241,651	$	—	$	509,151
Total municipal	$	18,074	$	46,809	$	188,507	$	9,752	$	4,358	$	241,651	$	—	$	509,151
Premium Finance
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	1,000,214	$	9,667	$	12	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,009,893
7	13,051		535		—		—		—		—		—		13,586
Total premium finance	$	1,013,265	$	10,202	$	12	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,023,479
Real Estate – Construction and Development
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	834,831	$	793,723	$	306,084	$	69,596	$	7,934	$	31,490	$	27,474	$	2,071,132
6	277		—		—		—		173		165		—		615
7	—		783		164		5		13,159		580		—		14,691
Total real estate – construction and development	$	835,108	$	794,506	$	306,248	$	69,601	$	21,266	$	32,235	$	27,474	$	2,086,438

15

As of December 31, 2022	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior				Total
Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	1,739,021	$	1,975,003	$	1,085,086	$	869,116	$	447,311	$	1,259,763	$	110,848	$	7,486,148
6	607		17,974		—		30,841		4,801		18,289		—		72,512
7	387		2,810		3,078		12,007		6,527		21,398		—		46,207
Total real estate – commercial and farmland	$	1,740,015	$	1,995,787	$	1,088,164	$	911,964	$	458,639	$	1,299,450	$	110,848	$	7,604,867
Real Estate - Residential
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	1,524,021	$	1,214,724	$	548,968	$	268,821	$	115,693	$	393,570	$	234,684	$	4,300,481
6	236		145		94		688		364		2,910		600		5,037
7	6,735		21,283		25,860		27,173		14,396		17,665		1,676		114,788
Total real estate - residential	$	1,530,992	$	1,236,152	$	574,922	$	296,682	$	130,453	$	414,145	$	236,960	$	4,420,306
Total Loans
Risk Grade:
Pass	$	6,284,768	$	4,578,661	$	2,340,683	$	1,361,730	$	699,846	$	2,027,031	$	2,221,009	$	19,513,728
6	1,158		18,132		188		31,712		6,233		23,247		23,944		104,614
7	28,806		26,687		30,500		42,646		34,894		43,511		29,867		236,911
Total loans	$	6,314,732	$	4,623,480	$	2,371,371	$	1,436,088	$	740,973	$	2,093,789	$	2,274,820	$	19,855,253

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The allowance for credit losses represents an allowance for expected losses over the remaining contractual life of the assets. The contractual term does not consider extensions, renewals or modifications. The Company segregates the loan portfolio by type of loan and utilizes this segregation in evaluating exposure to risks within the portfolio.

Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the collection of a loan’s principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries are credited to the allowance. Consumer loans are charged off in accordance with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council’s (the “FFIEC”) Uniform Retail Credit Classification and Account Management Policy. Commercial loans are charged off when they are deemed uncollectible, which usually involves a triggering event within the collection effort. If the loan is collateral dependent, the loss is more easily identified and is charged off when it is identified, usually based upon receipt of an appraisal. However, when a loan has guarantor support, the Company may carry the estimated loss as a reserve against the loan while collection efforts with the guarantor are pursued. If, after collection efforts with the guarantor are complete, the deficiency is still considered uncollectible, the loss is charged off and any further collections are treated as recoveries. In all situations, when a loan is downgraded to an Asset Quality Rating of 9 (Loss per the regulatory guidance), the uncollectible portion is charged off.

The Company’s methodologies for estimating the allowance for credit losses consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodologies apply historical loss information, adjusted for asset-specific characteristics, economic conditions at the measurement date, and forecasts about future economic conditions expected to exist through the contractual lives of the financial assets that are reasonable and supportable, to the identified pools of loans with similar risk characteristics for which the historical loss experience was observed. The Company utilizes a one year reasonable and supportable forecast period. The Company’s methodologies revert back to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over four quarters after the reasonable and supportable forecast period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses increased due to a decline in forecasted macroeconomic factors, particularly residential and commercial real estate price indices and organic loan growth during the period. The allowance for credit losses was determined at March 31, 2023 using a weighting of two economic forecasts from Moody's in order to align with management's best estimate over the reasonable and supportable forecast period. The Moody's baseline scenario was weighted at 75% and the upside 10th percentile S-1 scenario was weighted at 25%. The allowance for

16

credit losses was determined at December 31, 2022 solely using the Moody's baseline scenario economic forecast. The current forecast reflects, among other things, declines in forecast levels of home prices and commercial real estate prices compared with the forecast at December 31, 2022.

The following tables detail activity and end of period balances in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio segment for the periods indicated. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural		Consumer		Indirect Automobile		Mortgage Warehouse		Municipal		Premium Finance
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	39,455	$	5,413	$	174	$	2,118	$	357	$	1,025
Adjustment to allowance for adoption of ASU 2022-02	(105)		—		—		—		—		—
Provision for loan losses	16,078		323		(219)		(194)		(3)		(93)
Loans charged off	(12,233)		(1,140)		(34)		—		—		(1,421)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	2,043		297		216		—		—		1,382
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	45,238	$	4,893	$	137	$	1,924	$	354	$	893
	Real Estate – Construction and Development		Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland		Real Estate – Residential		Total
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	32,659	$	67,433	$	57,043	$	205,677
Adjustment to allowance for adoption of ASU 2022-02	(37)		(722)		(847)		(1,711)
Provision for loan losses	10,119		20,369		2,996		49,376
Loans charged off	—		—		(128)		(14,956)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	100		44		190		4,272
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	42,841	$	87,124	$	59,254	$	242,658

Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial, Financial and Agricultural		Consumer		Indirect Automobile		Mortgage Warehouse		Municipal		Premium Finance
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	26,829	$	6,097	$	476	$	3,231	$	401	$	2,729
Provision for loan losses	215		789		(290)		(221)		(17)		(92)
Loans charged off	(4,414)		(1,425)		(88)		—		—		(1,369)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	2,896		158		275		—		—		1,247
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	25,526	$	5,619	$	373	$	3,010	$	384	$	2,515
	Real Estate – Construction and Development		Real Estate – Commercial and Farmland		Real Estate – Residential		Total
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	22,045	$	77,831	$	27,943	$	167,582
Provision for loan losses	4,568		(9,552)		1,866		(2,734)
Loans charged off	—		(1,283)		—		(8,579)
Recoveries of loans previously charged off	218		37		151		4,982
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	26,831	$	67,033	$	29,960	$	161,251

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company periodically provides modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications include either payment deferrals, term extensions, interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness or combinations of modification types. The determination of whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of the modification. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of principal forgiveness is charged off against the allowance for credit losses with a corresponding reduction in the amortized cost basis of the loan.

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The following table shows the amortized cost basis of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class of financing receivable and type of concession granted:

(dollars in thousands)	Payment Deferral		Total		Percentage of Total Class of Financial Receivable
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	843	$	843	—	%
Total	$	843	$	843	—	%

The Company does not have any commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for which the Company has modified their loans.

The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

Payment Deferral
Loan Type	Financial Effect
Commercial, financial and agricultural	Payments were reduced approximately 32% for three months before returning to a fully amortizing payment structure thereafter.

The Company monitors the performance of the loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table depicts the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months:

(dollars in thousands)	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 or More Days Past Due
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	843	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	843	$	—	$	—	$	—

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NOTE 4 – OTHER BORROWINGS

Other borrowings consist of the following:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
FHLB borrowings:
Fixed Rate Advance due January 9, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.150%	$	—	$	300,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 9, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.110%	—		50,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 12, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.140%	—		50,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 13, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.150%	—		50,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.170%	—		350,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.250%	—		150,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 18, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.260%	—		200,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 19, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.230%	—		50,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 20, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.220%	—		150,000
Fixed Rate Advance due January 27, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.230%	—		100,000
Fixed Rate Advance due April 5, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.790%	350,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 10, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.780%	50,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 12, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.880%	375,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 12, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.880%	75,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 13, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.930%	100,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 14, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.960%	50,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.960%	25,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.960%	125,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.960%	100,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.930%	100,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.930%	100,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 17, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.930%	50,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 19, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.880%	300,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 19, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.880%	50,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due April 20, 2023; fixed interest rate of 4.860%	200,000		—
Fixed Rate Advance due March 3, 2025; fixed interest rate of 1.208%	15,000		15,000
Fixed Rate Advance due March 2, 2027; fixed interest rate of 1.445%	15,000		15,000
Fixed Rate Advance due March 4, 2030; fixed interest rate of 1.606%	15,000		15,000
Fixed Rate Advance due December 9, 2030; fixed interest rate of 4.55%	1,386		1,389
Fixed Rate Advance due December 9, 2030; fixed interest rate of 4.55%	959		961
Principal Reducing Advance due September 29, 2031; fixed interest rate of 3.095%	1,239		1,275
Subordinated notes payable:
Subordinated notes payable due March 15, 2027 net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $0 and $551, respectively; fixed interest rate of 5.75% through March 14, 2022; variable interest rate thereafter at three-month LIBOR plus 3.616%	—		74,449
Subordinated notes payable due December 15, 2029 net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $1,618 and $1,680, respectively; fixed interest rate of 4.25% through December 14, 2024; variable interest rate thereafter at three-month SOFR plus 2.94%	118,382		118,320
Subordinated notes payable due May 31, 2030 net of unaccreted purchase accounting fair value adjustment of $875 and $906, respectively; fixed interest rate of 5.875% through May 31, 2025; variable interest rate thereafter at three-month LIBOR plus 3.63%	75,875		75,906
Subordinated notes payable due October 1, 2030 net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $1,514 and $1,564, respectively; fixed interest rate of 3.875% through September 30, 2025; variable interest rate thereafter at three-month SOFR plus 3.753%	108,486		108,436
	$	2,401,327	$	1,875,736

The advances from the FHLB are collateralized by a blanket lien on all eligible first mortgage loans and other specific loans in addition to FHLB stock. At March 31, 2023, $2.38 billion was available for borrowing on lines with the FHLB.

