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Significant Accounting Policies (Policy)
12 Months Ended
Oct. 31, 2014
Significant Accounting Policies Policy [Abstract]  
Business and organization

Business and organization

 

Eaton Vance Corp. and its subsidiaries (the Company”) manage investment funds and provide investment management and advisory services to high-net-worth individuals and institutions in the United States, Europe and certain other international markets. The Company's retail marketing strategy is to distribute funds and separately managed accounts primarily through financial intermediaries in the advice channel. The Company also commits significant resources to serving institutional and high-net-worth clients who access investment management services on a direct basis.

 

Revenue is largely dependent on the total value and composition of assets under management, which include sponsored funds and other investment portfolios. Accordingly, fluctuations in financial markets and in the composition of assets under management impact revenue and the results of operations.

Basis of presentation policy

Basis of presentation

 

The preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management believes that the accounting estimates are appropriate and the resulting balances are reasonable; however, due to the inherent uncertainties in making estimates, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Principles of consolidation policy

Principles of consolidation

 

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled affiliates. The Company consolidates any voting interest entity in which the Company's ownership exceeds 50 percent or where the Company has control. In addition, the Company consolidates any variable interest entity (“VIE”), including the consolidated collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) entity referred to below, for which the Company is considered the primary beneficiary. The Company recognizes non-controlling and other beneficial interests in consolidated affiliates in which the Company's ownership is less than 100 percent. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

 

The Company may be considered the primary beneficiary of certain CLO entities for which it acts as collateral manager. In these instances, the Company consolidates the assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows of such entities in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. The assets of consolidated CLO entities cannot be used by the Company, and senior and subordinated interest holders of the CLO entities have no recourse to the general credit or assets of the Company. There is a one-month lag between the Company's fiscal year end and that of consolidated CLO entities for reporting purposes. There were no intervening events that would materially affect the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows as of and for the year ended October 31, 2014.

 

The Company may maintain a controlling interest in an open-end registered investment company that it sponsors (a “sponsored fund”). Under the specialized accounting guidance for investment companies, underlying investments held by consolidated sponsored funds are carried at fair value, with corresponding changes in fair value reflected in gains (losses) and other investment income, net, in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Upon consolidation, the Company retains the specialized accounting treatment of the sponsored fund.

 

With limited exceptions, each of the Company's sponsored funds is organized as a separately managed component (or “series”) of a series trust. All assets of a series irrevocably belong to that series and are subject to the liabilities of that series; under no circumstances are the liabilities of one series payable by another series. Series trusts themselves have no equity investment at risk, but decisions regarding the trustees of the trust and certain key activities of each sponsored fund within the trust, such as appointment of each sponsored fund's investment adviser, typically reside at the trust level. As a result, shareholders of a sponsored fund that is organized as a series of a series trust lack the ability to control the key decision-making processes that most directly affect the performance of the sponsored fund. Accordingly, the Company believes that each trust is a VIE and each sponsored fund is a silo of a VIE that also meets the definition of a VIE. Having concluded that each silo is a VIE, the primary beneficiary evaluation is focused on an analysis of economic interest. The Company typically holds the majority of the shares of a sponsored fund corresponding to a majority economic interest during the seed investment stage when the fund's investment track record is being established or when the fund is in the early stages of soliciting outside investors. The Company consolidates the fund as primary beneficiary during this period. The Company records fee revenue while the sponsored fund is consolidated but eliminates the fee revenue in consolidation.

 

The Company regularly seeds new sponsored funds and therefore may consolidate a variety of sponsored funds during a given reporting period. Due to the similarity of risks related to the Company's involvement with each sponsored fund, disclosures required under the VIE model are aggregated, such as those disclosures regarding the carrying amount and classification of assets of the sponsored funds and the gains and losses that the Company recognizes from the sponsored funds.

 

When the Company is no longer deemed to hold a controlling financial interest in a sponsored fund, which occurs when either the Company redeems its shares or shares held by third parties exceed the number of shares held by the Company, the Company deconsolidates the sponsored fund and removes the related assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests from its balance sheet and classifies the Company's remaining investment as either an equity method investment or as available-for-sale as applicable. Because consolidated sponsored funds utilize fair value measurements, there is no incremental gain or loss recognized upon deconsolidation.

