10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________to _________

Commission File Number 0-1665

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	36-2476480
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

15 Joys Lane

Kingston, NY 12401

(Address of principal executive offices)

(845) 802-7900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share	KINS	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. :

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 20, 2023, there were 10,759,330 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.

INDEX

		PAGE
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1 —	Financial Statements		4
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022		4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and 2022 (Unaudited)		5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and 2022 (Unaudited)		6-7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and 2022 (Unaudited)		8-9
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)		10
Item 2 —	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		44
Item 3 —	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		78
Item 4 —	Controls and Procedures		78
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION			79
Item 1 —	Legal Proceedings		79
Item 1A —	Risk Factors		79
Item 2 —	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds		79
Item 3 —	Defaults Upon Senior Securities		79
Item 4 —	Mine Safety Disclosures		79
Item 5 —	Other Information		79
Item 6 —	Exhibits		80
Signatures			81

2

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report contains forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  The events described in forward‑looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report may not occur.  Generally, these statements relate to business plans or strategies, projected or anticipated results or other consequences of our plans or strategies, projected or anticipated results from acquisitions to be made by us, or projections involving anticipated revenues, earnings, costs or other aspects of our operating results.  The words “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” and “continue,” and their opposites and similar expressions are intended to identify forward‑looking statements.  We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and are subject to a number of uncertainties, risks and other influences, many of which are beyond our control, which may influence the accuracy of the statements and the projections upon which the statements are based.  Factors which may cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to the risks and uncertainties discussed in Part I, Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report and Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report. 

Any one or more of these uncertainties, risks and other influences could materially affect our results of operations and whether forward‑looking statements made by us ultimately prove to be accurate.  Our actual results, performance and achievements could differ materially from those expressed or implied in these forward‑looking statements.  We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward‑looking statements, whether from new information, future events or otherwise except as required by law.

3

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.   Financial Statements.

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
	September 30,			December 31,
	2023			2022
	(unaudited)
Assets
Fixed-maturity securities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $5,699,498 at September 30, 2023 and $6,600,388 at December 31, 2022)	$	7,053,825		$	7,766,140
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $154,459,849 at September 30, 2023 and $174,918,427 at December 31, 2022)		132,786,899			154,715,163
Equity securities, at fair value (cost of $17,986,783 at September 30, 2023 and $18,086,700 at December 31, 2022)		13,907,651			13,834,390
Other investments		3,213,318			2,771,652
Total investments		156,961,693			179,087,345
Cash and cash equivalents		15,132,969			11,958,228
Premiums receivable, net		13,326,369			13,880,504
Reinsurance receivables, net		84,257,926			66,465,061
Deferred policy acquisition costs		20,532,322			23,819,453
Intangible assets		500,000			500,000
Property and equipment, net		9,594,500			10,541,935
Deferred income taxes, net		12,789,160			10,331,158
Other assets		3,893,322			3,748,847
Total assets	$	316,988,261		$	320,332,531
Liabilities
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	$	121,674,947		$	118,339,513
Unearned premiums		103,161,550			107,492,777
Advance premiums		6,288,223			2,839,028
Reinsurance balances payable		20,263,484			13,061,966
Deferred ceding commission revenue		9,393,051			10,619,569
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities		4,453,452			6,651,723
Debt, net		25,224,693			25,158,523
Total liabilities		290,459,400			284,163,099
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized 2,500,000 shares		-			-
Common stock, $.01 par value; authorized 20,000,000 shares; issued 12,227,562 shares at September 30, 2023 and 12,171,512 shares at December 31, 2022; outstanding 10,756,156 shares at September 30, 2023 and 10,700,106 shares at December 31, 2022		122,275			121,715
Capital in excess of par		75,153,808			74,519,590
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(17,119,479	)		(15,958,428	)
Accumulated deficit		(26,060,262	)		(16,945,964	)
		32,096,342			41,736,913
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,471,406 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022		(5,567,481	)		(5,567,481	)
Total stockholders' equity		26,528,861			36,169,432
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	316,988,261		$	320,332,531

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)
	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	27,938,318		$	29,360,976		$	85,701,467		$	83,936,424
Ceding commission revenue		5,536,327			4,886,094			16,393,944			14,283,077
Net investment income		1,444,360			1,418,521			4,437,208			3,411,946
Net (losses) gains on investments		(824,370	)		(397,658	)		597,643			(9,313,436	)
Other income		142,036			269,702			454,160			750,169
Total revenues		34,236,671			35,537,635			107,584,422			93,068,180
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses		21,932,453			22,027,516			66,552,565			63,624,755
Commission expense		8,210,430			8,702,190			25,221,374			25,534,307
Other underwriting expenses		6,318,625			7,276,101			19,873,882			20,717,047
Other operating expenses		441,963			809,597			1,868,011			2,357,367
Depreciation and amortization		741,059			824,975			2,327,691			2,472,348
Interest expense		988,699			456,545			3,004,564			1,369,635
Total expenses		38,633,229			40,096,924			118,848,087			116,075,459
Loss from operations before taxes		(4,396,558	)		(4,559,289	)		(11,263,665	)		(23,007,279	)
Income tax benefit		(858,987	)		(561,668	)		(2,149,367	)		(4,432,507	)
Net loss		(3,537,571	)		(3,997,621	)		(9,114,298	)		(18,574,772	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Gross change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale-securities		(2,821,785	)		(5,047,679	)		(1,486,887	)		(22,556,319	)
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net loss		4,181			4,247			17,201			55,927
Net change in unrealized losses, on available-for-sale-securities		(2,817,604	)		(5,043,432	)		(1,469,686	)		(22,500,392	)
Income tax benefit related to items of other comprehensive loss		591,697			1,059,120			308,635			4,725,083
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(2,225,907	)		(3,984,312	)		(1,161,051	)		(17,775,309	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(5,763,478	)	$	(7,981,933	)	$	(10,275,349	)	$	(36,350,081	)
Loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.38	)	$	(0.85	)	$	(1.75	)
Diluted	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.38	)	$	(0.85	)	$	(1.75	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic		10,756,156			10,645,675			10,754,709			10,640,290
Diluted		10,756,156			10,645,675			10,754,709			10,640,290
Dividends declared and paid per common share	$	-		$	0.04		$	-		$	0.12

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)
Three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
											Accumulated
									Capital		Other
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock				in Excess		Comprehensive			Accumulated			Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		of Par		Loss			Deficit			Shares		Amount			Total
Balance, July 1, 2022		-	$	-		12,117,081	$	121,171	$	73,102,513	$	(11,994,258	)	$	(8,572,521	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	47,089,424
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		188,422		-			-			-		-			188,422
Dividends		-		-		-		-		-		-			(425,800	)		-		-			(425,800	)
Net loss		-		-		-		-		-		-			(3,997,621	)		-		-			(3,997,621	)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax		-		-		-		-		-		(3,984,312	)		-			-		-			(3,984,312	)
Balance, September 30, 2022		-	$	-		12,117,081	$	121,171	$	73,290,935	$	(15,978,570	)	$	(12,995,942	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	38,870,113

											Accumulated
									Capital		Other
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock				in Excess		Comprehensive			Accumulated			Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Shares		Amount		of Par		Loss			Deficit			Shares		Amount			Total
Balance, July 1, 2023		-	$	-		12,227,562	$	122,275	$	74,946,685	$	(14,893,572	)	$	(22,522,691	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	32,085,216
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-		-		207,123		-			-			-		-			207,123
Net loss		-		-		-		-		-		-			(3,537,571	)		-		-			(3,537,571	)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax		-		-		-		-		-		(2,225,907	)		-			-		-			(2,225,907	)
Balance, September 30, 2023		-	$	-		12,227,562	$	122,275	$	75,153,808	$	(17,119,479	)	$	(26,060,262	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	26,528,861

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited)
Nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022
														Accumulated			Retained
											Capital			Other			Earnings
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock						in Excess			Comprehensive			(Accumulated			Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			of Par			Income (Loss)			Deficit)			Shares		Amount			Total
Balance, January 1, 2022		-	$	-		11,955,660		$	119,557		$	72,467,483		$	1,796,739		$	6,855,896			1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	75,672,194
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-			-			1,204,865			-			-			-		-			1,204,865
Vesting of restricted stock awards		-		-		234,219			2,342			(2,342	)		-			-			-		-			-
Shares deducted from restricted stock awards for payment of withholding taxes		-		-		(72,798	)		(728	)		(379,071	)		-			-			-		-			(379,799	)
Dividends		-		-		-			-			-			-			(1,277,066	)		-		-			(1,277,066	)
Net loss		-		-		-			-			-			-			(18,574,772	)		-		-			(18,574,772	)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax		-		-		-			-			-			(17,775,309	)		-			-		-			(17,775,309	)
Balance, September 30, 2022		-	$	-		12,117,081		$	121,171		$	73,290,935		$	(15,978,570	)	$	(12,995,942	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	38,870,113

														Accumulated
											Capital			Other
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock						in Excess			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			of Par			Loss			Deficit			Shares		Amount			Total
Balance, January 1, 2023		-	$	-		12,171,512		$	121,715		$	74,519,590		$	(15,958,428	)	$	(16,945,964	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	36,169,432
Stock-based compensation		-		-		-			-			636,178			-			-			-		-			636,178
Vesting of restricted stock awards		-		-		56,977			569			(569	)		-			-			-		-			-
Shares deducted from restricted stock awards for payment of withholding taxes		-		-		(927	)		(9	)		(1,391	)		-			-			-		-			(1,400	)
Net loss		-		-		-			-			-			-			(9,114,298	)		-		-			(9,114,298	)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax		-		-		-			-			-			(1,161,051	)		-			-		-			(1,161,051	)
Balance, September 30, 2023		-	$	-		12,227,562		$	122,275		$	75,153,808		$	(17,119,479	)	$	(26,060,262	)		1,471,406	$	(5,567,481	)	$	26,528,861

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
Nine Months ended September 30,	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(9,114,298	)	$	(18,574,772	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows used in operating activities:
Net losses (gains) on investments		17,201			(599,773	)
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments		(173,178	)		7,549,640
Net unrealized (gains) losses on other investments		(441,666	)		2,363,568
Depreciation and amortization		2,327,691			2,472,348
Bad debt expense		59,099			43,365
Amortization of bond premium, net		118,280			922,257
Amortization of discount and issuance costs on debt		890,758			132,135
Stock-based compensation		636,178			1,204,865
Deferred income tax benefit		(2,149,367	)		(3,939,612	)
Decrease (increase) in operating assets:
Premiums receivable, net		495,036			(616,493	)
Reinsurance receivables, net		(17,792,865	)		(19,073,499	)
Deferred policy acquisition costs		3,287,131			(966,697	)
Other assets		(144,475	)		95,613
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities:
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves		3,335,434			11,980,153
Unearned premiums		(4,331,227	)		6,029,773
Advance premiums		3,449,195			3,933,809
Reinsurance balances payable		7,201,518			(1,486,321	)
Deferred ceding commission revenue		(1,226,518	)		571,862
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities		(2,198,271	)		36,341
Net cash flows used in operating activities		(15,754,344	)		(7,921,438	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase - fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity		-			(498,711	)
Purchase - fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale		(13,167,937	)		(24,874,443	)
Purchase - equity securities		-			(637,897	)
Redemption - fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity		750,000			1,000,000
Sale and maturity - fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale		33,453,349			14,213,435
Sale - equity securities		99,917			11,962,513
Redemption - other investments		-			2,576,272
Acquisition of property and equipment		(1,380,256	)		(3,342,258	)
Net cash flows provided by investing activities		19,755,073			398,911
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on equipment financing		(810,289	)		-
Issue costs on 2022 Notes		(14,299	)		-
Withholding taxes paid on vested retricted stock awards		(1,400	)		(379,799	)
Dividends paid		-			(1,277,066	)
Net cash flows used in financing activities		(825,988	)		(1,656,865	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) (Continued)
Nine Months ended September 30,	2023			2022
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	3,174,741		$	(9,179,392	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		11,958,228			24,290,598
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	15,132,969		$	15,111,206
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	-		$	-
Cash paid for interest	$	1,628,357		$	825,000
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	(1,161,051	)	$	(17,775,309	)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Kingstone Companies, Inc. (referred to herein as "Kingstone" or the “Company” or, on a standalone basis for the parent company only, the “Holding Company”), through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”), underwrites property and casualty insurance exclusively through retail and wholesale agents and brokers. KICO is a licensed insurance company in the States of New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire. KICO is actively writing its property and casualty insurance products in New York. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, 88.5% and 80.5%, respectively, of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, 88.1% and 80.3%, respectively, of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies. Kingstone, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).  The principles for condensed interim financial information do not require the inclusion of all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 31, 2023. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) but, in the opinion of management, such financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Components of ceded premiums within prior year net earned premiums in Note 6 were reclassified to conform with an elected change in the current year presentation by recording ceded written premiums for the 12 months of the contract term at inception, rather than monthly over the contract term, providing a full disclosure of the premium ceded. The reclassification had no effect on the Company’s previously reported financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2 – Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions, which include the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses “(LAE)”, which are subject to estimation errors due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that will be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with receivables under reinsurance contracts related to contingent ceding commission revenue require judgments by management. On an ongoing basis, management reevaluates its assumptions and the methods for calculating these estimates. Actual results may differ significantly from the estimates used in preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements.

10

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kingstone and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: (1) KICO and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CMIC Properties, Inc. (“Properties”) and 15 Joys Lane, LLC (“15 Joys Lane”), which together own the land and building from which KICO operates, and (2) Cosi. All significant inter-company account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). This new guidance applies to reinsurance and insurance receivables and other financing receivables. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities carried at fair value, estimated credit losses will continue to be measured at the present value of expected cash flows; however, the other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) concept has been eliminated. Under the previous guidance, estimated credit impairments resulted in a write-down of amortized cost. Under the new guidance, estimated credit losses are recognized through an allowance and reversals of the allowance are permitted if the estimate of credit losses declines. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities where the Company has an intent to sell, impairment will continue to result in a write-down of amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company determined as of the date of adoption that the updated guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements. Below is a summary of the significant accounting policies impacted by the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is reported as a reduction of a financial asset’s cost basis and is measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses and adjustments may be made to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for any additional factors that come to the Company’s attention. This could include significant shifts in counterparty financial strength ratings, aging of past due receivables, amounts sent to collection agencies, or other underlying portfolio changes. Amounts are considered past due when payments have not been received according to contractual terms. The Company also considers current and forecasted economic conditions, using a variety of economic metrics and forecast indices. The sensitivity of expected credit losses relative to changes to these forecasted economic conditions can vary by financial asset class. The Company considers a reasonable and supportable forecast period to be up to 24 months from the balance sheet date. After the forecast period, the Company reverts to historical credit experience. The Company uses collateral arrangements such as letters of credit and amounts held in beneficiary trusts to mitigate credit risk, which are considered in the estimate of net amount expected to be collected.

The Company has made a policy election to present accrued interest balances separately from the amortized cost basis of assets and has elected the practical expedient to exclude the accrued interest from the tabular disclosures for available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities. The Company has elected not to estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable. The accrual of interest income is discontinued and the asset is placed on nonaccrual status in the quarter that payment becomes delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for assets on nonaccrual status is reversed through investment income. Interest received for assets that are on nonaccrual status is recognized as payment is received. The asset is returned to accrual status when the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are expected. Interest receivable is presented as a component of other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

11

See Note 3 and Note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding credit losses.

The Company has determined that all other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, or do not apply to its operations.

Note 3 - Investments 

Fixed-Maturity Securities

The amortized cost, estimated fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses on investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	8,224,680	$	-	$	(56,835	)	$	-		$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)
Political subdivisions of States,
Territories and Possessions		16,615,369		-		-			(4,201,015	)		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		78,116,754		-		-			(8,651,516	)		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		51,503,046		63,626		(5,987	)		(8,821,223	)		42,739,462		(8,763,584	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	154,459,849	$	63,626	$	(62,822	)	$	(21,673,754	)	$	132,786,899	$	(21,672,950	)

12

	December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	23,874,545	$	1,479	$	(6,928	)	$	-		$	23,869,096	$	(5,449	)
Political subdivisions of States,
Territories and Possessions		17,108,154		-		(2,195,273	)		(1,771,494	)		13,141,387		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		80,338,464		-		(5,796,994	)		(2,458,985	)		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		53,597,264		58,398		(882,664	)		(7,150,803	)		45,622,195		(7,975,069	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	174,918,427	$	59,877	$	(8,881,859	)	$	(11,381,282	)	$	154,715,163	$	(20,203,264	)

(1)

In October 2022, KICO placed certain U.S. Treasury securities to fulfill the required collateral for a sale leaseback transaction in a designated custodian account (see Note 7 – Debt - “Equipment Financing”). As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of required collateral was approximately $7,422,000 and $8,691,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the eligible collateral was approximately $8,168,000 and $8,691,000, respectively.

(2)

KICO has placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") (see Note 7 – Debt – “Federal Home Loan Bank”). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $10,911,000 and $12,228,000, respectively. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s investments in available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is shown below:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	11,053,509	$	10,894,062	$	16,359,100	$	16,307,991
One to five years		44,834,816		42,323,786		18,605,987		14,085,113
Five to ten years		30,124,267		24,401,458		54,559,158		52,230,283
More than 10 years		16,944,211		12,428,131		31,796,918		26,469,581
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		51,503,046		42,739,462		53,597,264		45,622,195
Total	$	154,459,849	$	132,786,899	$	174,918,427	$	154,715,163

The actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

13

Equity Securities

The cost and estimated fair value of, and gross unrealized gains and losses on, investments in equity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	September 30, 2023
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,384,701	)	$	10,199,241
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds		4,402,841		225,001		(919,432	)		3,708,410
Total	$	17,986,783	$	225,001	$	(4,304,133	)	$	13,907,651

	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,589,313	)	$	9,994,629
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds		4,502,758		158,635		(821,632	)		3,839,761
Total	$	18,086,700	$	158,635	$	(4,410,945	)	$	13,834,390

Other Investments

The cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains on, the Company’s other investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
			Gross		Estimated				Gross		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Fair Value
Other Investments:
Hedge fund	$	1,987,040	$	1,226,278	$	3,213,318	$	1,987,040	$	784,612	$	2,771,652

14

Held-to-Maturity Securities

The cost or amortized cost and estimated fair value of, and unrealized gross gains and losses on, investments in held-to-maturity fixed-maturity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,783	$	-	$	(49,795	)	$	(31,495	)	$	1,147,493	$	(81,290	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		499,036		-		(9,046	)		-			489,990		(9,046	)
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(51,611	)		-			252,500		(51,611	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,021,895		-		-			(1,212,380	)		3,809,515		(1,212,380	)
Total	$	7,053,825	$	-	$	(110,452	)	$	(1,243,875	)	$	5,699,498	$	(1,354,327	)

	December 31, 2022
													Net
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Unrealized
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Gains/
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		(Losses)
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,560	$	28,400	$	(34,077	)	$	-		$	1,222,883	$	(5,677	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		498,638		2,092		-			-			500,730		2,092
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(29,111	)		-			275,000		(29,111	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,734,831		36,968		(809,746	)		(360,278	)		4,601,775		(1,133,056	)
Total	$	7,766,140	$	67,460	$	(872,934	)	$	(360,278	)	$	6,600,388	$	(1,165,752	)

Held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury securities are held in trust pursuant to various states’ minimum funds requirements.

15

A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s investments in held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is shown below:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	-	$	-	$	708,535	$	743,575
One to five years		1,121,091		1,069,974		1,120,507		1,088,522
Five to ten years		1,411,819		1,166,505		1,402,704		1,200,720
More than 10 years		4,520,915		3,463,019		4,534,394		3,567,571
Total	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388

The actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

Investment Income

Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income:
Fixed-maturity securities	$	1,245,353	$	1,234,427	$	3,982,573	$	2,832,557
Equity securities		187,018		247,275		540,788		872,005
Cash and cash equivalents		98,763		26,630		171,015		29,796
Total		1,531,134		1,508,332		4,694,376		3,734,358
Expenses:
Investment expenses		86,774		89,811		257,168		322,412
Net investment income	$	1,444,360	$	1,418,521	$	4,437,208	$	3,411,946

Proceeds from the redemption of fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity were $750,000 and $1,000,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Proceeds from the sale or maturity of fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale were $33,453,349 and $14,213,435 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Proceeds from the sale of equity securities were $99,917 and $11,962,513 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

16

The Company’s net (losses) gains on investments are summarized as follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Realized (Losses) Gains
Fixed-maturity securities:
Gross realized gains	$	263		$	363		$	1,207		$	102,774
Gross realized losses		(4,444	)		(4,610	)		(18,408	)		(158,701	)
		(4,181	)		(4,247	)		(17,201	)		(55,927	)
Equity securities:
Gross realized gains		-			907,079			-			1,384,432
Gross realized losses		-			(92,159	)		-			(728,732	)
		-			814,920			-			655,700
Other Investments:
Gross realized gains		-			589,233			-			589,233
Gross realized losses		-			-			-			-
		-			589,233			-			589,233
Net realized (losses) gains		(4,181	)		1,399,906			(17,201	)		1,189,006
Unrealized (Losses) Gains
Equity Securities:
Gross gains		-			-			173,178			-
Gross losses		(483,967	)		(1,132,595	)		-			(7,549,640	)
		(483,967	)		(1,132,595	)		173,178			(7,549,640	)
Other Investments:
Gross gains		-			-			441,666			-
Gross losses		(336,222	)		(664,969	)		-			(2,952,802	)
		(336,222	)		(664,969	)		441,666			(2,952,802	)
Net unrealized (losses) gains		(820,189	)		(1,797,564	)		614,844			(10,502,442	)
Net (losses) gains on investments	$	(824,370	)	$	(397,658	)	$	597,643		$	(9,313,436	)

Allowance for Credit Loss

For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, a credit loss exists if the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. The allowance for credit loss related to available-for-sale fixed maturity securities is the difference between present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The Company considers all available evidence when determining whether an investment requires a credit loss write-down or allowance to be recorded. Changes in the allowance are presented as a component of net (losses) gains on investments on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 150 and 155 fixed-maturity securities, respectively, that accounted for the gross unrealized losses. The Company determined that none of the unrealized losses were deemed to be credit losses for its portfolio of investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Significant factors influencing the Company’s determination that unrealized losses were temporary included credit quality considerations, the magnitude of the unrealized losses in relation to each security’s cost, the nature of the investment and interest rate environment factors, and management’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery of estimated fair value to the Company’s cost basis.

17

The Company held available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses representing declines that were considered temporary at September 30, 2023 as follows: 

	September 30, 2023
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)		2	$	-		-			-	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		-			-		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)		13		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		-		-			-		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)		88		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		204,418		(5,987	)		9		38,962,381		(8,821,223	)		38		39,166,799		(8,827,210	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	8,372,263	$	(62,822	)		11	$	120,841,973	$	(21,673,754	)		139	$	129,214,236	$	(21,736,576	)

The Company held available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses representing declines that were considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)		3	$	-		-			-	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		7,970,633		(2,195,273	)		9		5,170,753		(1,771,494	)		5		13,141,386		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		56,910,104		(5,796,994	)		75		15,172,381		(2,458,985	)		15		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		10,145,880		(882,664	)		22		34,753,178		(7,150,803	)		26		44,899,058		(8,033,467	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	93,944,813	$	(8,881,859	)		109	$	55,096,312	$	(11,381,282	)		46	$	149,041,125	$	(20,263,141	)

18

Note 4 - Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information about the Company’s investments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 indicating the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	-	$	-	$	8,167,845
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		12,414,354		-		12,414,354
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		69,465,238		-		-		69,465,238
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		-		42,739,462		-		42,739,462
Total fixed maturities		77,633,083		55,153,816		-		132,786,899
Equity securities		13,907,651		-		-		13,907,651
Total investments	$	91,540,734	$	55,153,816	$	-	$	146,694,550

	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	23,869,096	$	-	$	-	$	23,869,096
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		13,141,387		-		13,141,387
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		71,585,115		497,370		-		72,082,485
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		-		45,622,195		-		45,622,195
Total fixed maturities		95,454,211		59,260,952		-		154,715,163
Equity securities		13,834,390		-		-		13,834,390
Total investments	$	109,288,601	$	59,260,952	$	-	$	168,549,553

19

The following table sets forth the Company’s investment in a hedge fund measured at Net Asset Value (“NAV”) per share as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company measures this investment at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value using NAV per share is as follows as of the dates indicated:

Category	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Other Investments
Hedge fund	$	3,213,318	$	2,771,652

The hedge fund investment is generally redeemable with at least 45 days prior written notice.  The hedge fund investment is accounted for as a limited partnership by the Company. Income is earned based upon the Company’s allocated share of the partnership's changes in unrealized gains and losses to its partners. Such amounts have been recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within net (losses) gains on investments.

The estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s long-term debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 not measured at fair value is as follows:

	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Debt
Senior Notes due 2024	$	-	$	17,314,915	$	-	$	17,314,915
	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Debt
Senior Notes due 2024	$	-	$	15,829,096	$	-	$	15,829,096

Note 5 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments and real estate, including their fair value level as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Fixed-maturity securities-held-to maturity, Level 1	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388
Cash and cash equivalents, Level 1	$	15,132,969	$	15,132,969	$	11,958,228	$	11,958,228
Premiums receivable, net, Level 1	$	13,326,369	$	13,326,369	$	13,880,504	$	13,880,504
Reinsurance receivables, net, Level 3	$	84,257,926	$	84,257,926	$	66,465,061	$	66,465,061
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation, Level 3	$	2,015,414	$	2,800,000	$	2,050,644	$	2,800,000
Reinsurance balances payable, Level 3	$	20,263,484	$	20,263,484	$	13,061,966	$	13,061,966

20

Note 6 – Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

Premiums Earned

Premiums written, ceded and earned are as follows:

	Direct			Assumed		Ceded			Net
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Premiums written	$	147,236,636		$	-	$	(91,009,861	)	$	56,226,775
Change in unearned premiums		4,331,226			-		25,143,466			29,474,692
Premiums earned	$	151,567,862		$	-	$	(65,866,395	)	$	85,701,467
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Premiums written	$	147,353,911		$	-	$	(81,313,211	)	$	66,040,700
Change in unearned premiums		(6,029,774	)		-		23,925,498			17,895,724
Premiums earned	$	141,324,137		$	-	$	(57,387,713	)	$	83,936,424
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Premiums written	$	51,992,246		$	-	$	(48,316,946	)	$	3,675,300
Change in unearned premiums		(1,246,657	)		-		25,509,675			24,263,018
Premiums earned	$	50,745,589		$	-	$	(22,807,271	)	$	27,938,318
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Premiums written	$	54,591,551		$	-	$	(43,494,819	)	$	11,096,732
Change in unearned premiums		(5,636,421	)		-		23,900,665			18,264,244
Premiums earned	$	48,955,130		$	-	$	(19,594,154	)	$	29,360,976

Premium receipts in advance of the policy effective date are recorded as advance premiums. The balance of advance premiums as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $6,288,223 and $2,839,028, respectively.

21

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for unpaid loss and LAE reserves:

	Nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	118,339,513		$	94,948,745
Less reinsurance recoverables		(27,659,500	)		(10,637,679	)
Net balance, beginning of period		90,680,013			84,311,066
Incurred related to:
Current year		66,568,985			62,910,967
Prior years		(16,420	)		713,788
Total incurred		66,552,565			63,624,755
Paid related to:
Current year		37,932,760			35,774,958
Prior years		29,928,162			26,938,462
Total paid		67,860,922			62,713,420
Net balance at end of period		89,371,656			85,222,401
Add reinsurance recoverables		32,303,291			21,706,497
Balance at end of period	$	121,674,947		$	106,928,898

Incurred losses and LAE are net of reinsurance recoveries under reinsurance contracts of $34,019,370 and $27,230,814 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Prior year incurred loss and LAE development is based upon estimates by line of business and accident year. Prior year loss and LAE development incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $16,420 favorable and $713,788 unfavorable, respectively. Management, on a quarterly basis, performs a review of open liability claims to assess carried case and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserve levels, giving consideration to both Company and industry trends.