As of March 31, 2023, the Bank maintained credit arrangements with various financial institutions to purchase federal funds up to $127.0 million.

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The Bank also participates in the Federal Reserve discount window borrowings program. At March 31, 2023, the Bank had $3.62 billion of loans pledged at the Federal Reserve discount window and had $2.72 billion available for borrowing.

NOTE 5 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Accumulated other comprehensive income for the Company consists of changes in net unrealized gains and losses on investment securities available-for-sale. The reclassification for gains included in net income is recorded in net gain (loss) on securities in the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income.

The following table presents a summary of the accumulated other comprehensive income balances as well as changes in each of the respective components, net of tax, for the periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands)	Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Securities		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	(46,507)	$	(46,507)
Reclassification for gains included in net income, net of tax	—		—
Current year changes, net of tax	10,926		10,926
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	(35,581)	$	(35,581)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	15,590	$	15,590
Reclassification for gains included in net income, net of tax	—		—
Current year changes, net of tax	(17,431)		(17,431)
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	(1,841)	$	(1,841)

NOTE 6 – WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING

Earnings per share have been computed based on the following weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(share data in thousands)	2023	2022
Average common shares outstanding	69,172	69,346
Common share equivalents:
Stock options	—	31
Nonvested restricted share grants	98	167
Performance stock units	53	117
Average common shares outstanding, assuming dilution	69,323	69,661

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were 84,487 anti-dilutive performance stock units excluded from the computation of earnings per share. There were no anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

NOTE 7 – FAIR VALUE MEASURES

The fair value of an asset or liability is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various assets and liabilities. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based on discounted cash flows or other valuation techniques. These techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the asset or liability. The accounting standard for disclosures about the fair value measures excludes certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

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The Company's loans held for sale under the fair value option are comprised of the following:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Mortgage loans held for sale	$	390,201	$	390,583
SBA loans held for sale	4,895		1,495
Total loans held for sale	$	395,096	$	392,078

The Company has elected to record mortgage loans held for sale at fair value in order to eliminate the complexities and inherent difficulties of achieving hedge accounting and to better align reported results with the underlying economic changes in value of the loans and related hedge instruments. This election impacts the timing and recognition of origination fees and costs, as well as servicing value, which are now recognized in earnings at the time of origination. Interest income on mortgage loans held for sale is recorded on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income under the heading interest income – interest and fees on loans. The servicing value is included in the fair value of the interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) with borrowers. The mark to market adjustments related to mortgage loans held for sale and the associated economic hedges are captured in mortgage banking activities.

A net gain of $5.6 million resulting from changes in fair value of these mortgage loans was recorded in income during the three months ended March 31, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, a net loss of $43.9 million resulting from changes in fair value of these mortgage loans were recorded in income. A net loss of $2.9 million resulting from changes in the fair value of the related derivative financial instruments used to hedge exposure to the market-related risks associated with these mortgage loans were recorded in income during the three months ended March 31, 2023. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, a net gain of $26.0 million resulting from changes in the fair value of the related derivative financial instruments were recorded in income. The changes in fair value of both mortgage loans held for sale and the related derivative financial instruments are recorded in mortgage banking activity in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The Company’s valuation of mortgage loans held for sale incorporates an assumption for credit risk; however, given the short-term period that the Company holds these loans, valuation adjustments attributable to instrument-specific credit risk is nominal.

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the principal balance for mortgage loans held for sale measured at fair value as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Aggregate fair value of mortgage loans held for sale	$	390,201	$	390,583
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of mortgage loans held for sale	383,629		389,610
Past-due loans of 90 days or more	624		—
Nonaccrual loans	624		—
Unpaid principal balance of nonaccrual loans	608		—

The following table summarizes the difference between the fair value and the principal balance for SBA loans held for sale measured at fair value as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Aggregate fair value of SBA loans held for sale	$	4,895	$	1,495
Aggregate unpaid principal balance of SBA loans held for sale	4,779		1,350
Past-due loans of 90 days or more	—		—
Nonaccrual loans	—		—

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available-for-sale, loans held for sale under the fair value option and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. From time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as collateral-dependent loans, loan servicing rights and OREO. Additionally, the Company is required to disclose, but not record, the fair value of other financial instruments.

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The following table presents the fair value measurements of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Recurring Basis Fair Value Measurements
	March 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasuries	$	766,129	$	766,129	$	—	$	—
U.S. government sponsored agencies	987		—		987		—
State, county and municipal securities	33,213		—		33,213		—
Corporate debt securities	15,610		—		14,710		900
SBA pool securities	25,342		—		25,342		—
Mortgage-backed securities	655,555		—		655,555		—
Loans held for sale	395,096		—		395,096		—
Derivative financial instruments	4,109		—		4,109		—
Mortgage banking derivative instruments	6,447		—		6,447		—
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	1,902,488	$	766,129	$	1,135,459	$	900
Financial liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments	$	4,429	$	—	$	4,429	$	—
Mortgage banking derivative instruments	5,377		—		5,377		—
Total recurring liabilities at fair value	$	9,806	$	—	$	9,806	$	—

	Recurring Basis Fair Value Measurements
	December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Investment securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasuries	$	759,534	$	759,534	$	—	$	—
U.S. government sponsored agencies	979		—		979		—
State, county and municipal securities	34,195		—		34,195		—
Corporate debt securities	15,926		—		14,771		1,155
SBA pool securities	27,398		—		27,398		—
Mortgage-backed securities	662,028		—		662,028		—
Loans held for sale	392,078		—		392,078		—
Derivative financial instruments	4,580		—		4,580		—
Mortgage banking derivative instruments	3,933		—		3,933		—
Total recurring assets at fair value	$	1,900,651	$	759,534	$	1,139,962	$	1,155
Financial liabilities:
Derivative financial instruments	$	4,574	$	—	$	4,574	$	—
Total recurring liabilities at fair value	$	4,574	$	—	$	4,574	$	—

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The following table presents the fair value measurements of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Nonrecurring Basis Fair Value Measurements
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2023
Collateral-dependent loans	$	48,202	$	—	$	—	$	48,202
Other real estate owned	755		—		—		755
Total nonrecurring assets at fair value	$	48,957	$	—	$	—	$	48,957
December 31, 2022
Collateral-dependent loans	$	31,972	$	—	$	—	$	31,972
Total nonrecurring assets at fair value	$	31,972	$	—	$	—	$	31,972

The inputs used to determine estimated fair value of collateral-dependent loans include market conditions, loan term, underlying collateral characteristics and discount rates. The inputs used to determine fair value of OREO include market conditions, estimated marketing period or holding period, underlying collateral characteristics and discount rates.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, there was not a change in the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair value.

The following table shows significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 assets:

(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Range of Discounts	Weighted Average Discount
March 31, 2023
Recurring:
Debt securities available-for-sale	$	900	Discounted cash flows	Probability of Default	12.8%	12.8%
				Loss Given Default	43%	43%
Nonrecurring:
Collateral-dependent loans	$	48,202	Third-party appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts and discount rates	0% - 50%	21%
Other real estate owned	$	755	Third-party appraisals and sales contracts	Collateral discounts and estimated costs to sell	25% - 40%	29%
December 31, 2022
Recurring:
Debt securities available-for-sale	$	1,155	Discounted cash flows	Probability of Default	12.1%	12.1%
				Loss Given Default	41%	41%
Nonrecurring:
Collateral-dependent loans	$	31,972	Third-party appraisals and discounted cash flows	Collateral discounts and discount rates	0% - 48%	27%

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The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, not shown elsewhere in these financial statements, were as follows:

			Fair Value Measurements
			March 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	266,400	$	266,400	$	—	$	—	$	266,400
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing accounts	1,754,453		1,754,453		—		—		1,754,453
Debt securities held-to-maturity	134,175		—		116,093		—		116,093
Loans, net	19,707,011		—		—		19,076,408		19,076,408
Accrued interest receivable	74,698		—		6,736		67,962		74,698
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	19,897,455		—		19,855,914		—		19,855,914
Other borrowings	2,401,327		—		2,371,530		—		2,371,530
Subordinated deferrable interest debentures	128,820		—		124,309		—		124,309
Accrued interest payable	18,005		—		18,005		—		18,005