 

The extent of the Company's exposure to loss with respect to a consolidated sponsored fund is the amount of the Company's investment in the sponsored fund. The Company is not obligated to provide financial support to sponsored funds. Only the assets of a sponsored fund are available to settle its obligations. Beneficial interest holders of sponsored funds do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company.

Consolidation VIES policy

Consolidation of VIEs

 

Accounting guidance provides a framework for determining whether an entity should be considered a VIE and, if so, whether a company's involvement with the entity results in a variable interest in the entity. If the Company determines that it does have a variable interest in an entity, it must perform an analysis to determine whether it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE. If the Company determines it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, it is required to consolidate the assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows of the VIE into the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

 

A company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has a controlling financial interest in the VIE. A company is deemed to have a controlling financial interest in a VIE if it has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

 

The Company's evaluation of whether it qualifies as the primary beneficiary of a VIE is highly complex. The Company uses two models for determining whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE.

 

The Company has concluded that its investments in VIEs other than CLOs qualify for the deferral to certain provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 810-10, ConsolidationOverall, afforded by Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2010-10, Consolidation – Amendments for Certain Investment Funds (the “Investment Company deferral”). For this subset of entities, the Company must make significant estimates and assumptions regarding future cash flows of each VIE to determine whether it has the majority of the risks and rewards of ownership and thus is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs.

 

For CLOs, the Company has concluded that it does not qualify for the Investment Company deferral and therefore the Company must evaluate estimates and assumptions relating primarily to market interest rates, credit default rates, pre-payment rates, discount rates, the marketability of certain securities and the probability of certain outcomes. There is also judgment involved in assessing whether the Company has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity.

 

While the Company believes its overall evaluation of VIEs is appropriate, future changes in estimates, judgments and assumptions and in the ownership interests of the Company in a VIE may affect the resulting consolidation, or deconsolidation, of the assets, liabilities, results of operations and cash flows of a VIE on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Segment information policy

Segment information

 

Management has determined that the Company operates in one segment, namely as an investment adviser managing funds and separate accounts. Although the Company does provide supplemental disclosure in this Annual Report on Form 10-K regarding assets under management and other asset flows by mandate and investment vehicle (primarily distinguishing between funds and separately managed accounts), the Company's determination that it operates in one business segment is based on the fact that the Company's chief operating decision maker (namely, the Company's Chief Executive Officer) reviews the Company's financial performance at an aggregate level. All of the products and services provided by the Company relate to investment management and are subject to a similar regulatory framework. Investment management teams at the Company are generally not aligned with specific product lines or distribution channels; in many instances, the investment professionals who manage the Company's funds are the same investment professionals who manage the Company's separately managed accounts.

Cash and cash equivalents policy

Cash and cash equivalents

 

Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of cash and short-term, highly liquid investments in money market funds, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, holdings of Treasury and government agency securities and bank obligations, which are readily convertible to cash. Cash equivalents have maturities of less than three months on the date of acquisition and are stated at fair value or cost, which approximates fair value due to the short-term maturities of the underlying investments.

Restricted cash policy

Restricted cash

 

Restricted cash consists principally of cash collateral required for margin accounts established to support derivative positions and securities sold, not yet purchased. Restricted cash is included as a component of other assets on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and is not available to the Company for general corporate use. Such derivatives and securities sold, not yet purchased, are used to hedge certain investments in consolidated sponsored funds and separately managed accounts seeded for product development purposes. Because the accounts are used to support trading activities, changes in restricted cash balances are reflected as operating cash flows in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Investments policy

Investments

 

Investment securities, trading

Marketable securities classified as trading securities consist of investments in debt and equity securities held in the portfolios of consolidated sponsored funds and separately managed accounts seeded by the Company for product development purposes, and bank obligations, commercial paper and corporate debt securities with remaining maturities (upon purchase by the Company) ranging from three months to 12 months.

