In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (which consist of normal recurring adjustments) necessary, to present fairly the condensed consolidated financial position as of March 31, 2021 and the results of operations, other comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, these statements do not include certain information and footnote disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete annual financial statements. The results of operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) for that period. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in our annual report on Form 10-K.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (which consist of normal recurring adjustments) necessary, to present fairly the condensed consolidated financial position as of March 31, 2021 and the results of operations, other comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information, these statements do not include certain information and footnote disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete annual financial statements. The results of operations and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) for that period. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in our annual report on Form 10-K. Principles of Consolidation – The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CTBI and its separate and distinct, wholly owned subsidiaries Community Trust Bank, Inc. (“CTB”) and Community Trust and Investment Company. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. New Accounting Standards – ➢ Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes – In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing the following exceptions: 1. Exception to the incremental approach for intra period tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items (for example, discontinued operations or other comprehensive income); 2. Exception to the requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability for equity method investments when a foreign subsidiary becomes an equity method investment; 3. Exception to the ability not to recognize a deferred tax liability for a foreign subsidiary when a foreign equity method investment becomes a subsidiary; and 4. Exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. The amendments in this ASU also simplify the accounting for income taxes by doing the following: 1. Requiring that an entity recognize a franchise tax (or similar tax) that is partially based on income as an income-based tax and account for any incremental amount incurred as a non-income-based tax; 2. Requiring that an entity evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which the book goodwill was originally recognized and when it should be considered a separate transaction; 3. Specifying that an entity is not required to allocate the consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense to a legal entity that is not subject to tax in its separate financial statements. However, an entity may elect to do so (on an entity-by-entity basis) for a legal entity that is both not subject to tax and disregarded by the taxing authority; 4. Requiring that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date; and 5. Making minor codification improvements for income taxes related to employee stock ownership plans and investments in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for using the equity method. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. CTBI adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2021 with no significant impact to our consolidated financial statements. ➢ Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Task Force – In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). The amendments in this ASU clarify certain interactions between the guidance to account for certain equity securities under Topic 321, the guidance to account for investments under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323, and the guidance in Topic 815, which could change how an entity accounts for an equity security under the measurement alternative or a forward contract or purchased option to purchase securities that, upon settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, would be accounted for under the equity method of accounting or the fair value option in accordance with Topic 825, Financial Instruments. These amendments improve current GAAP by reducing diversity in practice and increasing comparability of the accounting for these interactions. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. CTBI adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2021 with no significant impact to our consolidated financial statements. ➢ Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting – In April 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) —Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In response to concerns about structural risks of interbank offered rates, and, particularly, the risk of cessation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), regulators around the world have undertaken reference rate reform initiatives to identify alternative reference rates that are more observable or transaction-based and less susceptible to manipulation. The amendments in this ASU provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. This ASU applies only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2020-04 for contract modifications as of January 1, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. We anticipate this ASU will simplify any modifications we execute between the selected start date (yet to be determined) and December 31, 2022 that are directly related to LIBOR transition. At this time, we do not anticipate any material adverse impact to our business operation or financial results during the period of transition. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Since future events and their impact cannot be determined with certainty, the actual results will inevitably differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements. We believe the application of accounting policies and the estimates required therein are reasonable. These accounting policies and estimates are constantly reevaluated, and adjustments are made when facts and circumstances dictate a change. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using necessary estimates. Our accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. We have identified the following critical accounting policies: Investments – Management determines the classification of securities at purchase. We classify debt securities into held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale categories. Held-to-maturity securities are those which we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments – Debt Securities, investments in debt securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity shall be classified in one of the following categories and measured at fair value in the statement of financial position: a. Trading securities. Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term (thus held for only a short period of time) shall be classified as trading securities. Trading generally reflects active and frequent buying and selling, and trading securities are generally used with the objective of generating profits on short-term differences in price. b. Available-for-sale securities. Investments not classified as trading securities (nor as held-to-maturity securities) shall be classified as available-for-sale securities. We do not have any securities that are classified as trading securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax. If declines in fair value are other than temporary, the carrying value of the securities is written down to fair value as a realized loss with a charge to income for the portion attributable to credit losses and a charge to other comprehensive income for the portion that is not credit related. Gains or losses on disposition of debt securities are computed by specific identification for those securities. Interest and dividend income, adjusted by amortization of purchase premium or discount, is included in earnings. An allowance is recognized for credit losses relative to available-for-sale securities rather than as a reduction in the cost basis of the security. Subsequent improvements in credit quality or reductions in estimated credit losses are recognized immediately as a reversal of the previously recorded allowance, which aligns the income statement recognition of credit losses with the reporting period in which changes occur. Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities are subject to an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses, determined by adjusting historical loss information for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The forward-looking evaluation of lifetime expected losses will be performed on a pooled basis for debt securities that share similar risk characteristics. These allowances for expected losses must be made by the holder of the HTM debt security when the security is purchased. At March 31, 2021, CTBI held no securities designated as held-to-maturity. CTBI accounts for equity securities in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 321, Investments – Equity Securities. ASC 321 requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in the consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair values recognized in net income. Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are required to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are carried at cost, less any impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar investments. As permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2, CTBI can make an irrevocable election to subsequently measure an equity security without a readily determinable fair value, and all identical or similar investments of the same issuer, including future purchases of identical or similar investments of the same issuer, at fair value. CTBI has made this election for its Visa Class B equity securities. The fair value of these securities was determined by a third party service provider using Level 3 inputs as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, and changes in fair value are recognized in income. Loans – Loans with the ability and the intent to be held until maturity and/or payoff are reported at the carrying value of unpaid principal reduced by unearned interest, an allowance for credit losses, and unamortized deferred fees or costs and premiums. Income is recorded on the level yield basis. Interest accrual is discontinued when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value, and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful. Any loan greater than 90 days past due must be well secured and in the process of collection to continue accruing interest. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied against principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are not reclassified as accruing until principal and interest payments remain current for a period of time, generally six months, and future payments appear reasonably certain. A restructuring of a debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring if the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) included an election for banking institutions to not apply the guidance on accounting for troubled debt restructurings to loan modifications, such as extensions or deferrals, related to COVID-19 made between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) December 31, 2020 or (ii) 60 days after the end of the COVID-19 national emergency. The relief can only be applied to modifications for borrowers that were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. The ability to exclude COVID-19-related modifications as troubled debt restructurings was extended under the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 to the earlier of (i) 60 days after the COVID-19 national emergency and (ii) January 1, 2022. CTBI elected to adopt these provisions of the CARES Act, as extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021. Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and the net amount amortized over the estimated life of the related loans, leases, or commitments as a yield adjustment. Allowance for Credit Losses – CTBI accounts for the allowance for credit losses. under ASC 326, commonly known as CECL. CTBI measures expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis using loss-rate methods when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Regardless of an initial measurement method, once it is determined that foreclosure is probable, the allowance for credit losses is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the measurement date. As a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral may be used for a loan when determining the allowance for credit losses for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The fair value shall be adjusted for selling costs when foreclosure is probable. For collateral-dependent financial assets, the credit loss expected may be zero if the fair value less costs to sell exceed the amortized cost of the loan. Loans shall not be included in both collective assessments and individual assessments. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, CTBI has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, CTBI elected ASU 2019-04 which allows that accrued interest would continue to be presented separately and not part of amortized cost on loan. The methodology used by CTBI is developed using the current loan balance, which is then compared to amortized cost balances to analyze the impact. The difference in amortized cost basis versus consideration of loan balances impacts the allowance for credit losses calculation by one basis point and is considered immaterial. The primary difference is for indirect lending premiums. We maintain an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated credit losses on individually evaluated loans, as well as estimated credit losses inherent in the remainder of the loan and lease portfolio. Credit losses are charged and recoveries are credited to the ACL. We utilize an internal risk grading system for commercial credits. Those credits that meet the following criteria are subject to individual evaluation: the loan has an outstanding bank share balance of $1 million or greater and (i) has a criticized risk rating, (ii) is in nonaccrual status, (iii) is a TDR, or (iv) is 90 days or more past due. The borrower’s cash flow, adequacy of collateral coverage, and other options available to CTBI, including legal remedies, are evaluated. We evaluate the collectability of both principal and interest when assessing the need for loss provision. Historical loss rates are analyzed and applied to other commercial loan segments not subject to individual evaluation. Homogenous loans, such as consumer installment, residential mortgages, and home equity lines are not individually risk graded. The associated ACL for these loans is measured in pools with similar risk characteristics under ASC 326. When any secured commercial loan is considered uncollectable, whether past due or not, a current assessment of the value of the underlying collateral is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the collateral, the loan is placed on nonaccrual and the loan is charged down to the value of the collateral less estimated cost to sell. For commercial loans greater than $1 million and classified as criticized, troubled debt restructuring, or nonaccrual, a specific reserve is established if a loss is determined to be possible and then charged-off once it is probable. When the foreclosed collateral has been legally assigned to CTBI, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is then transferred to other real estate owned or other repossessed assets, and a charge-off is taken for any remaining balance. When any unsecured commercial loan is considered uncollectable the loan is charged off no later than at 90 days past due. All closed-end consumer loans (excluding conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate) are charged off no later than 120 days (5 monthly payments) delinquent. If a loan is considered uncollectable, it is charged off earlier than 120 days delinquent. For conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate, when a loan is 90 days past due, a current assessment of the value of the real estate is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the property, the loan is placed on nonaccrual. Foreclosure proceedings are normally initiated after 120 days. When the foreclosed property has been legally assigned to CTBI, the fair value less estimated costs to sell is transferred to other real estate owned and the remaining balance is taken as a charge-off. Historical loss rates for loans are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition. With the implementation of ASC 326, weighted average life (“WAL”) calculations were completed as a tool to determine the life of CTBI’s various loan segments. Vintage modeling was used to determine the life of loan losses for consumer and residential real estate loans. Static pool modeling was used to determine the life of loan losses for commercial loan segments. Qualitative factors used to derive CTBI’s total ACL include delinquency trends, current economic conditions and trends, strength of supervision and administration of the loan portfolio, levels of underperforming loans, trends in loan losses, and underwriting exceptions. Forecasting factors including unemployment rates and industry specific forecasts for industries in which our total exposure is 5% of capital or greater are also included as factors in the ACL model. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective factors included in its ACL analysis. Other Real Estate Owned – When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current fair market value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair market value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new fair market value less expected sales costs. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. All revenues and expenses related to the carrying of other real estate owned are recognized through the income statement. Income Taxes – Income tax expense is based on the taxes due on the consolidated tax return plus deferred taxes based on the expected future tax benefits and consequences of temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates. Any interest and penalties incurred in connection with income taxes are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. During the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, CTBI has not recognized a significant amount of interest expense or penalties in connection with income taxes.