Loss and LAE Reserves

The reserving process for loss and LAE reserves provides for the Company’s best estimate at a particular point in time of the ultimate unpaid cost of all losses and LAE incurred, including settlement and administration of losses, and is based on facts and circumstances then known including losses that have occurred but that have not yet been reported. The process relies on standard actuarial reserving methodologies, judgments relative to estimates of ultimate claim severity and frequency, the length of time before losses will develop to their ultimate level (‘tail’ factors), and the likelihood of changes in the law or other external factors that are beyond the Company’s control. Several actuarial reserving methodologies are used to estimate required loss reserves. The process produces carried reserves set by management based upon the actuaries’ best estimate and is the cumulative combination of the best estimates made by line of business, accident year, and loss and LAE. The amount of loss and LAE reserves for individual reported claims (the “case reserve”) is determined by the claims department and changes over time as new information is gathered.  Such information is critical to the review of appropriate IBNR reserves and includes a review of coverage applicability, comparative liability on the part of the insured, injury severity, property damage, replacement cost estimates, and any other information considered pertinent to estimating the exposure presented by the claim. The amounts of loss and LAE reserves for unreported claims and development on known claims (IBNR reserves) are determined using historical information aggregated by line of insurance as adjusted to current conditions. Since this process produces loss reserves set by management based upon the actuaries’ best estimate, there is no explicit or implicit provision for uncertainty in the carried loss reserves.

22

Due to the inherent uncertainty associated with the reserving process, the ultimate liability may differ, perhaps substantially, from the original estimate. Such estimates are regularly reviewed and updated and any resulting adjustments are included in the current period’s results. Reserves are closely monitored and are recomputed periodically using the most recent information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews by line of business existing reserves, new claims, changes to existing case reserves, and paid losses with respect to the current and prior periods. Several methods are used, varying by line of business and accident year, in order to select the estimated period-end loss reserves.  These methods include the following:

Paid Loss Development – historical patterns of paid loss development are used to project future paid loss emergence in order to estimate required reserves.

Incurred Loss Development – historical patterns of incurred loss development, reflecting both paid losses and changes in case reserves, are used to project future incurred loss emergence in order to estimate required reserves.

Paid Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“BF”) – an estimated loss ratio for a particular accident year is determined, and is weighted against the portion of the accident year claims that have been paid, based on historical paid loss development patterns.  The estimate of required reserves assumes that the remaining unpaid portion of a particular accident year will pay out at a rate consistent with the estimated loss ratio for that year.  This method can be useful for situations where an unusually high or low amount of paid losses exists at the early stages of the claims development process.

Incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“BF”) - an estimated loss ratio for a particular accident year is determined, and is weighted against the portion of the accident year claims that have been reported, based on historical incurred loss development patterns.  The estimate of required reserves assumes that the remaining unreported portion of a particular accident year will pay out at a rate consistent with the estimated loss ratio for that year.  This method can be useful for situations where an unusually high or low amount of reported losses exists at the early stages of the claims development process.

Incremental Claim-Based Methods – historical patterns of incremental incurred losses and paid LAE during various stages of development are reviewed and assumptions are made regarding average loss and LAE development applied to remaining claims inventory.  Such methods more properly reflect changes in the speed of claims closure and the relative adequacy of case reserve levels at various stages of development.  These methods may provide a more accurate estimate of IBNR for lines of business with relatively few remaining open claims but for which significant recent settlement activity has occurred.

Frequency / Severity Based Methods – historical measurements of claim frequency and average paid claim size (severity) are reviewed for more mature accident years where a majority of claims have been reported and/or closed.  These historical averages are trended forward to more recent periods in order to estimate ultimate losses for newer accident years that are not yet fully developed.  These methods are useful for lines of business with slow and/or volatile loss development patterns, such as liability lines where information pertaining to individual cases may not be completely known for many years.  The claim frequency and severity information for older periods can then be used as reasonable measures for developing a range of estimates for more recent immature periods.

23

Management’s best estimate of required reserves is generally based on an average of the methods above, with appropriate weighting of methods based on the line of business and accident year being projected. In some cases, additional methods or historical data from industry sources are employed to supplement the projections derived from the methods listed above.

Three key assumptions that materially affect the estimate of loss reserves are the loss ratio estimate for the current accident year used in the BF methods, the loss development factor selections used in the loss development methods, and the loss severity assumptions used in the frequency / severity method described above. The loss ratio estimates used in the BF methods are selected after reviewing historical accident year loss ratios adjusted for rate changes, trend, and mix of business.  The severity assumptions used in the frequency / severity method are determined by reviewing historical average claim severity for older more mature accident periods, trended forward to less mature accident periods.

The Company reviews the carried reserves levels on a regular basis as additional information becomes available and makes adjustments in the periods in which such adjustments are determined to be necessary. The Company is not aware of any claim trends that have emerged or that would cause future adverse development that have not already been contemplated in setting current carried reserves levels.

In New York State, lawsuits for negligence are subject to certain limitations and must be commenced within three years from the date of the accident or are otherwise barred. Accordingly, the Company’s exposure to unreported claims (“pure” IBNR) for accident dates of September 30, 2020 and prior is limited, although there remains the possibility of adverse development on reported claims (“case development” IBNR).  In certain rare circumstances states have retroactively revised a statute of limitations.  The Company is not aware of any such effort that would have a material impact on the Company’s results. 

The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of September 30, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative reported claims by accident year and total IBNR reserves as of September 30, 2023 included in the net incurred loss and allocated expense amounts. The historical information regarding incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2022 is presented as supplementary unaudited information.

24

All Lines of Business
(in thousands, except reported claims data)
																					As of
	Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				September 30, 2023
	For the Years Ended December 31,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,		IBNR		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims by Accident Year
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
	(Unaudited 2014 - 2022)																		(Unaudited)
2014	$	14,193	$	14,260	$	14,218	$	14,564	$	15,023	$	16,381	$	16,428	$	16,434	$	16,486	$	16,486	$	17		2,138
2015				22,340		21,994		22,148		22,491		23,386		23,291		23,528		23,533		23,464		300		2,559
2016						26,062		24,941		24,789		27,887		27,966		27,417		27,352		27,300		125		2,881
2017								31,605		32,169		35,304		36,160		36,532		36,502		36,731		260		3,400
2018										54,455		56,351		58,441		59,404		61,237		61,024		909		4,233
2019												75,092		72,368		71,544		71,964		72,811		1,126		4,501
2020														63,083		62,833		63,217		63,255		2,431		5,883
2021																96,425		96,673		95,839		4,099		5,808
2022																		79,835		79,978		8,691		4,674
2023																				63,392		14,044		2,840
																	Total		$	540,280

All Lines of Business
(in thousands)
	Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
	(Unaudited 2014 - 2022)																		(Unaudited)
2014	$	5,710	$	9,429	$	10,738	$	11,770	$	13,819	$	14,901	$	15,491	$	15,770	$	16,120	$	16,133
2015				12,295		16,181		18,266		19,984		21,067		22,104		22,318		22,473		22,516
2016						15,364		19,001		21,106		23,974		25,234		25,750		26,382		26,732
2017								16,704		24,820		28,693		31,393		32,529		33,522		34,606
2018										32,383		44,516		50,553		52,025		54,424		55,373
2019												40,933		54,897		58,055		60,374		63,311
2020														39,045		50,719		53,432		55,830
2021																56,282		77,756		80,267
2022																		45,856		64,417
2023																				35,801
																	Total		$	454,987

Net liability for unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses for the accident years presented	$	85,293
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance		172
Liabilities for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

25

Reported claim counts are measured on an occurrence or per event basis.  A single claim occurrence could result in more than one loss type or claimant; however, the Company counts claims at the occurrence level as a single claim regardless of the number of claimants or claim features involved.

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid loss development tables to the loss and LAE reserves in the condensed consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Loss Development
to the Liability for Loss and LAE Reserves
	As of
(in thousands)	September 30, 2023
Liabilities for allocated loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		32,303
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		3,907
Total gross liability for loss and LAE reserves	$	121,675
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

Reinsurance

Effective December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for its personal lines business, which primarily consists of homeowners’ and dwelling fire policies, covering the period from December 31, 2021 through January 1, 2023 (“2021/2023 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2021/2023 Treaty on January 1, 2023, the Company entered into a new 30% quota share reinsurance treaty for its personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024 (“2023/2024 Treaty”).

The Company’s excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties expired on June 30, 2023 and the Company entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties effective July 1, 2023. Effective January 1, 2022, the Company entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty (“Underlying XOL Treaty”) covering the period from January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2023. The treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms are excluded from the treaty. Effective January 1, 2023, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024. Material terms for reinsurance treaties in effect for the treaty years shown below are as follows:

26

	Treaty Period
			2023/2024 Treaty						2021/2023 Treaty
	January 2,		July 1,			January 1,			July 1,			December 31,
	2024		2023			2023			2022			2021
	to		to			to			to			to
	June 30,		January 1,			June 30,			January 1,			June 30,
Line of Business	2024		2024			2023			2023			2022
Personal Lines:
Homeowners, dwelling fire and canine legal liability
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded (7)		(6)		30	%		30	%		30	%		30	%
Risk retained on initial $1,000,000 of losses (5) (6) (7)	$	1,000,000	$	700,000		$	700,000		$	700,000		$	700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage		(6)	$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000
Expiration date		(6)	January 1, 2024			January 1, 2024			January 1, 2023			January 1, 2023
Excess of loss coverage and facultative facility coverage (1) (5) (6)	$	8,000,000	$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000
	in excess of		in excess of			in excess of			in excess of			in excess of
	$	1,000,000	$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence (5) (6)	$	8,000,000	$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000
Losses per occurrence subject to reinsurance coverage	$	8,000,000	$	8,000,000		$	8,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000
Expiration date (6)	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Catastrophe Reinsurance:
Initial loss subject to personal lines quota share treaty (6)	$	10,000,000	$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000
Risk retained per catastrophe occurrence (6) (7) (8)	$	10,000,000	$	8,750,000		$	8,750,000		$	7,400,000		$	7,400,000
Catastrophe loss coverage in excess of quota share coverage (2) (6)	$	315,000,000	$	315,000,000		$	335,000,000		$	335,000,000		$	490,000,000
Reinstatement premium protection (3) (4)	Yes		Yes			Yes			Yes			Yes

(1)	For personal lines, includes the addition of an automatic facultative facility allowing KICO to obtain homeowners single risk coverage up to $9,000,000 in total insured value, which covers direct losses from $3,500,000 to $9,000,000 through June 30, 2024.
(2)	Catastrophe coverage is limited on an annual basis to two times the per occurrence amounts. Duration of 168 consecutive hours for a catastrophe occurrence from windstorm, hail, tornado, hurricane and cyclone.
(3)	For the period December 31, 2021 through June 30, 2022, reinstatement premium protection for $70,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.
(4)	For the period July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023, reinstatement premium protection for $9,800,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000. For the period July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024, reinstatement premium protection for $12,500,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000
(5)	For the period January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2024, underlying excess of loss treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Reduces retention to $500,000 from $700,000 under the 2021/2023 Treaty and 2023/2024 Treaty. Excludes losses from named storms.
(6)	Personal lines quota share (homeowners, dwelling fire and canine liability) and underlying excess of loss reinsurance will expire on January 1, 2024; reinsurance coverage in effect from January 2, 2024 through June 30, 2024 is only for excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties.
(7)	For the 2021/2023 Treaty, 4% of the 30% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event. For the 2023/2024 Treaty, 17.5% of the 30% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event.
(8)	Plus losses in excess of catastrophe coverage

27

		Treaty Year
		July 1, 2023		July 1, 2022			July 1, 2021
		to		to			to
Line of Business		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Personal Lines:
Personal Umbrella
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage		90	%		90	%		90	%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage		95	%		95	%		95	%
Risk retained	$	300,000		$	300,000		$	300,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage	$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000
Expiration date		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Commercial Lines (1)

(1) Coverage on all commercial lines policies expired in September 2020; reinsurance coverage is based on treaties in effect on the date of loss.

The Company’s reinsurance program has been structured to enable the Company to grow its premium volume while maintaining regulatory capital and other financial ratios generally within or below the expected ranges used for regulatory oversight purposes. The reinsurance program also provides income as a result of ceding commissions earned pursuant to the quota share reinsurance contracts. The Company’s participation in reinsurance arrangements does not relieve the Company of its obligations to policyholders.

Ceding Commission Revenue

The Company earned ceding commission revenue under the 2023/2024 Treaty for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and under the 2021/2023 Treaty for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022, based on a fixed provisional commission rate at which provisional ceding commissions are earned. The Company earned ceding commission revenue under its expired quota share reinsurance agreements based on: (i) a fixed provisional commission rate at which provisional ceding commissions were earned, and (ii) a continuing sliding scale of commission rates and ultimate treaty year loss ratios on the policies reinsured under each of these agreements based upon which contingent ceding commissions are earned. The sliding scale includes minimum and maximum commission rates in relation to specified ultimate loss ratios. The commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned increase when the estimated ultimate loss ratio decreases and, conversely, the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned decrease when the estimated ultimate loss ratio increases.

28

Ceding commission revenue consists of the following:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Provisional ceding commissions earned	$	4,992,312	$	4,881,580	$	15,733,145	$	14,116,044
Contingent ceding commissions earned		544,015		4,514		660,799		167,033
	$	5,536,327	$	4,886,094	$	16,393,944	$	14,283,077

Provisional ceding commissions are settled monthly. Balances due from reinsurers for contingent ceding commissions on quota share treaties are settled periodically based on the Loss Ratio of each treaty year that ends on June 30, for the expired treaties that were subject to contingent commissions. As discussed above, the Loss Ratios from prior years’ treaties are subject to change as incurred losses from those periods develop, resulting in an increase or decrease in the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net contingent ceding commissions payable to reinsurers under all treaties was approximately $2,007,000 and $2,667,000, respectively, which is recorded in reinsurance balances payable on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Expected Credit Losses – Uncollectible Reinsurance

The Company reviews reinsurance receivables which relate to both amounts already billed on ceded paid losses as well as ceded reserves that will be billed when losses are paid in the future. The Company has not recorded an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance as there is no perceived credit risk. The principal credit quality indicator used in the valuation of the allowance on reinsurance receivables is the financial strength rating of the reinsurer sourced from major rating agencies. Changes in the allowance are presented as a component of other underwriting expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Note 7 – Debt

Federal Home Loan Bank

In July 2017, KICO became a member of, and invested in, the FHLBNY.  KICO is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of FHLBNY. Based on redemption provisions of FHLBNY, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost.  At its discretion, FHLBNY may declare dividends on the stock. Management reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis in the stock. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no impairment has been recognized. FHLBNY members have access to a variety of flexible, low cost funding through FHLBNY’s credit products, enabling members to customize advances, which are to be fully collateralized.  Eligible collateral to pledge to FHLBNY includes residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, along with U.S. Treasury and agency securities. See Note 3 – Investments for eligible collateral held in a designated custodian account available for future advances. Advances are limited to 5% of KICO’s net admitted assets as of the previous quarter and are due and payable within one year of borrowing. KICO is currently able to borrow on an overnight basis. If KICO has collateral, based on KICO’s net admitted assets, the maximum allowable advance as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $12,668,000 and $13,192,000, respectively. Available collateral as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $10,911,000 and $12,228,000, respectively. Advances are limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral. There were no borrowings under this facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

29

Debt

Debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consists of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
2022 Notes, net	$	18,129,327	$	17,252,868
Equipment financing		7,095,366		7,905,655
Balance at end of period	$	25,224,693	$	25,158,523

Note and Warrant Exchange

On December 9, 2022, the Company entered into a Note and Warrant Exchange Agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with several holders (the “Exchanging Noteholders”) of the Company’s outstanding 5.50% Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2017 Notes”). On the date of the Exchange Agreement, the Exchanging Noteholders held 2017 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $21,545,000 of the $30,000,000 aggregate principal amount of the 2017 Notes then outstanding. Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, on December 15, 2022, the Exchanging Noteholders exchanged their respective 2017 Notes for the following: (i) new 12.0% Senior Notes due December 30, 2024 of the Company in the aggregate approximate principal amount of $19,950,000 (the “2022 Notes”); (ii) cash in the aggregate approximate amount of $1,595,000, together with accrued interest on the 2017 Notes; and (iii) three-year warrants for the purchase of an aggregate of 969,525 shares of Common Stock of the Company, exercisable at an exercise price of $1.00 per share (the “Warrants”). The remaining $8,455,000 principal amount of the 2017 Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, was paid on the maturity date of the 2017 Notes of December 30, 2022.

2022 Notes

On December 15, 2022, the Company issued $19,950,000 of its 2022 Notes pursuant to the Exchange Agreement. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year, which commenced on June 30, 2023 at the rate of 12.0% per annum. Warrants were issued with a fair value of $993,200 (see Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity) and transaction costs were $1,758,112, for an effective yield of 13.92% per annum. The balance of the 2022 Notes as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2023			2022
12.0% Senior Unsecured Notes	$	19,950,000		$	19,950,000
Warrants		(734,763	)		(979,684	)
Issuance costs		(1,085,910	)		(1,717,448	)
2022 Notes, net	$	18,129,327		$	17,252,868

30

The Company is required to make a mandatory redemption of the 2022 Notes on December 30, 2023, in an amount such that the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon shall be equal to the amount by which the maximum Ordinary Dividend Paying Capacity of KICO (as defined below) measured as of December 15, 2023 exceeds the Company’s Holding Company Expenses (as defined below) for the calendar year ended December 31, 2023. “Ordinary Dividend Paying Capacity” means the sum, as measured on December 15, 2023, of (i) the maximum allowable amount of dividends that KICO is permitted to pay without seeking any regulatory approval in accordance with New York insurance regulations based on its statutory annual and quarterly financial statements filed with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners as of and for the thirty-six (36) month period ended September 30, 2023 plus (ii) any dividends paid by KICO to the Company during the period beginning January 1, 2023 and ending September 30, 2023. “Holding Company Expenses” means the sum of (i) cash interest expense paid or to be paid during the calendar year ended December 31, 2023 on the 2022 Notes, intercompany loans and any other indebtedness of the holding company on a stand-alone basis and (ii) other cash operating expenses, including taxes, paid or to be paid by the holding company during the calendar year ended December 31, 2023. The amount of other operating expenses paid in cash in the preceding clause (ii) shall not exceed $2.5 million. Holding Company Expenses will be determined based on the actual Holding Company Expenses for the nine months ending September 30, 2023, and an estimate of Holding Company Expenses for the three months ending December 30, 2023.

The 2022 Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and are not the obligations of or guaranteed by any of the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2022 Notes rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is by its terms expressly subordinated or junior in right of payment to the 2022 Notes. The Notes rank equally in right of payment to all of the Company’s existing and future senior indebtedness, but are effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such secured indebtedness. In addition, the 2022 Notes are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries.

The 2022 Notes are redeemable, at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at any time or in part from time to time, upon not less than fifteen (15) nor more than sixty (60) days’ notice, at the following redemption prices (expressed as percentages of the principal amount thereof) if redeemed during the respective period set forth below, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date):

Period:	Percentage
December 30, 2022 to December 29, 2023		102.00	%
December 30, 2023 to September 29, 2024		101.00	%
September 30, 2024 to December 29, 2024		100.00	%

As of the end of each calendar quarter, commencing with the calendar quarter ending December 31, 2022, the Company is subject to a leverage maintenance test (“Leverage Maintenance Test”), which requires that the Total Consolidated Indebtedness (as defined below) of the Company not be greater than 30% of Total Consolidated Capitalization (as defined below). As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the ratio as defined under the Leverage Maintenance Test was 31.4% and 26.7%, respectively. On November 7, 2023, a majority of the holders of the outstanding 2022 Notes (on behalf of all holders of the 2022 Notes) agreed to a waiver regarding the satisfaction of the Leverage Maintenance Test as of September 30, 2023. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events. “Total Consolidated Indebtedness” is the aggregate principal amount (or accreted value in the case of any Indebtedness issued with more than de minimis original issue discount) of all outstanding long-term of the Company except for the sale leaseback transaction described below under “Equipment Financing”, any refinancing or any future sale leaseback transaction. “Total Consolidated Capitalization” is the amount equal to the sum of (x) Total Consolidated Indebtedness outstanding as of such date and (y) the total consolidated shareholders’ equity of the Company, excluding accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, as recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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Equipment Financing

On October 27, 2022, KICO entered into a sale leaseback transaction, whereby KICO sold $8,096,824 of fixed assets to a bank. Under GAAP, the sale leaseback transaction is recorded as equipment financing (“Financing”). The provisions of the Financing require KICO to pay a monthly payment of principal and interest at the rate of 5.86% per annum totaling $126,877 for a term of 60 months, which commenced on October 27, 2022.  The terms of the Financing provide buyout options to KICO at the end of the 60 month term, which are as follows: 

· At the end of the lease, KICO may purchase the fixed assets for a purchase price of $2,024,206, which is 25% of the original fixed asset cost of $8,096,824; or

· KICO may renew the lease for 16 months at the same rental rate, which totals $2,030,036.

A provision of the Financing requires KICO to pledge collateral for the lease obligation. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of required collateral was approximately $7,422,000 and $8,691,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of KICO’s pledged collateral was approximately $8,168,000 and $8,691,000, respectively, in United States Treasury securities.

Future contractual payment obligations under the Financing as of September 30, 2023 are as follows:

For the Year
Ending
December 31,	Total
Remainder of 2023	$	278,083
2024		1,153,862
2025		1,223,293
2026		1,296,901
2027		1,119,021
		5,071,160
2027 purchase price		2,024,206
Total	$	7,095,366

Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity

Dividends Declared and Paid

Dividends declared and paid on Common Stock were $-0- and $1,277,066 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. On November 11, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors determined to suspend regular quarterly dividends. Future dividend policy will be subject to the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors.

2014 Equity Participation Plan

Effective August 12, 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 Equity Participation Plan (the “2014 Plan”) pursuant to which a maximum of 700,000 shares of Common Stock of the Company were initially authorized to be issued pursuant to the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock bonuses.  Incentive stock options granted under the 2014 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant (except no later than five years for a grant to a 10% stockholder). Non-statutory stock options granted under the 2014 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee determines the vesting provisions for stock awards granted under the 2014 Plan, subject to the provisions of the 2014 Plan. On August 5, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved amendments to the 2014 Plan, including an increase in the maximum number of shares of Common Stock of the Company that are authorized to be issued pursuant to the 2014 Plan to 1,400,000. On August 9, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to increase the maximum number of shares of Common Stock of the Company that are authorized to be issued pursuant to the 2014 Plan to 1,900,000.

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Stock Options

The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 include stock-based compensation expense for stock options totaling approximately $-0- and $2,000, respectively. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 include stock-based compensation expense for stock options totaling approximately $-0- and $9,000, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is net of estimated forfeitures of approximately 18%. Such amounts have been included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other operating expenses.

No options were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The fair value of stock options at the grant date are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option - pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company’s stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management's opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of the Company’s stock options.

A summary of stock option activity under the Company’s 2014 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Stock Options	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.92	$	-
Granted		-	$	-		-	$	-
Exercised		-	$	-		-	$	-
Expired/Forfeited		-	$	-		-	$	-
Outstanding at September 30, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.18	$	-
Vested and Exercisable at September 30, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.18	$	-

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at September 30, 2023 is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the market price of the Company’s Common Stock for the options that had exercise prices that were lower than the $1.79 closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on September 30, 2023. No options were exercised, forfeited or expired during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The total intrinsic value of options when forfeited are determined as of the date of forfeiture. The total intrinsic value of options when expired are determined as of the date of expiration.

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Participants in the 2014 Plan may exercise their outstanding vested options, in whole or in part, by having the Company reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable by a number of shares having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the option being exercised, or by exchanging a number of shares owned for a period of greater than one year having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the option being exercised.

As of September 30, 2023, there were no unvested options.

As of September 30, 2023, there were 591,383 shares reserved for grants under the 2014 Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards

A summary of the restricted Common Stock activity under the 2014 Plan for nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Restricted Stock Awards	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share		Aggregate Fair Value
Balance at January 1, 2023		366,597		$	6.97	$	2,555,181
Granted		272,682		$	1.37	$	373,499
Vested		(56,977	)	$	6.67	$	(380,199	)
Forfeited		(12,620	)	$	4.11	$	(51,926	)
Balance at September 30, 2023		569,682		$	3.83	$	2,181,882

Fair value was calculated using the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the grant date. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, stock-based compensation for these grants was approximately $207,000 and $186,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, stock-based compensation for these grants was approximately $636,000 and $1,180,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. These amounts reflect the Company’s accounting expense and do not correspond to the actual value that will be recognized by the directors, executives and employees.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On June 19, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Kingstone Companies, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), subject to stockholder approval. Such approval was obtained on August 10, 2021. The purpose of the ESPP is to provide eligible employees of the Company with an opportunity to use payroll deductions to purchase shares of Common Stock of the Company. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased under the ESPP is 750,000, subject to adjustment as provided for in the ESPP. The ESPP was effective August 10, 2021 and expires on August 10, 2031. A maximum of 5,000 shares of Common Stock may be purchased by an employee during any offering period.

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The initial offering period under the ESPP was from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2022 (“2021/2022 Offering”). There is currently no offering pursuant to the ESPP subsequent to October 31, 2022. For the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022, stock-based compensation under the 2021/2022 Offering was approximately $5,000 and $16,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At the end of the 2021/2022 Offering period, 33,222 shares of Common Stock were issued at $1.82 per share to participating employees for a total purchase price of $60,464.

Warrants

In connection with the Exchange Agreement (see Note 7 – Debt – “Note and Warrant Exchange”), as additional consideration, on December 15, 2022, the Company issued warrants to the Exchanging Noteholders to purchase 969,525 shares of Common Stock. The fair value of the warrants, using the Black-Scholes valuation formula, was $993,200, which has been capitalized as a deferred financing cost of the 2022 Notes. The fair value of the warrants is being amortized over the life of the warrants, which is 36.5 months.

The warrants are exercisable through December 30, 2025 at an exercise price of $1.00 per share. Holders of the warrants may exercise their outstanding warrants in cash, or, in whole or in part, by having the Company reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable by a number of shares having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the warrants being exercised.

As of September 30, 2023, all warrants for the purchase of an aggregate of 969,525 shares of Common Stock were outstanding.

No warrants were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Note 9 – Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes all wholly-owned subsidiaries. State tax returns are filed on a consolidated or separate return basis depending on applicable laws. The Company records adjustments related to prior years’ taxes during the period when they are identified, generally when the tax returns are filed.  The effect of these adjustments on the current and prior periods (during which the differences originated) is evaluated based upon quantitative and qualitative factors and are considered in relation to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole for the respective periods.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates applicable to the period the temporary differences are expected to be recovered. Accordingly, the current period income tax provision can be affected by the enactment of new tax rates. The net deferred income taxes on the balance sheets reflect temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes, tax effected at various rates depending on whether the temporary differences are subject to federal taxes, state taxes, or both.

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Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax asset:
Net operating loss carryovers (1)	$	6,411,993	$	3,828,947
Claims reserve discount		1,220,674		1,238,544
Unearned premium		2,395,542		3,574,840
Deferred ceding commission revenue		1,972,541		2,230,109
Net unrealized losses on securities		4,912,057		4,920,837
Other		1,193,445		503,692
Total deferred tax assets		18,106,252		16,296,969
Deferred tax liability:
Investment in KICO (2)		759,543		759,543
Deferred acquisition costs		4,311,788		5,002,085
Intangibles		105,000		105,000
Depreciation and amortization		140,761		99,183
Total deferred tax liabilities		5,317,092		5,965,811
Net deferred income tax asset	$	12,789,160	$	10,331,158

(1) The deferred tax assets from net operating loss carryovers (“NOL”) are as follows: 

	September 30,			December 31,
Type of NOL	2023			2022			Expiration
Federal only, NOL from 2021 - 2023	$	6,411,993		$	3,828,947		None
State only (A)		2,555,609			2,276,595		December 2027 - December 2043
Valuation allowance		(2,555,609	)		(2,276,595	)
State only, net of valuation allowance		-			-
Total deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryovers	$	6,411,993		$	3,828,947

(A) Kingstone generates operating losses for state purposes and has prior year NOLs available. The state NOL as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $39,317,000 and $35,025,000, respectively. KICO, the Company’s insurance underwriting subsidiary, is not subject to state income taxes. KICO’s state tax obligations are paid through a gross premiums tax, which is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses. Kingstone has recorded a valuation allowance due to the uncertainty of generating enough state taxable income to utilize 100% of the available state NOLs over their remaining lives, which expire between 2027 and 2043.