 

Investment securities held in the portfolios of consolidated sponsored funds, separately managed accounts and/or held directly by the Company are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices. Net realized and unrealized gains or losses are reflected as a component of gains (losses) and other investment income, net, within non-operating income (expense). The specific identified cost method is used to determine the realized gains or losses on all trading securities sold.

 

Investment securities, available-for-sale

Marketable securities classified as available-for-sale consist primarily of investments in shares of sponsored funds and are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices. Unrealized holding gains or losses (to the extent such losses are considered temporary) are reported net of deferred tax as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. Realized gains or losses are reflected as a component of gains (losses) and other investment income, net, within non-operating income (expense). The specific identified cost method is used to determine the realized gains or losses on the sale of shares of sponsored funds.

 

The Company evaluates the carrying value of marketable securities classified as available-for-sale for impairment on a quarterly basis. In its impairment analysis, the Company takes into consideration numerous criteria, including the duration and extent of any decline in fair value and the Company's intent with respect to a given security. If the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary, the carrying value of the security is written down to fair value through net income.

 

Investments in non-consolidated CLO entities

Investments in non-consolidated CLO entities are carried at amortized cost unless impaired. The excess of actual and anticipated future cash flows over the initial investment at the date of purchase is recognized in gains (losses) and other investment income, net, over the life of the investment using the effective yield method. The Company reviews cash flow estimates throughout the life of each non-consolidated CLO entity. If the updated estimate of future cash flows (taking into account both timing and amounts) is less than the last revised estimate, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the investment exceeds its fair value.

 

Investments in equity method investees

Investments in non-controlled affiliates in which the Company's ownership ranges from 20 to 50 percent, or in instances in which the Company is able to exercise significant influence but not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company's share of the investee's underlying net income or loss is recorded as equity in net income of affiliates, net of tax. Distributions received from the investment reduce the Company's investment balance. Investments in equity method investees are evaluated for impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amounts of the assets exceed their respective fair values, additional impairment tests are performed to measure the amounts of the impairment losses, if any.

 

Investments, other

Certain investments are carried at cost. The fair values of cost-method investments are not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair values of the investments.

Fair value measurements policy

Fair value measurements

 

The accounting standards for fair value measurement provide a framework for measuring fair value and require expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or the exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The accounting standards establish a fair value measurement hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs where available. This fair value measurement hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs.

 

The Company utilizes third-party pricing services to value investments in various asset classes, including debt obligations, interests in senior floating-rate loans, derivatives and certain foreign equity securities, as further discussed below. Valuations provided by the pricing services are subject to exception reporting that identifies securities with significant movements in valuation, as well as investments with no movements in valuation. These exceptions are reviewed by the Company on a daily basis. The Company compares the price of trades executed by the Company to the valuations provided by the third-party pricing services to identify and research significant variances. The Company periodically compares the pricing service valuations to valuations provided by a secondary independent source when available. Market data provided by the pricing services and other market participants, such as the Loan Syndication and Trading Association (“LSTA”) trade study, is reviewed by the Company to assess the reliability of the provided data. The Company's Valuation Committee reviews the general assumptions underlying the methodologies used by the pricing services to value various asset classes at least annually. Throughout the year, members of the Company's Valuation Committee or its designees meet with the service providers to discuss any significant changes to the service providers' valuation methodologies or operational processes.

 

Assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories based on the nature of the inputs that are significant to the fair value measurements in their entirety. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value measurement hierarchy. In such cases, an investment's classification within the fair value measurement hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

 

Level 1       Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the reporting date.

 

Level 2       Observable inputs other than Level 1 unadjusted quoted market prices, such as quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or corroborated by observable market data.

 

Level 3       Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity.

Fair value measurements transfer policy

Fair value measurements

 

The Company recognizes any transfers between levels at the end of each quarter.

