INCOME TAXES

The components of the income tax provision from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 are as follows:



	2017			2016		2015
Current:
Federal	$	190.6		$	234.9	$	235.0
State	29.4			31.4		34.1
Federal and state deferred	(22.1		)	3.7		10.3
Change in valuation allowance, net	3.3			0.3		0.1
Adjustments and settlements	0.3			0.3		(0.5		)
Income tax provision	$	201.5		$	270.6	$	279.0

A reconciliation of the income tax provision calculated using the statutory federal income tax rate to our income tax provision from continuing operations for the years ended December 31 is as follows:



	2017			%		2016			%		2015			%
Income tax provision at statutory rate	$	222.8		35.0		$	245.8		35.0		$	253.0		35.0
Non-deductible expenses, net	5.9			0.9		4.6			0.7		3.5			0.5
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	19.7			3.1		21.7			3.1		23.6			3.3
	248.4			39.0		272.1			38.8		280.1			38.8
Change in tax rate	(44.2		)	(6.9	)	—			—		—			—
Change in valuation allowance, net	3.3			0.5		0.3			—		0.1			—
Adjustments and settlements	0.3			0.1		0.3			—		(0.5		)	(0.1	)
Federal and state tax credits	(3.7		)	(0.6	)	(1.9		)	(0.3	)	(0.6		)	(0.1	)
Other, net	(2.6		)	(0.4	)	(0.2		)	—		(0.1		)	—
Income tax provision	$	201.5		31.7		$	270.6		38.5		$	279.0		38.6

Deferred income tax asset and liability components at December 31 are as follows:



	2017			2016
Deferred income tax assets:
Inventory	$	22.8		$	36.8
Receivable allowances	1.9			3.3
Warranty, chargeback, and self-insurance liabilities	47.4			71.2
Other accrued liabilities	25.4			33.1
Deferred compensation	18.8			31.8
Stock-based compensation	18.9			25.7
Loss carryforwards—federal and state	6.5			5.4
Other, net	10.2			17.1
Total deferred income tax assets	151.9			224.4
Valuation allowance	(5.4		)	(2.5		)
Deferred income tax assets, net of valuation allowance	146.5			221.9
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Long-lived assets (intangible assets and property)	(207.1		)	(293.3		)
Other, net	(11.3		)	(20.1		)
Total deferred income tax liabilities	(218.4		)	(313.4		)
Net deferred income tax liabilities	$	(71.9	)	$	(91.5	)

Our net deferred tax liability of $71.9 million as of December 31, 2017 and $91.5 million as of December 31, 2016 is classified as Deferred Income Taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Income taxes payable included in Other Current Liabilities totaled $81.1 million at December 31, 2017. Income taxes receivable included in Receivables, net totaled $11.6 million at December 31, 2016.

At December 31, 2017, we had $82.0 million of gross domestic state net operating loss carryforwards and capital loss carryforwards, and $3.6 million of state tax credits, all of which result in a deferred tax asset of $7.0 million and expire from 2018 through 2037.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We provide valuation allowances to offset portions of deferred tax assets due to uncertainty surrounding the future realization of such deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2017, we had $3.6 million of valuation allowance related to state net operating loss carryforwards and $1.8 million of valuation allowance related to the stock-based compensation deferred tax asset impacted by the new tax reform legislation. See “Tax Reform” below. We adjust the valuation allowance in the period management determines it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will or will not be realized.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. As a matter of course, various taxing authorities, including the IRS, regularly audit us. These audits may culminate in proposed assessments which may ultimately result in our owing additional taxes. Currently, no tax years are under examination by the IRS and tax years from 2009 to 2016 are under examination by U.S. state jurisdictions. We believe that our tax positions comply with applicable tax law and that we have adequately provided for these matters.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:



	2017			2016			2015
Balance at January 1	$	5.8		$	5.6		$	4.9
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	—			—			—
Additions for tax positions of prior years	0.8			0.8			0.7
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	—			(0.4		)	—
Reductions for expirations of statute of limitations	(0.2		)	(0.2		)	—
Settlements	—			—			—
Balance at December 31	$	6.4		$	5.8		$	5.6

We had accumulated interest and penalties associated with these unrecognized tax benefits of $6.8 million at December 31, 2017, $6.1 million at December 31, 2016, and $5.5 million at December 31, 2015. We additionally had a deferred tax asset of $2.8 million at December 31, 2017, $4.2 million at December 31, 2016, and $4.0 million at December 31, 2015, related to these balances. The net of the unrecognized tax benefits, associated interest, penalties, and deferred tax asset was $10.4 million at December 31, 2017, $7.7 million at December 31, 2016, and $7.1 million at December 31, 2015, which if resolved favorably (in whole or in part) would reduce our effective tax rate. The unrecognized tax benefits, associated interest, penalties, and deferred tax asset are included as components of Other Liabilities and Deferred Income Taxes in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

It is our policy to account for interest and penalties associated with income tax obligations as a component of income tax expense. We recognized $0.4 million during 2017, $0.4 million during 2016, and $0.4 million during 2015 (each net of tax effect), of interest and penalties as part of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

We do not expect that our unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease during the twelve months beginning January 1, 2018.

Tax Reform

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1 formerly known as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act,” was enacted into law. This new tax legislation, among other things, reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018.

At December 31, 2017, we have not completed our accounting for the tax effects of enactment of the Act; however, we have made a reasonable estimate of the effects on our existing deferred tax balances. For the items for which we were able to determine a reasonable estimate, we recognized a provisional benefit of $41.3 million, which is net of a valuation allowance on equity compensation related to the new tax law limiting deductibility of officers’ compensation. The provisional amounts are included as components of income tax expense from continuing operations and had a 6.5% impact on our annual effective income tax rate.

To determine our provisional amounts, we remeasured our deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally a 21% federal tax rate and its related impact on the state tax rate. However, we are still analyzing certain aspects of the new legislation and refining our calculations, which could potentially affect the measurement of these balances or potentially give rise to new deferred tax amounts. In addition, our estimates may also be affected as we gain a more thorough understanding of the tax law. The provisional amounts will be subject to adjustment during a measurement period of up to one year.