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(2)   Deferred tax liability – Investment in KICO

On July 1, 2009, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock of KICO (formerly known as Commercial Mutual Insurance Company (“CMIC”)) pursuant to the conversion of CMIC from an advance premium cooperative to a stock property and casualty insurance company. Pursuant to the plan of conversion, the Company acquired a 100% equity interest in KICO, in consideration for the exchange of $3,750,000 principal amount of surplus notes of CMIC. In addition, the Company forgave all accrued and unpaid interest on the surplus notes as of the date of conversion. As of the date of acquisition, unpaid accrued interest on the surplus notes along with the accretion of the discount on the original purchase of the surplus notes totaled $2,921,319 (together “Untaxed Interest”). As of the date of acquisition, the deferred tax liability on the Untaxed Interest was $1,169,000. A temporary difference with an indefinite life exists when the parent has a lower carrying value of its subsidiary for income tax purposes. The deferred tax liability was reduced to $759,543 upon the reduction of federal income tax rates as of December 31, 2017. The Company is required to maintain its deferred tax liability of $759,543 related to this temporary difference until the stock of KICO is sold, or the assets of KICO are sold or KICO and the parent are merged.

In assessing the valuation of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. No valuation allowance against deferred tax assets has been established, except for NOL limitations, as the Company believes it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized based on the historical taxable income of KICO, or by offset to deferred tax liabilities.

The Company had no material unrecognized tax benefit and no adjustments to liabilities or operations were required. There were no interest or penalties related to income taxes that have been accrued or recognized as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. If any had been recognized these would have been reported in income tax expense.

Generally, taxing authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for the three years from the date of filing.  The Company’s tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2022 remain subject to examination.

Note 10 – Loss Per Common Share

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Diluted loss per common share reflects, in periods in which it has a dilutive effect, the impact of common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options and warrants as well as non-vested restricted stock awards.  The computation of diluted loss per common share excludes those options and warrants with an exercise price in excess of the average market price of the Company’s Common Stock during the periods presented.

The computation of diluted loss per common share excludes outstanding options, warrants and non-vested restricted stock awards in periods where the exercise of such options and warrants or vesting of such restricted stock awards would be anti-dilutive. For the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no options, warrants or restricted stock awards were included in the computation of diluted loss per common share as they would have been anti-dilutive for the relevant periods and, as a result, the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of diluted loss per common share has not been adjusted for the effect of such options, warrants and non-vested restricted stock awards.

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The reconciliation of the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of basic and diluted loss per common share follows:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Weighted average number of shares outstanding		10,756,156		10,645,675		10,754,709		10,640,290
Effect of dilutive securities, common share equivalents:
Stock options		-		-		-		-
Warrants		-		-		-		-
Restricted stock awards		-		-		-		-
Weighted average number of shares outstanding,
used for computing diluted loss per share		10,756,156		10,645,675		10,754,709		10,640,290

Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. For example, to the extent a claim is asserted by a third party in a lawsuit against one of the Company’s insureds covered by a particular policy, the Company may have a duty to defend the insured party against the claim. These claims may relate to bodily injury, property damage or other compensable injuries as set forth in the policy. Such proceedings are considered in estimating the liability for loss and LAE expenses.

Office Lease

The Company enters into lease agreements for real estate that is primarily used for office space in the ordinary course of business. These leases are accounted for as operating leases, whereby lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The Company is a party to a non-cancellable operating lease, dated March 27, 2015, for its office facility for KICO located in Valley Stream, New York expiring March 31, 2024.

On July 8, 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for an additional office facility for Cosi located in Valley Stream, New York under a non-cancelable operating lease. The lease had a term of seven years and two months expiring December 31, 2026. During January 2022, pursuant to a mutual agreement with the landlord at a cost of $40,000, the Cosi lease was terminated effective as of January 31, 2022.

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Additional information regarding the Company’s office operating leases is as follows:

(1)	KICO rent expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses.
(2)	Cosi rent expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other operating expenses.

The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
Lease cost	2023			2022			2023			2022
Operating lease (1) (2)	$	41,342		$	41,342		$	124,026		$	131,152
Total lease cost (1) (2)	$	41,342		$	41,342		$	124,026		$	131,152
Other information on operating leases
Cash payments included in the measurement of lease
liability reported in operating cash flows	$	49,145		$	47,483		$	145,774		$	147,969
Discount rate		5.50	%		5.50	%		5.50	%		5.50	%
Remaining lease term in years		0.50			1.50			0.50			1.50

(1) The operating lease liability is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

For the Nine Months
Ending
September 30,	Total
Remainder of 2023	$	49,145
2024		49,145
Total undiscounted lease payments		98,290
Less: present value adjustment		8,993
Operating lease liability (1)	$	89,297

(1) The operating lease liability is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Rent expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $41,342 for both periods and is included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses. Rent expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $124,026 and $131,152, respectively, and is included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses.

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Employment Agreements

Barry Goldstein, President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2020

On October 14, 2019, the Company and Barry B. Goldstein, the Company’s President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board, entered into a Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement (the “Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement”).  The Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement became effective as of January 1, 2020 and expired on December 31, 2022. The Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement extended the expiration date of the employment agreement in effect for Mr. Goldstein from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022.

Pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein was entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 6% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 2.5 times his base salary.  In addition, pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein was entitled to receive a long-term compensation (“LTC”) award of between $945,000 and $2,835,000 based on a specified minimum increase in the Company’s adjusted book value per share (as defined in the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement) as of December 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2019 (with the maximum LTC payment being due if the average per annum increase was at least 14%).  Pursuant to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement (discussed below), Mr. Goldstein relinquished the right to receive the LTC.  Pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, in the event that Mr. Goldstein’s employment was terminated by the Company without cause or he resigned for good reason (each as defined in the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement), Mr. Goldstein would have been entitled to receive his base salary and the 6% bonus for the remainder of the term.  In addition, in the event of Mr. Goldstein’s death, his estate would have been entitled to receive his base salary and accrued bonus through the date of death. Further, in the event that Mr. Goldstein’s employment was terminated by the Company without cause or he resigned for good reason, or, in the event of the termination of Mr. Goldstein’s employment due to disability or death, Mr. Goldstein’s granted but unvested restricted stock awards would have vested.  Mr. Goldstein would have been entitled, under certain circumstances, to a payment equal to 3.82 times his then annual salary and his accrued 6% bonus in the event of the termination of his employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

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Pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, in January 2020, Mr. Goldstein received a grant of 157,431 shares of restricted stock under the terms of the Company’s 2014 Plan determined by dividing $1,250,000 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. This 2020 grant vested with respect to one-third of the award on each of the first and second anniversaries of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-sixth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates. On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date of the one-sixth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024.  Also pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein received a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan, during January 2021, of 230,769 shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $1,500,000 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant.  This 2021 grant vested with respect to one-half of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-fourth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates. On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date of the one-fourth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024.  Further, pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein received in 2020, 2021, and 2022 a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan of a number of shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $136,500 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. In January 2020, Mr. Goldstein was granted 17,191 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision. This grant vested with respect to one-third of the award on each of the first and second anniversaries of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-sixth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates.  On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date for the one-sixth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024. In January 2021, Mr. Goldstein was granted 21,000 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision.  This grant vested with respect to one-half of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-fourth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates.  On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date for the one-fourth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024. In January 2022, Mr. Goldstein was granted 27,300 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision.  This grant was scheduled to vest with respect to one-half of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates. On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date for the one-half of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024. Pursuant to the 2014 Plan, Mr. Goldstein’s unvested restricted stock awards will vest in the event of a change in control of the Company. In addition, in the event of the termination of Mr. Goldstein’s employment with the Company for any reason, his unvested restricted stock will vest.

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2023

On June 27, 2022, the Company and Mr. Goldstein entered into a third amended and restated employment agreement which took effect as of January 1, 2023, and expires on December 31, 2024 (the “Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein is entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 3% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 1.25 times his base salary.  Pursuant to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein would be entitled to receive, under certain circumstances, a payment equal to 1.5 times his then annual base salary and his accrued bonus in the event of the termination of his employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

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Employment Agreement effective as of October 1, 2023

On August 9, 2023, the Company and Mr. Goldstein entered into an amendment to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement which took effect as of October 1, 2023. Pursuant to the amendment, effective as of October 1, 2023, Mr. Goldstein is no longer serving as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, the expiration date of the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement shall be the earlier of (a) December 31, 2024 or (b) in the event Mr. Goldstein is not re-elected as Chairman of the Board of the Company following its 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, then the date of such annual meeting, Mr. Goldstein’s  salary was reduced to $300,000 per annum, and Mr. Goldstein is no longer entitled to receive a bonus based upon the Company’s net income.

Meryl Golden, Chief Operating Officer (See Note 13 – Subsequent Events)

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2021

On September 16, 2019, the Company and Meryl Golden entered into an employment agreement (the “Golden Employment Agreement”) pursuant to which Ms. Golden serves as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer. Ms. Golden also serves as KICO’s President and Chief Operating Officer. The Golden Employment Agreement became effective as of September 25, 2019 (amended on December 24, 2020) and expired on December 31, 2022.

Pursuant to the Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden was entitled to receive an annual salary of $500,000. The Golden Employment Agreement also provided for the grant on the effective date of a five year option for the purchase of 50,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan. The options granted vested in four equal installments, with the first installment vesting on the grant date, and the remaining installments vesting on the first, second, and third anniversaries of the grant date.   Pursuant to the Golden Employment Agreement, as amended, in each of January 2021 and January 2022, Ms. Golden was granted 30,000 shares of restricted Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan. Each such grant will vest in three equal installments on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date.  Pursuant to the 2014 Plan, Ms. Golden’s outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards will vest in the event of a change in control of the Company.

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2023

On June 27, 2022, the Company and Ms. Golden entered into a second amended and restated employment agreement which took effect as of January 1, 2023, and expires on December 31, 2024 (the “Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden is entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 3% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 1.25 times her base salary. In addition, pursuant to the Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden is entitled to receive a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan, during each of January 2023 and January 2024, under certain circumstances, of a number of shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $136,500 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. In January 2023, Ms. Golden was granted 101,111 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision. The 2023 grant will vest with respect to one-half of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and one-half of the award on December 31, 2024, based on the continued provision of services through such dates. The 2024 grant will vest on December 31, 2024, based on the continued provision of services through such date.  In the event that the Company is precluded from making a grant in 2024, then instead Ms. Golden shall be entitled to receive a cash bonus of $136,500 for such year. Further, pursuant to the Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden would be entitled to receive, under certain circumstances, a payment equal to 1.5 times her then annual base salary and her accrued bonus in the event of the termination of her employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

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Effective as of October 1, 2023, Ms. Golden was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company to succeed Mr. Goldstein.

Note 12 – Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Bonus Plan

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 the Company did not accrue for, or pay, bonuses related to an employee bonus plan. 

401(k) Plan

The Company maintains a salary reduction plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “401(k) Plan”) for its qualified employees. The Company matches 100% of each participant’s contribution up to 4% of the participant’s eligible contribution. The Company incurred approximately $90,000 and $71,000, respectively, of expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, related to the 401(k) Plan, which is recorded in other underwriting expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company incurred approximately $249,000 and $207,000, respectively, of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, related to the 401(k) Plan, which is recorded in other underwriting expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. 

Deferred Compensation Plan

On June 18, 2018, the Company adopted the Kingstone Companies, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the "Deferred Compensation Plan"). Effective December 22, 2022, the Company terminated the Deferred Compensation Plan. The assets of the Deferred Compensation Plan will be liquidated by making payments to Participants in full satisfaction of their interest in the Deferred Compensation Plan (“Termination Payments”), which Termination Payments will be made no earlier than December 22, 2023 and will be completed no later than December 22, 2024.

The deferred compensation liability as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 amounted to $873,768 and $1,155,860, respectively, and is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 13 – Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events that occurred subsequent to September 30, 2023 through the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued for matters that required disclosure or adjustment in these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Debt

On November 7, 2023, a majority of the holders of the outstanding 2022 Notes (on behalf of all holders of the 2022 Notes) agreed to a waiver regarding the satisfaction of the Leverage Maintenance Test as of September 30, 2023. See Note 7 – Debt.

Employment Agreements

Effective as of October 1, 2023, Ms. Golden was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company to succeed Mr. Goldstein. See Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

We offer property and casualty insurance products through our wholly owned subsidiary, Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”). KICO is actively writing personal lines and physical damage coverage for taxi and livery vehicles primarily in downstate New York, consisting of New York City, Long Island and Westchester County. KICO is also licensed in the States of New Jersey, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maine, and New Hampshire. For the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, 88.5% and 88.1% of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies. We refer to our New York business as our “Core” business and the business outside of New York as our “non-Core” business.

In addition, our subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies. Cosi retains the profit between the commission revenue received and the commission expense paid (“Net Cosi Revenue”). Commission expense is reduced by Net Cosi Revenue. Cosi-related operating expenses are minimal and are included in other operating expenses. Cosi-related operating expenses are not included in our stand-alone insurance underwriting business and, accordingly, Cosi’s expenses are not included in the calculation of our combined ratio as described below.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from KICO, which includes revenues from earned premiums, ceding commissions from quota share reinsurance, net investment income generated from its portfolio, and net realized gains and losses on investment securities.  All of KICO’s insurance policies are written for a one-year term. Earned premiums represent premiums received from insureds, which are recognized as revenue over the period of time that insurance coverage is provided (i.e., ratably over the one-year life of the policy). A significant period of time can elapse from the receipt of insurance premiums to the payment of insurance claims. During this time, KICO invests the premiums, earns investment income and generates net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on investments. Our holding company earns investment income from its cash holdings.

Our expenses include the insurance underwriting expenses of KICO and other operating expenses. Insurance companies incur a significant amount of their total expenses from losses incurred by policyholders, which are referred to as claims. In settling these claims, various loss adjustment expenses (“LAE”) are incurred such as insurance adjusters’ fees and legal expenses. In addition, insurance companies incur policy acquisition costs. Policy acquisition costs include commissions paid to producers, premium taxes, and other expenses related to the underwriting process, including employees’ compensation and benefits.

Other operating expenses include our corporate expenses as a holding company. These corporate expenses include legal and auditing fees, executive employment costs, and other costs directly associated with being a public company.

Product Lines

Our product lines include the following:

Personal lines: Our largest line of business is personal lines, consisting of homeowners, dwelling fire, cooperative/condominium, renters, and personal umbrella policies.

Commercial liability: Through July 2019, we offered businessowners policies, which consist primarily of small business retail, service, and office risks, with limited property exposures. We also wrote artisan’s liability policies for small independent contractors with smaller sized workforces.  In addition, we wrote special multi-peril policies for larger and more specialized businessowners risks, including those with limited residential exposures. Further, we offered commercial umbrella policies written above our supporting commercial lines policies.

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In May 2019, due to the poor performance of this line we placed a moratorium on new commercial lines and new commercial umbrella submissions while we further reviewed this business.  In July 2019, due to the continuing poor performance of these lines, we made the decision to no longer underwrite commercial lines or commercial umbrella risks.  In-force policies as of July 31, 2019 for these lines were non-renewed at the end of their annual terms.  As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no commercial liability policies in-force. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these expired policies represent approximately 15.5% and 17.9%, respectively, of loss and LAE reserves net of reinsurance recoverables. See discussion below under “Additional Financial Information”.

Livery physical damage: We write for-hire vehicle physical damage only policies for livery and car service vehicles and taxicabs. These policies insure only the physical damage portion of insurance for such vehicles, with no liability coverage included.

Other:  We write canine legal liability policies and have a small participation in mandatory state joint underwriting associations.

Key Measures

We utilize the following key measures in analyzing the results of our insurance underwriting business:

Net loss ratio: The net loss ratio is a measure of the underwriting profitability of an insurance company’s business.  Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of net losses and LAE incurred to net premiums earned.

Net underwriting expense ratio:  The net underwriting expense ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s operational efficiency in administering its business. Expressed as a percentage, this is the ratio of the sum of acquisition costs (the most significant being commissions paid to our producers) and other underwriting expenses less ceding commission revenue less other income to net premiums earned.

Net combined ratio:  The net combined ratio is a measure of an insurance company’s overall underwriting profit. This is the sum of the net loss and net underwriting expense ratios. If the net combined ratio is at or above 100 percent, an insurance company cannot be profitable without investment income, and may not be profitable if investment income is insufficient.

Underwriting income: Underwriting income is net pre-tax income attributable to our insurance underwriting business before investment activity. It excludes net investment income, net realized gains from investments, and depreciation and amortization (net premiums earned less expenses included in combined ratio). Underwriting income is a measure of an insurance company’s overall operating profitability before items such as investment income, depreciation and amortization, interest expense and income taxes.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kingstone Companies, Inc. and all majority-owned and controlled subsidiaries. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. In preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements, our management has utilized information including our past history, industry standards, and the current economic environment, and other factors, in forming its estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the condensed consolidated financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. It is possible that the ultimate outcome as anticipated by our management in formulating its estimates in these financial statements may not materialize. Application of the critical accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies may utilize different estimates, which may impact comparability of our results of operations to those of similar companies. See the Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates section within Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for further information. 

We believe that the most critical accounting policies relate to the reporting of reserves for loss and LAE, including losses that have occurred but have not been reported prior to the reporting date, amounts recoverable from third party reinsurers, deferred income taxes, allowance for credit losses of investment securities, and the valuation of warrants. See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Note 2 of the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report for accounting policies regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13 effective January 1, 2023.

Kingstone 2.0 (completed) and Kingstone 3.0 (underway)

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2019, a series of strategic initiatives, coined “Kingstone 2.0” were commenced to modernize our Company.  The pillars of the new strategy were as follows:

1.	Strengthen the management team by adding highly qualified professionals with deep domain experience and diverse backgrounds;
2.	Reduce expenses and increase efficiency by embracing technology including converting to a new policy management system, retiring multiple legacy systems and starting up a new claims system, among other technology initiatives;
3.	Develop and implement a new, more highly segmented product suite (Kingstone Select) which better matches rate to risk using advanced analytics and an abundance of data; and
4.	Better manage the Company’s catastrophe exposure in order to reduce loss cost and the growth rate of our Probable Maximum Loss (“PML”) in order to mitigate the impact of the emerging “hard market” in catastrophe reinsurance.

We announced the substantive completion of Kingstone 2.0 in late 2022 and embarked on a new strategy to optimize our in-force business, which we coined as “Kingstone 3.0”.  The four pillars of this new strategy entail:

1.	Aggressively reducing the non-Core book of business, which has had a disproportionately negative impact on underwriting results, by slowing new business, re-underwriting the book, culling the agent base, reducing commissions, or other means, subject to regulatory constraints. We stopped writing all new non-Core business and have been aggressively reducing policy count this year. As of September 30, 2023, our non-Core policy count is down by 38.9% compared to September 30, 2022;
2.	Adjusting pricing to stay ahead of loss trends, including inflation, by filing the maximum annual rate change that can be supported in each state and product and ensuring all policyholders are insured to value. Inflation has been a dominant headwind that is showing signs of stabilizing.  We have been cognizant that inflation’s impact on loss costs places added pressure on premiums and, as such, we have been more frequent and aggressive with our rate change requests.  Similarly, home replacement values reflect that same inflationary pressure.  In September 2023, we completed our first cycle of valuation adjustments, making sure that all homes were insured to value.  As a result, we have seen a rise in premiums attributable to the heightened replacement costs.  Overall average written premium for our Legacy Core homeowners policies for the last 12 months, reflecting both rate and replacement cost changes, increased by 25.5%;
3.	Tightly managing reinsurance requirements and costs, using risk selection and other underwriting capabilities to manage the growth rate of our PML. We needed to contain our exposure to spiking reinsurance pricing.  We did so and were able to reduce the required limit to be purchased while maintaining our same risk tolerance.  We used all the tools available to us to limit new business that was deemed to be too expensive and at the same time re-underwrote the book to cull those risks which presented the greatest risk. The combination of stricter new business underwriting and increased non-renewals gave rise to the 4.5% decline in policy count for our Core business.  We have now reverted most of our new business underwriting standards back to what they were previously so Core new business growth should increase going forward; and
4.	Continuing expense reduction focus with a goal of reducing the net expense ratio to 33% by year-end 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the net underwriting expense ratio was 31.7%, a reduction of 5.2 points in spite of the 4.8% decline in net premiums earned.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we achieved our 33% goal.

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See tables below comparing the quarterly trends and changes from our Core and non-Core business for policies in force and direct written premiums from September 30, 2022 through September 30, 2023. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our Core direct written premiums have increased by 4.7% compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, while policies in force have decreased by 4.5% as of September 30, 2023. For the same periods, our non-Core policies in force have decreased by 38.9% and direct written premiums have decreased by 43.9%.  We believe that the above actions taken will continue to have the intended effect and will result in a return to profitability for the Company

	For the Three Months Ended
	September 30,		December 31,			March 31,			June 30,			September 30,
	2022		2022			2023			2023			2023
(000’s except percentages and Policies in Force)
Policies In Force, as of end of Three Month Period
Core		71,705		71,359			72,081			70,132			68,498
Non-Core		22,007		20,695			18,945			16,224			13,457
Total policies in force		93,712		92,054			91,026			86,356			81,955
Direct written premiums
Core	$	43,949	$	43,923		$	41,427		$	42,211		$	46,025
Non-Core		10,642		9,978			6,170			5,435			5,966
Total direct written premiums	$	54,592	$	53,901		$	47,597		$	47,647		$	51,992
Change from September 30, 2022
Core
Policies In Force
$ change	na		$	(346	)	$	376		$	(1,573	)	$	(3,207	)
% change	na			-0.5	%		0.5	%		-2.2	%		-4.5	%
Direct written premiums
$ change	na		$	(26	)	$	(2,522	)	$	(1,738	)	$	2,076
% change	na			-0.1	%		-5.7	%		-4.0	%		4.7	%
Non- Core
Policies In Force
$ change	na		$	(1,312	)	$	(3,062	)	$	(5,783	)	$	(8,550	)
% change	na			-6.0	%		-13.9	%		-26.3	%		-38.9	%
Direct written premiums
$ change	na		$	(664	)	$	(4,472	)	$	(5,207	)	$	(4,676	)
% change	na			-6.2	%		-42.0	%		-48.9	%		-43.9	%
(Components may not sum due to rounding)

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Consolidated Results of Operations

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

            The following table summarizes the changes in the results of our operations (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

	Nine months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			Change			Percent
Revenues
Direct written premiums	$	147,237		$	147,354		$	(117	)		(0.1	)%
Assumed written premiums		-			-			-			na	%
		147,237			147,354			(117	)		(0.1	)%
Ceded written premiums
Ceded to quota share treaties (1)		38,832			34,868			3,964			11.4	%
Ceded to excess of loss treaties		3,861			2,937			924			31.5	%
Ceded to catastrophe treaties		48,316			43,508			4,808			11.1	%
Total ceded written premiums		91,009			81,313			9,696			11.9	%
Net written premiums		56,228			66,041			(9,813	)		(14.9	)%
Change in unearned premiums
Direct and assumed		4,331			(6,030	)		10,361			na	%
Ceded to reinsurance treaties (1)		25,143			23,925			1,218			5.1	%
Change in net unearned premiums		29,474			17,895			11,579		na		%
Premiums earned
Direct and assumed		151,568			141,324			10,244			7.2	%
Ceded to reinsurance treaties		(65,866	)		(57,388	)		(8,478	)		(14.8	)%
Net premiums earned		85,701			83,936			1,766			2.1	%
Ceding commission revenue (1)		16,394			14,283			2,111			14.8	%
Net investment income		4,437			3,412			1,025			30.0	%
Net gains (losses) on investments		598			(9,313	)		9,911		na		%
Other income		454			750			(296	)		(39.5	)%
Total revenues		107,584			93,068			14,517			15.6	%
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
Direct and assumed:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes		89,826			83,346			6,480			7.8	%
Losses from catastrophes (2)		10,746			7,510			3,236			43.1	%
Total direct and assumed loss and loss adjustment expenses		100,572			90,856			9,716			10.7	%
Ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes		30,558			23,187			7,371			31.8	%
Losses from catastrophes (2)		3,461			4,044			(583	)		(14.4	)%
Total ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses		34,019			27,231			6,788			24.9	%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes		59,268			60,159			(891	)		(1.5	)%
Losses from catastrophes (2)		7,285			3,466			3,819			110.2	%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses		66,553			63,625			2,928			4.6	%
Commission expense		25,221			25,534			(313	)		(1.2	)%
Other underwriting expenses		19,874			20,717			(843	)		(4.1	)%
Other operating expenses		1,868			2,357			(489	)		(20.7	)%
Depreciation and amortization		2,328			2,472			(144	)		(5.8	)%
Interest expense		3,005			1,370			1,635			119.3	%
Total expenses		118,848			116,075			2,774			2.4	%
Loss before taxes		(11,264	)		(23,007	)		11,743			51.0	%
Income tax benefit		(2,149	)		(4,433	)		2,284			51.5	%
Net loss	$	(9,114	)	$	(18,575	)	$	9,461			50.9	%
(Columns in the table above may not sum to totals due to rounding)

(1)

Effective December 31, 2021, we entered into a 30% personal lines quota share treaty.

(2)

The nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 include catastrophe losses, which are defined as losses from an event for which a catastrophe bulletin and related serial number has been issued by the Property Claims Services (PCS) unit of the Insurance Services Office (ISO). PCS catastrophe bulletins are issued for events that cause more than $25 million in total insured losses and affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers.

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	Nine months ended September 30,
	2023			2022			Percentage Point Change			Percent Change
Key ratios:
Net loss ratio		77.7	%		75.8	%		1.9			2.5	%
Net underwriting expense ratio		33.0	%		37.2	%		(4.2	)		(11.3	)%
Net combined ratio		110.7	%		113.0	%		(2.3	)		(2.0	)%

Direct Written Premiums

Direct written premiums during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (“Nine Months 2023”) were $147,237,000 compared to $147,354,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (“Nine Months 2022”). The decrease of $117,000, or 0.1%, was primarily due to a decrease in premiums from our personal lines business.

Direct written premiums from our personal lines business for Nine Months 2023 were $136,601,000, a decrease of $1,597,000, or 1.2%, from $138,198,000 in Nine Months 2022. The 1.2% decrease in premiums from our personal lines business was primarily due to the decrease in premiums associated with a 14.0% decrease in policies in force as of September 30, 2023 compared to September 30, 2022, offset by rate increases. The rate increases achieved along with a decrease in policies in force is in accordance with both our Kingstone 2.0 and Kingstone 3.0 strategic plans. 

Direct written premiums from our livery physical damage business for Nine Months 2023 were $10,559,000, an increase of $1,522,000, or 16.8%, from $9,037,000 in Nine Months 2022. The increase in livery physical damage direct written premiums was due to an increasing number of policies and an increase in the values of the autos insured.

Beginning in 2017, we commenced our non-Core business and started writing personal lines policies in New Jersey. Through 2019 we expandedour non-Core business to Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut.Direct written premiums from our Core business were $129,665,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $118,332,000 in Nine Months 2022, an increase of $11,333,000, or 9.6%. Policies in force from our Core business decreased by 4.5% in Nine Months 2023 compared to Nine Months 2022. Direct written premiums from our non-Core business were $17,572,000 in Nine Months 2023 down from $29,022,000 in Nine Months 2022, a decrease of $11,450,000, or 39.5%. The decrease in direct written premiums from our non-Core business is a result of our decision to aggressively reduce the book of business in these states. Policies in force from our non-Core business decreased by 38.9% in Nine Months 2023 compared to Nine Months 2022. The increase in our Core business and the decrease in our non-Core business is consistent with a key pillar of our Kingstone 3.0 strategy to reduce our non-Core business due to profitability concerns.

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Net Written Premiums and Net Premiums Earned

Net written premiums decreased $9,813,000, or 14.9%, to $56,228,000 in Nine Months 2023 from $66,041,000 in Nine Months 2022. Net written premiums include direct premiums, less the amount of written premiums ceded under our reinsurance treaties (quota share, excess of loss, and catastrophe). The decrease in Nine Months 2023 is primarily due to a decrease in direct written premiums and an increase in catastrophe premiums rates.

Quota share reinsurance treaties

Effective December 31, 2021, we entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business covering the period from December 31, 2021 through January 1, 2023 (“2021/2023 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2021/2023 Treaty on January 1, 2023, we entered into a new 30% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024 (“2023/2024 Treaty”). In Nine Months 2023, our premiums ceded under quota share treaties increased by $3,964,000 in comparison to ceded premiums in Nine Months 2022 (see table above). The increase in Nine Months 2023 was attributable to the runoff of an 8.5% portion of the 30% 2021/2023 Treaty.  The remainder of the 2021/2023 Treaty was on a cutoff basis and the new 2023/2024 Treaty was placed for 30% on January 1, 2023. Our personal lines business was subject to the 2023/2024 Treaty in Nine Months 2023, and the 2021-2023 Treaty in Nine Months 2022.