Derivative instruments policy

Derivative financial instruments

 

The Company may utilize derivative financial instruments to hedge market risk and currency risk associated with its investments in separate accounts and certain sponsored funds seeded for new product development purposes, exposures to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with investments denominated in foreign currencies and interest rate risk inherent in debt offerings. These derivative financial instruments may or may not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes. In addition, certain consolidated sponsored funds and separately managed accounts may enter into derivative financial instruments within their portfolios to achieve stated investment objectives. The Company does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

 

The Company records all derivative financial instruments as either assets or liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and measures these instruments at fair value. Derivative transactions are presented on a gross basis in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. For a derivative financial instrument that is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of the derivative's gain or loss is initially reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into earnings over the life of the hedge. The ineffective portion of the gain or loss is reported in earnings immediately. Changes in the fair value of the Company's other derivative financial instruments are recognized in earnings in the current period.

Deferred sales commissions policy

Deferred sales commissions

 

Sales commissions paid to broker-dealers in connection with the sale of certain classes of shares of open-end funds and private funds are generally capitalized and amortized over the period during which redemptions by the purchasing shareholder are subject to a contingent deferred sales charge, which does not exceed six years from purchase. Distribution plan payments received from these funds are recorded in revenue as earned. Contingent deferred sales charges and early withdrawal charges received from redeeming shareholders of these funds are generally applied to reduce the Company's unamortized deferred sales commission assets. Should the Company lose its ability to recover such sales commissions through distribution plan payments and contingent deferred sales charges, the value of its deferred sales commission asset would immediately decline, as would related future cash flows.

 

The Company evaluates the carrying value of its deferred sales commission assets for impairment on a quarterly basis. In its impairment analysis, the Company compares the carrying value of the deferred sales commission asset to the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset in the form of distribution fees over its remaining useful life to determine whether impairment has occurred. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the asset is written down to fair value based on discounted cash flows. Impairment adjustments are recognized in operating income as a component of amortization of deferred sales commissions.

Income tax policy

Income taxes

 

Deferred income taxes reflect the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of the Company's assets and liabilities measured using rates expected to be in effect when such differences reverse. To the extent that deferred tax assets are considered more likely than not to be unrealizable, valuation allowances are provided.

 

The Company's effective tax rate reflects the statutory tax rates of the many jurisdictions in which it operates. Significant judgment is required in determining its effective tax rate and in evaluating its tax positions. In the ordinary course of business, many transactions occur for which the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. Accounting standards governing the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes for a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return require that the tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is more likely than not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. The more-likely-than-not threshold must be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of the benefit. The difference between the tax benefit recognized in the financial statements for a tax position and the tax benefit claimed in the income tax return is referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit. Unrecognized tax benefits, as well as the related interest and penalties, are adjusted regularly to reflect changing facts and circumstances. The Company classifies any interest or penalties incurred as a component of income tax expense.

Equipment and leasehold improvements policy

Equipment and leasehold improvements

 

Equipment and other fixed assets are recorded at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to five years. Accelerated methods are used for income tax purposes. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the terms of the leases. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Equipment and leasehold improvements are tested for impairment whenever changes in facts or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

 

Certain internal and external costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining software for internal use are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the software or three years, beginning when the software project is complete and the application is put into production. These costs are included in equipment and leasehold improvements on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Goodwill policy

Goodwill

 

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of the Company's investment in the net assets of acquired companies over the fair value of the underlying identifiable net assets at the dates of acquisition. The Company attributes all goodwill associated with its acquisitions of Atlanta Capital Management, LLC (“Atlanta Capital”), Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC (“Parametric”) and The Clifton Group Investment Management Company (“Clifton”), which share similar economic characteristics, to one reporting unit. The Company attributes all goodwill associated with its acquisitions of the Tax Advantaged Bond Strategies (“TABS”) business of M.D. Sass Investor Services and Fox Asset Management LLC (“Fox Asset Management”) to a second reporting unit.

 

Goodwill is not amortized but is tested annually for impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year by comparing the fair values of the reporting units to their respective carrying amounts, including goodwill. The Company establishes fair value for the purpose of impairment testing for each reporting unit by averaging fair value established using an income approach and fair value established using a market approach.

