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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes INCOME TAXES
The components of the income tax provision from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 are as follows:
202320222021
Current:
Federal$245.6 $368.7 $374.2 
State64.9 87.4 78.5 
Federal and state deferred19.0 0.8 (17.2)
Change in valuation allowance, net1.0 0.2 (0.2)
Adjustments and settlements(0.5)(1.3)(0.2)
Income tax provision$330.0 $455.8 $435.1 
A reconciliation of the income tax provision calculated using the statutory federal income tax rate to our income tax provision from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 is as follows:
2023%2022%2021%
Income tax provision at statutory rate
$283.5 21.0 $385.0 21.0 $379.8 21.0 
Other non-deductible expenses, net0.5 — 7.9 0.4 (1.2)(0.1)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit
53.4 4.0 72.8 4.0 60.7 3.4 
337.4 25.0 465.7 25.4 439.3 24.3 
Change in valuation allowance, net1.0 0.1 0.2 — (0.2)— 
Adjustments and settlements(0.5)— (1.3)(0.1)(0.2)— 
Federal and state tax credits(2.8)(0.2)(4.5)(0.2)(1.0)— 
Other, net(5.1)(0.5)(4.3)(0.2)(2.8)(0.2)
Income tax provision$330.0 24.4 $455.8 24.9 $435.1 24.1 

Deferred income tax asset and liability components at December 31 are as follows:
20232022
Deferred income tax assets:
Inventory$31.9 $23.7 
Receivable allowances0.4 12.0 
Warranty, chargeback, and self-insurance liabilities72.6 70.2 
Other accrued liabilities30.7 27.7 
Deferred compensation31.7 26.5 
Stock-based compensation9.0 7.7 
Lease liabilities 162.9 148.9 
Loss carryforwards— federal and state
22.7 5.8 
Other, net20.9 11.5 
Total deferred income tax assets382.8 334.0 
Valuation allowance(7.1)(4.6)
Deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance375.7 329.4 
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Long-lived assets (intangible assets and property)(298.7)(258.4)
Investments - unrealized appreciation(2.8)(1.6)
Right-of-use assets(150.2)(137.2)
Other, net(9.0)(8.7)
Total deferred income tax liabilities(460.7)(405.9)
Net deferred income tax liabilities$(85.0)$(76.5)
Our net deferred tax liability of $85.0 million as of December 31, 2023, and $76.5 million as of December 31, 2022, is classified as Deferred Income Taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Income taxes receivable included in Receivables, net totaled $11.1 million at December 31, 2023 and $20.2 million at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2023, we had $63.1 million of gross domestic federal net operating loss carryforward, $161.2 million of gross domestic state net operating loss carryforwards and capital loss carryforwards, and $1.2 million of state tax credits.
The federal net operating loss and $30.7 million of gross domestic state net operating loss carryforwards have no expiration. The state tax credits and $130.5 million of gross domestic state net operating loss carryforwards expire from 2024 through 2043. The federal and state loss carryforwards and state tax credits result in a deferred tax asset of $22.7 million.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We provide valuation allowances to offset portions of deferred tax assets due to uncertainty surrounding the future realization of such deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2023, we had $7.1 million of valuation allowance related to state net operating loss carryforwards. We adjust the valuation allowance in the period management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will or will not be realized.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. As a matter of course, various taxing authorities, including the IRS, regularly audit us. These audits may culminate in proposed assessments which may ultimately result in our owing additional taxes. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019. Currently, no tax years are under examination by the IRS and tax years from 2019 to 2021 are under examination by U.S. state jurisdictions. We believe that our tax positions comply with applicable tax law and that we have adequately provided for these matters.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
202320222021
Balance at January 1$5.5 $6.9 $7.0 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year— — — 
Additions for tax positions of prior years1.2 0.6 0.8 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years— — — 
Reductions for expirations of statute of limitations(1.6)(1.4)(0.9)
Settlements— (0.6)— 
Balance at December 31$5.1 $5.5 $6.9 
We had accumulated interest and penalties associated with these unrecognized tax benefits of $10.7 million at December 31, 2023, $9.6 million at December 31, 2022, and $9.1 million at December 31, 2021. We additionally had a deferred tax asset of $3.6 million at December 31, 2023, $3.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $3.6 million at December 31, 2021, related to these balances. The net of the unrecognized tax benefits, associated interest, penalties, and deferred tax asset was $12.2 million at December 31, 2023, $11.7 million at December 31, 2022, and $12.4 million at December 31, 2021, which if resolved favorably (in whole or in part) would reduce our effective tax rate. The unrecognized tax benefits, associated interest, penalties, and deferred tax asset are included as components of Other Liabilities and Deferred Income Taxes in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
It is our policy to account for interest and penalties associated with income tax obligations as a component of income tax expense. We recognized $0.8 million during 2023, $0.4 million during 2022, and $0.6 million during 2021 (each net of tax effect), of interest and penalties as part of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
We do not expect any increase or decrease to our unrecognized tax benefits to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements during the twelve months beginning January 1, 2024.