Excess of loss reinsurance treaties

An increase in written premiums will increase the premiums ceded under our excess of loss treaties. In Nine Months 2023, our ceded excess of loss reinsurance premiums increased by $924,000 over the comparable ceded premiums for Nine Months 2022. The increase was due to an increase in subject premiums and the heightened cost of coverage obtained. Effective January 1, 2022, we entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty covering the period from January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2023. The treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms are excluded from the treaty. Effective January 1, 2023, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024.

Catastrophe reinsurance treaties

Most of the premiums written under our personal lines policies are also subject to our catastrophe treaties. An increase in our personal lines business gives rise to more property exposure, which increases our exposure to catastrophe risk; therefore, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties will increase. An increase in our personal lines business results in an increase in premiums ceded under our catastrophe treaties if reinsurance rates are stable or are increasing. Catastrophe premiums increased $4,808,000, or 11.1%, to $48,316,000 in Nine Months 2023 from $43,508,000 in Nine Months 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in catastrophe reinsurance rates. In accordance with our Kingstone 2.0 and Kingstone 3.0 goals, we have reduced our PML in Nine Months 2023, which partially offset the increase in premiums effective July 1, 2023.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned increased $1,766,000, or 2.1%, to $85,701,000 in Nine Months 2023 from $83,936,000 in Nine Months 2022. The increase was due in part to the increased premiums written in prior periods due to rate increases and increased replacement costs. The run-off of a portion of the 2021-2023 Treaty increased the premiums ceded and reduced the growth of net premiums earned.

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Ceding Commission Revenue

The following table summarizes the changes in the components of ceding commission revenue (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

	Nine months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Percent
Provisional ceding commissions earned	$	15,733	$	14,116	$	1,617		11.5	%
Contingent ceding commissions earned		661		167		494		295.8	%
Total ceding commission revenue	$	16,394	$	14,283	$	2,111		14.8	%

Ceding commission revenue was $16,394,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $14,283,000 in Nine Months 2022. The increase of $2,111,000 was due to an increase in provisional ceding commissions earned and an increase in contingent ceding commissions earned. See below for a discussion of provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned.

Provisional Ceding Commissions Earned

In Nine Months 2023 we earned provisional ceding commissions of $15,733,000 from personal lines earned premiums ceded under the 2023/2024 Treaty, and in Nine Months 2022 we earned provisional ceding commissions of $14,116,000 from personal lines earned premiums ceded under the 2021/2023 Treaty. The increase of $1,617,000 in provisional ceding commissions earned was due to the increase in premiums ceded under these treaties during Nine Months 2023 compared to Nine Months 2022.

Contingent Ceding Commissions Earned

The structure of the 2023/2024 Treaty and the 2021/2023 Treaty calls for a fixed provisional ceding commission with no opportunity to earn additional contingent ceding commissions. Under our prior years’ quota share treaties, we received a contingent ceding commission based on a sliding scale in relation to the losses incurred under our quota share treaties. The lower the ceded loss ratio, the more contingent commission we received.  

Net Investment Income

Net investment income was $4,437,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $3,412,000 in Nine Months 2022, an increase of $1,025,000, or 30.0%. The increase in investment income is attributable to a $766,000 reversal in Nine Months 2022 of prior years’ estimated accrued interest income stemming from an error in third party investment reporting. The increase was also due to higher interest rates earned on cash balances. The average yield on non-cash invested assets was 3.73% as of September 30, 2023 compared to 3.48% as of September 30, 2022.

Cash and invested assets were $172,095,000 as of September 30, 2023 compared to $192,229,000 as of September 30, 2022. The $20,134,000 decrease in cash and invested assets was primarily attributable to increased disbursements of losses in connection with higher severity and inflation’s impact on losses along with catastrophe losses incurred in 2023 and prior periods.  An increase in unrealized losses on our investment portfolio also contributed to the reduction.

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Net Gains (Losses) on Investments

Net gains on investments were $598,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to net (losses) of $(9,313,000) in Nine Months 2022. Unrealized gains on our equity securities and other investments in Nine Months 2023 were $615,000, compared to net unrealized (losses) of $(10,502,000) in Nine Months 2022. Realized (losses) on sales of investments were $(17,000) in Nine Months 2023 compared to realized gains of $1,189,000 in Nine Months 2022.

Other Income

            Other income was $454,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $750,000 in Nine Months 2022, a decrease of $296,000, or 39.5%.

Net Loss and LAE

Net loss and LAE was $66,553,000 for Nine Months 2023 compared to $63,625,000 for Nine Months 2022. The net loss ratio was 77.7% in Nine Months 2023 compared to 75.8% in Nine Months 2022, an increase of 1.9 percentage points.

The following graph summarizes the changes in the components of net loss ratio for the periods indicated, along with the comparable components excluding commercial lines business:

 

(Percent components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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For Nine Months 2023, the net loss ratio was higher than for Nine Months 2022 mainly due to a larger impact from catastrophe losses.

The net catastrophe losses were $7,285,000 for Nine Months 2023, which contributed 8.5 points to the loss ratio. There were two winter storm events including a major freezing event at the beginning of February, eight wind and thunderstorm events, and one tropical storm classified as catastrophe for Nine Months 2023. By comparison, catastrophe events had a loss ratio impact of 4.1 points for Nine Months 2022.

The underlying loss ratio (loss ratio excluding the impact of catastrophe and prior year development) was 69.2% for Nine Months 2023, a decrease of 1.6 points from the 70.8% underlying loss ratio recorded for Nine Months 2022. The underlying loss experience in Nine Months 2023 was improved due to lower frequency, but was offset by increasing severity resulting from inflation and an elevated number of large losses.

Prior year development was stable for Nine Months 2023. There was an overall favorable development of $16,000, which had marginal impact on the loss ratio.

 See table below under “Additional Financial Information” summarizing net loss ratios by line of business.

Commission Expense

Commission expense was $25,221,000 in Nine Months 2023 or 16.6% of direct earned premiums. Commission expense was $25,534,000 in Nine Months 2022 or 18.1% of direct earned premiums. The decrease of $313,000 was primarily due to a reduction of commission rates on our legacy policies in accordance with Kingstone 3.0 as well as the lower commission rate paid on Select products as compared to legacy products but offset in part by an increase in direct earned premiums of $10,244,000 to $151,568,000.

Other Underwriting Expenses

Other underwriting expenses were $19,874,000, or 13.1% of direct earned premiums, in Nine Months 2023 compared to $20,717,000, or 14.7% of direct earned premiums, in Nine Months 2022. The decrease of $843,000, or 4.1%, was primarily due to decreases in professional fees, credit card fees and policy management system fees as result of the completion of our policy management system conversion, allowing us to eliminate multiple legacy systems. The decreases were partially offset by increases in salaries and employment costs.

Our largest single component of other underwriting expenses is salaries and employment costs, with costs of $8,692,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $8,027,000 in Nine Months 2022. The increase of $665,000, or 8.3%, is compared unfavorably to the 0.1% decrease in direct written premiums. In the periods following Nine Months 2022, we continued to strengthen our professional team by investing in the hiring of higher-level and higher compensated managers and staff needed to manage the business consistent with our Kingstone 2.0 and Kingstone 3.0 strategies. The increase in salaries was partially offset by a reduction in our staff in June and July of 2023 as we have been reducing our non-Core business. The effect of staff reductions on salaries and employment costs is expected to have a greater impact on year to date other underwriting expenses in future periods.

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Our net underwriting expense ratio in Nine Months 2023 was 33.0% compared to 37.2% in Nine Months 2022. The following table shows the individual components of our net underwriting expense ratio for the periods indicated:

	Nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022			Percentage Point Change
Other underwriting expenses
Employment costs		10.1	%		9.6	%		0.5
Underwriting fees (inspections/surveys)		1.6			1.7			(0.1	)
IT expenses		3.0			4.2			(1.2	)
Professional fees		1.0			1.4			(0.4	)
Other expenses		7.3			7.7			(0.4	)
Total other underwriting expenses		23.0			24.6			(1.6	)
Commission expense		29.4			30.4			(1.0	)
Ceding commission revenue
Provisional		(18.4	)		(16.8	)		(1.6	)
Contingent		(0.8	)		(0.2	)		(0.6	)
Total ceding commission revenue		(19.2	)		(17.0	)		(2.2	)
Other income		(0.5	)		(0.9	)		0.4
Net underwriting expense ratio		33.0	%		37.2	%		(4.2	)
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

54

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses, related to the expenses of our holding company and Cosi, were $1,868,000 for Nine Months 2023 compared to $2,357,000 for Nine Months 2022. The following table shows a breakdown of the significant components of other operating expenses for the periods indicated:

	Nine months ended
	September 30,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022			Change			Percent
Other operating expenses
Employment costs	$	235	$	(101	)	$	336		na		%
Bonuses		-		-			-		na
Equity compensation		636		1,205			(569	)		(47.2	)
Professional		223		524			(301	)		(57.4	)
Directors fees		206		245			(39	)		(15.9	)
Insurance		139		115			24			20.9
Other expenses		429		369			60			16.3
Total other operating expenses	$	1,868	$	2,357		$	(489	)		(20.7	)%
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

The decrease in Nine Months 2023 of $489,000, or 20.7%, as compared to Nine Months 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in equity compensation and professional fees, partially offset by an increase in employment costs. The increase in employment costs was due to the hiring of our new Chief Financial Officer in Nine Months 2023 and fluctuations in deferred compensation liability related to changes in the underlying invested portfolio. The decrease in professional fees is due to $316,000 incurred in Nine Months 2022 related to a then contemplated transaction that would have resulted in a third party acquiring all of the outstanding equity of our company.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization was $2,328,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $2,472,000 in Nine Months 2022. The decrease of $144,000, or 5.8%, in depreciation and amortization was primarily due to the completion and deployment of our customized policy management software as planned for in Kingstone 2.0, now allowing us to consolidate multiple legacy systems into one efficient system and retire those older more costly and less reliable systems. Depreciation on older assets that were retired, which had a shorter useful life, is greater than the depreciation on newly acquired assets which have a longer useful life.

Interest Expense

Interest expense in Nine Months 2023 was $3,005,000 compared to $1,370,000 in Nine Months 2022, an increase of $1,635,000 or 119.3%. In Nine Months 2023, as disclosed in Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we incurred increased interest expense in connection with the 2022 Notes, which provide for interest at the rate of 12% per annum, and the 2022 equipment financing. In Nine Months 2022, we incurred interest expense in connection with the 2017 Notes, our $30.0 million issuance of long-term debt in December 2017, which provided for interest at the rate of 5.5% per annum.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit in Nine Months 2023 was $2,149,000, which resulted in an effective tax benefit rate of 19.1%. Income tax benefit in Nine Months 2022 was $4,433,000 which resulted in an effective tax rate of 19.3%. Loss before taxes was $11,264,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $23,007,000 in Nine Months 2022. The difference in effective tax rate is due to the effect of permanent differences in Nine Months 2023 compared to Nine Months 2022.

Net Loss

Net loss was $9,114,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $18,575,000 in Nine Months 2022. The decrease in net loss of $9,461,000 was due to the circumstances described above.

55

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

            The following table summarizes the changes in the results of our operations (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			Change			Percent
Revenues
Direct written premiums	$	51,992		$	54,592		$	(2,600	)		(4.8	)%
Assumed written premiums		-			-			-		na		%
		51,992			54,592			(2,600	)		(4.8	)%
Ceded written premiums
Ceded to quota share treaties (1)		12,210			12,919			(709	)		(5.5	)%
Ceded to excess of loss treaties		1,726			1,194			532			44.6	%
Ceded to catastrophe treaties		34,380			29,382			4,998			17.0	%
Total ceded written premiums		48,316			43,494			4,821			11.1	%
Net written premiums		3,675			11,097			(7,422	)		(66.9	)%
Change in unearned premiums
Direct and assumed		(1,247	)		(5,636	)		4,389			77.9	%
Ceded to reinsurance treaties (1)		25,509			23,900			1,609			6.7	%
Change in net unearned premiums		24,262			18,264			5,998		na		%
Premiums earned
Direct and assumed		50,745			48,955			1,790			3.7	%
Ceded to reinsurance treaties		(22,807	)		(19,594	)		(3,213	)		(16.4	)%
Net premiums earned		27,938			29,361			(1,423	)		(4.8	)%
Ceding commission revenue (1)		5,536			4,886			650			13.3	%
Net investment income		1,444			1,419			25			1.8	%
Net losses on investments		(824	)		(397	)		(427	)		(107.6	)%
Other income		142			270			(128	)		(47.4	)%
Total revenues		34,237			35,538			(1,303	)		(3.7	)%
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
Direct and assumed:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes		29,570			30,514			(944	)		(3.1	)%
Losses from catastrophes (2)		2,871			477			2,394			501.9	%
Total direct and assumed loss and loss adjustment expenses		32,441			30,991			1,450			4.7	%
Ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes		9,797			8,820			977			11.1	%
Losses from catastrophes (2)		712			143			569			397.9	%
Total ceded loss and loss adjustment expenses		10,509			8,963			1,546			17.2	%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses:
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes		19,773			21,694			(1,921	)		(8.9	)%
Losses from catastrophes (2)		2,159			334			1,825			546.4	%
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses		21,932			22,028			(96	)		(0.4	)%
Commission expense		8,210			8,702			(492	)		(5.7	)%
Other underwriting expenses		6,319			7,276			(957	)		(13.2	)%
Other operating expenses		442			810			(368	)		(45.4	)%
Depreciation and amortization		741			825			(84	)		(10.2	)%
Interest expense		989			457			532			116.4	%
Total expenses		38,633			40,097			(1,465	)		(3.7	)%
Loss before taxes		(4,397	)		(4,559	)		162			3.6	%
Income tax benefit		(859	)		(562	)		(297	)		(52.8	)%
Net loss	$	(3,538	)	$	(3,998	)	$	460			11.5	%
(Columns in the table above may not sum to totals due to rounding)

(1)

Effective December 31, 2021, we entered into a 30% personal lines quota share treaty.

(2)

The three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 include catastrophe losses, which are defined as losses from an event for which a catastrophe bulletin and related serial number has been issued by the Property Claims Services (PCS) unit of the Insurance Services Office (ISO). PCS catastrophe bulletins are issued for events that cause more than $25 million in total insured losses and affect a significant number of policyholders and insurers.

56

	Three months ended September 30,
	2023			2022			Percentage Point Change			Percent Change
Key ratios:
Net loss ratio		78.5	%		75.0	%		3.5			4.7	%
Net underwriting expense ratio		31.7	%		36.9	%		(5.2	)		(14.1	)%
Net combined ratio		110.2	%		111.9	%		(1.7	)		(1.5	)%

Direct Written Premiums

Direct written premiums during the three months ended September 30, 2023 (“Three Months 2023”) were $51,992,000 compared to $54,592,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2022 (“Three Months 2022”). The decrease of $2,600,000, or 4.8%, was primarily due to a decrease in premiums from our personal lines business, partially offset by an increase in premiums from our livery physical damage business.

Direct written premiums from our personal lines business for Three Months 2023 were $48,419,000, a decrease of $2,824,000, or 5.5%, from $51,243,000 in Three Months 2022. The 5.5% decrease in premiums from our personal lines business was primarily due to a decrease in premiums associated with a 14.0% decrease in policies in force as of September 30, 2023 compared to September 30, 2022, offset by rate increases. The rate increases achieved along with a decrease in policies in force is in accordance with both our Kingstone 2.0 and Kingstone 3.0 strategic plans.

Direct written premiums from our livery physical damage business for Three Months 2023 were $3,544,000, an increase of $234,000, or 7.1%, from $3,310,000 in Three Months 2022. The increase in livery physical damage direct written premiums was due to an increasing number of policies and an increase in the values of the autos insured. 

Beginning in 2017, we commenced our non-Core business and started writing personal lines policies in New Jersey. Through 2019 we expanded our non-Core business to Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Direct written premiums from our Core business were $46,025,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $43,949,000 in Three Months 2022, an increase of $2,076,000, or 4.7%. Policies in force from our Core business decreased by 4.5% in Three Months 2023 compared to Three Months 2022. Direct written premiums from our non-Core business were $5,966,000 in Three Months 2023 down from $10,642,000 in Three Months 2022, a decrease of $4,676,000, or 43.9%. The decrease in direct written premiums from our non-Core business is a result of our decision to aggressively reduce the book of business in these states. Policies in force from our non-Core business decreased by 38.9% in Three Months 2023 compared to Three Months 2022. The increase in direct written premiums in our Core business and the decrease in our non-Core business is consistent with a key pillar of our Kingstone 3.0 strategy to reduce our non-Core business due to profitability concerns.

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Net Written Premiums and Net Premiums Earned

Net written premiums decreased $7,422,000, or 66.9%, to $3,675,000 in Three Months 2023 from $11,097,000 in Three Months 2022. Net written premiums include direct premiums, less the amount of written premiums ceded under our reinsurance treaties (quota share, excess of loss, and catastrophe). The decrease in Three Months 2023 is primarily due to changes in the terms of our catastrophe reinsurance treaty. See catastrophe reinsurance treaties discussion below.

Quota share reinsurance treaties

Effective December 31, 2021, we entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business covering the period from December 31, 2021 through January 1, 2023 (“2021/2023 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2021/2023 Treaty on January 1, 2023, we entered into a new 30% quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024 (“2023/2024 Treaty”).  In Three Months 2023, our premiums ceded under quota share treaties decreased by $709,000 in comparison to ceded premiums in Three Months 2022 (see table above). The decrease in Three Months 2023 was attributable to the decrease in direct written premiums discussed above, partially offset by the runoff of an 8.5% portion of the 30% 2021/2023 Treaty. The remainder of the 2021/2023 Treaty was on a cutoff basis and the new 2023/2024 Treaty was placed for 30% on January 1, 2023. Our personal lines business was subject to the 2023/2024 Treaty in Three Months 2023, and the 2021-2023 Treaty in Three Months 2022.

Excess of loss reinsurance treaties

An increase in written premiums will increase the premiums ceded under our excess of loss treaties. In Three Months 2023, our ceded excess of loss reinsurance premiums increased by $532,000 over the comparable ceded premiums for Three Months 2022. The increase was due to an increase in subject premiums and the heightened cost of coverage obtained. Effective January 1, 2022, we entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty covering the period from January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2023. The treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms are excluded from the treaty. Effective January 1, 2023, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024.

Catastrophe reinsurance treaties

Most of the premiums written under our personal lines policies are also subject to our catastrophe treaties. An increase in our personal lines business gives rise to more property exposure, which increases our exposure to catastrophe risk; therefore, our premiums ceded under catastrophe treaties will increase. An increase in our personal lines business results in an increase in premiums ceded under our catastrophe treaties if reinsurance rates are stable or are increasing. Catastrophe premiums increased $4,998,000, or 17.0%, to $34,380,000 in Three Months 2023 from $29,382,000 in Three Months 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in catastrophe reinsurance rates.  In accordance with our Kingstone 2.0 and Kingstone 3.0 goals, we have reduced our PML in Three Months 2023, which partially offset the increase in premiums effective July 1, 2023.

Net premiums earned

Net premiums earned decreased $1,423,000, or 4.8%, to $27,938,000 in Three Months 2023 from $29,361,000 in Three Months 2022. The decrease was due to the 4.8% decrease in direct written premiums during Three Months 2023, the run-off of a portion of the 2021-2023 Treaty, which increased the premiums ceded and reduced the net premiums earned, and an increase in catastrophe premiums rates, which also reduced net premiums earned. These reductions to net premiums earned were partially offset by the increased premiums written in prior periods due to rate increases and increased replacement costs.

58

Ceding Commission Revenue

The following table summarizes the changes in the components of ceding commission revenue (in thousands) for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change		Percent
Provisional ceding commissions earned	$	4,992	$	4,882	$	110		2.3	%
Contingent ceding commissions earned		544		4		540		13,500.0	%
Total ceding commission revenue	$	5,536	$	4,886	$	650		13.3	%

Ceding commission revenue was $5,536,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $4,886,000 in Three Months 2022. The increase of $650,000 was due to an increase in provisional ceding commissions earned and an increase in contingent ceding commissions earned. See below for a discussion of provisional ceding commissions earned and contingent ceding commissions earned.

Provisional Ceding Commissions Earned

In Three Months 2023 we earned provisional ceding commissions of $4,992,000 from personal lines earned premiums ceded under the 2023/2024 Treaty, and in Three Months 2022 we earned provisional ceding commissions of $4,882,000 from personal lines earned premiums ceded under the 2021/2023 Treaty. The increase of $110,000 in provisional ceding commissions earned was due to the runoff of an 8.5% portion of the 30% 2021/2023 Treaty, partially offset by a decrease in premiums subject to quota share treaties as a result of the decrease in direct written premiums discussed above. 

Contingent Ceding Commissions Earned

The structure of the 2023/2024 Treaty and the 2021/2023 Treaty calls for a fixed provisional ceding commission with no opportunity to earn additional contingent ceding commissions. Under our prior years’ quota share treaties, we received a contingent ceding commission based on a sliding scale in relation to the losses incurred under our quota share treaties. The lower the ceded loss ratio, the more contingent commission we received.  

Net Investment Income

Net investment income was $1,444,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $1,419,000 in Three Months 2022, an increase of $25,000, or 1.8%. The increase in investment income is attributable to higher interest rates earned on cash balances. The average yield on non-cash invested assets was 3.73% as of September 30, 2023 compared to 3.48% as of September 30, 2022.

Cash and invested assets were $172,095,000 as of September 30, 2023 compared to $192,229,000 as of September 30, 2022. The $20,134,000 decrease in cash and invested assets was primarily attributable to increased disbursements of losses in connection with higher severity and inflation’s impact on losses along with catastrophe losses incurred in 2023 and prior periods.  An increase in unrealized losses on our investment portfolio also contributed to the reduction.

59

Net Gains (Losses) on Investments

Net (losses) on investments were $(824,000) in Three Months 2023 compared to net (losses) of $(398,000) in Three Months 2022. Unrealized (losses) on our equity securities and other investments in Three Months 2023 were $(820,000) compared to net unrealized (losses) of $(1,798,000) in Three Months 2022. Realized (losses) on sales of investments were $(4,000) in Three Months 2023 compared to realized gains of $1,400,000 in Three Months 2022.

Other Income

Other income was $142,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $270,000 in Three Months 2022, a decrease of $128,000, or 47.4%.

Net Loss and LAE

Net loss and LAE was $21,932,000 for Three Months 2023 compared to $22,028,000 for Three Months 2022. The net loss ratio was 78.5% in Three Months 2023 compared to 75.0% in Three Months 2022, an increase of 3.5 percentage points.

The following graph summarizes the changes in the components of net loss ratio for the periods indicated, along with the comparable components excluding commercial lines business:

(Percent components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

60

For Three Months 2023, the net loss ratio was higher than for Three Months 2022. Although the catastrophe impact for Three Months 2023 was larger than for Three Months 2022, the underlying loss ratio (loss ratio excluding the impact of catastrophe and prior year development) was lower.

There were six newly designated catastrophe events for Three Months 2023. The estimated total net catastrophe losses for the calendar quarter were $2,159,000, which contributed 7.7 points to the loss ratio. By comparison, the catastrophe impact for Three Months 2022 was 1.1 points.

The underlying loss ratio was 70.8% for Three Months 2023, a decrease of 1.6 points from the 72.4% underlying loss ratio recorded for Three Months 2022. The underlying loss experience for Three Months 2023 was improved due to lower frequency which is believed to be the result of the Company’s new product rollout as well as the Company’s active efforts to manage less profitable segments. The improvement in frequency was offset by increased severity due to inflation and large losses, similar to what was observed in the first six months of 2023.

Prior year development was stable for Three Months 2023. There was an overall unfavorable development of $3,000, which had marginal impact on the loss ratio.

See table below under “Additional Financial Information” summarizing net loss ratios by line of business.

Commission Expense

Commission expense was $8,210,000 in Three Months 2023 or 16.2% of direct earned premiums. Commission expense was $8,702,000 in Three Months 2022 or 17.8% of direct earned premiums. The decrease of $492,000 was primarily due to a reduction of commission rates on our legacy policies in accordance with Kingstone 3.0 as well as the lower commission rate paid on Select products as compared to legacy products, but offset by an increase in direct earned premiums of $1,791,000 to $50,746,000.

Other Underwriting Expenses

Other underwriting expenses were $6,319,000, or 12.5% of direct earned premiums in Three Months 2023 compared to $7,276,000, or 14.9% of direct earned premiums, in Three Months 2022. The decrease of $957,000, or 13.2%, was primarily due to decreases in salaries and employment costs, credit card fees, and policy management system fees as result of the completion of our policy management system conversion, allowing us to eliminate multiple legacy systems. 

Our largest single component of other underwriting expenses is salaries and employment costs, with costs of $2,817,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $2,961,000 in Three Months 2022. The decrease of $144,000, or 4.9%, compared favorably to the 4.8% decrease in direct written premiums. The decrease in salaries and employment costs was due to a reduction in our staff  in June and July of 2023 as we have been reducing our non-Core business. As an offset to the decrease in employment costs from staff reductions, in the periods following Three Months 2022, we continued to strengthen our professional team by investing in the hiring of higher-level and higher compensated managers and staff needed to manage the business consistent with our Kingstone 2.0 and Kingstone 3.0 strategies.

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Our net underwriting expense ratio in Three Months 2023 was 31.7% compared to 36.9% in Three Months 2022. The following table shows the individual components of our net underwriting expense ratio for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022			Percentage  Point Change
Other underwriting expenses
Employment costs		10.1	%		10.1	%		-
Underwriting fees (inspections/surveys)		1.5			1.6			(0.1	)
IT expenses		2.9			4.2			(1.3	)
Professional fees		1.1			1.1			-
Other expenses		7.0			7.8			(0.8	)
Total other underwriting expenses		22.6			24.8			(2.2	)
Commission expense		29.4			29.6			(0.2	)
Ceding commission revenue
Provisional		(17.9	)		(16.6	)		(1.3	)
Contingent		(1.9	)		-			(1.9	)
Total ceding commission revenue		(19.8	)		(16.6	)		(3.2	)
Other income		(0.5	)		(0.9	)		0.4
Net underwriting expense ratio		31.7	%		36.9	%		(5.2	)
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses, related to the expenses of our holding company and Cosi, were $442,000 for Three Months 2023 compared to $810,000 for Three Months 2022. The following table shows a breakdown of the significant components of other operating expenses for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended
	September 30,
($ in thousands)	2023			2022			Change			Percent
Other operating expenses
Employment costs	$	36		$	(5	)	$	41		na		%
Bonuses		-			-			-		na
Equity compensation		207			188			19			10.1
Professional		(9	)		378			(387	)	na
Directors fees		69			82			(13	)		(15.9	)
Insurance		53			38			15			39.5
Other expenses		86			129			(43	)		(33.3	)
Total other operating expenses	$	442		$	810		$	(368	)		(45.4	)%
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

The decrease in Three Months 2023 of $368,000, or 45.4%, as compared to Three Months 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in professional fees, partially offset by an increase in employment costs. The decrease in professional fees is due to $268,000 incurred in Three Months 2022 related to a then contemplated transaction that would have resulted in a third party acquiring all of the outstanding equity of our company. The negative balance of professional fees in Three Months 2023 is due to credits received on previously billed amounts.  The increase in employment costs was due to the hiring of our new Chief Financial Officer in January 2023 and fluctuations in deferred compensation liability related to changes in the underlying invested portfolio.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization was $741,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $825,000 in Three Months 2022. The decrease of $84,000, or 10.2%, in depreciation and amortization was primarily due to the completion and deployment of our customized policy management software as planned for in Kingstone 2.0, now allowing us to consolidate multiple legacy systems into one efficient system and retire those older more costly and less reliable systems. Depreciation on older assets that were retired, which had a shorter useful life, is greater than the depreciation on newly acquired assets which have a longer useful life.  