 

The income approach employs a discounted cash flow model that takes into account (1) assumptions that market participants would use in their estimates of fair value, (2) current period actual results and (3) budgeted results for future periods that have been vetted by senior management. The discounted cash flow model incorporates the same fundamental pricing concepts used to calculate fair value in the acquisition due diligence process and a discount rate that takes into consideration the Company's estimated cost of capital adjusted for the uncertainty inherent in the forecasted information.

 

The market approach employs market multiples based on comparable publicly traded companies in the financial services industry, calculated with data from industry sources. Estimates of fair value are established using a multiple of assets under management and current and forward multiples of both revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), adjusted for size and performance of the reporting unit relative to peer companies. A weighting of the value indications is then performed, giving greater weight to fair value calculated based on multiples of revenue and EBITDA and lesser weight to fair value calculated as a multiple of assets under management. Fair values calculated using one-year, two-year and trailing twelve-month revenue multiples and one-year, two-year and trailing twelve-month EBITDA multiples are each weighted 15 percent, while fair value calculated based on a multiple of assets under management is weighted 10 percent.

 

If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its calculated fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test will be performed to measure the amount of the impairment loss, if any.

Intangible assets policy

Intangible assets

 

Amortizing identifiable intangible assets generally represent the cost of client relationships, intellectual property and management contracts acquired. In valuing these assets, the Company makes assumptions regarding useful lives and projected growth rates, and significant judgment is required. The Company periodically reviews its identifiable intangible assets for impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amounts of those assets exceed their respective fair values, additional impairment tests are performed to measure the amounts of the impairment losses, if any.

 

Non-amortizing intangible assets generally represent the cost of mutual fund management contracts acquired. Non-amortizing intangible assets are tested for impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year by comparing the fair values of the management contracts acquired to their carrying values. The Company establishes fair value for purposes of impairment testing using the income approach. If the carrying value of a management contract acquired exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to that excess.

Debt issuance costs policy

Debt issuance costs

 

Deferred debt issuance costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the related term of the debt and are included in other assets. The amortization of deferred debt issuance costs is included in interest expense.

Appropriated retained earnings (deficit) policy

Appropriated retained earnings

 

The Company records appropriated retained earnings equal to the difference between the fair value of consolidated CLO assets and the fair value of consolidated CLO liabilities that can be attributed to external investors. The amount is recorded as appropriated retained earnings since the other holders of the CLOs' beneficial interests, not the Company, will receive the benefits or absorb the losses associated with their proportionate share of the CLOs' assets and liabilities. For all periods presented, the net changes in the fair value of consolidated CLO assets and liabilities that can be attributed to the CLOs' other beneficial interest holders have been recorded as net income attributable to non-controlling and other beneficial interests and as an adjustment to appropriated retained earnings.

Revenue recognition policy

Revenue recognition

 

Investment advisory and administrative fees

Investment advisory and administrative fees for the funds and investment advisory fees for separate accounts managed by the Company are recorded in revenue as the services are performed. Such fees are based primarily on predetermined percentages of the market values of the assets under management. The Company's fund investment advisory and administrative fees are calculated principally as a percentage of average daily net assets. The Company's separate account investment advisory fees are calculated as a percentage of either beginning, average or ending monthly or quarterly net assets. Investment advisory and administrative fees for the funds are earned daily and paid monthly; investment advisory fees for separate accounts are earned daily and paid either monthly or quarterly. The Company may waive certain fees for investment and administrative services at its discretion.

 

The Company has contractual arrangements with third parties to provide certain fund-related services, including sub-advisory and distribution-related services. Management's determination of whether revenue should be reported gross based on the amount paid by the funds or net of payments to third-party service providers is based on management's assessment of whether the Company is acting as the principal service provider or is acting as an agent. The primary factors considered in assessing the nature of the Company's role include (1) whether the Company is responsible for the fulfillment of the obligation, including the acceptability of the services provided; (2) whether the Company has reasonable latitude to establish the price of the service provided; (3) whether the Company has the discretion to select the service provider; and (4) whether the Company assumes credit risk in the arrangement.

