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Financial Instruments
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2017
Financial Instruments [Abstract]  
Financial Instruments

7. Financial Instruments

The fair value of financial instruments is determined by reference to observable market data and other valuation techniques as appropriate. The only category of financial instruments where the difference between fair value and recorded book value is notable is long-term debt. The estimated fair value of total long-term debt, excluding capitalized lease obligations, was $24,010 million at June 30, 2017, and $27,968 million at December 31, 2016, as compared to recorded book values of $23,531 million at June 30, 2017, and $27,707 million at December 31, 2016.

The fair value of long-term debt by hierarchy level at June 30, 2017, is: Level 1 $23,825 million; Level 2 $179 million; and Level 3 $6 million. Level 1 represents quoted prices in active markets. Level 2 includes debt whose fair value is based upon a publicly available index. Level 3 involves using internal data augmented by relevant market indicators if available.