Fair Value Measurements
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Jul. 31, 2013
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Fair Value Measurements Disclosure [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value Measurements | 6. Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and their assigned levels within the valuation hierarchy at July 31, 2013 and October 31, 2012:
Valuation methodologies
The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as well as the general classification of those assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:
Cash equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of investments in money market funds, government and agency securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit. Money market funds are valued using published net asset values and are classified as Level 1 within the valuation hierarchy. Government and agency securities are valued based upon quoted market prices for similar assets in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or corroborated by observable market data. Depending on the nature of the inputs, these assets are generally classified as Level 1 or 2 within the valuation hierarchy. The carrying amounts of commercial paper and certificates of deposit are valued at amortized cost, which approximates market value, and are generally classified as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Investment securities, trading – cash management assets Investment securities, trading – corporate cash management assets consist of certificates of deposit, commercial paper and corporate debt obligations with original maturities from three months to twenty-four months. Debt obligations are generally valued on the basis of valuations provided by third-party pricing services, as derived from such services' pricing models. Inputs to the models may include, but are not limited to, reported trades, executable bid and asked prices, broker-dealer quotations, prices or yields of securities with similar characteristics, benchmark curves or information pertaining to the issuer, as well as industry and economic events. The pricing services may use a matrix approach, which considers information regarding securities with similar characteristics to determine the valuation for a security. Depending on the nature of the inputs, investment securities, trading – corporate cash management assets are generally classified as Level 1 or 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Investment securities, trading – debt-consolidated funds and separately managed accounts Investment securities, trading – debt, consist of debt obligations held in the portfolios of consolidated sponsored funds and separately managed accounts. Debt obligations (including short-term obligations with a remaining maturity of more than sixty days) are generally valued on the basis of valuations provided by third-party pricing services, as derived from such services' pricing models. Inputs to the models may include, but are not limited to, reported trades, executable bid and asked prices, broker-dealer quotations, prices or yields of securities with similar characteristics, benchmark curves or information pertaining to the issuer, as well as industry and economic events. The pricing services may use a matrix approach, which considers information regarding securities with similar characteristics to determine the valuation for a security. Short-term obligations purchased with a remaining maturity of sixty days or less (excluding those that are non-U.S. denominated, which typically are valued by a third-party pricing service or dealer quotes) are generally valued at amortized cost, which approximates market value. Depending upon the nature of the inputs, investment securities, trading – debt, are generally classified as Level 1 or 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Investment securities, trading – equity-consolidated funds and separately managed accounts Investment securities, trading – equity, consist of foreign and domestic equity securities held in the portfolios of consolidated sponsored funds and separately managed accounts. Equity securities listed on a U.S. securities exchange generally are valued at the last sale or closing price on the day of valuation or, if no sales took place on such date, at the mean between the closing bid and asked prices on the exchange where such securities are principally traded. Equity securities listed on the NASDAQ Global or Global Select market generally are valued at the NASDAQ official closing price. Unlisted or listed securities for which closing prices or closing quotations are not available are valued at the mean between the latest available bid and asked prices. When valuing foreign equity securities that meet certain criteria as established by our fair value pricing service, the portfolios use a fair value service that values such securities to reflect market trading that occurs after the close of the applicable foreign markets of comparable securities or other instruments that have a strong correlation to the fair-valued securities. The service utilizes a multi-factor model that considers such information as an issue's local closing price and post-closing fluctuations in relevant general market and sector indices, currencies, depositary receipts and futures, as applicable. The size of the adjustment is determined by the observed changes in these factors since the close of the applicable foreign market. The pricing service uses a multiple regression methodology and back testing to validate the quality and correlations of their evaluations. In addition, the Company performs its own independent back test review of fair values versus the subsequent local market opening prices when available. Depending upon the nature of the inputs, investment securities, trading – equity are generally classified as Level 1 or 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Investment