Interest Expense

Interest expense in Three Months 2023 was $989,000 compared to $457,000 in Three Months 2022, an increase of $532,000 or 116.4%. In Three Months 2023, as disclosed in Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, we incurred increased interest expense in connection with the 2022 Notes, which provide for interest at the rate of 12% per annum, and the 2022 equipment financing. In Three Months 2022, we incurred interest expense in connection with the 2017 Notes, our $30.0 million issuance of long-term debt in December 2017, which provided for interest at the rate of 5.5% per annum.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit in Three Months 2023 was $859,000, which resulted in an effective tax benefit rate of 19.5%. Income tax benefit in Three Months 2022 was $562,000, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 12.3%. Loss before taxes was $4,397,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $4,559,000 in Three Months 2022. The difference in effective tax rate is due to the effect of permanent differences in Three Months 2023 compared to Three Months 2022.

Net Loss

Net loss was $3,538,000 in Three Months 2023 compared to $3,998,000 in Three Months 2022. The decrease in net loss of $460,000 was due to the circumstances described above.

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Additional Financial Information

We operate our business as one segment, property and casualty insurance. Within this segment, we offer an array of property and casualty policies to our producers. The following table summarizes gross and net written premiums, net premiums earned, and net loss and loss adjustment expenses by major product type, which were determined based primarily on similar economic characteristics and risks of loss.

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Gross premiums written:
Personal lines	$	48,418,956		$	51,242,544		$	136,601,070		$	138,197,960
Livery physical damage		3,543,810			3,309,845			10,559,310			9,036,713
Other(1)		29,480			39,162			76,256			119,238
Total gross premiums written	$	51,992,246		$	54,591,551		$	147,236,636		$	147,353,911
Net premiums written:
Personal lines	$	110,328		$	7,758,513		$	45,616,286		$	56,917,763
Livery physical damage		3,543,810			3,309,845			10,559,310			9,036,713
Other(1)		21,162			28,374			51,179			86,224
Total net premiums written	$	3,675,300		$	11,096,732		$	56,226,775		$	66,040,700
Net premiums earned:
Personal lines	$	24,346,521		$	26,407,939		$	75,441,482		$	75,747,009
Livery physical damage		3,571,160			2,920,335			10,192,773			8,082,173
Other(1)		20,637			32,702			67,212			107,242
Total net premiums earned	$	27,938,318		$	29,360,976		$	85,701,467		$	83,936,424
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses(3):
Personal lines	$	19,132,159		$	18,719,715		$	59,627,739		$	56,296,473
Livery physical damage		1,720,620			1,716,383			3,999,787			3,727,175
Other(1)		(13,757	)		9,494			137,886			(14,873	)
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		733,061			919,738			2,453,114			2,870,115
Total without commercial lines		21,572,083			21,365,330			66,218,526			62,878,890
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2)		360,370			662,186			334,039			745,865
Total net loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	21,932,453		$	22,027,516		$	66,552,565		$	63,624,755
Net loss ratio(3):
Personal lines		78.6	%		70.9	%		79.0	%		74.3	%
Livery physical damage		48.2	%		58.8	%		39.2	%		46.1	%
Other(1)		-66.7	%		29.0	%		205.2	%		-13.9	%
Total without commercial lines		77.2	%		72.8	%		77.3	%		74.9	%
Commercial lines (in run-off effective July 2019)(2)	na			na			na			na
Total		78.5	%		75.0	%		77.7	%		75.8	%

(1)	“Other” includes, among other things, premiums and loss and loss adjustment expenses from our participation in a mandatory state joint underwriting association and loss and loss adjustment expenses from commercial auto.
(2)	In July 2019, we decided that we will no longer underwrite Commercial Liability risks. See discussions above regarding the discontinuation of this line of business.
(3)	See discussion above with regard to “Net Loss and LAE”, as to catastrophe losses in the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Insurance Underwriting Business on a Standalone Basis

Our insurance underwriting business reported on a standalone basis for the periods indicated is as follows:           

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$	27,938,318		$	29,360,976		$	85,701,467		$	83,936,424
Ceding commission revenue		5,536,327			4,886,094			16,393,944			14,283,077
Net investment income		1,444,360			1,418,521			4,437,208			3,411,946
Net (losses) gains on investments		(799,348	)		(366,411	)		531,277			(9,098,008	)
Other income		141,711			269,297			449,782			740,424
Total revenues		34,261,368			35,568,477			107,513,678			93,273,863
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses		21,932,453			22,027,516			66,552,565			63,624,755
Commission expense		8,210,430			8,702,190			25,221,374			25,534,307
Other underwriting expenses		6,318,625			7,276,101			19,873,882			20,717,047
Depreciation and amortization		741,059			803,568			2,327,691			2,430,769
Interest expense		106,580			-			331,606			-
Total expenses		37,309,147			38,809,375			114,307,118			112,306,878
Loss from operations		(3,047,779	)		(3,240,898	)		(6,793,440	)		(19,033,015	)
Income tax benefit		(585,797	)		(345,080	)		(1,246,788	)		(3,702,374	)
Net loss	$	(2,461,982	)	$	(2,895,818	)	$	(5,546,652	)	$	(15,330,641	)
Key Measures:
Net loss ratio		78.5	%		75.0	%		77.7	%		75.8	%
Net underwriting expense ratio		31.7	%		36.9	%		33.0	%		37.2	%
Net combined ratio		110.2	%		111.9	%		110.7	%		113.0	%
Reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio:
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	$	14,529,055		$	15,978,291		$	45,095,256		$	46,251,354
Less: Ceding commission revenue		(5,536,327	)		(4,886,094	)		(16,393,944	)		(14,283,077	)
Less: Other income		(141,711	)		(269,297	)		(449,782	)		(740,424	)
Net underwriting expenses	$	8,851,017		$	10,822,900		$	28,251,530		$	31,227,853
Net premiums earned	$	27,938,318		$	29,360,976		$	85,701,467		$	83,936,424
Net Underwriting Expense Ratio		31.7	%		36.9	%		33.0	%		37.2	%

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An analysis of our direct, assumed and ceded earned premiums, loss and loss adjustment expenses, and loss ratios is shown below:

	Direct			Assumed			Ceded			Net
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Written premiums	$	147,236,636		$	-		$	(91,009,861	)	$	56,226,775
Change in unearned premiums		4,331,226			-			25,143,466			29,474,692
Earned premiums	$	151,567,862		$	-		$	(65,866,395	)	$	85,701,467
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	$	89,825,751		$	-		$	(30,558,103	)	$	59,267,648
Catastrophe loss		10,746,184			-			(3,461,267	)		7,284,917
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	100,571,935		$	-		$	(34,019,370	)	$	66,552,565
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		59.3	%		0.0	%		46.4	%		69.2	%
Catastrophe loss		7.1	%		0.0	%		5.3	%		8.5	%
Loss ratio		66.4	%		0.0	%		51.7	%		77.7	%
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Written premiums	$	147,353,911		$	-		$	(81,313,211	)	$	66,040,700
Change in unearned premiums		(6,029,774	)		-			23,925,498			17,895,724
Earned premiums	$	141,324,137		$	-		$	(57,387,713	)	$	83,936,424
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	$	83,345,972		$	-		$	(23,186,898	)	$	60,159,074
Catastrophe loss		7,509,597			-			(4,043,916	)		3,465,681
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	90,855,569		$	-		$	(27,230,814	)	$	63,624,755
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		59.0	%		0.0	%		40.4	%		71.7	%
Catastrophe loss		5.3	%		0.0	%		7.0	%		4.1	%
Loss ratio		64.3	%		0.0	%		47.4	%		75.8	%
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Written premiums	$	51,992,246		$	-		$	(48,316,946	)	$	3,675,300
Change in unearned premiums		(1,246,657	)		-			25,509,675			24,263,018
Earned premiums	$	50,745,589		$	-		$	(22,807,271	)	$	27,938,318
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	$	29,569,767		$	-		$	(9,796,769	)	$	19,772,998
Catastrophe loss		2,871,300			-			(711,845	)		2,159,455
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	32,441,067		$	-		$	(10,508,614	)	$	21,932,453
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		58.3	%		0.0	%		43.0	%		70.8	%
Catastrophe loss		5.7	%		0.0	%		3.1	%		7.7	%
Loss ratio		64.0	%		0.0	%		46.1	%		78.5	%
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Written premiums	$	54,591,551		$	-		$	(43,494,819	)	$	11,096,732
Change in unearned premiums		(5,636,421	)		-			23,900,665			18,264,244
Earned premiums	$	48,955,130		$	-		$	(19,594,154	)	$	29,360,976
Loss and loss adjustment expenses excluding the effect of catastrophes	$	30,513,819		$	-		$	(8,820,270	)	$	21,693,549
Catastrophe loss		477,127			-			(143,160	)		333,967
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	$	30,990,946		$	-		$	(8,963,430	)	$	22,027,516
Loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		62.3	%		0.0	%		45.0	%		73.9	%
Catastrophe loss		1.0	%		0.0	%		0.7	%		1.1	%
Loss ratio		63.3	%		0.0	%		45.7	%		75.0	%

(Percent components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

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The key measures for our insurance underwriting business for the periods indicated are as follows:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Net premiums earned	$	27,938,318		$	29,360,976		$	85,701,467		$	83,936,424
Ceding commission revenue		5,536,327			4,886,094			16,393,944			14,283,077
Other income		141,711			269,297			449,782			740,424
Loss and loss adjustment expenses (1)		21,932,453			22,027,516			66,552,565			63,624,755
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses:
Commission expense		8,210,430			8,702,190			25,221,374			25,534,307
Other underwriting expenses		6,318,625			7,276,101			19,873,882			20,717,047
Total acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses		14,529,055			15,978,291			45,095,256			46,251,354
Underwriting loss	$	(2,845,152	)	$	(3,489,440	)	$	(9,102,628	)	$	(10,916,184	)
Key Measures:
Net loss ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		70.8	%		73.9	%		69.2	%		71.7	%
Effect of catastrophe loss on net loss ratio (1)		7.7	%		1.1	%		8.5	%		4.1	%
Net loss ratio		78.5	%		75.0	%		77.7	%		75.8	%
Net underwriting expense ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		31.7	%		36.9	%		33.0	%		37.2	%
Effect of catastrophe loss on net underwriting expense ratio		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Net underwriting expense ratio		31.7	%		36.9	%		33.0	%		37.2	%
Net combined ratio excluding the effect of catastrophes		102.5	%		110.8	%		102.2	%		108.9	%
Effect of catastrophe loss on net combined ratio (1)		7.7	%		1.1	%		8.5	%		4.1	%
Net combined ratio		110.2	%		111.9	%		110.7	%		113.0	%
Reconciliation of net underwriting expense ratio:
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses	$	14,529,055		$	15,978,291		$	45,095,256		$	46,251,354
Less: Ceding commission revenue		(5,536,327	)		(4,886,094	)		(16,393,944	)		(14,283,077	)
Less: Other income		(141,711	)		(269,297	)		(449,782	)		(740,424	)
	$	8,851,017		$	10,822,900		$	28,251,530		$	31,227,853
Net earned premium	$	27,938,318		$	29,360,976		$	85,701,467		$	83,936,424
Net Underwriting Expense Ratio		31.7	%		36.9	%		33.0	%		37.2	%

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, includes the sum of net catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses of $2,159,455 and $333,967, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, includes the sum of net catastrophe losses and loss adjustment expenses of $7,284,917 and $3,465,681, respectively.

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Investments

Portfolio Summary

Fixed-Maturity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the amortized cost, estimated fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses of our investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		% of
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	8,224,680	$	-	$	(56,835	)	$	-		$	8,167,845		6.2	%
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		16,615,369		-		-			(4,201,015	)		12,414,354		9.3	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		78,116,754		-		-			(8,651,516	)		69,465,238		52.3	%
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		51,503,046		63,626		(5,987	)		(8,821,223	)		42,739,462		32.2	%
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	154,459,849	$	63,626	$	(62,822	)	$	(21,673,754	)	$	132,786,899		100.0	%

	December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		% of
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	23,874,545	$	1,479	$	(6,928	)	$	-		$	23,869,096		15.4	%
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		17,108,154		-		(2,195,273	)		(1,771,494	)		13,141,387		8.5	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		80,338,464		-		(5,796,994	)		(2,458,985	)		72,082,485		46.6	%
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		53,597,264		58,398		(882,664	)		(7,150,803	)		45,622,195		29.5	%
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	174,918,427	$	59,877	$	(8,881,859	)	$	(11,381,282	)	$	154,715,163		100.0	%

(1) In October 2022, KICO placed certain U.S. Treasury securities to fulfill the required collateral for a sale leaseback transaction in a designated custodian account (see Note 7 – Debt - “Equipment Financing”). As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of required collateral was approximately $7,422,000 and $8,691,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the eligible collateral was approximately $8,168,000 and $8,691,000, respectively.

68

(2) KICO has placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") (see Note 7 – Debt – “Federal Home Loan Bank”). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $10,911,000 and $12,228,000, respectively. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

Equity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains and losses on, investments in equity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
										% of
			Gross		Gross			Estimated		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value		Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,384,701	)	$	10,199,241		73.3	%
Common stocks and exchange traded funds		4,402,841		225,001		(919,432	)		3,708,410		26.7	%
Total	$	17,986,783	$	225,001	$	(4,304,133	)	$	13,907,651		100.0	%

	December 31, 2022
										% of
			Gross		Gross			Estimated		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value		Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,589,313	)	$	9,994,629		72.2	%
Common stocks and exchange traded funds		4,502,758		158,635		(821,632	)		3,839,761		27.8	%
Total	$	18,086,700	$	158,635	$	(4,410,945	)	$	13,834,390		100.0	%

Other Investments

The following table presents a breakdown of the cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains on our other investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
			Gross		Estimated				Gross		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Fair Value
Other Investments:
Hedge fund	$	1,987,040	$	1,226,278	$	3,213,318	$	1,987,040	$	784,612	$	2,771,652

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Held-to-Maturity Securities

The following table presents a breakdown of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of, and gross unrealized gains and losses on, investments in held-to-maturity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		% of
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Fair Value
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,783	$	-	$	(49,795	)	$	(31,495	)	$	1,147,493		20.1	%
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		499,036		-		(9,046	)		-			489,990		8.6	%
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(51,611	)		-			252,500		4.4	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,021,895		-		-			(1,212,380	)		3,809,515		66.9	%
Total	$	7,053,825	$	-	$	(110,452	)	$	(1,243,875	)	$	5,699,498		100.0	%

	December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		% of
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Fair Value
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,560	$	28,400	$	(34,077	)	$	-		$	1,222,883		18.5	%
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		498,638		2,092		-			-			500,730		7.6	%
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(29,111	)		-			275,000		4.2	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,734,831		36,968		(809,746	)		(360,278	)		4,601,775		69.7	%
Total	$	7,766,140	$	67,460	$	(872,934	)	$	(360,278	)	$	6,600,388		100.0	%

Held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury securities are held in trust pursuant to various states’ minimum fund requirements.

70

A summary of the amortized cost and fair value of our investments in held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is shown below:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	-	$	-	$	708,535	$	743,575
One to five years		1,121,091		1,069,974		1,120,507		1,088,522
Five to ten years		1,411,819		1,166,505		1,402,704		1,200,720
More than 10 years		4,520,915		3,463,019		4,534,394		3,567,571
Total	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388

Credit Rating of Fixed-Maturity Securities

The table below summarizes the credit quality of our available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 as rated by Standard & Poor’s (or, if unavailable from Standard & Poor’s, then Moody’s, Fitch, or Kroll):

	September 30, 2023					December 31, 2022
	Estimated		Percentage of			Estimated		Percentage of
	Fair		Estimated			Fair		Estimated
	Value		Fair Value			Value		Fair Value
Rating
U.S. Treasury securities	$	8,167,845		6.2	%	$	23,869,096		15.4	%
Corporate and municipal bonds
AAA		1,716,858		1.3	%		1,824,478		1.2	%
AA		9,196,422		6.9	%		9,785,908		6.3	%
A		31,296,689		23.6	%		31,099,075		20.2	%
BBB+		15,436,321		11.6	%		16,682,159		10.8	%
BBB		22,592,113		17.0	%		19,664,051		12.7	%
BBB-		-		0.0	%		4,516,713		2.9	%
Total corporate and municipal bonds		80,238,403		60.4	%		83,572,384		54.1	%
Residential mortgage backed, asset backed, and other collateralized obligations
AAA		12,028,321		9.1	%		16,497,621		10.7	%
AA		21,295,991		16.0	%		23,062,233		14.9	%
A		6,806,737		5.1	%		6,722,902		4.3	%
BBB+		15,373		0.0	%		-		0.0	%
BBB		-		0.0	%		20,067		0.0	%
CCC		411,851		0.3	%		457,683		0.3	%
CC		88,531		0.1	%		99,600		0.1	%
D		-		0.0	%		40,474		0.0	%
Non rated		3,733,847		2.8	%		373,103		0.2	%
Total residential mortgage backed, asset backed, and other collateralized obligations		44,380,651		33.4	%		47,273,683		30.5	%
Total	$	132,786,899		100.0	%	$	154,715,163		100.0	%

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The table below summarizes the average yield by type of fixed-maturity security as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Category	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies		4.53	%		2.58	%
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		3.61	%		3.58	%
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		3.72	%		3.68	%
Residential mortgage backed securities		2.97	%		2.70	%
Total		3.53	%	3.20%

The table below lists the weighted average maturity and effective duration in years on our fixed-maturity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Weighted average effective maturity		8.4		5.8
Weighted average final maturity		12.6		13.5
Effective duration		4.3		4.5

Fair Value Consideration

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities between market participants (an “exit price”). The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between inputs based on market data from independent sources (“observable inputs”) and a reporting entity’s internal assumptions based upon the best information available when external market data is limited or unavailable (“unobservable inputs”). The fair value hierarchy prioritizes fair value measurements into three levels based on the nature of the inputs. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets have the highest priority (“Level 1”), followed by observable inputs other than quoted prices including prices for similar but not identical assets or liabilities (“Level 2”), and unobservable inputs, including the reporting entity’s estimates of the assumption that market participants would use, having the lowest priority (“Level 3”). As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, 62% and 65%, respectively, of the investment portfolio recorded at fair value was priced based upon quoted market prices.

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The table below summarizes the gross unrealized losses of our fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale and equity securities by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	September 30, 2023
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)		2	$	-		-			-	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		-			-		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)		13		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		-		-			-		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)		88		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		204,418		(5,987	)		9		38,962,381		(8,821,223	)		38		39,166,799		(8,827,210	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	8,372,263	$	(62,822	)		11	$	120,841,973	$	(21,673,754	)		139	$	129,214,236	$	(21,736,576	)

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)		3	$	-		-			-	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		7,970,633		(2,195,273	)		9		5,170,753		(1,771,494	)		5		13,141,386		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		56,910,104		(5,796,994	)		75		15,172,381		(2,458,985	)		15		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		10,145,880		(882,664	)		22		34,753,178		(7,150,803	)		26		44,899,058		(8,033,467	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	93,944,813	$	(8,881,859	)		109	$	55,096,312	$	(11,381,282	)		46	$	149,041,125	$	(20,263,141	)

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There were 150 securities at September 30, 2023 that accounted for the gross unrealized loss of our fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale, none of which were deemed to be credit losses by us. There were 155 securities at December 31, 2022 that accounted for the gross unrealized loss of our fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale, none of which were deemed to be credit losses by us. Significant factors influencing our determination that unrealized losses were temporary included credit quality considerations, the magnitude of the unrealized losses in relation to each security’s cost, the nature of the investment and interest rate environment factors, management’s intent not to sell these securities and it being not more likely than not that we will be required to sell these investments before anticipated recovery of fair value to our cost basis.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

The primary sources of cash flow are from our insurance underwriting subsidiary, KICO, and include direct premiums written, ceding commissions from our quota share reinsurers, loss recovery payments from our reinsurers, investment income and proceeds from the sale or maturity of investments. Funds are used by KICO for ceded premium payments to reinsurers, which are paid on a net basis after subtracting losses paid on reinsured claims and reinsurance commissions. KICO also uses funds for loss payments and loss adjustment expenses on our net business, commissions to producers, salaries and other underwriting expenses as well as to purchase investments and fixed assets.

The primary source of cash flow for our holding company are dividends and distributions received from KICO, which are subject to statutory restrictions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, KICO paid a dividend of $1,250,000 to us. As of September 30, 2023, KICO had a negative unassigned surplus and currently will not be able to pay any distributions to us without prior regulatory approval. In September 2023, KICO received regulatory approval and paid us a $2,700,000 distribution from paid in capital.  

KICO is a member of the FHLBNY, which provides additional access to liquidity. Members have access to a variety of flexible, low cost funding through FHLBNY’s credit products, enabling members to customize advances. Advances are to be fully collateralized; eligible collateral to pledge to FHLBNY includes residential and commercial mortgage backed securities, along with U.S. Treasury and agency securities. See Note 3 – Investments to our condensed consolidated financial statements for eligible collateral held in a designated custodian account available for future advances. Advances are limited to 5% of KICO’s net admitted assets as of the end of the previous quarter, which is June 30, 2023, and are due and payable within 90 days of borrowing. The maximum allowable advance as of September 30, 2023, based on the net admitted assets as of June 30, 2023, was approximately $13,268,000. Available collateral as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $10,911,000. Advances are limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral. There were no borrowings under this facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. 

On December 15, 2022, we issued $19,950,000 of our 2022 Notes pursuant to the Exchange Agreement. We are required to make a mandatory redemption payment with regard to the 2022 Notes on December 30, 2023 in an amount discussed in Note 7 – Debt of the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report. We are also required to make semi-annual interest payments in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year. The maturity date of the 2022 Notes is December 30, 2024.

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Cash flow and liquidity are categorized into three sources: (1) operating activities; (2) investing activities; and (3) financing activities, which are shown in the following table:

Nine Months ended September 30,	2023			2022
Cash flows (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(15,754,344	)	$	(7,921,438	)
Investing activities		19,755,073			398,911
Financing activities		(825,988	)		(1,656,865	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		3,174,741			(9,179,392	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		11,958,228			24,290,598
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	15,132,969		$	15,111,206

Net cash used in operating activities was $15,754,000 in Nine Months 2023 as compared to $7,921,000 used in operating activities in Nine Months 2022. The $7,833,000 increase in cash flows used in operating activities in Nine Months 2023 as compared to Nine Months 2022 was primarily the result of an increase in cash arising from net fluctuations in operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by a decrease in net loss (adjusted for non-cash items) of $597,000. The increase in cash used in operating activities is also partially offset by the payment of $13,245,000 to reinsurers in Nine Months 2022 pursuant to the inception of our quota share reinsurance treaty, effective December 31, 2021. The net fluctuations in assets and liabilities are related to operating activities of KICO as affected by growth or declines in its operations, payments on claims and other changes, which are described above.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $19,755,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $399,000 provided by investing activities in Nine Months 2022 resulting in a $19,356,000 increase in net cash provided by investing activities. In Nine Months 2023, we had net cash provided by our investment portfolio of $21,135,000, compared to $3,741,000 provided in Nine Months 2022. In addition, we decreased our acquisition of fixed assets by $1,962,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to Nine Months 2022.

Net cash used in financing activities was $826,000 in Nine Months 2023 compared to $1,657,000 used in Nine Months 2022. The $831,000 decrease in net cash used in financing activities was attributable to no dividends being paid to shareholders in Nine Months 2023 compared to $1,277,000 being paid in Nine Months 2022 and a $378,000 decrease in withholding taxes paid on the vesting of restricted stock awards. The decreases in cash used in financing activities were partially offset by $810,000 of principal payments on the equipment financing in connection with KICO’s sale-leaseback transaction.

Reinsurance

Effective December 31, 2021, we entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, which primarily consists of homeowners’ and dwelling fire policies, covering the period from December 31, 2021 through January 1, 2023 (“2021/2023 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2021/2023 Treaty on January 1, 2023, we entered into a new quota share reinsurance treaty for our personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024 (“2023/2024 Treaty”).

We entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties effective July 1, 2023. Effective January 1, 2022, we entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty (“Underlying XOL Treaty”) covering the period from January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2023. The Underlying XOL Treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms are excluded from the Underlying XOL Treaty. Effective January 1, 2023, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024. Material terms for our reinsurance treaties in effect for the treaty years shown below are as follows:

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	Treaty Period
			2023/2024 Treaty						2021/2023 Treaty
	January 2,  2024		July 1,  2023			January 1,  2023			July 1,  2022			December 31,  2021
	to		to			to			to			to
Line of Business	June 30,  2024		January 1,  2024			June 30,  2023			January 1,  2023			June 30,  2022
Personal Lines:
Homeowners, dwelling fire and canine legal liability
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded (7)		(6)		30	%		30	%		30	%		30	%
Risk retained on intial $1,000,000 of losses (5) (6) (7)	$	1,000,000	$	700,000		$	700,000		$	700,000		$	700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage		(6)	$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000
Expiration date		(6)	January 1, 2024			January 1, 2024			January 1, 2023			January 1, 2023
Excess of loss coverage and facultative facility coverage (1) (5) (6)	$	8,000,000	$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000
	in excess of		in excess of			in excess of			in excess of			in excess of
	$	1,000,000	$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence (5) (6)	$	8,000,000	$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000
Losses per occurrence subject to reinsurance coverage	$	8,000,000	$	8,000,000		$	8,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000
Expiration date (6)	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Catastrophe Reinsurance:
Initial loss subject to personal lines quota share treaty (6)	$	10,000,000	$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000
Risk retained per catastrophe occurrence (6) (7) (8)	$	10,000,000	$	8,750,000		$	8,750,000		$	7,400,000		$	7,400,000
Catastrophe loss coverage
in excess of quota share
coverage (2) (6)	$	315,000,000	$	315,000,000		$	335,000,000		$	335,000,000		$	490,000,000
Reinstatement premium
protection (3) (4)	Yes		Yes			Yes			Yes			Yes

(1)	For personal lines, includes the addition of an automatic facultative facility allowing KICO to obtain homeowners single risk coverage up to $9,000,000 in total insured value, which covers direct losses from $3,500,000 to $9,000,000 through September 30, 2024.
(2)	Catastrophe coverage is limited on an annual basis to two times the per occurrence amounts. Duration of 168 consecutive hours for a catastrophe occurrence from windstorm, hail, tornado, hurricane and cyclone.
(3)	For the period December 31, 2021 through June 30, 2022, reinstatement premium protection for $70,000,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000.
(4)	For the period July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023, reinstatement premium protection for $9,800,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000. For the period July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024, reinstatement premium protection for $12,500,000 of catastrophe coverage in excess of $10,000,000

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(5)	For the period January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2024, underlying excess of loss treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Reduces retention to $500,000 from $700,000 under the 2021/2023 Treaty and 2022/2023 Treaty. Excludes losses from named storms.
(6)	Personal lines quota share (homeowners, dwelling fire and canine liability) and underlying excess of loss reinsurance will expire on January 1, 2024; reinsurance coverage in effect from January 2, 2024 through June 30, 2024 is only for excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties.
(7)	For the 2021/2023 Treaty, 4% of the 30% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event. For the 2023/2024 Treaty, 17.5% of the 30% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event.
(8)	Plus losses in excess of catastrophe coverage

	Treaty Year
	July 1, 2023			July 1, 2022			July 1, 2021
	to			to			to
Line of Business	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Personal Lines:
Personal Umbrella
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage		90	%		90	%		90	%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage		95	%		95	%		95	%
Risk retained	$	3,00,000		$	3,00,000		$	3,00,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	$	47,00,000		$	47,00,000		$	47,00,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage	$	50,00,000		$	50,00,000		$	50,00,000
Expiration date	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Commercial Lines (1)

(1) Coverage on all commercial lines policies expired in September 2020; reinsurance coverage is based on treaties in effect on the date of loss.

Inflation

Premiums are established before we know the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses or the extent to which inflation may affect such amounts. We attempt to anticipate the potential impact of inflation in establishing our reserves, especially as it relates to medical and hospital rates where historical inflation rates have exceeded the general level of inflation. Inflation in excess of the levels we have assumed could cause loss and loss adjustment expenses to be higher than we anticipated, which would require us to increase reserves and reduce earnings.

Fluctuations in rates of inflation also influence interest rates, which in turn impact the market value of our investment portfolio and yields on new investments. Operating expenses, including salaries and benefits, generally are impacted by inflation.

Nine Months 2023 included continuing economic inflation, which resulted in a sustained increase in interest rates, a widening of credit spreads, lower public equity valuations, and significant financial market volatility. The higher interest rates and widening of credit spreads previously reduced the value of our fixed income securities, saw a reversal which had previously lowered our stockholders’ equity materially in prior quarters. For Nine Months 2023, the continuing economic inflation impacted our loss and loss adjustment expenses as well; should these trends continue in the near-term, it would in all likelihood negatively impact our results of operations.