➢ Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321, Topic 323, and Topic 815, a consensus of the FASB Emerging Task Force – In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, Investments—Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). The amendments in this ASU clarify certain interactions between the guidance to account for certain equity securities under Topic 321, the guidance to account for investments under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323, and the guidance in Topic 815, which could change how an entity accounts for an equity security under the measurement alternative or a forward contract or purchased option to purchase securities that, upon settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, would be accounted for under the equity method of accounting or the fair value option in accordance with Topic 825, Financial Instruments. These amendments improve current GAAP by reducing diversity in practice and increasing comparability of the accounting for these interactions. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. CTBI adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2021 with no significant impact to our consolidated financial statements.

➢ Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting – In April 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) —Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In response to concerns about structural risks of interbank offered rates, and, particularly, the risk of cessation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), regulators around the world have undertaken reference rate reform initiatives to identify alternative reference rates that are more observable or transaction-based and less susceptible to manipulation. The amendments in this ASU provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. This ASU applies only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. An entity may elect to apply ASU 2020-04 for contract modifications as of January 1, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. We anticipate this ASU will simplify any modifications we execute between the selected start date (yet to be determined) and December 31, 2022 that are directly related to LIBOR transition. At this time, we do not anticipate any material adverse impact to our business operation or financial results during the period of transition.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Since future events and their impact cannot be determined with certainty, the actual results will inevitably differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

We believe the application of accounting policies and the estimates required therein are reasonable. These accounting policies and estimates are constantly reevaluated, and adjustments are made when facts and circumstances dictate a change. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using necessary estimates.

Investments – Management determines the classification of securities at purchase. We classify debt securities into held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale categories. Held-to-maturity securities are those which we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments – Debt Securities, investments in debt securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity shall be classified in one of the following categories and measured at fair value in the statement of financial position:

We do not have any securities that are classified as trading securities. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax. If declines in fair value are other than temporary, the carrying value of the securities is written down to fair value as a realized loss with a charge to income for the portion attributable to credit losses and a charge to other comprehensive income for the portion that is not credit related.

An allowance is recognized for credit losses relative to available-for-sale securities rather than as a reduction in the cost basis of the security. Subsequent improvements in credit quality or reductions in estimated credit losses are recognized immediately as a reversal of the previously recorded allowance, which aligns the income statement recognition of credit losses with the reporting period in which changes occur.

Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities are subject to an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses, determined by adjusting historical loss information for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The forward-looking evaluation of lifetime expected losses will be performed on a pooled basis for debt securities that share similar risk characteristics. These allowances for expected losses must be made by the holder of the HTM debt security when the security is purchased. At March 31, 2021, CTBI held no securities designated as held-to-maturity.

Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are required to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized through net income. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are carried at cost, less any impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar investments. As permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2, CTBI can make an irrevocable election to subsequently measure an equity security without a readily determinable fair value, and all identical or similar investments of the same issuer, including future purchases of identical or similar investments of the same issuer, at fair value. CTBI has made this election for its Visa Class B equity securities. The fair value of these securities was determined by a third party service provider using Level 3 inputs as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, and changes in fair value are recognized in income.

