4. Loans

Major classifications of loans, net of unearned income, deferred loan origination costs, and net premiums on acquired loans, are summarized as follows:

(in thousands)	December 31 2015		December 31 2014
Commercial construction	$	78,020	$	121,942
Commercial secured by real estate		1,052,919		948,626
Equipment lease financing		8,514		10,344
Commercial other		358,898		352,048
Real estate construction		61,750		62,412
Real estate mortgage		707,874		712,465
Home equity		89,450		88,335
Consumer direct		126,406		122,136
Consumer indirect		390,130		315,516
Total loans	$	2,873,961	$	2,733,824

CTBI has segregated and evaluates its loan portfolio through nine portfolio segments. CTBI serves customers in small and mid-sized communities in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee. Therefore, CTBI's exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in these communities.

Commercial construction loans are for the purpose of erecting or rehabilitating buildings or other structures for commercial purposes, including any infrastructure necessary for development. Included in this category are improved property, land development, and tract development loans. The terms of these loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion.

Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by nonfarm, nonresidential properties, 1-4 family/multi-family properties, farmland, and other commercial real estate. These loans are originated based on the borrower's ability to service the debt and secondarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.

Equipment lease financing loans are fixed, variable, and tax exempt leases for commercial purposes.

Commercial other loans consist of commercial check loans, agricultural loans, receivable financing, floorplans, loans to financial institutions, loans for purchasing or carrying securities, and other commercial purpose loans. Commercial loans are underwritten based on the borrower's ability to service debt from the business's underlying cash flows. As a general practice, we obtain collateral such as real estate, equipment, or other assets, although such loans may be uncollateralized but guaranteed.

Real estate construction loans are typically for owner-occupied properties. The terms of these loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion.

Residential real estate loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate first and second lien residential mortgage loans. As a policy, CTBI holds adjustable rate loans and sells the majority of its fixed rate first lien mortgage loans into the secondary market. Changes in interest rates or market conditions may impact a borrower's ability to meet contractual principal and interest payments. Residential real estate loans are secured by real property.

Home equity lines are revolving adjustable rate credit lines secured by real property.

Consumer direct loans are fixed rate products comprised of unsecured loans, consumer revolving credit lines, deposit secured loans, and all other consumer purpose loans.

Consumer indirect loans are fixed rate loans secured by automobiles, trucks, vans, and recreational vehicles originated at the selling dealership underwritten and purchased by CTBI's indirect lending department. Both new and used products are financed. Only dealers who have executed dealer agreements with CTBI participate in the indirect lending program.

Not included in the loan balances above were loans held for sale in the amount of $1.2 million at December 31, 2015 and $2.3 million at December 31, 2014.

Refer to note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our nonaccrual policy. Nonaccrual loans segregated by class of loans were as follows:

(in thousands)	December 31 2015		December 31 2014
Commercial:
Commercial construction	$	3,402	$	4,339
Commercial secured by real estate		5,928		6,725
Commercial other		1,485		2,423

Residential:
Real estate construction		249		602
Real estate mortgage		5,206		6,513
Home equity		183		369
Consumer:
Consumer direct		110		0
Total nonaccrual loans	$	16,563	$	20,971

The following tables present CTBI's loan portfolio aging analysis, segregated by class, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	December 31, 2015
(in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans		90+ and Accruing*
Commercial:
Commercial construction	$	36	$	6	$	3,431	$	3,473	$	74,547	$	78,020	$	30
Commercial secured by real estate		2,947		622		7,923		11,492		1,041,427		1,052,919		3,757
Equipment lease financing		199		0		0		199		8,315		8,514		0
Commercial other		762		121		1,476		2,359		356,539		358,898		310
Residential:
Real estate construction		443		62		291		796		60,954		61,750		55
Real estate mortgage		1,128		3,888		10,907		15,923		691,951		707,874		6,925
Home equity		527		148		580		1,255		88,195		89,450		448
Consumer:
Consumer direct		835		479		126		1,440		124,966		126,406		126
Consumer indirect		2,133		814		395		3,342		386,788		390,130		395
Total	$	9,010	$	6,140	$	25,129	$	40,279	$	2,833,682	$	2,873,961	$	12,046