 

Pursuant to management's assessment of the criteria described above, investment advisory and administrative fees are recorded gross of any sub-advisory payments, with the corresponding fees paid to any sub-adviser based on the terms of those arrangements included in fund-related expenses in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

Distribution, underwriter and service fees

Eaton Vance Distributors, Inc. (“EVD”) currently sells Eaton Vance open-end mutual funds under five primary pricing structures: front-end load commission (“Class A”); level-load commission (“Class C”); institutional no-load (“Class I, also referred to as “Institutional Class”); retail no-load (“Class N,” referred to as “Investor Class” or “Adviser Class”); and retirement plan no-load (“Class R”). Distribution and service fees for all share classes, as further described below, are calculated as a percentage of average daily net assets and recorded in revenue as earned, gross of any third-party distribution and service fee payments made. Distribution and service fees are earned daily and paid monthly. The expenses associated with third-party distribution and service fee arrangements are recorded in distribution and service fee expense, respectively, as the services are provided by the third party. These expenses are also paid monthly.

 

For Class A shares, the shareholder pays an underwriter commission to EVD of up to 75 basis points of the dollar value of the shares sold. Underwriter commissions are recorded in revenue at the time of sale. Under certain conditions, the Company may waive the front-end sales load on Class A shares and sell the shares at net asset value. EVD does not receive underwriter commissions on such sales. In addition, for most Class A shares EVD generally receives (and then pays to authorized firms after one year) a combined distribution and service fee of up to 30 basis points of average net assets annually.

 

Effective January 1, 2012, the Company suspended sales of Class B shares. Additional investment in this share class is limited to exchanges and the reinvestment of distributions by existing Class B shareholders. EVD continues to recover dealer commissions previously paid on behalf of Class B shareholders through distribution fees limited to 75 basis points annually of the average net assets of the Class B shares. In addition, EVD receives, and then pays to authorized firms, a service fee not to exceed 25 basis points annually of average net assets. Class B shares automatically convert to Class A shares after eight years of ownership.

 

For Class C shares, the shareholder pays no front-end commissions and no contingent deferred sales charges on redemptions after the first year. EVD pays a commission and the projected first year service fees to the dealer at the time of sale, which together are capitalized and amortized over the first year. EVD receives distribution fees and service fees at an annual rate of up to 75 basis points and 25 basis points, respectively, of average net assets of the Class. EVD pays both the distribution fee and service fee to the dealer after one year. Redemptions of Class C shares within twelve months of purchase are generally subject to deferred sales charges of one percent.

 

Class I shares are offered at net asset value and are not subject to any sales charges, underwriter commissions, distribution fees or service fees.

 

Class N shares are offered at net asset value and are not subject to any sales charges or underwriter commissions. Class N shares pay a combined distribution and service fee up to 25 basis points of average net assets of the Class annually. EVD pays the service fee to the dealer after one year.

 

Class R shares are offered at net asset value with no front-end sales charge. Class R shares pay separate distribution and service fees each up to 25 basis points of average net assets of the Class annually. EVD pays the service fee to the dealer after one year.

Advertising and promotion policy

Advertising and promotion

 

The Company expenses all advertising and promotional costs as incurred. Advertising costs incurred were not material to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements in the fiscal years ended October 31, 2014, 2013 or 2012.

Leases policy

Leases

 

The Company leases office space under various leasing arrangements. As leases expire, they are normally renewed or replaced in the ordinary course of business. Most lease agreements contain renewal options, rent escalation clauses and/or other inducements provided by the landlord. Rent expense is recorded on a straight-line basis, including escalations and inducements, over the lease term.

Earnings per share policy

Earnings per share

 

Earnings per basic and diluted share are calculated under the two-class method. Pursuant to the two-class method, the Company's unvested restricted stock awards with non-forfeitable rights to dividends, which relate exclusively to restricted stock awards granted on or before November 1, 2012, are considered participating securities. Under the two-class method, earnings per basic share is calculated by dividing net income available to Eaton Vance Corp. shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period. Net income available to Eaton Vance Corp. shareholders is reduced by the amount allocated to participating restricted shares to arrive at the earnings allocated to common stock shareholders for purposes of calculating earnings per share. Dividends declared per share on the unvested restricted shares are equal to the dividends declared per common share on the Company's Voting and Non-Voting Common Stock. Earnings per diluted share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the dilutive effect of any potential common shares outstanding during the period using the more dilutive of the treasury method or two-class method.