Loans – Loans with the ability and the intent to be held until maturity and/or payoff are reported at the carrying value of unpaid principal reduced by unearned interest, an allowance for credit losses, and unamortized deferred fees or costs and premiums. Income is recorded on the level yield basis. Interest accrual is discontinued when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value, and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful. Any loan greater than 90 days past due must be well secured and in the process of collection to continue accruing interest. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied against principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are not reclassified as accruing until principal and interest payments remain current for a period of time, generally six months, and future payments appear reasonably certain. A restructuring of a debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring if the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) included an election for banking institutions to not apply the guidance on accounting for troubled debt restructurings to loan modifications, such as extensions or deferrals, related to COVID-19 made between March 1, 2020 and the earlier of (i) December 31, 2020 or (ii) 60 days after the end of the COVID-19 national emergency. The relief can only be applied to modifications for borrowers that were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. The ability to exclude COVID-19-related modifications as troubled debt restructurings was extended under the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 to the earlier of (i) 60 days after the COVID-19 national emergency and (ii) January 1, 2022. CTBI elected to adopt these provisions of the CARES Act, as extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021.

Allowance for Credit Losses – CTBI accounts for the allowance for credit losses. under ASC 326, commonly known as CECL. CTBI measures expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis using loss-rate methods when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Regardless of an initial measurement method, once it is determined that foreclosure is probable, the allowance for credit losses is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the measurement date. As a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral may be used for a loan when determining the allowance for credit losses for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The fair value shall be adjusted for selling costs when foreclosure is probable. For collateral-dependent financial assets, the credit loss expected may be zero if the fair value less costs to sell exceed the amortized cost of the loan. Loans shall not be included in both collective assessments and individual assessments.

In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, CTBI has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, CTBI elected ASU 2019-04 which allows that accrued interest would continue to be presented separately and not part of amortized cost on loan. The methodology used by CTBI is developed using the current loan balance, which is then compared to amortized cost balances to analyze the impact. The difference in amortized cost basis versus consideration of loan balances impacts the allowance for credit losses calculation by one basis point and is considered immaterial. The primary difference is for indirect lending premiums.

We utilize an internal risk grading system for commercial credits. Those credits that meet the following criteria are subject to individual evaluation: the loan has an outstanding bank share balance of $1 million or greater and (i) has a criticized risk rating, (ii) is in nonaccrual status, (iii) is a TDR, or (iv) is 90 days or more past due. The borrower’s cash flow, adequacy of collateral coverage, and other options available to CTBI, including legal remedies, are evaluated. We evaluate the collectability of both principal and interest when assessing the need for loss provision. Historical loss rates are analyzed and applied to other commercial loan segments not subject to individual evaluation.

When any secured commercial loan is considered uncollectable, whether past due or not, a current assessment of the value of the underlying collateral is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the collateral, the loan is placed on nonaccrual and the loan is charged down to the value of the collateral less estimated cost to sell. For commercial loans greater than $1 million and classified as criticized, troubled debt restructuring, or nonaccrual, a specific reserve is established if a loss is determined to be possible and then charged-off once it is probable. When the foreclosed collateral has been legally assigned to CTBI, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is then transferred to other real estate owned or other repossessed assets, and a charge-off is taken for any remaining balance. When any unsecured commercial loan is considered uncollectable the loan is charged off no later than at 90 days past due.

All closed-end consumer loans (excluding conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate) are charged off no later than 120 days (5 monthly payments) delinquent. If a loan is considered uncollectable, it is charged off earlier than 120 days delinquent. For conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate, when a loan is 90 days past due, a current assessment of the value of the real estate is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the property, the loan is placed on nonaccrual. Foreclosure proceedings are normally initiated after 120 days. When the foreclosed property has been legally assigned to CTBI, the fair value less estimated costs to sell is transferred to other real estate owned and the remaining balance is taken as a charge-off.

Historical loss rates for loans are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition. With the implementation of ASC 326, weighted average life (“WAL”) calculations were completed as a tool to determine the life of CTBI’s various loan segments. Vintage modeling was used to determine the life of loan losses for consumer and residential real estate loans. Static pool modeling was used to determine the life of loan losses for commercial loan segments. Qualitative factors used to derive CTBI’s total ACL include delinquency trends, current economic conditions and trends, strength of supervision and administration of the loan portfolio, levels of underperforming loans, trends in loan losses, and underwriting exceptions. Forecasting factors including unemployment rates and industry specific forecasts for industries in which our total exposure is 5% of capital or greater are also included as factors in the ACL model. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective factors included in its ACL analysis.

Other Real Estate Owned – When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current fair market value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair market value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new fair market value less expected sales costs. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. All revenues and expenses related to the carrying of other real estate owned are recognized through the income statement.

Income Taxes – Income tax expense is based on the taxes due on the consolidated tax return plus deferred taxes based on the expected future tax benefits and consequences of temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates. Any interest and penalties incurred in connection with income taxes are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. During the quarters ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, CTBI has not recognized a significant amount of interest expense or penalties in connection with income taxes.