			Fair Value Measurements
			December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	284,567	$	284,567	$	—	$	—	$	284,567
Federal funds sold and interest-bearing accounts	833,565		833,565		—		—		833,565
Debt securities held-to-maturity	134,864		—		114,538				114,538
Loans, net	19,617,604		—		—		19,067,612		19,067,612
Accrued interest receivable	77,042		—		7,694		69,348		77,042
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	19,462,738		—		19,455,187		—		19,455,187
Other borrowings	1,875,736		—		1,861,850		—		1,861,850
Subordinated deferrable interest debentures	128,322		—		125,988		—		125,988
Accrued interest payable	10,530		—		10,530		—		10,530

NOTE 8 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Loan Commitments

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the Company’s balance sheets.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. A summary of the Company’s commitments is as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commitments to extend credit	$	5,915,387	$	6,318,039
Unused home equity lines of credit	364,479		345,001
Financial standby letters of credit	30,926		33,557
Mortgage interest rate lock commitments	357,980		148,148

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. These commitments, predominantly at variable interest rates, generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral

24

obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Collateral is required in instances which the Company deems necessary. The Company has not been required to perform on any material financial standby letters of credit and the Company has not incurred any losses on financial standby letters of credit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments which is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents activity in the allowance for unfunded commitments for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	52,411	$	33,185
Provision for unfunded commitments	346		9,009
Balance at end of period	$	52,757	$	42,194

Other Commitments

As of March 31, 2023, letters of credit issued by the FHLB totaling $400.0 million were used to guarantee the Bank’s performance related to a portion of its public fund deposit balances.

Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies

From time to time, the Company and the Bank are subject to various legal proceedings, claims and disputes that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company and the Bank are also subject to regulatory examinations, information gathering requests, inquiries and investigations in the ordinary course of business. Based on the Company’s current knowledge and advice of counsel, management presently does not believe that the liabilities arising from these legal matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, it is possible that the ultimate resolution of these legal matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition for any particular period.

The Company’s management and its legal counsel periodically assess contingent liabilities, which may result in a loss to the Company but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims, as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein. If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed. Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

NOTE 9 – SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company has the following five reportable segments: Banking Division, Retail Mortgage Division, Warehouse Lending Division, SBA Division and Premium Finance Division. The Banking Division derives its revenues from the delivery of full-service financial services, including commercial loans, consumer loans and deposit accounts. The Retail Mortgage Division derives its revenues from the origination, sales and servicing of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. The Warehouse Lending Division derives its revenues from the origination and servicing of warehouse lines to other businesses that are secured by underlying one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. The SBA Division derives its revenues from the origination, sales and servicing of SBA loans. The Premium Finance Division derives its revenues from the origination and servicing of commercial insurance premium finance loans.

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The Banking, Retail Mortgage, Warehouse Lending, SBA and Premium Finance Divisions are managed as separate business units because of the different products and services they provide. The Company evaluates performance and allocates resources based on profit or loss from operations. There are no material intersegment sales or transfers.

The following tables present selected financial information with respect to the Company’s reportable business segments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Banking Division		Retail Mortgage Division		Warehouse Lending Division		SBA Division		Premium  Finance  Division		Total
Interest income	$	208,215	$	48,589	$	16,614	$	4,375	$	17,923	$	295,716
Interest expense	32,887		28,562		10,914		2,418		9,283		84,064
Net interest income	175,328		20,027		5,700		1,957		8,640		211,652
Provision for credit losses	47,140		2,853		(194)		(104)		34		49,729
Noninterest income	23,898		31,058		480		605		9		56,050
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits	56,442		20,160		802		1,309		2,197		80,910
Occupancy and equipment	11,606		1,283		1		37		59		12,986
Data processing and communications expenses	11,797		1,069		46		37		85		13,034
Other expenses	19,023		11,747		202		422		1,097		32,491
Total noninterest expense	98,868		34,259		1,051		1,805		3,438		139,421
Income before income tax expense	53,218		13,973		5,323		861		5,177		78,552
Income tax expense	12,848		2,934		1,118		181		1,050		18,131
Net income	$	40,370	$	11,039	$	4,205	$	680	$	4,127	$	60,421
Total assets	$	18,870,145	$	4,879,135	$	936,169	$	272,844	$	1,130,091	$	26,088,384
Goodwill	951,148		—		—		—		64,498		1,015,646
Other intangible assets, net	93,285		—		—		—		8,203		101,488

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Banking Division		Retail Mortgage Division		Warehouse Lending Division		SBA Division		Premium  Finance  Division		Total
Interest income	$	129,290	$	32,832	$	6,813	$	6,780	$	7,659	$	183,374
Interest expense	(4,455)		13,537		366		769		613		10,830
Net interest income	133,745		19,295		6,447		6,011		7,046		172,544
Provision for credit losses	5,226		1,587		(222)		(143)		(217)		6,231
Noninterest income	21,364		61,649		1,401		2,491		6		86,911
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits	49,195		31,614		283		1,271		1,918		84,281
Occupancy and equipment	11,074		1,471		1		99		82		12,727
Data processing and communications expenses	11,230		1,172		47		28		95		12,572
Other expenses	20,045		12,645		218		380		952		34,240
Total noninterest expense	91,544		46,902		549		1,778		3,047		143,820
Income before income tax expense	58,339		32,455		7,521		6,867		4,222		109,404
Income tax expense	16,996		6,815		1,579		1,442		874		27,706
Net income	$	41,343	$	25,640	$	5,942	$	5,425	$	3,348	$	81,698
Total assets	$	17,409,973	$	4,197,613	$	703,558	$	313,219	$	935,929	$	23,560,292
Goodwill	957,847		—		—		—		64,498		1,022,345
Other intangible assets, net	109,604		—		—		—		11,153		120,757

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NOTE 10 – LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS

The Company sells certain residential mortgage loans and SBA loans to third parties. All such transfers are accounted for as sales and the continuing involvement in the loans sold is limited to certain servicing responsibilities. The Company has also acquired servicing portfolios of residential mortgage and SBA loans. Loan servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently recorded at the lower of cost or fair value and are amortized over the remaining service life of the loans, with consideration given to prepayment assumptions. Loan servicing rights are recorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The carrying value of the loan servicing rights assets is shown in the table below:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Loan Servicing Rights
Residential mortgage	$	149,986	$	147,014
SBA	3,166		3,443
Total loan servicing rights	$	153,152	$	150,457

Residential Mortgage Loans

The Company sells certain first-lien residential mortgage loans to third party investors, primarily the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”). The Company retains the related mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) and receives servicing fees on certain of these loans. The net gain on loan sales, MSRs amortization and recoveries/impairment, and ongoing servicing fees on the portfolio of loans serviced for others are recorded in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income as part of mortgage banking activity.

During the three-months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded servicing fee income of $14.0 million. During the three-months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded servicing fee income of $17.1 million. Servicing fee income includes servicing fees, late fees and ancillary fees earned for each period.

The table below is an analysis of the activity in the Company’s MSRs and valuation allowance:

(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
Residential mortgage servicing rights	2023		2022
Beginning carrying value, net	$	147,014	$	206,944
Additions	7,730		21,701
Amortization	(4,758)		(6,062)
Recoveries	—		9,653
Ending carrying value, net	$	149,986	$	232,236

(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
Residential mortgage servicing valuation allowance	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	—	$	25,782
Recoveries	—		(9,653)
Ending balance	$	—	$	16,129

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The key metrics and the sensitivity of the fair value to adverse changes in model inputs and/or assumptions are summarized below:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
Residential mortgage servicing rights
Unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others	$	10,581,669		$	10,046,052
Composition of residential loans serviced for others:
FHLMC	16.82		%	16.80		%
FNMA	50.19		%	50.09		%
GNMA	32.99		%	33.11		%
Total	100.00		%	100.00		%
Weighted average term (months)	354			353
Weighted average age (months)	24			22
Modeled prepayment speed	8.55		%	8.22		%
Decline in fair value due to a 10% adverse change	(3,940)			(5,800)
Decline in fair value due to a 20% adverse change	(8,283)			(11,184)
Weighted average discount rate	10.73		%	10.00		%
Decline in fair value due to a 10% adverse change	(4,840)			(6,413)
Decline in fair value due to a 20% adverse change	(10,361)			(12,330)

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. As indicated, changes in fair value based on adverse changes in model inputs and/or assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of a change in input or assumption to the change in fair value may not be linear. In addition, the effect of an adverse variation in a particular input or assumption on the value of the residential mortgage servicing rights is calculated without changing any other input or assumption. In reality, a change in another factor may magnify or counteract the effect of the change in the first.

SBA Loans

All sales of SBA loans, consisting of the guaranteed portion, are executed on a servicing retained basis. These loans, which are partially guaranteed by the SBA, are generally secured by business property such as real estate, inventory, equipment and accounts receivable. The net gain on SBA loan sales, amortization and impairment/recoveries of servicing rights, and ongoing servicing fees are recorded in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income as part of other noninterest income.

During the three-months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded servicing fee income of $752,000. During the three-months ended March 31, 2022, the Company recorded servicing fee income of $876,000. Servicing fee income includes servicing fees, late fees and ancillary fees earned for each period.