77

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Outlook

Our net premiums earned may be impacted by a number of factors.  Net premiums earned are a function of net written premium volume.  Net written premiums comprise both renewal business and new business and are recognized as earned premium over the term of the underlying policies. Net written premiums from both renewal and new business are impacted by competitive market conditions as well as general economic conditions.  We have made underwriting changes to emphasize profitability over growth and have culled out the type of risks that do not generate an acceptable level of return.  This action has led, and may continue to lead, to a slowdown in premium growth, particularly in new business.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

This item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to assure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.  Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were: (i) effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting information on a timely basis that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and (ii) effective in ensuring that information that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures.  Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on Effectiveness of Controls

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, and effected by the board of directors, management, and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP including those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.  

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

78

PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

For a discussion of the Company’s potential risks and uncertainties, see Part I, Item 1A— “Risk Factors” and Part II, Item 7— “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report filed with the SEC, and Part I, Item 2—“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein, in each case as updated by the Company's periodic filings with the SEC.  There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a)	None.
(b)	Not applicable.
(c)	None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

79

Item 6. Exhibits.

3(a)	Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2014 filed on May 15, 2014).
3(b)	By-laws, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2009).
31(a)	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31(b)	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32+	Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	101.SCH  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL	101.CAL   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF	101.DEF   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB	101.LAB   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE	101.PRE  XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.

+ This exhibit will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section.  Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1934, as amended.

80

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.
Dated: November 20, 2023	By:	/s/ Meryl Golden
		Meryl Golden
		Chief Executive Officer
Dated: November 20, 2023	By:	/s/ Jennifer Gravelle
		Jennifer Gravelle
		Chief Financial Officer

81

EX-31.A

EXHIBIT 31(a) 

CERTIFICATION

I, Meryl Golden, certify that:
1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Kingstone Companies, Inc.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 20, 2023
	/s/ Meryl Golden
	Meryl Golden Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.B

EXHIBIT 31(b)

CERTIFICATION

I, Jennifer Gravelle, certify that:
1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Kingstone Companies, Inc.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 20, 2023
	/s/ Jennifer Gravelle
	Jennifer Gravelle Chief Financial Officer

EX-32

EXHIBIT 32

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The undersigned hereby certify, pursuant to, and as required by, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that the Quarterly Report of Kingstone Companies, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2023 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that information contained in such Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: November 20, 2023	/s/ Meryl Golden
	Meryl Golden
	Chief Executive Officer
	/s/ Jennifer Gravelle
	Jennifer Gravelle
	Chief Financial Officer

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Cover - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 20, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Entity Registrant Name	KINGSTONE COMPANIES, INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0000033992
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Entity Common Stock Shares Outstanding		10,759,330
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	0-1665
Entity Incorporation State Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	36-2476480
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Address Address Line 1	15 Joys Lane
Entity Address City Or Town	Kingston
Entity Address State Or Province	NY
Entity Address Postal Zip Code	12401
City Area Code	845
Local Phone Number	802-7900
Security 12b Title	Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
Trading Symbol	KINS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Fixed-maturity securities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $5,699,498 at September 30, 2023 and $6,600,388 at December 31, 2022)	$ 7,053,825	$ 7,766,140
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $154,459,849 at September 30, 2023 and $174,918,427 at December 31, 2022)	132,786,899	154,715,163
Equity securities, at fair value (cost of $17,986,783 at September 30, 2023 and $18,086,700 at December 31, 2022)	13,907,651	13,834,390
Other investments	3,213,318	2,771,652
Total investments	156,961,693	179,087,345
Cash and cash equivalents	15,132,969	11,958,228
Premiums receivable, net	13,326,369	13,880,504
Reinsurance receivables, net	84,257,926	66,465,061
Deferred policy acquisition costs	20,532,322	23,819,453
Intangible assets	500,000	500,000
Property and equipment, net	9,594,500	10,541,935
Deferred income taxes, net	12,789,160	10,331,158
Other assets	3,893,322	3,748,847
Total assets	316,988,261	320,332,531
Liabilities
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	121,674,947	118,339,513
Unearned premiums	103,161,550	107,492,777
Advance premiums	6,288,223	2,839,028
Reinsurance balances payable	20,263,484	13,061,966
Deferred ceding commission revenue	9,393,051	10,619,569
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	4,453,452	6,651,723
Debt, net	25,224,693	25,158,523
Total liabilities	290,459,400	284,163,099
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized 2,500,000 shares	0	0
Common stock, $.01 par value; authorized 20,000,000 shares; issued 12,227,562 shares at September 30, 2023 and 12,171,512 shares at December 31, 2022; outstanding 10,756,156 shares at September 30, 2023 and 10,700,106 shares at December 31, 2022	122,275	121,715
Capital in excess of par	75,153,808	74,519,590
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(17,119,479)	(15,958,428)
Accumulated deficit	(26,060,262)	(16,945,964)
Stockholders' Equity before Treasury Stock	32,096,342	41,736,913
Treasury stock, at cost, 1,471,406 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	(5,567,481)	(5,567,481)
Total stockholders' equity	26,528,861	36,169,432
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 316,988,261	$ 320,332,531

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Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
Fixed-maturity securities, held-to-maturity, at amortized cost	$ 5,699,498	$ 6,600,388
Fixed-maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value	154,459,849	174,918,427
Equity Securities, at fair value	$ 17,986,783	$ 18,086,700
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred Stock, Par Value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred Stock, Authorized Shares	2,500,000	2,500,000
Common Stock, Par Value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common Stock, Authorized Shares	20,000,000	20,000,000
Common Stock, Issued Shares	12,227,562	12,171,512
Common Stock, Outstanding Shares	10,756,156	10,700,106
Treasury Stock, Shares	1,471,406	1,471,406

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues
Net premiums earned	$ 27,938,318	$ 29,360,976	$ 85,701,467	$ 83,936,424
Ceding commission revenue	5,536,327	4,886,094	16,393,944	14,283,077
Net investment income	1,444,360	1,418,521	4,437,208	3,411,946
Net (losses) gains on investments	(824,370)	(397,658)	597,643	(9,313,436)
Other income	142,036	269,702	454,160	750,169
Total revenues	34,236,671	35,537,635	107,584,422	93,068,180
Expenses
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	21,932,453	22,027,516	66,552,565	63,624,755
Commission expense	8,210,430	8,702,190	25,221,374	25,534,307
Other underwriting expenses	6,318,625	7,276,101	19,873,882	20,717,047
Other operating expenses	441,963	809,597	1,868,011	2,357,367
Depreciation and amortization	741,059	824,975	2,327,691	2,472,348
Interest expense	988,699	456,545	3,004,564	1,369,635
Total expenses	38,633,229	40,096,924	118,848,087	116,075,459
Loss from operations before taxes	(4,396,558)	(4,559,289)	(11,263,665)	(23,007,279)
Income tax benefit	(858,987)	(561,668)	(2,149,367)	(4,432,507)
Net loss	(3,537,571)	(3,997,621)	(9,114,298)	(18,574,772)
Gross change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale-securities	(2,821,785)	(5,047,679)	(1,486,887)	(22,556,319)
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net loss	(4,181)	(4,247)	(17,201)	(55,927)
Net change in unrealized losses, on available-for-sale-securities	(2,817,604)	(5,043,432)	(1,469,686)	(22,500,392)
Income tax benefit related to items of other comprehensive loss	591,697	1,059,120	308,635	4,725,083
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(2,225,907)	(3,984,312)	(1,161,051)	(17,775,309)
Comprehensive loss	$ (5,763,478)	$ (7,981,933)	$ (10,275,349)	$ (36,350,081)
Loss per common share:
Basic	$ (0.33)	$ (0.38)	$ (0.85)	$ (1.75)
Diluted	$ (0.33)	$ (0.38)	$ (0.85)	$ (1.75)
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Basic	10,756,156	10,645,675	10,754,709	10,640,290
Diluted	10,756,156	10,645,675	10,754,709	10,640,290
Dividends declared and paid per common share	$ 0	$ 0.04	$ 0	$ 0.12

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)	Total	Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Capital in Excess of Par	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2021			11,955,660	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 75,672,194	$ 0	$ 119,557	$ (5,567,481)	$ 72,467,483	$ 1,796,739	$ 6,855,896
Stock-based compensation	1,204,865	0	$ 0	0	1,204,865	0	0
Vesting of restricted stock awards, shares			234,219
Vesting of restricted stock awards, amount	0	0	$ 2,342	0	(2,342)	0	0
Shares deducted from restricted stock awards for payment of withholding taxes, shares			(72,798)
Shares deducted from restricted stock awards for payment of withholding taxes, amount	(379,799)	0	$ (728)	0	(379,071)	0	0
Dividends	(1,277,066)	0	0	0	0	0	(1,277,066)
Net loss	(18,574,772)	0	0	0	0	0	(18,574,772)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(17,775,309)	0	$ 0	$ 0	0	(17,775,309)	0
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2022			12,117,081	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Sep. 30, 2022	38,870,113	0	$ 121,171	$ (5,567,481)	73,290,935	(15,978,570)	(12,995,942)
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2022			12,117,081	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Jun. 30, 2022	47,089,424	0	$ 121,171	$ (5,567,481)	73,102,513	(11,994,258)	(8,572,521)
Stock-based compensation	188,422	0	0	0	188,422	0	0
Dividends	(425,800)	0	0	0	0	0	(425,800)
Net loss	(3,997,621)	0	0	0	0	0	(3,997,621)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(3,984,312)	0	$ 0	$ 0	0	(3,984,312)	0
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2022			12,117,081	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Sep. 30, 2022	38,870,113	0	$ 121,171	$ (5,567,481)	73,290,935	(15,978,570)	(12,995,942)
Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022			12,171,512	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Dec. 31, 2022	36,169,432	0	$ 121,715	$ (5,567,481)	74,519,590	(15,958,428)	(16,945,964)
Stock-based compensation	636,178	0	$ 0	0	636,178	0	0
Vesting of restricted stock awards, shares			56,977
Vesting of restricted stock awards, amount	0	0	$ 569	0	(569)	0	0
Shares deducted from restricted stock awards for payment of withholding taxes, shares			(927)
Shares deducted from restricted stock awards for payment of withholding taxes, amount	(1,400)	0	$ (9)	0	(1,391)	0	0
Net loss	(9,114,298)	0	0	0	0	0	(9,114,298)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(1,161,051)	0	$ 0	$ 0	0	(1,161,051)	0
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2023			12,227,562	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Sep. 30, 2023	26,528,861	0	$ 122,275	$ (5,567,481)	75,153,808	(17,119,479)	(26,060,262)
Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2023			12,227,562	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Jun. 30, 2023	32,085,216	0	$ 122,275	$ (5,567,481)	74,946,685	(14,893,572)	(22,522,691)
Stock-based compensation	207,123	0	0	0	207,123	0	0
Net loss	(3,537,571)	0	0	0	0	0	(3,537,571)
Change in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(2,225,907)	0	$ 0	$ 0	0	(2,225,907)	0
Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2023			12,227,562	1,471,406
Balance, amount at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 26,528,861	$ 0	$ 122,275	$ (5,567,481)	$ 75,153,808	$ (17,119,479)	$ (26,060,262)

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Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (9,114,298)	$ (18,574,772)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows used in operating activities:
Net losses (gains) on investments	(17,201)	(599,773)
Net unrealized (gains) losses on equity investments	(173,178)	7,549,640
Net unrealized (gains) losses on other investments	(441,666)	2,363,568
Depreciation and amortization	2,327,691	2,472,348
Bad debt expense	59,099	43,365
Amortization of bond premium, net	118,280	922,257
Amortization of discount and issuance costs on debt	890,758	132,135
Stock-based compensation	636,178	1,204,865
Deferred income tax benefit	(2,149,367)	(3,939,612)
Decrease (increase) in operating assets:
Premiums receivable, net	495,036	(616,493)
Reinsurance receivables, net	(17,792,865)	(19,073,499)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,287,131	(966,697)
Other assets	(144,475)	95,613
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities:
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves	3,335,434	11,980,153
Unearned premiums	(4,331,227)	6,029,773
Advance premiums	3,449,195	3,933,809
Reinsurance balances payable	7,201,518	(1,486,321)
Deferred ceding commission revenue	(1,226,518)	571,862
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities	(2,198,271)	36,341
Net cash flows used in operating activities	(15,754,344)	(7,921,438)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase - fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity	0	(498,711)
Purchase - fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale	(13,167,937)	(24,874,443)
Purchase - equity securities	0	(637,897)
Redemption - fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity	750,000	1,000,000
Sale and maturity - fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale	33,453,349	14,213,435
Sale - equity securities	99,917	11,962,513
Redemption - other investments	0	2,576,272
Acquisition of property and equipment	(1,380,256)	(3,342,258)
Net cash flows provided by investing activities	19,755,073	398,911
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on equipment financing	(810,289)	0
Issue costs on 2022 Notes	(14,299)
Withholding taxes paid on vested retricted stock awards	1,400	379,799
Dividends paid	0	(1,277,066)
Net cash flows used in financing activities	(825,988)	(1,656,865)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	3,174,741	(9,179,392)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	11,958,228	24,290,598
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	15,132,969	15,111,206
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	0	0
Cash paid for interest	1,628,357	825,000
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	$ (1,161,051)	$ (17,775,309)

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Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Note 1 - Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation

Kingstone Companies, Inc. (referred to herein as "Kingstone" or the “Company” or, on a standalone basis for the parent company only, the “Holding Company”), through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Kingstone Insurance Company (“KICO”), underwrites property and casualty insurance exclusively through retail and wholesale agents and brokers. KICO is a licensed insurance company in the States of New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Maine and New Hampshire. KICO is actively writing its property and casualty insurance products in New York. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, 88.5% and 80.5%, respectively, of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, 88.1% and 80.3%, respectively, of KICO’s direct written premiums came from the New York policies. Kingstone, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Cosi Agency, Inc. (“Cosi”), a multi-state licensed general agency, receives commission revenue from KICO for the policies it places with others and pays commissions to these agencies.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).  The principles for condensed interim financial information do not require the inclusion of all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 31, 2023. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) but, in the opinion of management, such financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Components of ceded premiums within prior year net earned premiums in Note 6 were reclassified to conform with an elected change in the current year presentation by recording ceded written premiums for the 12 months of the contract term at inception, rather than monthly over the contract term, providing a full disclosure of the premium ceded. The reclassification had no effect on the Company’s previously reported financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

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Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies

Accounting Policies

Note 2 – Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions, which include the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses “(LAE)”, which are subject to estimation errors due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that will be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with receivables under reinsurance contracts related to contingent ceding commission revenue require judgments by management. On an ongoing basis, management reevaluates its assumptions and the methods for calculating these estimates. Actual results may differ significantly from the estimates used in preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kingstone and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: (1) KICO and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CMIC Properties, Inc. (“Properties”) and 15 Joys Lane, LLC (“15 Joys Lane”), which together own the land and building from which KICO operates, and (2) Cosi. All significant inter-company account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). This new guidance applies to reinsurance and insurance receivables and other financing receivables. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities carried at fair value, estimated credit losses will continue to be measured at the present value of expected cash flows; however, the other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) concept has been eliminated. Under the previous guidance, estimated credit impairments resulted in a write-down of amortized cost. Under the new guidance, estimated credit losses are recognized through an allowance and reversals of the allowance are permitted if the estimate of credit losses declines. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities where the Company has an intent to sell, impairment will continue to result in a write-down of amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company determined as of the date of adoption that the updated guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements. Below is a summary of the significant accounting policies impacted by the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is reported as a reduction of a financial asset’s cost basis and is measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses and adjustments may be made to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for any additional factors that come to the Company’s attention. This could include significant shifts in counterparty financial strength ratings, aging of past due receivables, amounts sent to collection agencies, or other underlying portfolio changes. Amounts are considered past due when payments have not been received according to contractual terms. The Company also considers current and forecasted economic conditions, using a variety of economic metrics and forecast indices. The sensitivity of expected credit losses relative to changes to these forecasted economic conditions can vary by financial asset class. The Company considers a reasonable and supportable forecast period to be up to 24 months from the balance sheet date. After the forecast period, the Company reverts to historical credit experience. The Company uses collateral arrangements such as letters of credit and amounts held in beneficiary trusts to mitigate credit risk, which are considered in the estimate of net amount expected to be collected.

The Company has made a policy election to present accrued interest balances separately from the amortized cost basis of assets and has elected the practical expedient to exclude the accrued interest from the tabular disclosures for available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities. The Company has elected not to estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable. The accrual of interest income is discontinued and the asset is placed on nonaccrual status in the quarter that payment becomes delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for assets on nonaccrual status is reversed through investment income. Interest received for assets that are on nonaccrual status is recognized as payment is received. The asset is returned to accrual status when the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are expected. Interest receivable is presented as a component of other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

See Note 3 and Note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding credit losses.

The Company has determined that all other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, or do not apply to its operations.

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Investments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Investments

Investments

Note 3 - Investments 

Fixed-Maturity Securities

The amortized cost, estimated fair value, and gross unrealized gains and losses on investments in fixed-maturity securities classified as available-for-sale for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	8,224,680	$	-	$	(56,835	)	$	-		$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)
Political subdivisions of States,
Territories and Possessions		16,615,369		-		-			(4,201,015	)		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		78,116,754		-		-			(8,651,516	)		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		51,503,046		63,626		(5,987	)		(8,821,223	)		42,739,462		(8,763,584	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	154,459,849	$	63,626	$	(62,822	)	$	(21,673,754	)	$	132,786,899	$	(21,672,950	)

	December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	23,874,545	$	1,479	$	(6,928	)	$	-		$	23,869,096	$	(5,449	)
Political subdivisions of States,
Territories and Possessions		17,108,154		-		(2,195,273	)		(1,771,494	)		13,141,387		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		80,338,464		-		(5,796,994	)		(2,458,985	)		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		53,597,264		58,398		(882,664	)		(7,150,803	)		45,622,195		(7,975,069	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	174,918,427	$	59,877	$	(8,881,859	)	$	(11,381,282	)	$	154,715,163	$	(20,203,264	)

(1)

In October 2022, KICO placed certain U.S. Treasury securities to fulfill the required collateral for a sale leaseback transaction in a designated custodian account (see Note 7 – Debt - “Equipment Financing”). As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of required collateral was approximately $7,422,000 and $8,691,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the eligible collateral was approximately $8,168,000 and $8,691,000, respectively.

(2)

KICO has placed certain residential mortgage backed securities as eligible collateral in a designated custodian account related to its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") (see Note 7 – Debt – “Federal Home Loan Bank”). The eligible collateral would be pledged to FHLBNY if KICO draws an advance from the FHLBNY credit line. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of the eligible investments was approximately $10,911,000 and $12,228,000, respectively. KICO will retain all rights regarding all securities if pledged as collateral. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 there was no outstanding balance on the FHLBNY credit line.

A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s investments in available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is shown below:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	11,053,509	$	10,894,062	$	16,359,100	$	16,307,991
One to five years		44,834,816		42,323,786		18,605,987		14,085,113
Five to ten years		30,124,267		24,401,458		54,559,158		52,230,283
More than 10 years		16,944,211		12,428,131		31,796,918		26,469,581
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		51,503,046		42,739,462		53,597,264		45,622,195
Total	$	154,459,849	$	132,786,899	$	174,918,427	$	154,715,163

The actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

Equity Securities

The cost and estimated fair value of, and gross unrealized gains and losses on, investments in equity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	September 30, 2023
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,384,701	)	$	10,199,241
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds		4,402,841		225,001		(919,432	)		3,708,410
Total	$	17,986,783	$	225,001	$	(4,304,133	)	$	13,907,651

	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,589,313	)	$	9,994,629
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds		4,502,758		158,635		(821,632	)		3,839,761
Total	$	18,086,700	$	158,635	$	(4,410,945	)	$	13,834,390

Other Investments

The cost and estimated fair value of, and gross gains on, the Company’s other investments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
			Gross		Estimated				Gross		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Fair Value
Other Investments:
Hedge fund	$	1,987,040	$	1,226,278	$	3,213,318	$	1,987,040	$	784,612	$	2,771,652

Held-to-Maturity Securities

The cost or amortized cost and estimated fair value of, and unrealized gross gains and losses on, investments in held-to-maturity fixed-maturity securities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,783	$	-	$	(49,795	)	$	(31,495	)	$	1,147,493	$	(81,290	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		499,036		-		(9,046	)		-			489,990		(9,046	)
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(51,611	)		-			252,500		(51,611	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,021,895		-		-			(1,212,380	)		3,809,515		(1,212,380	)
Total	$	7,053,825	$	-	$	(110,452	)	$	(1,243,875	)	$	5,699,498	$	(1,354,327	)

	December 31, 2022
													Net
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Unrealized
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Gains/
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		(Losses)
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,560	$	28,400	$	(34,077	)	$	-		$	1,222,883	$	(5,677	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		498,638		2,092		-			-			500,730		2,092
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(29,111	)		-			275,000		(29,111	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,734,831		36,968		(809,746	)		(360,278	)		4,601,775		(1,133,056	)
Total	$	7,766,140	$	67,460	$	(872,934	)	$	(360,278	)	$	6,600,388	$	(1,165,752	)

Held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury securities are held in trust pursuant to various states’ minimum funds requirements.

A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s investments in held-to-maturity securities by contractual maturity as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is shown below:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	-	$	-	$	708,535	$	743,575
One to five years		1,121,091		1,069,974		1,120,507		1,088,522
Five to ten years		1,411,819		1,166,505		1,402,704		1,200,720
More than 10 years		4,520,915		3,463,019		4,534,394		3,567,571
Total	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388

The actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

Investment Income

Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income:
Fixed-maturity securities	$	1,245,353	$	1,234,427	$	3,982,573	$	2,832,557
Equity securities		187,018		247,275		540,788		872,005
Cash and cash equivalents		98,763		26,630		171,015		29,796
Total		1,531,134		1,508,332		4,694,376		3,734,358
Expenses:
Investment expenses		86,774		89,811		257,168		322,412
Net investment income	$	1,444,360	$	1,418,521	$	4,437,208	$	3,411,946

Proceeds from the redemption of fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity were $750,000 and $1,000,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Proceeds from the sale or maturity of fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale were $33,453,349 and $14,213,435 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Proceeds from the sale of equity securities were $99,917 and $11,962,513 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company’s net (losses) gains on investments are summarized as follows:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Realized (Losses) Gains
Fixed-maturity securities:
Gross realized gains	$	263		$	363		$	1,207		$	102,774
Gross realized losses		(4,444	)		(4,610	)		(18,408	)		(158,701	)
		(4,181	)		(4,247	)		(17,201	)		(55,927	)
Equity securities:
Gross realized gains		-			907,079			-			1,384,432
Gross realized losses		-			(92,159	)		-			(728,732	)
		-			814,920			-			655,700
Other Investments:
Gross realized gains		-			589,233			-			589,233
Gross realized losses		-			-			-			-
		-			589,233			-			589,233
Net realized (losses) gains		(4,181	)		1,399,906			(17,201	)		1,189,006
Unrealized (Losses) Gains
Equity Securities:
Gross gains		-			-			173,178			-
Gross losses		(483,967	)		(1,132,595	)		-			(7,549,640	)
		(483,967	)		(1,132,595	)		173,178			(7,549,640	)
Other Investments:
Gross gains		-			-			441,666			-
Gross losses		(336,222	)		(664,969	)		-			(2,952,802	)
		(336,222	)		(664,969	)		441,666			(2,952,802	)
Net unrealized (losses) gains		(820,189	)		(1,797,564	)		614,844			(10,502,442	)
Net (losses) gains on investments	$	(824,370	)	$	(397,658	)	$	597,643		$	(9,313,436	)

Allowance for Credit Loss

For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, a credit loss exists if the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis. The allowance for credit loss related to available-for-sale fixed maturity securities is the difference between present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. The Company considers all available evidence when determining whether an investment requires a credit loss write-down or allowance to be recorded. Changes in the allowance are presented as a component of net (losses) gains on investments on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were 150 and 155 fixed-maturity securities, respectively, that accounted for the gross unrealized losses. The Company determined that none of the unrealized losses were deemed to be credit losses for its portfolio of investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Significant factors influencing the Company’s determination that unrealized losses were temporary included credit quality considerations, the magnitude of the unrealized losses in relation to each security’s cost, the nature of the investment and interest rate environment factors, and management’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for an anticipated recovery of estimated fair value to the Company’s cost basis.

The Company held available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses representing declines that were considered temporary at September 30, 2023 as follows: 

	September 30, 2023
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)		2	$	-		-			-	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		-			-		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)		13		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		-		-			-		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)		88		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		204,418		(5,987	)		9		38,962,381		(8,821,223	)		38		39,166,799		(8,827,210	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	8,372,263	$	(62,822	)		11	$	120,841,973	$	(21,673,754	)		139	$	129,214,236	$	(21,736,576	)

The Company held available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses representing declines that were considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)		3	$	-		-			-	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		7,970,633		(2,195,273	)		9		5,170,753		(1,771,494	)		5		13,141,386		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		56,910,104		(5,796,994	)		75		15,172,381		(2,458,985	)		15		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		10,145,880		(882,664	)		22		34,753,178		(7,150,803	)		26		44,899,058		(8,033,467	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	93,944,813	$	(8,881,859	)		109	$	55,096,312	$	(11,381,282	)		46	$	149,041,125	$	(20,263,141	)

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Note 4 - Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents information about the Company’s investments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 indicating the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	-	$	-	$	8,167,845
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		12,414,354		-		12,414,354
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		69,465,238		-		-		69,465,238
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		-		42,739,462		-		42,739,462
Total fixed maturities		77,633,083		55,153,816		-		132,786,899
Equity securities		13,907,651		-		-		13,907,651
Total investments	$	91,540,734	$	55,153,816	$	-	$	146,694,550

	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	23,869,096	$	-	$	-	$	23,869,096
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		13,141,387		-		13,141,387
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		71,585,115		497,370		-		72,082,485
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		-		45,622,195		-		45,622,195
Total fixed maturities		95,454,211		59,260,952		-		154,715,163
Equity securities		13,834,390		-		-		13,834,390
Total investments	$	109,288,601	$	59,260,952	$	-	$	168,549,553

The following table sets forth the Company’s investment in a hedge fund measured at Net Asset Value (“NAV”) per share as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company measures this investment at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value using NAV per share is as follows as of the dates indicated:

Category	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Other Investments
Hedge fund	$	3,213,318	$	2,771,652

The hedge fund investment is generally redeemable with at least 45 days prior written notice.  The hedge fund investment is accounted for as a limited partnership by the Company. Income is earned based upon the Company’s allocated share of the partnership's changes in unrealized gains and losses to its partners. Such amounts have been recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within net (losses) gains on investments.

The estimated fair value and the level of the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s long-term debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 not measured at fair value is as follows:

	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Debt
Senior Notes due 2024	$	-	$	17,314,915	$	-	$	17,314,915
	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Debt
Senior Notes due 2024	$	-	$	15,829,096	$	-	$	15,829,096

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

Note 5 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments and real estate, including their fair value level as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Fixed-maturity securities-held-to maturity, Level 1	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388
Cash and cash equivalents, Level 1	$	15,132,969	$	15,132,969	$	11,958,228	$	11,958,228
Premiums receivable, net, Level 1	$	13,326,369	$	13,326,369	$	13,880,504	$	13,880,504
Reinsurance receivables, net, Level 3	$	84,257,926	$	84,257,926	$	66,465,061	$	66,465,061
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation, Level 3	$	2,015,414	$	2,800,000	$	2,050,644	$	2,800,000
Reinsurance balances payable, Level 3	$	20,263,484	$	20,263,484	$	13,061,966	$	13,061,966

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

Note 6 – Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

Premiums Earned

Premiums written, ceded and earned are as follows:

	Direct			Assumed		Ceded			Net
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Premiums written	$	147,236,636		$	-	$	(91,009,861	)	$	56,226,775
Change in unearned premiums		4,331,226			-		25,143,466			29,474,692
Premiums earned	$	151,567,862		$	-	$	(65,866,395	)	$	85,701,467
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Premiums written	$	147,353,911		$	-	$	(81,313,211	)	$	66,040,700
Change in unearned premiums		(6,029,774	)		-		23,925,498			17,895,724
Premiums earned	$	141,324,137		$	-	$	(57,387,713	)	$	83,936,424
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Premiums written	$	51,992,246		$	-	$	(48,316,946	)	$	3,675,300
Change in unearned premiums		(1,246,657	)		-		25,509,675			24,263,018
Premiums earned	$	50,745,589		$	-	$	(22,807,271	)	$	27,938,318
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Premiums written	$	54,591,551		$	-	$	(43,494,819	)	$	11,096,732
Change in unearned premiums		(5,636,421	)		-		23,900,665			18,264,244
Premiums earned	$	48,955,130		$	-	$	(19,594,154	)	$	29,360,976

Premium receipts in advance of the policy effective date are recorded as advance premiums. The balance of advance premiums as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $6,288,223 and $2,839,028, respectively.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for unpaid loss and LAE reserves:

	Nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	118,339,513		$	94,948,745
Less reinsurance recoverables		(27,659,500	)		(10,637,679	)
Net balance, beginning of period		90,680,013			84,311,066
Incurred related to:
Current year		66,568,985			62,910,967
Prior years		(16,420	)		713,788
Total incurred		66,552,565			63,624,755
Paid related to:
Current year		37,932,760			35,774,958
Prior years		29,928,162			26,938,462
Total paid		67,860,922			62,713,420
Net balance at end of period		89,371,656			85,222,401
Add reinsurance recoverables		32,303,291			21,706,497
Balance at end of period	$	121,674,947		$	106,928,898

Incurred losses and LAE are net of reinsurance recoveries under reinsurance contracts of $34,019,370 and $27,230,814 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Prior year incurred loss and LAE development is based upon estimates by line of business and accident year. Prior year loss and LAE development incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was $16,420 favorable and $713,788 unfavorable, respectively. Management, on a quarterly basis, performs a review of open liability claims to assess carried case and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserve levels, giving consideration to both Company and industry trends.

