SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Trust, its corporate subsidiaries, and all entities in which the Trust has a controlling interest or has been determined to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The equity interests of other investors are reflected as noncontrolling interests or redeemable noncontrolling interests. All significant intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. We account for our interests in joint ventures, which we do not control, using the equity method of accounting. Certain 2015 amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, referred to as “GAAP,” requires management to make estimates and assumptions that in certain circumstances affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and revenues and expenses. These estimates are prepared using management’s best judgment, after considering past, current and expected events and economic conditions. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." ASU 2016-02 significantly changes the accounting for leases by requiring lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for leases greater than 12 months on their balance sheet. The lessor model stays substantially the same; however, there were modifications to conform lessor accounting with the lessee model, eliminate real estate specific guidance, further define certain lease and non-lease components, and change the definition of initial direct costs of leases requiring significantly more leasing related costs to be expensed upfront. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us in the first quarter of 2019, and we are currently assessing the impact of this standard to our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 as an amendment to ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." The amendment clarifies how to identify the unit of accounting for the principal versus agent evaluation, how to apply the control principle to certain types of arrangements, such as service transactions, and reframed the indicators in the guidance to focus on evidence that an entity is acting as a principal rather than as an agent. We are currently assessing the impact of this standard to our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation." ASU 2016-09 simplifies the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including a policy election option with respect to accounting for forfeitures either as they occur or estimating forfeitures (as is currently required), as well as increasing the amount an employer can withhold to cover income taxes on equity awards. ASU 2016-09 is effective for us in the first quarter of 2017, and we are currently assessing the impact of this standard to our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2016 and May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10 and ASU 2016-12, respectively, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." ASU 2016-10 clarifies the existing guidance on identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation. ASU 2016-12 adds practical expedients related to the transition for contract modifications and further defines a completed contract, clarifies the objective of the collectability assessment and how revenue is recognized if collectability is not probable, and when non-cash considerations should be measured. We are currently assessing the impact of these standards to our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses." ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments, requiring the use of an "expected credit loss" model and adding more disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-13 is effective for us in the first quarter of 2020, and we are currently assessing the impact of this standard to our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments." ASU 2016-15 provides classification guidance for eight specific topics including debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, and distributions received from equity method investees. ASU 2016-15 is effective for us in the first quarter of 2018, and we are currently assessing the impact of this standard to our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, "Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis." ASU 2015-02 modifies the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable or voting interest entities, eliminates the presumption that the general partner should consolidate a limited partnership, modifies the consolidation analysis for reporting entities that are involved in variable interest entities, particularly those that have fee arrangements and related party relationships, and provides a scope exception from consolidation guidance for reporting entities with interests in legal entities that operate as registered money market funds. We adopted the standard effective January 1, 2016, and as a result, partnerships controlling ten properties (previously consolidated as voting interest entities) are now considered to be variable interest entities. As we have the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits and control the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities, we are the primary beneficiary and we will continue to consolidate each of these entities. Net real estate assets of $566.1 million and mortgage payables of $194.9 million are included in our consolidated balance sheet at January 1, 2016 for these newly classified variable interest entities. In addition, our equity method investment in the Pike & Rose hotel joint venture is now considered a variable interest in a variable interest entity. As we do not control the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the joint venture, we are not the primary beneficiary and do not consolidate. Our investment in the joint venture was $6.6 million at January 1, 2016, and our maximum exposure to loss, which includes contributions to date and our remaining required contribution to complete construction of the hotel is approximately $13.5 million.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, "Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs." ASU 2015-03 requires debt issuance costs related to a debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, rather than classified as an asset. Recognition and measurement of debt issuance costs are not affected. Subsequently, in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, "Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements," which allows an entity to present the costs related to securing a line-of credit arrangement as an asset, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings. We adopted the standards effective January 1, 2016 and have adjusted our balance sheet presentation in both periods to reflect the net debt issuance costs as a reduction of the respective liability. The adoption resulted in a $15.2 million decrease to total assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015, for this reclassification. Debt issuance costs related to our revolving credit facility continue to be classified as an asset and are included in "prepaids and other assets" in our consolidated balance sheet.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Supplemental Disclosures

The following table provides supplemental disclosures related to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:



	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2016			2015
	(In thousands)
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES:
Total interest costs incurred	$	83,803		$	83,485
Interest capitalized	(12,660		)	(14,139		)
Interest expense	$	71,143		$	69,346
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized (1)	$	66,921		$	91,319
Cash paid for income taxes	$	300		$	274
NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING TRANSACTIONS:
Mortgage loans assumed with acquisition	$	34,385		$	18,666
DownREIT operating partnership units redeemed for common shares	$	18,679		$	—
DownREIT operating partnership units issued with acquisition	$	—		$	7,742
Shares issued under dividend reinvestment plan	$	1,523		$	1,468

(1) 2015 includes $19.2 million related to early extinguishment of debt.