The table below is an analysis of the activity in the Company’s SBA loan servicing rights and valuation allowance:

(dollars in thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31,
SBA servicing rights	2023		2022
Beginning carrying value, net	$	3,443	$	5,556
Additions	44		538
Amortization	(321)		(710)
Ending carrying value, net	$	3,166	$	5,384

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(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
SBA servicing rights
Unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others	$	311,532		$	326,418
Weighted average life (in years)	3.69			3.69
Modeled prepayment speed	18.37		%	18.24		%
Decline in fair value due to a 10% adverse change	(187)			(177)
Decline in fair value due to a 20% adverse change	(359)			(340)
Weighted average discount rate	15.98		%	19.57		%
Decline in fair value due to a 100 basis point adverse change	(88)			(83)
Decline in fair value due to a 200 basis point adverse change	(173)			(163)

The sensitivity calculations above are hypothetical and should not be considered to be predictive of future performance. As indicated, changes in fair value based on adverse changes in model inputs and/or assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship of a change in input or assumption to the change in fair value may not be linear. In addition, the effect of an adverse variation in a particular input or assumption on the value of the SBA servicing rights is calculated without changing any other input or assumption. In reality, a change in another factor may magnify or counteract the effect of the change in the first.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain of the statements made in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of, and subject to the protections of, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations, assumptions, estimates, intentions and future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which may be beyond our control and which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

All statements other than statements of historical fact are statements that could be forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements through our use of words such as “may,” “will,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “point to,” “project,” “predict,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “potential” and other similar words and expressions of the future. These forward-looking statements may not be realized due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation, the following: general competitive, economic, unemployment, political and market conditions and fluctuations, including real estate market conditions, and the effects of such conditions and fluctuations on the creditworthiness of borrowers, collateral values, asset recovery values and the value of investment securities; movements in interest rates and their impacts on net interest margin; expectations on credit quality and performance; competitive pressures on product pricing and services; legislative and regulatory changes; changes in U.S. government monetary and fiscal policy; investment security valuation and other performance measures; the potential impact of the phase-out of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other changes involving LIBOR; additional competition in our markets; changes in state and federal banking laws and regulations to which we are subject; financial market conditions and the results of financing efforts; the cost savings and any revenue synergies expected to result from acquisition transactions, which may not be fully realized within the expected timeframes if at all; the success and timing of other business strategies; our outlook and long-term goals for future growth; weather events, natural disasters, geopolitical events, acts of war or terrorism or other hostilities, public health crises and other catastrophic events beyond our control; and other factors discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Exchange Act.

All written or oral forward-looking statements that are made by or are attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary notice. Our forward-looking statements apply only as of the date of this report or the respective date of the document from which they are incorporated herein by reference. We have no obligation and do not undertake to update, revise or correct any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report, or after the respective dates on which such statements otherwise are made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview

The following is management’s discussion and analysis of certain significant factors which have affected the financial condition and results of operations of the Company as reflected in the unaudited consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023, as compared with December 31, 2022, and operating results for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. These comments should be read in conjunction with the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere herein.

This discussion contains certain performance measures determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP. Management of the Company uses these non-GAAP measures in its analysis of the Company’s performance. These measures are useful when evaluating the underlying performance and efficiency of the Company’s operations and balance sheet. The Company’s management believes that these non-GAAP measures provide a greater understanding of ongoing operations, enhance comparability of results with prior periods and demonstrate the effects of significant gains and charges in the current period. The Company’s management believes that investors may use these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the Company’s financial performance without the impact of unusual items that may obscure trends in the Company’s underlying performance. These disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. Non-GAAP measures include adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share. The Company calculates the regulatory capital ratios using current regulatory report instructions. The Company’s management uses these measures to assess the quality of capital and believes that investors may find them useful in their evaluation of the Company. These capital measures may or may not be necessarily comparable to similar capital measures that may be presented by other companies.

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Critical Accounting Policies

There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies from those disclosed in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The reader should refer to the notes to our consolidated financial statements in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full disclosure of all critical accounting policies.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

Consolidated Earnings and Profitability

Ameris reported net income available to common shareholders of $60.4 million, or $0.87 per diluted share, for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, compared with $81.7 million, or $1.17 per diluted share, for the same period in 2022. The Company’s return on average assets and average shareholders’ equity were 0.98% and 7.54%, respectively, in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 1.42% and 11.06%, respectively, in the first quarter of 2022. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company recorded pre-tax gain on bank owned life insurance (BOLI) proceeds of $486,000. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company recorded pre-tax merger and conversion charges of $977,000, pre-tax servicing right impairment recovery of $9.7 million and pre-tax gain on bank premises of $6,000. Excluding these adjustment items, the Company’s net income would have been $59.9 million, or $0.86 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2023 and $75.0 million, or $1.08 per diluted share, for the first quarter of 2022.

Below is a reconciliation of adjusted net income to net income, as discussed above.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2023		2022
Net income	$	60,421	$	81,698
Adjustment items:
Merger and conversion charges	—		977
Servicing right impairment (recovery)	—		(9,654)
Gain on BOLI proceeds	(486)		—
Gain on bank premises	—		(6)
Tax effect of adjustment items (Note 1)	—		2,024
After tax adjustment items	(486)		(6,659)
Adjusted net income	$	59,935	$	75,039
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted	69,322,664		69,660,990
Net income per diluted share	$	0.87	$	1.17
Adjusted net income per diluted share	$	0.86	$	1.08
Note 1: Tax effect is calculated utilizing a 21% rate for taxable adjustments. Gain on BOLI proceeds is non-taxable and no tax effect is included. A portion of the merger and conversion charges for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is nondeductible for tax purposes.

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Below is additional information regarding the retail banking activities, mortgage banking activities, warehouse lending activities, SBA activities and premium finance activities of the Company during the first quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Banking Division		Retail Mortgage Division		Warehouse Lending Division		SBA Division		Premium  Finance  Division		Total
Interest income	$	208,215	$	48,589	$	16,614	$	4,375	$	17,923	$	295,716
Interest expense	32,887		28,562		10,914		2,418		9,283		84,064
Net interest income	175,328		20,027		5,700		1,957		8,640		211,652
Provision for credit losses	47,140		2,853		(194)		(104)		34		49,729
Noninterest income	23,898		31,058		480		605		9		56,050
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits	56,442		20,160		802		1,309		2,197		80,910
Occupancy and equipment	11,606		1,283		1		37		59		12,986
Data processing and communications expenses	11,797		1,069		46		37		85		13,034
Other expenses	19,023		11,747		202		422		1,097		32,491
Total noninterest expense	98,868		34,259		1,051		1,805		3,438		139,421
Income before income tax expense	53,218		13,973		5,323		861		5,177		78,552
Income tax expense	12,848		2,934		1,118		181		1,050		18,131
Net income	$	40,370	$	11,039	$	4,205	$	680	$	4,127	$	60,421

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Banking Division		Retail Mortgage Division		Warehouse Lending Division		SBA Division		Premium Finance Division		Total
Interest income	$	129,290	$	32,832	$	6,813	$	6,780	$	7,659	$	183,374
Interest expense	(4,455)		13,537		366		769		613		10,830
Net interest income	133,745		19,295		6,447		6,011		7,046		172,544
Provision for credit losses	5,226		1,587		(222)		(143)		(217)		6,231
Noninterest income	21,364		61,649		1,401		2,491		6		86,911
Noninterest expense
Salaries and employee benefits	49,195		31,614		283		1,271		1,918		84,281
Occupancy and equipment	11,074		1,471		1		99		82		12,727
Data processing and communications expenses	11,230		1,172		47		28		95		12,572
Other expenses	20,045		12,645		218		380		952		34,240
Total noninterest expense	91,544		46,902		549		1,778		3,047		143,820
Income before income tax expense	58,339		32,455		7,521		6,867		4,222		109,404
Income tax expense	16,996		6,815		1,579		1,442		874		27,706
Net income	$	41,343	$	25,640	$	5,942	$	5,425	$	3,348	$	81,698

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Net Interest Income and Margins

The following table sets forth the average balance, interest income or interest expense, and average interest rate for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, net interest spread, and net interest margin on average interest-earning assets for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Federally tax-exempt income is presented on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a 21% federal tax rate.