	December 31, 2014
(in thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans		90+ and Accruing*
Commercial:
Commercial construction	$	40	$	31	$	6,171	$	6,242	$	115,700	$	121,942	$	1,863
Commercial secured by real estate		2,471		1,595		10,763		14,829		933,797		948,626		4,682
Equipment lease financing		0		0		0		0		10,344		10,344		0
Commercial other		826		55		4,205		5,086		346,962		352,048		2,367
Residential:
Real estate construction		92		144		985		1,221		61,191		62,412		383
Real estate mortgage		1,005		5,171		13,049		19,225		693,240		712,465		7,742
Home equity		779		197		703		1,679		86,656		88,335		422
Consumer:
Consumer direct		1,307		295		141		1,743		120,393		122,136		141
Consumer indirect		2,304		586		385		3,275		312,241		315,516		385
Total	$	8,824	$	8,074	$	36,402	$	53,300	$	2,680,524	$	2,733,824	$	17,985

*90+ and Accruing are also included in 90+ Days Past Due column.

The risk characteristics of CTBI's material portfolio segments are as follows:

Commercial construction loans generally are made to customers for the purpose of building income-producing properties. Personal guarantees of the principals are generally required. Such loans are made on a projected cash flow basis and are secured by the project being constructed. Construction loan draw procedures are included in each specific loan agreement, including required documentation items and inspection requirements. Construction loans may convert to term loans at the end of the construction period, or may be repaid by the take-out commitment from another financing source. If the loan is to convert to a term loan, the repayment ability is based on the borrower's projected cash flow. Risk is mitigated during the construction phase by requiring proper documentation and inspections whenever a draw is requested. Loans in amounts greater than $500,000 generally require a performance bond to be posted by the general contractor to assure completion of the project.

Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria.

Equipment lease financing is underwritten by our commercial lenders using the same underwriting standards as would be applied to a secured commercial loan requesting 100% financing. The pricing for equipment lease financing is comparable to that of borrowers with similar quality commercial credits with similar collateral. Maximum terms of equipment leasing are determined by the type and expected life of the equipment to be leased. Residual values are determined by appraisals or opinion letters from industry experts. Leases must be in conformity with our consolidated annual tax plan. As we underwrite our equipment lease financing in a manner similar to our commercial loan portfolio described below, the risk characteristics for this portfolio mirror that of the commercial loan portfolio.

Commercial loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers.

With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, CTBI generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Home equity loans are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences. Residential construction loans are handled through the home mortgage area of the bank. The repayment ability of the borrower and the maximum loan-to-value ratio are calculated using the normal mortgage lending criteria. Draws are processed based on percentage of completion stages including normal inspection procedures. Such loans generally convert to term loans after the completion of construction.

Consumer loans are secured by consumer assets such as automobiles, boats, or recreational vehicles. Some consumer loans are unsecured such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit. Our determination of a borrower's ability to repay these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in property values on residential properties. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers.

The indirect lending area of the bank generally deals with purchasing/funding consumer contracts with new and used automobile dealers. The dealers generate consumer loan applications which are forwarded to the indirect loan processing area for approval or denial. Loan approvals or denials are based on the creditworthiness and repayment ability of the borrower, and on the collateral value. The dealers may have recourse agreements with CTB.

Credit Quality Indicators:

CTBI categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. CTBI also considers the fair value of the underlying collateral and the strength and willingness of the guarantor(s). CTBI analyzes commercial loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. Loans classified as loss, doubtful, substandard, or special mention are reviewed quarterly by CTBI for further deterioration or improvement to determine if appropriately classified and valued if deemed impaired. All other commercial loan reviews are completed every 12 to 18 months. In addition, during the renewal process of any loan, as well as if a loan becomes past due or if other information becomes available, CTBI will evaluate the loan grade. CTBI uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Pass grades include investment grade, low risk, moderate risk, and acceptable risk loans. The loans range from loans that have no chance of resulting in a loss to loans that have a limited chance of resulting in a loss. Customers in this grade have excellent to fair credit ratings. The cash flows are adequate to meet required debt repayments.

Watch graded loans are loans that warrant extra management attention but are not currently criticized. Loans on the watch list may be potential troubled credits or may warrant "watch" status for a reason not directly related to the asset quality of the credit. The watch grade is a management tool to identify credits which may be candidates for future classification or may temporarily warrant extra management monitoring.

Other assets especially mentioned (OAEM) reflects loans that are currently protected but are potentially weak. These loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an unwarranted risk in light of circumstances surrounding a specific asset. Loans in this grade display potential weaknesses which may, if unchecked or uncorrected, inadequately protect CTBI's credit position at some future date. The loans may be adversely affected by economic or market conditions.