securities, available-for-sale Investment securities, available-for-sale, consist of investments in sponsored mutual funds and privately offered equity funds. Sponsored mutual funds that are listed on an active exchange are valued using published net asset values and are classified as Level 1 within the valuation hierarchy. Investments in sponsored privately offered equity funds and portfolios that are not listed on an active exchange but have net asset values that are comparable to mutual funds and have no redemption restrictions are classified as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Derivative instruments Derivative instruments, which include foreign exchange contracts, stock index futures contracts and commodity futures contracts, are recorded as either other assets or other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Foreign exchange contracts are valued by interpolating a value using the spot foreign exchange rate and forward points, which are based on spot rate and currency interest rate differentials. Index futures contracts and commodity futures contracts are valued using a third-party pricing service that determines fair value based on bid and ask prices. Derivative instruments are generally classified as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Assets of consolidated CLO entity Assets of the consolidated CLO entity include investments in money market funds, equity securities, debt securities, bank loans and warrants. Fair value is determined utilizing unadjusted quoted market prices when available. Interests in senior floating-rate loans for which reliable market quotations are readily available are valued generally at the average mid-point of bid and ask quotations obtained from a third-party pricing service. Fair value may also be based upon valuations obtained from independent third-party brokers or dealers utilizing matrix pricing models that consider information regarding securities with similar characteristics. In certain instances, fair value has been determined utilizing discounted cash flow analyses or single broker non-binding quotes. Depending on the nature of the inputs, these assets are classified as Level 1, 2 or 3 within the valuation hierarchy.
Securities sold, not yet purchased Securities sold, not yet purchased, are recorded as other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and are valued by a third-party pricing service that determines fair value based on bid and ask prices. Securities sold, not yet purchased, are generally classified as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Liabilities of consolidated CLO entity Liabilities of the consolidated CLO entity include debt securities and senior and subordinated note obligations of the consolidated CLO entity. The debt securities are valued based upon quoted prices for identical or similar liabilities that are not active and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or corroborated by observable market data. The senior and subordinated notes are valued based upon model-based valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable in the market. Depending on the nature of the inputs, these liabilities are classified as Level 2 or 3 within the valuation hierarchy. Transfers in and/or out of Levels
The following table summarizes fair value transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2013 and 2012:
Level 3 assets and liabilities
The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending fair value measurements of assets and liabilities that are valued on a recurring basis and classified as Level 3 for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2013 and 2012:
The following table shows the valuation technique and significant unobservable inputs utilized in the fair value measurement of Level 3 liabilities at July 31, 2013 and October 31, 2012:
Valuation process The Company elected the fair value option for both the collateral assets held and senior and subordinated notes issued by its consolidated CLO entity upon consolidation to mitigate any accounting inconsistencies between the carrying value of the assets held to provide cash flows for the note obligations and the carrying value of those note obligations.
Senior and subordinated note obligations of the Company's consolidated CLO entity are issued in various tranches with different risk profiles. The notes are valued on a quarterly basis by the Company's bank loan investment team utilizing an income approach that projects the cash flows of the collateral assets using the team's projected default rate, prepayment rate, recovery rate and discount rate, as well as observable assumptions about market yields, collateral reimbursement assumptions, callability and other market factors that vary based on the nature of the investments in the underlying collateral pool. Once the undiscounted cash flows of the collateral assets have been determined, the bank loan team applies appropriate discount rates that it believes a reasonable market participant would use to determine the discounted cash flow valuation of the notes. The bank loan team routinely monitors market conditions and model inputs for cyclical and secular changes in order to identify any material factors that could influence the Company's valuation method. The bank loan team reports directly to the Chief Income Investment Officer.
Sensitivity to changes in significant unobservable inputs For senior and subordinated notes issued by the Company's consolidated CLO entity, a change in the assumption used for the probability of default is generally accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for discount rates. Significant increases in either of these inputs would result in a significantly lower measurement of fair value.
Although the Company believes the valuation methods described above are appropriate, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. |