	Quarter Ended March 31,
	2023					2022
(dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Average Yield/ Rate Paid	Average Balance		Interest Income/ Expense		Average Yield/ Rate Paid
Assets
Interest-earning assets:
Federal funds sold, interest-bearing deposits in banks, and time deposits in other banks	$	859,614	$	9,113	4.30%	$	3,413,238	$	1,383	0.16%
Investment securities	1,760,500		14,729		3.39%	700,975		4,474		2.59%
Loans held for sale	490,295		7,007		5.80%	1,097,098		8,132		3.01%
Loans	19,820,749		265,802		5.44%	15,821,397		170,398		4.37%
Total interest-earning assets	22,931,158		296,651		5.25%	21,032,708		184,387		3.56%
Noninterest-earning assets	2,184,769					2,242,946
Total assets	$	25,115,927				$	23,275,654
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Savings and interest-bearing demand deposits	$	10,145,800	$	44,130	1.76%	$	9,899,418	$	2,600	0.11%
Time deposits	1,737,458		9,052		2.11%	1,774,016		1,492		0.34%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase	—		—		—%	4,020		3		0.30%
FHLB advances	1,968,811		22,448		4.62%	48,786		190		1.58%
Other borrowings	361,445		5,349		6.00%	443,657		5,164		4.72%
Subordinated deferrable interest debentures	128,557		3,085		9.73%	126,563		1,381		4.43%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	14,342,071		84,064		2.38%	12,296,460		10,830		0.36%
Demand deposits	7,136,373					7,658,451
Other liabilities	387,194					326,091
Shareholders’ equity	3,250,289					2,994,652
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	25,115,927				$	23,275,654
Interest rate spread					2.87%					3.20%
Net interest income			$	212,587				$	173,557
Net interest margin					3.76%					3.35%

On a tax-equivalent basis, net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $212.6 million, an increase of $39.0 million, or 22.5%, compared with $173.6 million reported in the same quarter in 2022. The higher net interest income is primarily a result of growth in investment securities and loans, partially offset by increased cost of funds as market interest rates have risen. Average interest earning assets increased $1.90 billion, or 9.0%, from $21.03 billion in the first quarter of 2022 to $22.93 billion for the first quarter of 2023. This growth in interest-earning assets resulted primarily from organic loan growth and securities purchases, partially offset by a decline in excess liquidity as average deposits declined approximately 1.6%. The Company’s net interest margin during the first quarter of 2023 was 3.76%, up 41 basis points from 3.35% reported in the first quarter of 2022. Loan production in the lines of business (including retail mortgage, warehouse lending, SBA and premium finance) amounted to $3.4 billion during the first quarter of 2023, with weighted average yields of 6.57%, compared with $4.7 billion and 3.63%, respectively, during the first quarter of 2022. Loan production in the banking division amounted to $563.0 million during the first quarter of 2023, with weighted average yields of 8.72%, compared with $805.5 million and 5.17%, respectively, during the first quarter of 2022.

Total interest income, on a tax-equivalent basis, increased to $296.7 million during the first quarter of 2023, compared with $184.4 million in the same quarter of 2022.  Yields on earning assets increased to 5.25% during the first quarter of 2023, compared with 3.56% reported in the first quarter of 2022. During the first quarter of 2023, loans comprised 88.6% of average earning assets, compared with 80.4% in the same quarter of 2022. Yields on loans increased to 5.44% in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 4.37% in the same period of 2022. Accretion income for the first quarter of 2023 was $420,000, compared with $1.0 million in the first quarter of 2022.

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The yield on total interest-bearing liabilities increased from 0.36% in the first quarter of 2022 to 2.38% in the first quarter of 2023. Total funding costs, inclusive of noninterest-bearing demand deposits, increased to 1.59% in the first quarter of 2023, compared with 0.22% during the first quarter of 2022. Deposit costs increased from 0.09% in the first quarter of 2022 to 1.13% in the first quarter of 2023. Non-deposit funding costs increased from 4.39% in the first quarter of 2022 to 5.09% in the first quarter of 2023. Average balances of interest-bearing deposits and their respective costs for the first quarter of 2023 and 2022 are shown below:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023			Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Average Balance		Average Cost	Average Balance		Average Cost
NOW	$	4,145,991	1.47%	$	3,684,772	0.09%
MMDA	4,994,195		2.26%	5,240,922		0.13%
Savings	1,005,614		0.52%	973,724		0.06%
Retail CDs	1,612,325		1.92%	1,774,016		0.34%
Brokered CDs	125,133		4.61%	—		—%
Interest-bearing deposits	$	11,883,258	1.82%	$	11,673,434	0.14%

Provision for Credit Losses

The Company’s provision for credit losses during the first quarter of 2023 amounted to $49.7 million, compared with $6.2 million in the first quarter of 2022. This increase was attributable to the updated economic forecast and organic growth in loans during the quarter. The provision for credit losses for the first quarter of 2023 was comprised of $49.4 million related to loans, $346,000 related to unfunded commitments and $7,000 related to other credit losses, compared with negative $2.7 million related to loans, $9.0 million related to unfunded commitments and negative $44,000 related to other credit losses for the first quarter of 2022. Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets was stable at 0.61% at December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023. The increase in non-performing assets is primarily attributable to an increase in nonaccruing loans as a result of rebooked GNMA loans, which the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase. The Company recognized net charge-offs on loans during the first quarter of 2023 of approximately $10.7 million, or 0.22% of average loans on an annualized basis, compared with net charge-offs of approximately $3.6 million, or 0.09%, in the first quarter of 2022. The Company’s total allowance for credit losses on loans at March 31, 2023 was $242.7 million, or 1.21% of total loans, compared with $205.7 million, or 1.04% of total loans, at December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily attributable to updated forecast economic conditions.

Noninterest Income

Total noninterest income for the first quarter of 2023 was $56.1 million, a decrease of $30.9 million, or 35.5%, from the $86.9 million reported in the first quarter of 2022.  Income from mortgage banking activities was $31.4 million in the first quarter of 2023, a decrease of $31.5 million, or 50.1%, from $62.9 million in the first quarter of 2022. Total production in the first quarter of 2023 amounted to $946.4 million, compared with $1.53 billion in the same quarter of 2022, while spread (gain on sale) decreased to 1.96% in the current quarter, compared with 2.94% in the same quarter of 2022. The retail mortgage open pipeline finished the first quarter of 2023 at $725.9 million, compared with $507.1 million at December 31, 2022 and $1.41 billion at the end of the first quarter of 2022. Service charges on deposit accounts decreased $122,000, or 1.1%, to $10.9 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with $11.1 million in the first quarter of 2022.

Other noninterest income increased $742,000, or 6.2%, to $12.7 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared with $12.0 million during the first quarter of 2022. The increase in other noninterest income was primarily attributable to increased fee income from equipment finance, derivative fee income and BOLI income of $1.5 million, $1.2 million and $918,000, respectively, partially offset by a decline in gain on sale of SBA loans of $2.1 million.

Noninterest Expense

Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2023 decreased $4.4 million, or 3.1%, to $139.4 million, compared with $143.8 million in the same quarter 2022. Salaries and employee benefits decreased $3.4 million, or 4.0%, from $84.3 million in the first quarter of 2022 to $80.9 million in the first quarter of 2023, due primarily to decreases in variable compensation tied to mortgage production of $7.5 million, and stock based compensation of $698,000, partially offset by a decline in deferred origination costs of $3.9 million. Occupancy and equipment expenses increased $259,000, or 2.0%, to $13.0 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared with $12.7 million in the first quarter of 2022. Data processing and communications expenses increased $462,000, or 3.7%, to $13.0 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with $12.6 million in the first quarter of

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2022. Advertising and marketing expense was $3.5 million in the first quarter of 2023, compared with $2.0 million in the first quarter of 2022. This increase was primarily related to a marketing campaign begun in the second quarter of 2022. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $475,000, or 9.2%, from $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2022 to $4.7 million in the first quarter of 2023. This decrease was primarily related to a reduction in core deposit intangible amortization. Loan servicing expenses decreased $588,000, or 6.6%, from $8.9 million in the first quarter of 2022 to $8.3 million in the first quarter of 2023, primarily attributable to the sale of a portion of our mortgage servicing portfolio during the third quarter of 2022, partially offset by additional mortgage loans serviced added from mortgage production over the previous year. Other noninterest expenses decreased $2.7 million, or 14.6%, from $18.1 million in the first quarter of 2022 to $15.5 million in the first quarter of 2023, due primarily to decreases of $795,000 in fraud and forgery losses, $561,000 in other losses and $2.2 million in tax and license expenses. These decreases in other noninterest expenses were partially offset by an increase in legal and professional fees of $1.1 million.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is influenced by the statutory rate, the amount of taxable income, the amount of tax-exempt income and the amount of nondeductible expenses.  For the first quarter of 2023, the Company reported income tax expense of $18.1 million, compared with $27.7 million in the same period of 2022. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ending March 31, 2023 and 2022 was 23.1% and 25.3%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate is primarily a result of a discrete charge to the Company's state tax liability and an increase in nondeductible merger expenses in the first quarter of 2022.

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Financial Condition as of March 31, 2023

Securities

Debt securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of the related deferred tax effect. Securities available-for-sale may be bought and sold in response to changes in market conditions, including, but not limited to, fluctuations in interest rates, changes in securities' prepayment risk, increases in loan demand, general liquidity needs and positioning the portfolio to take advantage of market conditions that create more economically attractive returns. Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity based on management's positive intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity and are carried at amortized cost. Restricted equity securities are classified as other investment securities and are carried at cost and are periodically evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of par value or cost basis.

The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income using methods approximating the interest method over the expected life of the securities. Realized gains and losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings on the trade date. 