Substandard grading indicates that the loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of the debt with the distinct possibility that CTBI will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful graded loans have the weaknesses inherent in the substandard grading with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The probability of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors which may work to CTBI's advantage or strengthen the asset(s), its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.

The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI's commercial loan portfolio based on rating category and payment activity, segregated by class of loans, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(in thousands)	Commercial Construction		Commercial Secured by Real Estate		Equipment Leases		Commercial Other		Total
December 31, 2015
Pass	$	62,978	$	937,196	$	8,514	$	312,100	$	1,320,788
Watch		4,931		71,830		0		37,670		114,431
OAEM		2,206		13,765		0		963		16,934
Substandard		6,780		29,232		0		7,072		43,084
Doubtful		1,125		896		0		1,093		3,114
Total	$	78,020	$	1,052,919	$	8,514	$	358,898	$	1,498,351

December 31, 2014
Pass	$	101,314	$	834,751	$	10,344	$	307,270	$	1,253,679
Watch		9,857		69,123		0		36,114		115,094
OAEM		934		10,973		0		881		12,788
Substandard		5,647		27,901		0		5,772		39,320
Doubtful		4,190		5,878		0		2,011		12,079
Total	$	121,942	$	948,626	$	10,344	$	352,048	$	1,432,960

The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI's residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios based on performing or nonperforming status, segregated by class, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014:

(in thousands)	Real Estate Construction		Real Estate Mortgage		Home Equity		Consumer Direct		Consumer Indirect		Total
December 31, 2015
Performing	$	61,446	$	695,743	$	88,819	$	126,170	$	389,735	$	1,361,913
Nonperforming (1)		304		12,131		631		236		395		13,697
Total	$	61,750	$	707,874	$	89,450	$	126,406	$	390,130	$	1,375,610

December 31, 2014
Performing	$	61,427	$	698,210	$	87,544	$	121,995	$	315,131	$	1,284,307
Nonperforming (1)		985		14,255		791		141		385		16,557
Total	$	62,412	$	712,465	$	88,335	$	122,136	$	315,516	$	1,300,864

(1) A loan is considered nonperforming if it is 90 days or more past due or on nonaccrual.

The total of consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $4.4 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $5.9 million at December 31, 2014.

A loan is considered impaired, in accordance with the impairment accounting guidance (ASC 310-10-35-16), when based on current information and events, it is probable CTBI will be unable to collect all amounts due from the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan. Impaired loans include nonperforming commercial loans but also include loans modified in troubled debt restructurings where concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties. These concessions could include a reduction in the interest rate on the loan, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance, or other actions intended to maximize collection.

The following table presents impaired loans, the average investment in impaired loans, and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:

	December 31, 2015
(in thousands)	Recorded Balance		Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Specific Allowance		Average Investment in Impaired Loans		*Interest Income Recognized
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
Commercial construction	$	2,861	$	2,862	$	0	$	4,574	$	200
Commercial secured by real estate		30,761		32,166		0		30,605		1,378
Commercial other		7,500		9,148		0		8,802		316
Real estate mortgage		1,744		1,744		0		1,179		50

Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
Commercial construction		3,402		3,402		831		3,631		0
Commercial secured by real estate		2,660		2,768		1,227		2,349		7
Commercial other		960		1,153		403		836		1

Totals:
Commercial construction		6,263		6,264		831		8,205		200
Commercial secured by real estate		33,421		34,934		1,227		32,954		1,385
Commercial other		8,460		10,301		403		9,638		317
Real estate mortgage		1,744		1,744		0		1,179		50
Total	$	49,888	$	53,243	$	2,461	$	51,976	$	1,952

	December 31, 2014
(in thousands)	Recorded Balance		Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Specific Allowance		Average Investment in Impaired Loans		*Interest Income Recognized
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
Commercial construction	$	5,653	$	5,654	$	0	$	5,415	$	205
Commercial secured by real estate		31,639		33,268		0		34,650		1,180
Commercial other		13,069		14,597		0		15,663		783
Real estate mortgage		1,277		1,277		0		1,507		53

Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
Commercial construction		3,974		3,974		734		4,216		0
Commercial secured by real estate		2,718		2,876		827		4,376		11
Commercial other		738		862		181		531		1