Loss and LAE Reserves

The reserving process for loss and LAE reserves provides for the Company’s best estimate at a particular point in time of the ultimate unpaid cost of all losses and LAE incurred, including settlement and administration of losses, and is based on facts and circumstances then known including losses that have occurred but that have not yet been reported. The process relies on standard actuarial reserving methodologies, judgments relative to estimates of ultimate claim severity and frequency, the length of time before losses will develop to their ultimate level (‘tail’ factors), and the likelihood of changes in the law or other external factors that are beyond the Company’s control. Several actuarial reserving methodologies are used to estimate required loss reserves. The process produces carried reserves set by management based upon the actuaries’ best estimate and is the cumulative combination of the best estimates made by line of business, accident year, and loss and LAE. The amount of loss and LAE reserves for individual reported claims (the “case reserve”) is determined by the claims department and changes over time as new information is gathered.  Such information is critical to the review of appropriate IBNR reserves and includes a review of coverage applicability, comparative liability on the part of the insured, injury severity, property damage, replacement cost estimates, and any other information considered pertinent to estimating the exposure presented by the claim. The amounts of loss and LAE reserves for unreported claims and development on known claims (IBNR reserves) are determined using historical information aggregated by line of insurance as adjusted to current conditions. Since this process produces loss reserves set by management based upon the actuaries’ best estimate, there is no explicit or implicit provision for uncertainty in the carried loss reserves.

Due to the inherent uncertainty associated with the reserving process, the ultimate liability may differ, perhaps substantially, from the original estimate. Such estimates are regularly reviewed and updated and any resulting adjustments are included in the current period’s results. Reserves are closely monitored and are recomputed periodically using the most recent information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews by line of business existing reserves, new claims, changes to existing case reserves, and paid losses with respect to the current and prior periods. Several methods are used, varying by line of business and accident year, in order to select the estimated period-end loss reserves.  These methods include the following:

Paid Loss Development – historical patterns of paid loss development are used to project future paid loss emergence in order to estimate required reserves.

Incurred Loss Development – historical patterns of incurred loss development, reflecting both paid losses and changes in case reserves, are used to project future incurred loss emergence in order to estimate required reserves.

Paid Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“BF”) – an estimated loss ratio for a particular accident year is determined, and is weighted against the portion of the accident year claims that have been paid, based on historical paid loss development patterns.  The estimate of required reserves assumes that the remaining unpaid portion of a particular accident year will pay out at a rate consistent with the estimated loss ratio for that year.  This method can be useful for situations where an unusually high or low amount of paid losses exists at the early stages of the claims development process.

Incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson (“BF”) - an estimated loss ratio for a particular accident year is determined, and is weighted against the portion of the accident year claims that have been reported, based on historical incurred loss development patterns.  The estimate of required reserves assumes that the remaining unreported portion of a particular accident year will pay out at a rate consistent with the estimated loss ratio for that year.  This method can be useful for situations where an unusually high or low amount of reported losses exists at the early stages of the claims development process.

Incremental Claim-Based Methods – historical patterns of incremental incurred losses and paid LAE during various stages of development are reviewed and assumptions are made regarding average loss and LAE development applied to remaining claims inventory.  Such methods more properly reflect changes in the speed of claims closure and the relative adequacy of case reserve levels at various stages of development.  These methods may provide a more accurate estimate of IBNR for lines of business with relatively few remaining open claims but for which significant recent settlement activity has occurred.

Frequency / Severity Based Methods – historical measurements of claim frequency and average paid claim size (severity) are reviewed for more mature accident years where a majority of claims have been reported and/or closed.  These historical averages are trended forward to more recent periods in order to estimate ultimate losses for newer accident years that are not yet fully developed.  These methods are useful for lines of business with slow and/or volatile loss development patterns, such as liability lines where information pertaining to individual cases may not be completely known for many years.  The claim frequency and severity information for older periods can then be used as reasonable measures for developing a range of estimates for more recent immature periods.

Management’s best estimate of required reserves is generally based on an average of the methods above, with appropriate weighting of methods based on the line of business and accident year being projected. In some cases, additional methods or historical data from industry sources are employed to supplement the projections derived from the methods listed above.

Three key assumptions that materially affect the estimate of loss reserves are the loss ratio estimate for the current accident year used in the BF methods, the loss development factor selections used in the loss development methods, and the loss severity assumptions used in the frequency / severity method described above. The loss ratio estimates used in the BF methods are selected after reviewing historical accident year loss ratios adjusted for rate changes, trend, and mix of business.  The severity assumptions used in the frequency / severity method are determined by reviewing historical average claim severity for older more mature accident periods, trended forward to less mature accident periods.

The Company reviews the carried reserves levels on a regular basis as additional information becomes available and makes adjustments in the periods in which such adjustments are determined to be necessary. The Company is not aware of any claim trends that have emerged or that would cause future adverse development that have not already been contemplated in setting current carried reserves levels.

In New York State, lawsuits for negligence are subject to certain limitations and must be commenced within three years from the date of the accident or are otherwise barred. Accordingly, the Company’s exposure to unreported claims (“pure” IBNR) for accident dates of September 30, 2020 and prior is limited, although there remains the possibility of adverse development on reported claims (“case development” IBNR).  In certain rare circumstances states have retroactively revised a statute of limitations.  The Company is not aware of any such effort that would have a material impact on the Company’s results. 

The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of September 30, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative reported claims by accident year and total IBNR reserves as of September 30, 2023 included in the net incurred loss and allocated expense amounts. The historical information regarding incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2022 is presented as supplementary unaudited information.

All Lines of Business
(in thousands, except reported claims data)
																					As of
	Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				September 30, 2023
	For the Years Ended December 31,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,		IBNR		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims by Accident Year
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
	(Unaudited 2014 - 2022)																		(Unaudited)
2014	$	14,193	$	14,260	$	14,218	$	14,564	$	15,023	$	16,381	$	16,428	$	16,434	$	16,486	$	16,486	$	17		2,138
2015				22,340		21,994		22,148		22,491		23,386		23,291		23,528		23,533		23,464		300		2,559
2016						26,062		24,941		24,789		27,887		27,966		27,417		27,352		27,300		125		2,881
2017								31,605		32,169		35,304		36,160		36,532		36,502		36,731		260		3,400
2018										54,455		56,351		58,441		59,404		61,237		61,024		909		4,233
2019												75,092		72,368		71,544		71,964		72,811		1,126		4,501
2020														63,083		62,833		63,217		63,255		2,431		5,883
2021																96,425		96,673		95,839		4,099		5,808
2022																		79,835		79,978		8,691		4,674
2023																				63,392		14,044		2,840
																	Total		$	540,280

All Lines of Business
(in thousands)
	Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
	(Unaudited 2014 - 2022)																		(Unaudited)
2014	$	5,710	$	9,429	$	10,738	$	11,770	$	13,819	$	14,901	$	15,491	$	15,770	$	16,120	$	16,133
2015				12,295		16,181		18,266		19,984		21,067		22,104		22,318		22,473		22,516
2016						15,364		19,001		21,106		23,974		25,234		25,750		26,382		26,732
2017								16,704		24,820		28,693		31,393		32,529		33,522		34,606
2018										32,383		44,516		50,553		52,025		54,424		55,373
2019												40,933		54,897		58,055		60,374		63,311
2020														39,045		50,719		53,432		55,830
2021																56,282		77,756		80,267
2022																		45,856		64,417
2023																				35,801
																	Total		$	454,987

Net liability for unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses for the accident years presented	$	85,293
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance		172
Liabilities for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

Reported claim counts are measured on an occurrence or per event basis.  A single claim occurrence could result in more than one loss type or claimant; however, the Company counts claims at the occurrence level as a single claim regardless of the number of claimants or claim features involved.

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid loss development tables to the loss and LAE reserves in the condensed consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Loss Development
to the Liability for Loss and LAE Reserves
	As of
(in thousands)	September 30, 2023
Liabilities for allocated loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		32,303
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		3,907
Total gross liability for loss and LAE reserves	$	121,675
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

Reinsurance

Effective December 31, 2021, the Company entered into a quota share reinsurance treaty for its personal lines business, which primarily consists of homeowners’ and dwelling fire policies, covering the period from December 31, 2021 through January 1, 2023 (“2021/2023 Treaty”). Upon the expiration of the 2021/2023 Treaty on January 1, 2023, the Company entered into a new 30% quota share reinsurance treaty for its personal lines business, covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024 (“2023/2024 Treaty”).

The Company’s excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties expired on June 30, 2023 and the Company entered into new excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance treaties effective July 1, 2023. Effective January 1, 2022, the Company entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty (“Underlying XOL Treaty”) covering the period from January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2023. The treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms are excluded from the treaty. Effective January 1, 2023, the Underlying XOL Treaty was renewed covering the period from January 1, 2023 through January 1, 2024. Material terms for reinsurance treaties in effect for the treaty years shown below are as follows:

		Treaty Year
		July 1, 2023		July 1, 2022			July 1, 2021
		to		to			to
Line of Business		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Personal Lines:
Personal Umbrella
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage		90	%		90	%		90	%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage		95	%		95	%		95	%
Risk retained	$	300,000		$	300,000		$	300,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage	$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000
Expiration date		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Commercial Lines (1)

(1) Coverage on all commercial lines policies expired in September 2020; reinsurance coverage is based on treaties in effect on the date of loss.

The Company’s reinsurance program has been structured to enable the Company to grow its premium volume while maintaining regulatory capital and other financial ratios generally within or below the expected ranges used for regulatory oversight purposes. The reinsurance program also provides income as a result of ceding commissions earned pursuant to the quota share reinsurance contracts. The Company’s participation in reinsurance arrangements does not relieve the Company of its obligations to policyholders.

Ceding Commission Revenue

The Company earned ceding commission revenue under the 2023/2024 Treaty for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and under the 2021/2023 Treaty for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022, based on a fixed provisional commission rate at which provisional ceding commissions are earned. The Company earned ceding commission revenue under its expired quota share reinsurance agreements based on: (i) a fixed provisional commission rate at which provisional ceding commissions were earned, and (ii) a continuing sliding scale of commission rates and ultimate treaty year loss ratios on the policies reinsured under each of these agreements based upon which contingent ceding commissions are earned. The sliding scale includes minimum and maximum commission rates in relation to specified ultimate loss ratios. The commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned increase when the estimated ultimate loss ratio decreases and, conversely, the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned decrease when the estimated ultimate loss ratio increases.

Ceding commission revenue consists of the following:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Provisional ceding commissions earned	$	4,992,312	$	4,881,580	$	15,733,145	$	14,116,044
Contingent ceding commissions earned		544,015		4,514		660,799		167,033
	$	5,536,327	$	4,886,094	$	16,393,944	$	14,283,077

Provisional ceding commissions are settled monthly. Balances due from reinsurers for contingent ceding commissions on quota share treaties are settled periodically based on the Loss Ratio of each treaty year that ends on June 30, for the expired treaties that were subject to contingent commissions. As discussed above, the Loss Ratios from prior years’ treaties are subject to change as incurred losses from those periods develop, resulting in an increase or decrease in the commission rate and contingent ceding commissions earned. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net contingent ceding commissions payable to reinsurers under all treaties was approximately $2,007,000 and $2,667,000, respectively, which is recorded in reinsurance balances payable on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Expected Credit Losses – Uncollectible Reinsurance

The Company reviews reinsurance receivables which relate to both amounts already billed on ceded paid losses as well as ceded reserves that will be billed when losses are paid in the future. The Company has not recorded an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance as there is no perceived credit risk. The principal credit quality indicator used in the valuation of the allowance on reinsurance receivables is the financial strength rating of the reinsurer sourced from major rating agencies. Changes in the allowance are presented as a component of other underwriting expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

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Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt

Debt

Note 7 – Debt

Federal Home Loan Bank

In July 2017, KICO became a member of, and invested in, the FHLBNY.  KICO is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of FHLBNY. Based on redemption provisions of FHLBNY, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost.  At its discretion, FHLBNY may declare dividends on the stock. Management reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis in the stock. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no impairment has been recognized. FHLBNY members have access to a variety of flexible, low cost funding through FHLBNY’s credit products, enabling members to customize advances, which are to be fully collateralized.  Eligible collateral to pledge to FHLBNY includes residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, along with U.S. Treasury and agency securities. See Note 3 – Investments for eligible collateral held in a designated custodian account available for future advances. Advances are limited to 5% of KICO’s net admitted assets as of the previous quarter and are due and payable within one year of borrowing. KICO is currently able to borrow on an overnight basis. If KICO has collateral, based on KICO’s net admitted assets, the maximum allowable advance as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $12,668,000 and $13,192,000, respectively. Available collateral as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $10,911,000 and $12,228,000, respectively. Advances are limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral. There were no borrowings under this facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Debt

Debt as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consists of the following:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
2022 Notes, net	$	18,129,327	$	17,252,868
Equipment financing		7,095,366		7,905,655
Balance at end of period	$	25,224,693	$	25,158,523

Note and Warrant Exchange

On December 9, 2022, the Company entered into a Note and Warrant Exchange Agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”) with several holders (the “Exchanging Noteholders”) of the Company’s outstanding 5.50% Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2017 Notes”). On the date of the Exchange Agreement, the Exchanging Noteholders held 2017 Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $21,545,000 of the $30,000,000 aggregate principal amount of the 2017 Notes then outstanding. Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, on December 15, 2022, the Exchanging Noteholders exchanged their respective 2017 Notes for the following: (i) new 12.0% Senior Notes due December 30, 2024 of the Company in the aggregate approximate principal amount of $19,950,000 (the “2022 Notes”); (ii) cash in the aggregate approximate amount of $1,595,000, together with accrued interest on the 2017 Notes; and (iii) three-year warrants for the purchase of an aggregate of 969,525 shares of Common Stock of the Company, exercisable at an exercise price of $1.00 per share (the “Warrants”). The remaining $8,455,000 principal amount of the 2017 Notes, together with accrued interest thereon, was paid on the maturity date of the 2017 Notes of December 30, 2022.

2022 Notes

On December 15, 2022, the Company issued $19,950,000 of its 2022 Notes pursuant to the Exchange Agreement. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each year, which commenced on June 30, 2023 at the rate of 12.0% per annum. Warrants were issued with a fair value of $993,200 (see Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity) and transaction costs were $1,758,112, for an effective yield of 13.92% per annum. The balance of the 2022 Notes as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2023			2022
12.0% Senior Unsecured Notes	$	19,950,000		$	19,950,000
Warrants		(734,763	)		(979,684	)
Issuance costs		(1,085,910	)		(1,717,448	)
2022 Notes, net	$	18,129,327		$	17,252,868

The Company is required to make a mandatory redemption of the 2022 Notes on December 30, 2023, in an amount such that the aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Notes to be redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon shall be equal to the amount by which the maximum Ordinary Dividend Paying Capacity of KICO (as defined below) measured as of December 15, 2023 exceeds the Company’s Holding Company Expenses (as defined below) for the calendar year ended December 31, 2023. “Ordinary Dividend Paying Capacity” means the sum, as measured on December 15, 2023, of (i) the maximum allowable amount of dividends that KICO is permitted to pay without seeking any regulatory approval in accordance with New York insurance regulations based on its statutory annual and quarterly financial statements filed with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners as of and for the thirty-six (36) month period ended September 30, 2023 plus (ii) any dividends paid by KICO to the Company during the period beginning January 1, 2023 and ending September 30, 2023. “Holding Company Expenses” means the sum of (i) cash interest expense paid or to be paid during the calendar year ended December 31, 2023 on the 2022 Notes, intercompany loans and any other indebtedness of the holding company on a stand-alone basis and (ii) other cash operating expenses, including taxes, paid or to be paid by the holding company during the calendar year ended December 31, 2023. The amount of other operating expenses paid in cash in the preceding clause (ii) shall not exceed $2.5 million. Holding Company Expenses will be determined based on the actual Holding Company Expenses for the nine months ending September 30, 2023, and an estimate of Holding Company Expenses for the three months ending December 30, 2023.

The 2022 Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and are not the obligations of or guaranteed by any of the Company’s subsidiaries. The 2022 Notes rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is by its terms expressly subordinated or junior in right of payment to the 2022 Notes. The Notes rank equally in right of payment to all of the Company’s existing and future senior indebtedness, but are effectively subordinated to any secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such secured indebtedness. In addition, the 2022 Notes are structurally subordinated to the indebtedness and other obligations of the Company’s subsidiaries.

The 2022 Notes are redeemable, at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at any time or in part from time to time, upon not less than fifteen (15) nor more than sixty (60) days’ notice, at the following redemption prices (expressed as percentages of the principal amount thereof) if redeemed during the respective period set forth below, plus, in each case, accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of redemption (subject to the right of holders of record on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date):

Period:	Percentage
December 30, 2022 to December 29, 2023		102.00	%
December 30, 2023 to September 29, 2024		101.00	%
September 30, 2024 to December 29, 2024		100.00	%

As of the end of each calendar quarter, commencing with the calendar quarter ending December 31, 2022, the Company is subject to a leverage maintenance test (“Leverage Maintenance Test”), which requires that the Total Consolidated Indebtedness (as defined below) of the Company not be greater than 30% of Total Consolidated Capitalization (as defined below). As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the ratio as defined under the Leverage Maintenance Test was 31.4% and 26.7%, respectively. On November 7, 2023, a majority of the holders of the outstanding 2022 Notes (on behalf of all holders of the 2022 Notes) agreed to a waiver regarding the satisfaction of the Leverage Maintenance Test as of September 30, 2023. See Note 13 – Subsequent Events. “Total Consolidated Indebtedness” is the aggregate principal amount (or accreted value in the case of any Indebtedness issued with more than de minimis original issue discount) of all outstanding long-term of the Company except for the sale leaseback transaction described below under “Equipment Financing”, any refinancing or any future sale leaseback transaction. “Total Consolidated Capitalization” is the amount equal to the sum of (x) Total Consolidated Indebtedness outstanding as of such date and (y) the total consolidated shareholders’ equity of the Company, excluding accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, as recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Equipment Financing

On October 27, 2022, KICO entered into a sale leaseback transaction, whereby KICO sold $8,096,824 of fixed assets to a bank. Under GAAP, the sale leaseback transaction is recorded as equipment financing (“Financing”). The provisions of the Financing require KICO to pay a monthly payment of principal and interest at the rate of 5.86% per annum totaling $126,877 for a term of 60 months, which commenced on October 27, 2022.  The terms of the Financing provide buyout options to KICO at the end of the 60 month term, which are as follows: 

· At the end of the lease, KICO may purchase the fixed assets for a purchase price of $2,024,206, which is 25% of the original fixed asset cost of $8,096,824; or

· KICO may renew the lease for 16 months at the same rental rate, which totals $2,030,036.

A provision of the Financing requires KICO to pledge collateral for the lease obligation. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of required collateral was approximately $7,422,000 and $8,691,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of KICO’s pledged collateral was approximately $8,168,000 and $8,691,000, respectively, in United States Treasury securities.

Future contractual payment obligations under the Financing as of September 30, 2023 are as follows:

For the Year
Ending
December 31,	Total
Remainder of 2023	$	278,083
2024		1,153,862
2025		1,223,293
2026		1,296,901
2027		1,119,021
		5,071,160
2027 purchase price		2,024,206
Total	$	7,095,366

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Stockholders Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stockholders Equity

Stockholders' Equity

Note 8 – Stockholders’ Equity

Dividends Declared and Paid

Dividends declared and paid on Common Stock were $-0- and $1,277,066 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. On November 11, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors determined to suspend regular quarterly dividends. Future dividend policy will be subject to the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors.

2014 Equity Participation Plan

Effective August 12, 2014, the Company adopted the 2014 Equity Participation Plan (the “2014 Plan”) pursuant to which a maximum of 700,000 shares of Common Stock of the Company were initially authorized to be issued pursuant to the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock bonuses.  Incentive stock options granted under the 2014 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant (except no later than five years for a grant to a 10% stockholder). Non-statutory stock options granted under the 2014 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. The Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee determines the vesting provisions for stock awards granted under the 2014 Plan, subject to the provisions of the 2014 Plan. On August 5, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved amendments to the 2014 Plan, including an increase in the maximum number of shares of Common Stock of the Company that are authorized to be issued pursuant to the 2014 Plan to 1,400,000. On August 9, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Plan to increase the maximum number of shares of Common Stock of the Company that are authorized to be issued pursuant to the 2014 Plan to 1,900,000.

Stock Options

The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 include stock-based compensation expense for stock options totaling approximately $-0- and $2,000, respectively. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 include stock-based compensation expense for stock options totaling approximately $-0- and $9,000, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is net of estimated forfeitures of approximately 18%. Such amounts have been included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other operating expenses.

No options were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. The fair value of stock options at the grant date are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option - pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. Because the Company’s stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management's opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of the Company’s stock options.

A summary of stock option activity under the Company’s 2014 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Stock Options	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.92	$	-
Granted		-	$	-		-	$	-
Exercised		-	$	-		-	$	-
Expired/Forfeited		-	$	-		-	$	-
Outstanding at September 30, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.18	$	-
Vested and Exercisable at September 30, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.18	$	-

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at September 30, 2023 is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the market price of the Company’s Common Stock for the options that had exercise prices that were lower than the $1.79 closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on September 30, 2023. No options were exercised, forfeited or expired during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The total intrinsic value of options when forfeited are determined as of the date of forfeiture. The total intrinsic value of options when expired are determined as of the date of expiration.

Participants in the 2014 Plan may exercise their outstanding vested options, in whole or in part, by having the Company reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable by a number of shares having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the option being exercised, or by exchanging a number of shares owned for a period of greater than one year having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the option being exercised.

As of September 30, 2023, there were no unvested options.

As of September 30, 2023, there were 591,383 shares reserved for grants under the 2014 Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards

A summary of the restricted Common Stock activity under the 2014 Plan for nine months ended September 30, 2023 is as follows:

Restricted Stock Awards	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share		Aggregate Fair Value
Balance at January 1, 2023		366,597		$	6.97	$	2,555,181
Granted		272,682		$	1.37	$	373,499
Vested		(56,977	)	$	6.67	$	(380,199	)
Forfeited		(12,620	)	$	4.11	$	(51,926	)
Balance at September 30, 2023		569,682		$	3.83	$	2,181,882

Fair value was calculated using the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the grant date. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, stock-based compensation for these grants was approximately $207,000 and $186,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, stock-based compensation for these grants was approximately $636,000 and $1,180,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. These amounts reflect the Company’s accounting expense and do not correspond to the actual value that will be recognized by the directors, executives and employees.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On June 19, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Kingstone Companies, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), subject to stockholder approval. Such approval was obtained on August 10, 2021. The purpose of the ESPP is to provide eligible employees of the Company with an opportunity to use payroll deductions to purchase shares of Common Stock of the Company. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased under the ESPP is 750,000, subject to adjustment as provided for in the ESPP. The ESPP was effective August 10, 2021 and expires on August 10, 2031. A maximum of 5,000 shares of Common Stock may be purchased by an employee during any offering period.

The initial offering period under the ESPP was from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2022 (“2021/2022 Offering”). There is currently no offering pursuant to the ESPP subsequent to October 31, 2022. For the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2022, stock-based compensation under the 2021/2022 Offering was approximately $5,000 and $16,000, respectively, which is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

At the end of the 2021/2022 Offering period, 33,222 shares of Common Stock were issued at $1.82 per share to participating employees for a total purchase price of $60,464.

Warrants

In connection with the Exchange Agreement (see Note 7 – Debt – “Note and Warrant Exchange”), as additional consideration, on December 15, 2022, the Company issued warrants to the Exchanging Noteholders to purchase 969,525 shares of Common Stock. The fair value of the warrants, using the Black-Scholes valuation formula, was $993,200, which has been capitalized as a deferred financing cost of the 2022 Notes. The fair value of the warrants is being amortized over the life of the warrants, which is 36.5 months.

The warrants are exercisable through December 30, 2025 at an exercise price of $1.00 per share. Holders of the warrants may exercise their outstanding warrants in cash, or, in whole or in part, by having the Company reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable by a number of shares having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the warrants being exercised.

As of September 30, 2023, all warrants for the purchase of an aggregate of 969,525 shares of Common Stock were outstanding.

No warrants were granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Note 9 – Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes all wholly-owned subsidiaries. State tax returns are filed on a consolidated or separate return basis depending on applicable laws. The Company records adjustments related to prior years’ taxes during the period when they are identified, generally when the tax returns are filed.  The effect of these adjustments on the current and prior periods (during which the differences originated) is evaluated based upon quantitative and qualitative factors and are considered in relation to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole for the respective periods.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined using the enacted tax rates applicable to the period the temporary differences are expected to be recovered. Accordingly, the current period income tax provision can be affected by the enactment of new tax rates. The net deferred income taxes on the balance sheets reflect temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes, tax effected at various rates depending on whether the temporary differences are subject to federal taxes, state taxes, or both.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax asset:
Net operating loss carryovers (1)	$	6,411,993	$	3,828,947
Claims reserve discount		1,220,674		1,238,544
Unearned premium		2,395,542		3,574,840
Deferred ceding commission revenue		1,972,541		2,230,109
Net unrealized losses on securities		4,912,057		4,920,837
Other		1,193,445		503,692
Total deferred tax assets		18,106,252		16,296,969
Deferred tax liability:
Investment in KICO (2)		759,543		759,543
Deferred acquisition costs		4,311,788		5,002,085
Intangibles		105,000		105,000
Depreciation and amortization		140,761		99,183
Total deferred tax liabilities		5,317,092		5,965,811
Net deferred income tax asset	$	12,789,160	$	10,331,158

(1) The deferred tax assets from net operating loss carryovers (“NOL”) are as follows: 

	September 30,			December 31,
Type of NOL	2023			2022			Expiration
Federal only, NOL from 2021 - 2023	$	6,411,993		$	3,828,947		None
State only (A)		2,555,609			2,276,595		December 2027 - December 2043
Valuation allowance		(2,555,609	)		(2,276,595	)
State only, net of valuation allowance		-			-
Total deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryovers	$	6,411,993		$	3,828,947

(A) Kingstone generates operating losses for state purposes and has prior year NOLs available. The state NOL as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was approximately $39,317,000 and $35,025,000, respectively. KICO, the Company’s insurance underwriting subsidiary, is not subject to state income taxes. KICO’s state tax obligations are paid through a gross premiums tax, which is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses. Kingstone has recorded a valuation allowance due to the uncertainty of generating enough state taxable income to utilize 100% of the available state NOLs over their remaining lives, which expire between 2027 and 2043.