Management and the Company’s ALCO Committee evaluate available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation, to determine if credit-related impairment exists. Management first evaluates whether they intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell an impaired security before recovering its amortized cost basis. If either criteria is met, the entire amount of unrealized loss is recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security's amortized cost basis. If either of the above criteria is not met, management evaluates whether the decline in fair value is attributable to credit or resulted from other factors. If credit-related impairment exists, the Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses, limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment not recognized through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, as a non credit-related impairment. The Company does not intend to sell these available-for-sale investment securities at an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities prior to recovery or maturity. Based on the results of management's review, at March 31, 2023, management determined that $82,000 was attributable to credit impairment and, accordingly, an allowance for credit losses was established. The remaining $45.5 million in unrealized loss was determined to be from factors other than credit.

The Company's held-to-maturity securities have no expected credit losses, and no related allowance for credit losses has been established.

The following table is a summary of our investment portfolio at the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2023				December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasuries	$	776,583	$	766,129	$	775,784	$	759,534
U.S. government-sponsored agencies	1,032		987		1,036		979
State, county and municipal securities	33,965		33,213		35,358		34,195
Corporate debt securities	16,397		15,610		16,397		15,926
SBA pool securities	26,942		25,342		29,422		27,398
Mortgage-backed securities	686,223		655,555		701,008		662,028
Total debt securities available-for-sale	$	1,541,142	$	1,496,836	$	1,559,005	$	1,500,060
Securities held-to-maturity
State, county and municipal securities	$	31,905	$	27,330	$	31,905	$	26,525
Mortgage-backed securities	102,270		88,763		102,959		88,013
Total debt securities held-to-maturity	$	134,175	$	116,093	$	134,864	$	114,538

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The amounts of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity in each category as of March 31, 2023 are shown in the following table according to contractual maturity classifications: (i) one year or less; (ii) after one year through five years; (iii) after five years through ten years; and (iv) after ten years:

	U.S. Treasuries				U.S. Government-Sponsored Agencies				State, County and Municipal Securities
(dollars in thousands) Securities available-for-sale (1)	Amount		Yield  (2)		Amount		Yield  (2)		Amount		Yield (2)(3)
One year or less	$	72,894	3.93	%	$	—	—	%	$	2,243	3.93	%
After one year through five years	693,235		3.15		987		2.16		18,054		3.89
After five years through ten years	—		—		—		—		6,631		4.44
After ten years	—		—		—		—		6,285		3.63
	$	766,129	3.23	%	$	987	2.16	%	$	33,213	3.95	%
	Corporate Debt Securities				SBA Pool Securities				Mortgage-Backed Securities
(dollars in thousands) Securities available-for-sale (1)	Amount		Yield  (2)		Amount		Yield  (2)		Amount		Yield  (2)
One year or less	$	500	3.88	%	$	11	6.62	%	$	20,578	2.67	%
After one year through five years	3,994		5.47		6,004		2.11		233,349		3.13
After five years through ten years	9,825		5.00		5,907		2.58		150,168		3.12
After ten years	1,291		8.00		13,420		3.13		251,460		3.24
	$	15,610	5.43	%	$	25,342	2.76	%	$	655,555	3.15	%
	State, County and Municipal Securities				Mortgage-Backed Securities
(dollars in thousands) Securities held-to-maturity (1)	Amount		Yield (2)(3)		Amount		Yield  (2)
One year or less	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%
After one year through five years	—		—		10,901		1.01
After five years through ten years	—		—		38,669		2.66
After ten years	31,905		3.93		52,700		2.22
	$	31,905	3.93	%	$	102,270	2.26	%

(1)The amortized cost of securities held-to-maturity and fair value of securities available-for-sale are presented based on contractual maturities. Actual cash flows may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.

(2)Yields were computed using coupon interest, adding discount accretion or subtracting premium amortization, as appropriate, on a ratable basis over the life of each security. The weighted average yield for each maturity range was computed using the amortized cost of each security in that range.

(3)Yields on securities of state and political subdivisions are stated on a taxable-equivalent basis, using a tax rate of 21%.

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

At March 31, 2023, gross loans outstanding (including loans and loans held for sale) were $20.39 billion, up $145.6 million from $20.25 billion reported at December 31, 2022. Loans increased $142.6 million, or 0.7%, from $19.86 billion at December 31, 2022 to $20.00 billion at March 31, 2023, driven primarily by organic growth. Loans held for sale increased from $392.1 million at December 31, 2022 to $395.1 million at March 31, 2023 primarily in our mortgage division.

The Company regularly monitors the composition of the loan portfolio to evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on loans in light of the impact that changes in the economic environment may have on the loan portfolio. The Company focuses on the following loan categories: (1) commercial, financial and agricultural; (2) consumer installment; (3) indirect automobile; (4) mortgage warehouse; (5) municipal; (6) premium finance; (7) construction and development related real estate; (8) commercial and farmland real estate; and (9) residential real estate. The Company’s management has strategically located its branches in select markets in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina and South Carolina to take advantage of the growth in these areas.

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The Company’s risk management processes include a loan review program designed to evaluate the credit risk in the loan portfolio and ensure credit grade accuracy. Through the loan review process, the Company conducts (1) a loan portfolio summary analysis, (2) charge-off and recovery analysis, (3) trends in accruing problem loan analysis, and (4) problem and past-due loan analysis. This analysis process serves as a tool to assist management in assessing the overall quality of the loan portfolio and the adequacy of the ACL. Loans classified as “substandard” are loans which are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged. These assets exhibit a well-defined weakness or are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. These weaknesses may be characterized by past due performance, operating losses and/or questionable collateral values. Loans classified as “doubtful” are those loans that have characteristics similar to substandard loans but have an increased risk of loss. Loans classified as “loss” are those loans which are considered uncollectible and are in the process of being charged off.

The Company estimates the ACL on loans based on the underlying assets’ amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the financing receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, the Company has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of ACL.

Expected credit losses are reflected in the ACL through a charge to credit loss expense. When the Company deems all or a portion of a financial asset to be uncollectible the appropriate amount is written off and the ACL is reduced by the same amount. The Company applies judgment to determine when a financial asset is deemed uncollectible; however, generally speaking, an asset will be considered uncollectible no later than when all efforts at collection have been exhausted. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the ACL when received.

The Company measures expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis, when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Depending on the nature of the pool of financial assets with similar risk characteristics, the Company currently uses the DCF method or the PD×LGD method which may be adjusted for qualitative factors.

The Company’s methodologies for estimating the ACL consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodologies apply historical loss information, adjusted for asset-specific characteristics, economic conditions at the measurement date, and forecasts about future economic conditions expected to exist through the contractual lives of the financial assets that are reasonable and supportable, to the identified pools of financial assets with similar risk characteristics for which the historical loss experience was observed. The Company’s methodologies revert back to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over four quarters when the Company can no longer develop reasonable and supportable forecasts.

At the end of the first quarter of 2023, the ACL on loans totaled $242.7 million, or 1.21% of loans, compared with $205.7 million, or 1.04% of loans, at December 31, 2022. Our nonaccrual loans increased from $134.8 million at December 31, 2022 to $143.0 million at March 31, 2023. The increase in nonaccrual loans is primarily attributable to rebooked GNMA loans, which the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase. For the first three months of 2023, our net charge off ratio as a percentage of average loans increased to 0.22%, compared with 0.09% for the first three months of 2022. The total provision for credit losses for the first three months of 2023 was $49.7 million, increasing from a provision of $6.2 million recorded for the first three months of 2022. Our ratio of total nonperforming assets to total assets was stable at 0.61% at both December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023.

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The following table presents an analysis of the allowance for credit losses on loans, provision for credit losses on loans and net charge-offs as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2023		2022
Balance of allowance for credit losses on loans at beginning of period	$	205,677	$	167,582
Adjustment to allowance for adoption of ASU 2022-02	(1,711)		—
Provision charged to operating expense	49,376		(2,734)
Charge-offs:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	12,233		4,414
Consumer	1,140		1,425
Indirect automobile	34		88
Premium finance	1,421		1,369
Real estate – commercial and farmland	—		1,283
Real estate – residential	128		—
Total charge-offs	14,956		8,579
Recoveries:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	2,043		2,896
Consumer	297		158
Indirect automobile	216		275
Premium finance	1,382		1,247
Real estate – construction and development	100		218
Real estate – commercial and farmland	44		37
Real estate – residential	190		151
Total recoveries	4,272		4,982
Net charge-offs	10,684		3,597
Balance of allowance for credit losses on loans at end of period	$	242,658	$	161,251

The following table presents an analysis of the allowance for credit losses on loans and net charge-offs for loans held for investment:

	As of and for the Three Months Ended
(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023			March 31, 2022
Allowance for credit losses on loans at end of period	$	242,658		$	161,251
Net charge-offs for the period	10,684			3,597
Loan balances:
End of period	19,997,871			16,143,801
Average for the period	19,820,749			15,821,397
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans (annualized)	0.22		%	0.09		%
Allowance for credit losses on loans as a percentage of end of period loans	1.21		%	1.00		%

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Loans

Loans are stated at amortized cost. Balances within the major loans receivable categories are presented in the following table:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	2,722,180	$	2,679,403
Consumer	349,775		384,037
Indirect automobile	83,466		108,648
Mortgage warehouse	958,418		1,038,924
Municipal	505,515		509,151
Premium finance	947,257		1,023,479
Real estate – construction and development	2,144,605		2,086,438
Real estate – commercial and farmland	7,721,732		7,604,867
Real estate – residential	4,564,923		4,420,306
	$	19,997,871	$	19,855,253

Non-Performing Assets

Non-performing assets include nonaccrual loans, accruing loans contractually past due 90 days or more, repossessed personal property, and OREO. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when management has concerns relating to the ability to collect the principal and interest and generally when such loans are 90 days or more past due. Management performs a detailed review and valuation assessment of non-performing loans over $250,000 on a quarterly basis. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current income.