Totals:
Commercial construction		9,627		9,628		734		9,631		205
Commercial secured by real estate		34,357		36,144		827		39,026		1,191
Commercial other		13,807		15,459		181		16,194		784
Real estate mortgage		1,277		1,277		0		1,507		53
Total	$	59,068	$	62,508	$	1,742	$	66,358	$	2,233

	December 31, 2013
(in thousands)	Recorded Balance		Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance		Specific Allowance		Average Investment in Impaired Loans		*Interest Income Recognized
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
Commercial construction	$	5,457	$	5,458	$	0	$	5,595	$	240
Commercial secured by real estate		35,258		36,173		0		32,472		1,231
Commercial other		14,839		16,435		0		15,396		568
Real estate mortgage		1,024		1,024		0		934		43

Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
Commercial construction		4,353		4,359		1,189		4,935		0
Commercial secured by real estate		4,039		4,326		1,005		5,033		1
Commercial other		330		453		102		525		0

Totals:
Commercial construction		9,810		9,817		1,189		10,530		240
Commercial secured by real estate		39,297		40,499		1,005		37,505		1,232
Commercial other		15,169		16,888		102		15,921		568
Real estate mortgage		1,024		1,024		0		934		43
Total	$	65,300	$	68,228	$	2,296	$	64,890	$	2,083

*Cash basis interest is substantially the same as interest income recognized.

Included in certain loan categories of impaired loans are certain loans and leases that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring, where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from our loss mitigation activities and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions. Modifications of terms for our loans and their inclusion as troubled debt restructurings are based on individual facts and circumstances. Loan modifications that are included as troubled debt restructurings may involve either an increase or reduction of the interest rate, extension of the term of the loan, or deferral of principal and/or interest payments, regardless of the period of the modification. All of the loans identified as troubled debt restructuring were modified due to financial stress of the borrower. In order to determine if a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed to determine the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future with the modification. This evaluation is performed under CTBI's internal underwriting policy.

When we modify loans and leases in a troubled debt restructuring, we evaluate any possible impairment similar to other impaired loans based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan or lease agreement, or use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. If we determined that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. In periods subsequent to modification, we evaluate all troubled debt restructuring, including those that have payment defaults, for possible impairment and recognize impairment through the allowance.

During 2015, certain loans were modified in troubled debt restructurings, where economic concessions were granted to borrowers consisting of reductions in the interest rates, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, and forbearances. Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:

	Year Ended December 31, 2015
(in thousands)	Number of Loans		Term Modification		Rate Modification		Combination		Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
Commercial:
Commercial construction		3	$	428	$	0	$	0	$	428
Commercial secured by real estate		21		4,244		0		1,760		6,004
Commercial other		7		3,847		0		0		3,847
Residential:
Real estate mortgage		3		0		0		848		848
Total troubled debt restructurings		34	$	8,519	$	0	$	2,608	$	11,127

	Year Ended December 31, 2014
(in thousands)	Number of Loans		Term Modification		Rate Modification		Combination		Post-Modification Outstanding Balance
Commercial:
Commercial construction		1	$	7	$	0	$	0	$	7
Commercial secured by real estate		11		5,707		0		68		5,775
Commercial other		8		1,268		0		0		1,268
Residential:
Real estate mortgage		2		0		0		848		848
Total troubled debt restructurings		22	$	6,982	$	0	$	916	$	7,898

No charge-offs have resulted from modifications for any of the presented periods. We have commitments to extend additional credit in the amount of $0.2 million on loans that are considered troubled debt restructurings.

Loans retain their accrual status at the time of their modification. As a result, if a loan is on nonaccrual at the time it is modified, it stays as nonaccrual, and if a loan is on accrual at the time of the modification, it generally stays on accrual. Commercial and consumer loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring are closely monitored for delinquency as an early indicator of possible future default. If loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring subsequently default, CTBI evaluates the loan for possible further impairment. The allowance for loan and lease losses may be increased, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance, or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan. Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings within the past twelve months which have subsequently defaulted. CTBI considers a loan in default when it is 90 days or more past due or transferred to nonaccrual.

(in thousands)	Year Ended December 31, 2015
	Number of Loans		Recorded Balance
Commercial:
Commercial secured by real estate		3	$	114
Total defaulted restructured loans		3	$	114

(in thousands)	Year Ended December 31, 2014
	Number of Loans		Recorded Balance
Commercial:
Commercial other		1	$	88
Residential:
Real estate mortgage		1		581
Total defaulted restructured loans		2	$	669