Stock-based compensation policy

Stock-based compensation

 

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation expense at fair value. Under the fair value method, stock-based compensation expense, which reflects the fair value of stock-based awards measured at grant date, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the relevant service period (generally five years) and is adjusted each period for anticipated forfeitures.

 

The fair value of each option award granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. The Black-Scholes option valuation model incorporates assumptions as to dividend yield, volatility, an appropriate risk-free interest rate and the expected life of the option. Prior to October 24, 2012, the Company immediately recognized compensation expense at grant date for all awards granted to retirement-eligible employees, as defined. On October 24, 2012, the Company modified its stock-based compensation plans to remove the provisions regarding retirement-eligible employees for subsequent option grants, with the effect that immediate expense recognition is no longer applicable.

 

The fair value of profit interests granted under subsidiary long-term equity plans is estimated on grant date by averaging fair value established using an income approach and fair value established using a market approach for each subsidiary. The income and fair value approaches used in the determination of grant date fair value of profit interests are consistent with those described in Goodwill above.

 

Tax benefits realized upon the exercise of stock options that are in excess of the expense previously recognized for financial reporting purposes are recorded in shareholders' equity and reflected as a financing activity in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. If the tax benefit realized is less than the expense previously recorded, the shortfall is recorded in shareholders' equity. To the extent the expense exceeds available windfall tax benefits, it is recorded in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income and reflected as an operating activity on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Foreign currency translation policy

Foreign currency translation

 

Substantially all of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have a functional currency that is something other than the U.S. dollar. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates as of the end of each accounting period. Related revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the accounting period. Net translation exchange gains and losses are excluded from income and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are reflected in gains (losses) and other investment income, net, as they occur.

Comprehensive income policy

Comprehensive income

 

The Company reports all changes in comprehensive income in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Comprehensive income includes net income, the change in unrealized gains on certain derivatives, the amortization of net gains and losses on certain derivatives, unrealized holding gains and losses on investment securities classified as available-for-sale and foreign currency translation adjustments, in each case net of tax. When the Company has established an indefinite reinvestment assertion for a foreign subsidiary, deferred income taxes are not provided on the related foreign currency translation exchange gains and losses.

Non-controlling interest policy

Non-controlling interests

 

Non-redeemable non-controlling interests consist entirely of unvested interests granted to employees of the Company's majority-owned subsidiaries under subsidiary-specific long-term equity plans. These grants become subject to holder put rights upon vesting and are reclassified to temporary equity as vesting occurs.

 

Non-controlling interests redeemable at fair value consist of interests in the Company's consolidated sponsored funds and certain vested interests held by employees of our majority-owned subsidiaries under the subsidiaries' long-term equity plans. The Company's non-controlling interests redeemable at fair value are recorded in temporary equity at estimated redemption value and changes in the estimated redemption value of these interests are recognized as increases or decreases to additional paid-in capital.

 

Non-controlling interests redeemable at other than fair value consist of certain other interests in the Company's majority-owned subsidiaries. These interests are subject to holder put rights and Company call rights at established multiples of earnings before interest and taxes and, as such, are considered redeemable at other than fair value. The put and call rights are not legally detachable or separately exercisable and are deemed to be embedded in the related non-controlling interests. Non-controlling interests redeemable at other than fair value are recorded on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets in temporary equity at estimated redemption value, and changes in estimated redemption value of these interests are recorded to the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income as increases or decreases to net income attributable to non-controlling and other beneficial interests.

Loss contingencies policy

Loss contingencies

 

The Company continuously reviews any investor, employee or vendor complaints and pending or threatened litigation. The Company evaluates the likelihood that a loss contingency exists under the criteria of applicable accounting standards through consultation with legal counsel and records a loss contingency, inclusive of legal costs, if the contingency is probable and reasonably estimable at the date of the financial statements. There are no losses of this nature that are currently deemed probable and reasonably estimable, and, thus, none have been recorded in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.