Nonaccrual loans totaled $143.0 million at March 31, 2023, an increase of $8.2 million, or 6.1%, from $134.8 million at December 31, 2022. Accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more totaled $15.8 million at March 31, 2023, a decrease of $2.1 million, or 11.6%, compared with $17.9 million at December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, OREO totaled $1.5 million, an increase of $659,000, or 78.2%, compared with $843,000 at December 31, 2022. Management regularly assesses the valuation of OREO through periodic reappraisal and through inquiries received in the marketing process.  At the end of the first quarter of 2023, total non-performing assets as a percent of total assets were stable at 0.61% compared with December 31, 2022.

Non-performing assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Nonaccrual loans(1)	$	143,027	$	134,808
Accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more	15,792		17,865
Repossessed assets	25		28
Other real estate owned	1,502		843
Total non-performing assets	$	160,346	$	153,544

(1) Included in nonaccrual loans were $75.0 million and $69.6 million of serviced GNMA-guaranteed nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Commercial Lending Practices

The federal bank regulatory agencies previously issued interagency guidance on commercial real estate lending and prudent risk management practices. This guidance defines commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans as loans secured by raw land, land development and construction (including one-to-four family residential construction), multi-family property and non-farm nonresidential property where the primary or a significant source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property, excluding owner-occupied properties (loans for which 50% or more of the source of repayment is derived from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the party, or affiliate of the party, who owns the property) or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing or permanent financing of the property. Loans for owner-occupied CRE are generally excluded from the CRE guidance.

The CRE guidance is applicable when either:

(1)total loans for construction, land development, and other land, net of owner-occupied loans, represent 100% or more of a tier I capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans and leases; or

(2)total loans secured by multifamily and nonfarm nonresidential properties and loans for construction, land development, and other land, net of owner-occupied loans, represent 300% or more of a bank’s tier I capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans and leases.

Banks that are subject to the CRE guidance criteria are required to implement enhanced strategic planning, CRE underwriting policies, risk management and internal controls, portfolio stress testing, risk exposure limits, and other policies, including management compensation and incentives, to address the CRE risks. Higher allowances for loan losses and capital levels may also be appropriate.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company exhibited a concentration in the CRE loan category based on Federal Reserve Call codes. The primary risks of CRE lending are:

(1)within CRE loans, construction and development loans are somewhat dependent upon continued strength in demand for residential real estate, which is reliant on favorable real estate mortgage rates and changing population demographics;

(2)on average, CRE loan sizes are generally larger than non-CRE loan types; and

(3)certain construction and development loans may be less predictable and more difficult to evaluate and monitor.

The following table outlines CRE loan categories and CRE loans as a percentage of total loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The loan categories and concentrations below are based on Federal Reserve Call codes:

	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		% of Total Loans	Balance		% of Total Loans
Construction and development loans	$	2,144,605	11%	$	2,086,438	11%
Multi-family loans	787,701		4%	779,027		4%
Nonfarm non-residential loans (excluding owner-occupied)	4,737,191		24%	4,796,358		24%
Total CRE Loans (excluding owner-occupied)	7,669,497		38%	7,661,823		39%
All other loan types	12,328,374		62%	12,193,430		61%
Total Loans	$	19,997,871	100%	$	19,855,253	100%

The following table outlines the percentage of construction and development loans and total CRE loans, net of owner-occupied loans, to the Bank’s tier I capital plus allowance for credit losses on loans and leases, and the Company’s internal concentration limits as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Internal Limit	Actual
		March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Construction and development loans	100%	80%	79%
Total CRE loans (excluding owner-occupied)	300%	287%	292%

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Short-Term Investments

The Company’s short-term investments are comprised of federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits in banks. At March 31, 2023, the Company’s short-term investments were $1.75 billion, compared with $833.6 million at December 31, 2022, all of which was in interest-bearing deposit balances at correspondent banks and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company has forward contracts and IRLCs to economically hedge changes in the value of the mortgage inventory due to changes in market interest rates. The fair value of these instruments amounted to an asset of $6.4 million and $3.9 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and a liability of $5.3 million and $0 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company also enters into interest rate derivative agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies of certain clients. The Company mitigates this risk by entering into equal and offsetting interest rate swap agreements with highly rated third-party financial institutions. The fair value of these instruments amounted to an asset of $4.1 million and $4.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and a liability of $4.4 million and $4.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Deposits

Total deposits at the Company increased $434.7 million, or 2.2%, to $19.90 billion at March 31, 2023, compared with $19.46 billion at December 31, 2022. Noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $631.7 million, or 8.0%, while interest-bearing deposits increased $1.07 billion, or 9.2%, during the first quarter of 2023. The decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits was attributable to the cyclicality of certain customers' industries, particularly agriculture, and a shift in consumer behavior to interest-bearing accounts as interest rates have risen. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company proactively issued approximately $1.11 billion in short-term brokered CDs. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had estimated uninsured deposits of $8.34 billion and $9.15 billion, respectively. These estimates were derived using the same methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory reporting. Approximately $2.43 billion, or 29.2%, of the uninsured deposits were for municipalities which are collateralized with investment securities or letters of credit. The decrease in uninsured deposits is primarily related to the cyclical deposit flows in the first quarter.

Capital

Common Stock Repurchase Program

On September 19, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of its outstanding common stock through October 31, 2020. The Company's Board of Directors has subsequently extended the share repurchase program each year since the original authorization, with the most recent extension, which also included the replenishment of the program to $100.0 million, being announced on October 27, 2022. As a result, the Company is currently authorized to engage in additional share repurchases up to $100.0 million through October 31, 2023.  Repurchases of shares must be made in accordance with applicable securities laws and may be made from time to time in the open market or by negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of repurchases will be based on a variety of factors, including share acquisition price, regulatory limitations and other market and economic factors. The program does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares. As of March 31, 2023, an aggregate of $5.5 million, or 140,733 shares of the Company's common stock, had been repurchased under the program.

Capital Management

Capital management consists of providing equity to support both current and anticipated future operations. The capital resources of the Company are monitored on a periodic basis by state and federal regulatory authorities.

Under the regulatory capital frameworks adopted by the Federal Reserve Board (the "FRB") and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC"), the Company and the Bank must each maintain a common equity Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 6%, a total capital to total risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 8% and a leverage ratio of Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets of at least 4%. The Company and the Bank are also required to maintain a capital conservation buffer of common equity Tier 1 capital of at least 2.5% of risk-weighted assets in addition to the minimum risk-based capital ratios in order to avoid certain restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments.

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In March 2020, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FRB and the FDIC issued an interim final rule that delays the estimated impact on regulatory capital stemming from the implementation of CECL. The interim final rule provides banking organizations that implement CECL in 2020 the option to delay for two years an estimate of CECL’s effect on regulatory capital, relative to the incurred loss methodology’s effect on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period. As a result, the Company and Bank elected the five-year transition relief allowed under the interim final rule effective March 31, 2020.

As of March 31, 2023, under the regulatory capital standards, the Bank was considered “well capitalized” under all capital measurements. The following table sets forth the regulatory capital ratios of for the Company and the Bank at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio (tier 1 capital to average assets)
Consolidated	9.26%	9.36%
Ameris Bank	10.21%	10.56%
CET1 Ratio (common equity tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets)
Consolidated	10.10%	9.86%
Ameris Bank	11.14%	11.12%
Tier 1 Capital Ratio (tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets)
Consolidated	10.10%	9.86%
Ameris Bank	11.14%	11.12%
Total Capital Ratio (total capital to risk weighted assets)
Consolidated	13.16%	12.90%
Ameris Bank	12.57%	12.28%

Interest Rate Sensitivity and Liquidity

The Company’s primary market risk exposures are credit risk, interest rate risk, and to a lesser degree, liquidity risk. The Bank operates under an Asset Liability Management Policy approved by the Company’s Board of Directors and the ALCO Committee. The policy outlines limits on interest rate risk in terms of changes in net interest income and changes in the net market values of assets and liabilities over certain changes in interest rate environments. These measurements are made through a simulation model which projects the impact of changes in interest rates on the Bank’s assets and liabilities. The policy also outlines responsibility for monitoring interest rate risk, and the process for the approval, implementation and monitoring of interest rate risk strategies to achieve the Bank’s interest rate risk objectives.

The ALCO Committee is comprised of senior officers of Ameris. The ALCO Committee makes all strategic decisions with respect to the sources and uses of funds that may affect net interest income, including net interest spread and net interest margin. The objective of the ALCO Committee is to identify the interest rate, liquidity and market value risks of the Company’s balance sheet and use reasonable methods approved by the Company’s Board of Directors and executive management to minimize those identified risks.

The normal course of business activity exposes the Company to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is managed within an overall asset and liability framework for the Company. The principal objectives of asset and liability management are to predict the sensitivity of net interest spreads to potential changes in interest rates, control risk and enhance profitability. Funding positions are kept within predetermined limits designed to properly manage risk and liquidity. The Company employs sensitivity analysis in the form of a net interest income simulation to help characterize the market risk arising from changes in interest rates. In addition, fluctuations in interest rates usually result in changes in the fair market value of the Company’s financial instruments, cash flows and net interest income. The Company’s interest rate risk position is managed by the ALCO Committee.

The Company uses a simulation modeling process to measure interest rate risk and evaluate potential strategies. Interest rate scenario models are prepared using software created and licensed from an outside vendor. The Company’s simulation includes all financial assets and liabilities. Simulation results quantify interest rate risk under various interest rate scenarios. Management then develops and implements appropriate strategies. The ALCO Committee has determined that an acceptable level of interest rate risk would be for net interest income to increase/decrease no more than 20% given a change in selected interest rates of 200 basis points over any 24-month period.

Liquidity management involves the matching of the cash flow requirements of customers, who may be either depositors desiring to withdraw funds or borrowers needing assurance that sufficient funds will be available to meet their credit needs, and

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the ability of Ameris to manage those requirements. The Company strives to maintain an adequate liquidity position by managing the balances and maturities of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities so that the balance it has in short-term assets at any given time will adequately cover any reasonably anticipated immediate need for funds. Additionally, the Bank maintains relationships with correspondent banks, which could provide funds on short notice, if needed. The Company has invested in FHLB stock for the purpose of establishing credit lines with the FHLB. The credit availability to the Bank is equal to 30% of the Bank’s total assets as reported on the most recent quarterly financial information submitted to the regulators subject to the pledging of sufficient collateral. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the net carrying value of the Company’s other borrowings was $2.40 billion and $1.88 billion, respectively. At March 31, 2023, the Company had availability with the FHLB and FRB Discount Window of $2.38 billion and $2.72 billion, respectively.

The following liquidity ratios compare certain assets and liabilities to total deposits or total assets:

	March 31, 2023	December 31, 2022	September 30, 2022	June 30, 2022	March 31, 2022
Investment securities available-for-sale to total deposits	7.52%	7.71%	6.45%	5.35%	2.96%
Loans (net of unearned income) to total deposits	100.50%	102.02%	96.61%	89.21%	82.41%
Interest-earning assets to total assets	91.71%	91.11%	90.76%	89.88%	90.43%
Interest-bearing deposits to total deposits	61.60%	59.26%	57.14%	58.02%	59.82%

The liquidity resources of the Company are monitored continually by the ALCO Committee and on a periodic basis by state and federal regulatory authorities. As determined under guidelines established by these regulatory authorities, the Company’s and the Bank’s liquidity ratios at March 31, 2023 were considered satisfactory. The Company is aware of no events or trends likely to result in a material change in liquidity.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The Company is exposed only to U.S. dollar interest rate changes, and, accordingly, the Company manages exposure by considering the possible changes in the net interest margin. The Company does not have any trading instruments nor does it classify any portion of the investment portfolio as held for trading. 

The Company also had forward contracts and IRLCs to economically hedge changes in the value of the mortgage inventory due to changes in market interest rates. The fair value of these instruments amounted to an asset of approximately $6.4 million and $3.9 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and a liability of $5.3 million and $0 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company also enters into interest rate derivative agreements to facilitate the risk management strategies of certain clients. The Company mitigates this risk by entering into equal and offsetting interest rate swap agreements with highly rated third-party financial institutions. The fair value of these instruments amounted to an asset of $4.1 million and $4.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and a liability of $4.4 million and $4.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The Company has no exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk, commodity price risk and other market risks.

Interest rates play a major part in the net interest income of a financial institution. The sensitivity to rate changes is known as “interest rate risk.” The repricing of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities can influence the changes in net interest income. As part of the Company’s asset/liability management program, the timing of repriced assets and liabilities is referred to as “gap management.”

The Company uses simulation analysis to monitor changes in net interest income due to changes in market interest rates. The simulation of rising, declining and flat interest rate scenarios allows management to monitor and adjust interest rate sensitivity to minimize the impact of market interest rate swings. The analysis of the impact on net interest income over a 12-month and 24-month period is subjected to gradual and parallel shocks of 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis point increases and decreases in market rates and is monitored on a quarterly basis.

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The following table presents the earnings simulation model’s projected impact of a change in interest rates on the projected baseline net interest income for the 12- and 24-month periods commencing April 1, 2023. This change in interest rates assumes parallel shifts in the yield curve and does not take into account changes in the slope of the yield curve.

Earnings Simulation Model Results
Change in	% Change in Projected Baseline
Interest Rates	Net Interest Income
(in bps)	12 Months	24 Months
400	0.7%	11.0%
300	2.5%	9.5%
200	2.6%	6.8%
100	1.5%	3.6%
(100)	(1.8)%	(4.2)%
(200)	(3.8)%	(8.8)%
(300)	(6.1)%	(14.3)%
(400)	(8.3)%	(18.8)%

Additional information required by Item 305 of Regulation S-K is set forth under Part I, Item 2 of this report.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 of the Exchange Act. Based on such evaluation, such officers have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, there was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 of the Exchange Act that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Disclosure concerning legal proceedings can be found in Part I - "Financial Information, Item 1. Financial Statements, Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 8 – Commitments and Contingencies" under the caption, "Litigation and Regulatory Contingencies," which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Except as noted below, there have not been any material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. of Part I of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, previously filed with the SEC.

A failure, or the perceived risk of a failure, to raise the statutory debt limit of the United States could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The inability of U.S. lawmakers to pass legislation to raise the U.S. government’s debt limit of $31.4 trillion has increased the possibility of a default by the U.S. government on its debt obligations, which could have an adverse impact on financial markets, interest rates and economic conditions in the United States and worldwide. The U.S. government reached its debt limit of $31.4 trillion in January 2023. Since then, the U.S. Department of Treasury has implemented extraordinary measures to prevent default.

It is unclear if Congress and the President will reach an agreement to increase the U.S. government’s debt limit in a timely manner. The political stalemate over legislation to fund U.S. government operations and raise the U.S. government’s debt limit may increase the possibility of a default by the U.S. government on its debt obligations and related credit-rating downgrades. This creates uncertainty in the U.S. financial markets and domestic political conditions, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the United States is unable to increase the U.S. government’s debt limit in a timely manner, the U.S. federal government could shut down for a period of time and the United States could default on, or delay on payment of, its obligations or both, which could have an adverse impact on financial markets and economic conditions in the United States and worldwide and an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The table below sets forth information regarding the Company’s repurchase of shares of its outstanding common stock during the three-month period ended March 31, 2023. 

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased(1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That  May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs(2)
January 1, 2023 through January 31, 2023	—	$	—	—	$	100,000,000
February 1, 2023 through February 28, 2023	60,652	$	48.29	—	$	100,000,000
March 1, 2023 through March 31, 2023	155,018	$	39.51	140,733	$	94,479,288
Total	215,670	$	41.98	140,733	$	94,479,288

(1)The shares purchased in February 2023 and March 2023 include 60,652 and 14,285 shares, respectively, of common stock surrendered to the Company in payment of the income tax withholding obligations relating to the vesting of shares of restricted stock.

(2)On September 19, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of its outstanding common stock through October 31, 2020. The Company’s Board of Directors has subsequently extended the share repurchase program each year since the original authorization, with the most recent extension, which also included the replenishment of the program to $100.0 million, being announced on October 27, 2022. As a result, the Company is currently authorized to engage in additional share repurchases totaling up to $100.0 million through October 31, 2023. Repurchases of shares must be made in accordance with applicable securities laws and may be made from time to time in the open market or by negotiated transactions. The amount and timing of repurchases will be based on a variety of factors, including share acquisition price, regulatory limitations and other market and economic factors. The program does not require the Company to repurchase any specific number of shares. As of March 31, 2023, an aggregate of $5.5 million, or 140,733 shares of the Company's common stock, had been repurchased under the program.

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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation of Ameris Bancorp (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Ameris Bancorp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023).
3.2	Bylaws of Ameris Bancorp, as amended and restated through February 23, 2023.
10.1*	Split Dollar Termination Agreement by and among Ameris Bancorp, Ameris Bank and James Bennett Miller, Jr.
31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.
31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification by the Company’s Chief Financial Officer.
32.1	Section 1350 Certification by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.
32.2	Section 1350 Certification by the Company’s Chief Financial Officer.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

* Management contract or a compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

Dated: May 8, 2023	AMERIS BANCORP
	/s/ Nicole S. Stokes
	Nicole S. Stokes
	Chief Financial Officer (duly authorized signatory and principal accounting and financial officer)

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