(2)   Deferred tax liability – Investment in KICO

On July 1, 2009, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock of KICO (formerly known as Commercial Mutual Insurance Company (“CMIC”)) pursuant to the conversion of CMIC from an advance premium cooperative to a stock property and casualty insurance company. Pursuant to the plan of conversion, the Company acquired a 100% equity interest in KICO, in consideration for the exchange of $3,750,000 principal amount of surplus notes of CMIC. In addition, the Company forgave all accrued and unpaid interest on the surplus notes as of the date of conversion. As of the date of acquisition, unpaid accrued interest on the surplus notes along with the accretion of the discount on the original purchase of the surplus notes totaled $2,921,319 (together “Untaxed Interest”). As of the date of acquisition, the deferred tax liability on the Untaxed Interest was $1,169,000. A temporary difference with an indefinite life exists when the parent has a lower carrying value of its subsidiary for income tax purposes. The deferred tax liability was reduced to $759,543 upon the reduction of federal income tax rates as of December 31, 2017. The Company is required to maintain its deferred tax liability of $759,543 related to this temporary difference until the stock of KICO is sold, or the assets of KICO are sold or KICO and the parent are merged.

In assessing the valuation of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. No valuation allowance against deferred tax assets has been established, except for NOL limitations, as the Company believes it is more likely than not the deferred tax assets will be realized based on the historical taxable income of KICO, or by offset to deferred tax liabilities.

The Company had no material unrecognized tax benefit and no adjustments to liabilities or operations were required. There were no interest or penalties related to income taxes that have been accrued or recognized as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. If any had been recognized these would have been reported in income tax expense.

Generally, taxing authorities may examine the Company’s tax returns for the three years from the date of filing.  The Company’s tax returns for the years ended December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2022 remain subject to examination.

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Loss Per Common Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Loss Per Common Share

Loss Per Common Share

Note 10 – Loss Per Common Share

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Diluted loss per common share reflects, in periods in which it has a dilutive effect, the impact of common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options and warrants as well as non-vested restricted stock awards.  The computation of diluted loss per common share excludes those options and warrants with an exercise price in excess of the average market price of the Company’s Common Stock during the periods presented.

The computation of diluted loss per common share excludes outstanding options, warrants and non-vested restricted stock awards in periods where the exercise of such options and warrants or vesting of such restricted stock awards would be anti-dilutive. For the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, no options, warrants or restricted stock awards were included in the computation of diluted loss per common share as they would have been anti-dilutive for the relevant periods and, as a result, the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of diluted loss per common share has not been adjusted for the effect of such options, warrants and non-vested restricted stock awards.

The reconciliation of the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of basic and diluted loss per common share follows:

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Weighted average number of shares outstanding		10,756,156		10,645,675		10,754,709		10,640,290
Effect of dilutive securities, common share equivalents:
Stock options		-		-		-		-
Warrants		-		-		-		-
Restricted stock awards		-		-		-		-
Weighted average number of shares outstanding,
used for computing diluted loss per share		10,756,156		10,645,675		10,754,709		10,640,290

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. For example, to the extent a claim is asserted by a third party in a lawsuit against one of the Company’s insureds covered by a particular policy, the Company may have a duty to defend the insured party against the claim. These claims may relate to bodily injury, property damage or other compensable injuries as set forth in the policy. Such proceedings are considered in estimating the liability for loss and LAE expenses.

Office Lease

The Company enters into lease agreements for real estate that is primarily used for office space in the ordinary course of business. These leases are accounted for as operating leases, whereby lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The Company is a party to a non-cancellable operating lease, dated March 27, 2015, for its office facility for KICO located in Valley Stream, New York expiring March 31, 2024.

On July 8, 2019, the Company entered into a lease agreement for an additional office facility for Cosi located in Valley Stream, New York under a non-cancelable operating lease. The lease had a term of seven years and two months expiring December 31, 2026. During January 2022, pursuant to a mutual agreement with the landlord at a cost of $40,000, the Cosi lease was terminated effective as of January 31, 2022.

Additional information regarding the Company’s office operating leases is as follows:

(1)	KICO rent expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses.
(2)	Cosi rent expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other operating expenses.

The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
Lease cost	2023			2022			2023			2022
Operating lease (1) (2)	$	41,342		$	41,342		$	124,026		$	131,152
Total lease cost (1) (2)	$	41,342		$	41,342		$	124,026		$	131,152
Other information on operating leases
Cash payments included in the measurement of lease
liability reported in operating cash flows	$	49,145		$	47,483		$	145,774		$	147,969
Discount rate		5.50	%		5.50	%		5.50	%		5.50	%
Remaining lease term in years		0.50			1.50			0.50			1.50

(1) The operating lease liability is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the contractual maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

For the Nine Months
Ending
September 30,	Total
Remainder of 2023	$	49,145
2024		49,145
Total undiscounted lease payments		98,290
Less: present value adjustment		8,993
Operating lease liability (1)	$	89,297

(1) The operating lease liability is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Rent expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $41,342 for both periods and is included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses. Rent expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 amounted to $124,026 and $131,152, respectively, and is included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss within other underwriting expenses.

Employment Agreements

Barry Goldstein, President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2020

On October 14, 2019, the Company and Barry B. Goldstein, the Company’s President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board, entered into a Second Amended and Restated Employment Agreement (the “Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement”).  The Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement became effective as of January 1, 2020 and expired on December 31, 2022. The Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement extended the expiration date of the employment agreement in effect for Mr. Goldstein from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022.

Pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein was entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 6% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 2.5 times his base salary.  In addition, pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein was entitled to receive a long-term compensation (“LTC”) award of between $945,000 and $2,835,000 based on a specified minimum increase in the Company’s adjusted book value per share (as defined in the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement) as of December 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2019 (with the maximum LTC payment being due if the average per annum increase was at least 14%).  Pursuant to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement (discussed below), Mr. Goldstein relinquished the right to receive the LTC.  Pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, in the event that Mr. Goldstein’s employment was terminated by the Company without cause or he resigned for good reason (each as defined in the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement), Mr. Goldstein would have been entitled to receive his base salary and the 6% bonus for the remainder of the term.  In addition, in the event of Mr. Goldstein’s death, his estate would have been entitled to receive his base salary and accrued bonus through the date of death. Further, in the event that Mr. Goldstein’s employment was terminated by the Company without cause or he resigned for good reason, or, in the event of the termination of Mr. Goldstein’s employment due to disability or death, Mr. Goldstein’s granted but unvested restricted stock awards would have vested.  Mr. Goldstein would have been entitled, under certain circumstances, to a payment equal to 3.82 times his then annual salary and his accrued 6% bonus in the event of the termination of his employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

Pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, in January 2020, Mr. Goldstein received a grant of 157,431 shares of restricted stock under the terms of the Company’s 2014 Plan determined by dividing $1,250,000 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. This 2020 grant vested with respect to one-third of the award on each of the first and second anniversaries of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-sixth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates. On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date of the one-sixth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024.  Also pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein received a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan, during January 2021, of 230,769 shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $1,500,000 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant.  This 2021 grant vested with respect to one-half of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-fourth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates. On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date of the one-fourth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024.  Further, pursuant to the Second Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein received in 2020, 2021, and 2022 a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan of a number of shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $136,500 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. In January 2020, Mr. Goldstein was granted 17,191 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision. This grant vested with respect to one-third of the award on each of the first and second anniversaries of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-sixth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates.  On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date for the one-sixth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024. In January 2021, Mr. Goldstein was granted 21,000 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision.  This grant vested with respect to one-half of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and was scheduled to vest with respect to one-fourth of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates.  On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date for the one-fourth of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024. In January 2022, Mr. Goldstein was granted 27,300 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision.  This grant was scheduled to vest with respect to one-half of the award on each of December 29, 2023 and December 30, 2024 based on the continued provision of services through such dates. On September 18, 2023, Mr. Goldstein and the Company agreed to extend the vesting date for the one-half of the award that was scheduled to vest on December 29, 2023 to December 30, 2024. Pursuant to the 2014 Plan, Mr. Goldstein’s unvested restricted stock awards will vest in the event of a change in control of the Company. In addition, in the event of the termination of Mr. Goldstein’s employment with the Company for any reason, his unvested restricted stock will vest.

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2023

On June 27, 2022, the Company and Mr. Goldstein entered into a third amended and restated employment agreement which took effect as of January 1, 2023, and expires on December 31, 2024 (the “Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein is entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 3% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 1.25 times his base salary.  Pursuant to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement, Mr. Goldstein would be entitled to receive, under certain circumstances, a payment equal to 1.5 times his then annual base salary and his accrued bonus in the event of the termination of his employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

Employment Agreement effective as of October 1, 2023

On August 9, 2023, the Company and Mr. Goldstein entered into an amendment to the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement which took effect as of October 1, 2023. Pursuant to the amendment, effective as of October 1, 2023, Mr. Goldstein is no longer serving as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, the expiration date of the Third Amended Goldstein Employment Agreement shall be the earlier of (a) December 31, 2024 or (b) in the event Mr. Goldstein is not re-elected as Chairman of the Board of the Company following its 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, then the date of such annual meeting, Mr. Goldstein’s  salary was reduced to $300,000 per annum, and Mr. Goldstein is no longer entitled to receive a bonus based upon the Company’s net income.

Meryl Golden, Chief Operating Officer (See Note 13 – Subsequent Events)

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2021

On September 16, 2019, the Company and Meryl Golden entered into an employment agreement (the “Golden Employment Agreement”) pursuant to which Ms. Golden serves as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer. Ms. Golden also serves as KICO’s President and Chief Operating Officer. The Golden Employment Agreement became effective as of September 25, 2019 (amended on December 24, 2020) and expired on December 31, 2022.

Pursuant to the Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden was entitled to receive an annual salary of $500,000. The Golden Employment Agreement also provided for the grant on the effective date of a five year option for the purchase of 50,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan. The options granted vested in four equal installments, with the first installment vesting on the grant date, and the remaining installments vesting on the first, second, and third anniversaries of the grant date.   Pursuant to the Golden Employment Agreement, as amended, in each of January 2021 and January 2022, Ms. Golden was granted 30,000 shares of restricted Common Stock pursuant to the 2014 Plan. Each such grant will vest in three equal installments on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the grant date.  Pursuant to the 2014 Plan, Ms. Golden’s outstanding stock options and restricted stock awards will vest in the event of a change in control of the Company.

Employment Agreement effective as of January 1, 2023

On June 27, 2022, the Company and Ms. Golden entered into a second amended and restated employment agreement which took effect as of January 1, 2023, and expires on December 31, 2024 (the “Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement”).

Pursuant to the Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden is entitled to receive an annual base salary of $500,000 and an annual bonus equal to 3% of the Company’s consolidated income from operations before taxes, exclusive of the Company’s consolidated net investment income (loss), net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and net realized gains (losses) on investments, up to a maximum of 1.25 times her base salary. In addition, pursuant to the Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden is entitled to receive a grant, under the terms of the 2014 Plan, during each of January 2023 and January 2024, under certain circumstances, of a number of shares of restricted stock determined by dividing $136,500 by the fair market value of the Company’s Common Stock on the date of grant. In January 2023, Ms. Golden was granted 101,111 shares of restricted stock pursuant to this provision. The 2023 grant will vest with respect to one-half of the award on the first anniversary of the grant date and one-half of the award on December 31, 2024, based on the continued provision of services through such dates. The 2024 grant will vest on December 31, 2024, based on the continued provision of services through such date.  In the event that the Company is precluded from making a grant in 2024, then instead Ms. Golden shall be entitled to receive a cash bonus of $136,500 for such year. Further, pursuant to the Second Amended Golden Employment Agreement, Ms. Golden would be entitled to receive, under certain circumstances, a payment equal to 1.5 times her then annual base salary and her accrued bonus in the event of the termination of her employment within eighteen months following a change of control of the Company.

Effective as of October 1, 2023, Ms. Golden was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company to succeed Mr. Goldstein.

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Employee Benefit Plans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Benefit Plans

Note 12 – Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Bonus Plan

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 the Company did not accrue for, or pay, bonuses related to an employee bonus plan. 

401(k) Plan

The Company maintains a salary reduction plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “401(k) Plan”) for its qualified employees. The Company matches 100% of each participant’s contribution up to 4% of the participant’s eligible contribution. The Company incurred approximately $90,000 and $71,000, respectively, of expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, related to the 401(k) Plan, which is recorded in other underwriting expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company incurred approximately $249,000 and $207,000, respectively, of expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, related to the 401(k) Plan, which is recorded in other underwriting expenses on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. 

Deferred Compensation Plan

On June 18, 2018, the Company adopted the Kingstone Companies, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the "Deferred Compensation Plan"). Effective December 22, 2022, the Company terminated the Deferred Compensation Plan. The assets of the Deferred Compensation Plan will be liquidated by making payments to Participants in full satisfaction of their interest in the Deferred Compensation Plan (“Termination Payments”), which Termination Payments will be made no earlier than December 22, 2023 and will be completed no later than December 22, 2024.

The deferred compensation liability as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 amounted to $873,768 and $1,155,860, respectively, and is recorded in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Subsequent Events

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

Note 13 – Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events that occurred subsequent to September 30, 2023 through the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued for matters that required disclosure or adjustment in these condensed consolidated financial statements.

Debt

On November 7, 2023, a majority of the holders of the outstanding 2022 Notes (on behalf of all holders of the 2022 Notes) agreed to a waiver regarding the satisfaction of the Leverage Maintenance Test as of September 30, 2023. See Note 7 – Debt.

Employment Agreements

Effective as of October 1, 2023, Ms. Golden was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company to succeed Mr. Goldstein. See Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies

Use Of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions, which include the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses “(LAE)”, which are subject to estimation errors due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that will be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with receivables under reinsurance contracts related to contingent ceding commission revenue require judgments by management. On an ongoing basis, management reevaluates its assumptions and the methods for calculating these estimates. Actual results may differ significantly from the estimates used in preparing the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kingstone and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: (1) KICO and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, CMIC Properties, Inc. (“Properties”) and 15 Joys Lane, LLC (“15 Joys Lane”), which together own the land and building from which KICO operates, and (2) Cosi. All significant inter-company account balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). This new guidance applies to reinsurance and insurance receivables and other financing receivables. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities carried at fair value, estimated credit losses will continue to be measured at the present value of expected cash flows; however, the other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) concept has been eliminated. Under the previous guidance, estimated credit impairments resulted in a write-down of amortized cost. Under the new guidance, estimated credit losses are recognized through an allowance and reversals of the allowance are permitted if the estimate of credit losses declines. For available-for-sale fixed maturity securities where the Company has an intent to sell, impairment will continue to result in a write-down of amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company determined as of the date of adoption that the updated guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements. Below is a summary of the significant accounting policies impacted by the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is reported as a reduction of a financial asset’s cost basis and is measured on a pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses and adjustments may be made to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for any additional factors that come to the Company’s attention. This could include significant shifts in counterparty financial strength ratings, aging of past due receivables, amounts sent to collection agencies, or other underlying portfolio changes. Amounts are considered past due when payments have not been received according to contractual terms. The Company also considers current and forecasted economic conditions, using a variety of economic metrics and forecast indices. The sensitivity of expected credit losses relative to changes to these forecasted economic conditions can vary by financial asset class. The Company considers a reasonable and supportable forecast period to be up to 24 months from the balance sheet date. After the forecast period, the Company reverts to historical credit experience. The Company uses collateral arrangements such as letters of credit and amounts held in beneficiary trusts to mitigate credit risk, which are considered in the estimate of net amount expected to be collected.

The Company has made a policy election to present accrued interest balances separately from the amortized cost basis of assets and has elected the practical expedient to exclude the accrued interest from the tabular disclosures for available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities. The Company has elected not to estimate an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable. The accrual of interest income is discontinued and the asset is placed on nonaccrual status in the quarter that payment becomes delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for assets on nonaccrual status is reversed through investment income. Interest received for assets that are on nonaccrual status is recognized as payment is received. The asset is returned to accrual status when the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are expected. Interest receivable is presented as a component of other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

See Note 3 and Note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding credit losses.

The Company has determined that all other recently issued accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, or do not apply to its operations.

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Investments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Investments

Schedule of Available for Sale Securities

	December 31, 2022
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies (1)	$	23,874,545	$	1,479	$	(6,928	)	$	-		$	23,869,096	$	(5,449	)
Political subdivisions of States,
Territories and Possessions		17,108,154		-		(2,195,273	)		(1,771,494	)		13,141,387		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		80,338,464		-		(5,796,994	)		(2,458,985	)		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities (2)		53,597,264		58,398		(882,664	)		(7,150,803	)		45,622,195		(7,975,069	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	174,918,427	$	59,877	$	(8,881,859	)	$	(11,381,282	)	$	154,715,163	$	(20,203,264	)

Schedule of available for sale fixed maturity securities contractual maturity

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	11,053,509	$	10,894,062	$	16,359,100	$	16,307,991
One to five years		44,834,816		42,323,786		18,605,987		14,085,113
Five to ten years		30,124,267		24,401,458		54,559,158		52,230,283
More than 10 years		16,944,211		12,428,131		31,796,918		26,469,581
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		51,503,046		42,739,462		53,597,264		45,622,195
Total	$	154,459,849	$	132,786,899	$	174,918,427	$	154,715,163

Schedule of equity securities

	September 30, 2023
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,384,701	)	$	10,199,241
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds		4,402,841		225,001		(919,432	)		3,708,410
Total	$	17,986,783	$	225,001	$	(4,304,133	)	$	13,907,651

	December 31, 2022
			Gross		Gross			Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value
Equity Securities:
Preferred stocks	$	13,583,942	$	-	$	(3,589,313	)	$	9,994,629
Common stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds		4,502,758		158,635		(821,632	)		3,839,761
Total	$	18,086,700	$	158,635	$	(4,410,945	)	$	13,834,390

Schedule of Other Investments

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
			Gross		Estimated				Gross		Estimated
Category	Cost		Gains		Fair Value		Cost		Gains		Fair Value
Other Investments:
Hedge fund	$	1,987,040	$	1,226,278	$	3,213,318	$	1,987,040	$	784,612	$	2,771,652

Schedule of Held to Maturity Securities

	September 30, 2023
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Net
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Unrealized
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		Losses
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,783	$	-	$	(49,795	)	$	(31,495	)	$	1,147,493	$	(81,290	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		499,036		-		(9,046	)		-			489,990		(9,046	)
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(51,611	)		-			252,500		(51,611	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,021,895		-		-			(1,212,380	)		3,809,515		(1,212,380	)
Total	$	7,053,825	$	-	$	(110,452	)	$	(1,243,875	)	$	5,699,498	$	(1,354,327	)

	December 31, 2022
													Net
	Cost or		Gross		Gross Unrealized Losses						Estimated		Unrealized
	Amortized		Unrealized		Less than 12			More than 12			Fair		Gains/
Category	Cost		Gains		Months			Months			Value		(Losses)
Held-to-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities	$	1,228,560	$	28,400	$	(34,077	)	$	-		$	1,222,883	$	(5,677	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		498,638		2,092		-			-			500,730		2,092
Exchange traded debt		304,111		-		(29,111	)		-			275,000		(29,111	)
Corporate and other bonds
Industrial and miscellaneous		5,734,831		36,968		(809,746	)		(360,278	)		4,601,775		(1,133,056	)
Total	$	7,766,140	$	67,460	$	(872,934	)	$	(360,278	)	$	6,600,388	$	(1,165,752	)

Schedule of Held to Maturity Securities by contractual maturity

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
Remaining Time to Maturity	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
Less than one year	$	-	$	-	$	708,535	$	743,575
One to five years		1,121,091		1,069,974		1,120,507		1,088,522
Five to ten years		1,411,819		1,166,505		1,402,704		1,200,720
More than 10 years		4,520,915		3,463,019		4,534,394		3,567,571
Total	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388

Schedule of Investment Income

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Income:
Fixed-maturity securities	$	1,245,353	$	1,234,427	$	3,982,573	$	2,832,557
Equity securities		187,018		247,275		540,788		872,005
Cash and cash equivalents		98,763		26,630		171,015		29,796
Total		1,531,134		1,508,332		4,694,376		3,734,358
Expenses:
Investment expenses		86,774		89,811		257,168		322,412
Net investment income	$	1,444,360	$	1,418,521	$	4,437,208	$	3,411,946

Schedule of Securities with realized gains and losses on investments

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
Realized (Losses) Gains
Fixed-maturity securities:
Gross realized gains	$	263		$	363		$	1,207		$	102,774
Gross realized losses		(4,444	)		(4,610	)		(18,408	)		(158,701	)
		(4,181	)		(4,247	)		(17,201	)		(55,927	)
Equity securities:
Gross realized gains		-			907,079			-			1,384,432
Gross realized losses		-			(92,159	)		-			(728,732	)
		-			814,920			-			655,700
Other Investments:
Gross realized gains		-			589,233			-			589,233
Gross realized losses		-			-			-			-
		-			589,233			-			589,233
Net realized (losses) gains		(4,181	)		1,399,906			(17,201	)		1,189,006
Unrealized (Losses) Gains
Equity Securities:
Gross gains		-			-			173,178			-
Gross losses		(483,967	)		(1,132,595	)		-			(7,549,640	)
		(483,967	)		(1,132,595	)		173,178			(7,549,640	)
Other Investments:
Gross gains		-			-			441,666			-
Gross losses		(336,222	)		(664,969	)		-			(2,952,802	)
		(336,222	)		(664,969	)		441,666			(2,952,802	)
Net unrealized (losses) gains		(820,189	)		(1,797,564	)		614,844			(10,502,442	)
Net (losses) gains on investments	$	(824,370	)	$	(397,658	)	$	597,643		$	(9,313,436	)

Schedule of Securities with Unrealized Losses

	September 30, 2023
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)		2	$	-		-			-	$	8,167,845	$	(56,835	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		-			-		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)		13		12,414,354		(4,201,015	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		-		-			-		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)		88		69,465,238		(8,651,516	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		204,418		(5,987	)		9		38,962,381		(8,821,223	)		38		39,166,799		(8,827,210	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	8,372,263	$	(62,822	)		11	$	120,841,973	$	(21,673,754	)		139	$	129,214,236	$	(21,736,576	)

	December 31, 2022
	Less than 12 months							12 months or more							Total
	Estimated					No. of		Estimated					No. of		Estimated
	Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized			Positions		Fair		Unrealized
Category	Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses			Held		Value		Losses
Fixed-Maturity Securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)		3	$	-		-			-	$	18,918,196	$	(6,928	)
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		7,970,633		(2,195,273	)		9		5,170,753		(1,771,494	)		5		13,141,386		(3,966,767	)
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		56,910,104		(5,796,994	)		75		15,172,381		(2,458,985	)		15		72,082,485		(8,255,979	)
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		10,145,880		(882,664	)		22		34,753,178		(7,150,803	)		26		44,899,058		(8,033,467	)
Total fixed-maturity securities	$	93,944,813	$	(8,881,859	)		109	$	55,096,312	$	(11,381,282	)		46	$	149,041,125	$	(20,263,141	)

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Schedule of Fair Value Measurements

	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	8,167,845	$	-	$	-	$	8,167,845
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		12,414,354		-		12,414,354
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		69,465,238		-		-		69,465,238
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		-		42,739,462		-		42,739,462
Total fixed maturities		77,633,083		55,153,816		-		132,786,899
Equity securities		13,907,651		-		-		13,907,651
Total investments	$	91,540,734	$	55,153,816	$	-	$	146,694,550

	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	23,869,096	$	-	$	-	$	23,869,096
Political subdivisions of States, Territories and Possessions		-		13,141,387		-		13,141,387
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous		71,585,115		497,370		-		72,082,485
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities		-		45,622,195		-		45,622,195
Total fixed maturities		95,454,211		59,260,952		-		154,715,163
Equity securities		13,834,390		-		-		13,834,390
Total investments	$	109,288,601	$	59,260,952	$	-	$	168,549,553

Schedule of Hedge Fund Investments

Category	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Other Investments
Hedge fund	$	3,213,318	$	2,771,652

Fair value hierarchy of long-term debt

	September 30, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Debt
Senior Notes due 2024	$	-	$	17,314,915	$	-	$	17,314,915
	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Debt
Senior Notes due 2024	$	-	$	15,829,096	$	-	$	15,829,096

XML

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate

Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Instruments

	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Fixed-maturity securities-held-to maturity, Level 1	$	7,053,825	$	5,699,498	$	7,766,140	$	6,600,388
Cash and cash equivalents, Level 1	$	15,132,969	$	15,132,969	$	11,958,228	$	11,958,228
Premiums receivable, net, Level 1	$	13,326,369	$	13,326,369	$	13,880,504	$	13,880,504
Reinsurance receivables, net, Level 3	$	84,257,926	$	84,257,926	$	66,465,061	$	66,465,061
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation, Level 3	$	2,015,414	$	2,800,000	$	2,050,644	$	2,800,000
Reinsurance balances payable, Level 3	$	20,263,484	$	20,263,484	$	13,061,966	$	13,061,966

XML

Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property and Casualty Insurance Activity

Schedule of Earned Premiums

	Direct			Assumed		Ceded			Net
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Premiums written	$	147,236,636		$	-	$	(91,009,861	)	$	56,226,775
Change in unearned premiums		4,331,226			-		25,143,466			29,474,692
Premiums earned	$	151,567,862		$	-	$	(65,866,395	)	$	85,701,467
Nine months ended September 30, 2022
Premiums written	$	147,353,911		$	-	$	(81,313,211	)	$	66,040,700
Change in unearned premiums		(6,029,774	)		-		23,925,498			17,895,724
Premiums earned	$	141,324,137		$	-	$	(57,387,713	)	$	83,936,424
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Premiums written	$	51,992,246		$	-	$	(48,316,946	)	$	3,675,300
Change in unearned premiums		(1,246,657	)		-		25,509,675			24,263,018
Premiums earned	$	50,745,589		$	-	$	(22,807,271	)	$	27,938,318
Three months ended September 30, 2022
Premiums written	$	54,591,551		$	-	$	(43,494,819	)	$	11,096,732
Change in unearned premiums		(5,636,421	)		-		23,900,665			18,264,244
Premiums earned	$	48,955,130		$	-	$	(19,594,154	)	$	29,360,976

Schedule of unpaid losses and LAE

	Nine months ended
	September 30,
	2023			2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	118,339,513		$	94,948,745
Less reinsurance recoverables		(27,659,500	)		(10,637,679	)
Net balance, beginning of period		90,680,013			84,311,066
Incurred related to:
Current year		66,568,985			62,910,967
Prior years		(16,420	)		713,788
Total incurred		66,552,565			63,624,755
Paid related to:
Current year		37,932,760			35,774,958
Prior years		29,928,162			26,938,462
Total paid		67,860,922			62,713,420
Net balance at end of period		89,371,656			85,222,401
Add reinsurance recoverables		32,303,291			21,706,497
Balance at end of period	$	121,674,947		$	106,928,898

Schedule of Line of Business

All Lines of Business
(in thousands, except reported claims data)
																					As of
	Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				September 30, 2023
	For the Years Ended December 31,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,		IBNR		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims by Accident Year
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
	(Unaudited 2014 - 2022)																		(Unaudited)
2014	$	14,193	$	14,260	$	14,218	$	14,564	$	15,023	$	16,381	$	16,428	$	16,434	$	16,486	$	16,486	$	17		2,138
2015				22,340		21,994		22,148		22,491		23,386		23,291		23,528		23,533		23,464		300		2,559
2016						26,062		24,941		24,789		27,887		27,966		27,417		27,352		27,300		125		2,881
2017								31,605		32,169		35,304		36,160		36,532		36,502		36,731		260		3,400
2018										54,455		56,351		58,441		59,404		61,237		61,024		909		4,233
2019												75,092		72,368		71,544		71,964		72,811		1,126		4,501
2020														63,083		62,833		63,217		63,255		2,431		5,883
2021																96,425		96,673		95,839		4,099		5,808
2022																		79,835		79,978		8,691		4,674
2023																				63,392		14,044		2,840
																	Total		$	540,280

All Lines of Business
(in thousands)
	Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,																		Nine Months Ended September 30,
Accident Year	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		2023
	(Unaudited 2014 - 2022)																		(Unaudited)
2014	$	5,710	$	9,429	$	10,738	$	11,770	$	13,819	$	14,901	$	15,491	$	15,770	$	16,120	$	16,133
2015				12,295		16,181		18,266		19,984		21,067		22,104		22,318		22,473		22,516
2016						15,364		19,001		21,106		23,974		25,234		25,750		26,382		26,732
2017								16,704		24,820		28,693		31,393		32,529		33,522		34,606
2018										32,383		44,516		50,553		52,025		54,424		55,373
2019												40,933		54,897		58,055		60,374		63,311
2020														39,045		50,719		53,432		55,830
2021																56,282		77,756		80,267
2022																		45,856		64,417
2023																				35,801
																	Total		$	454,987

Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses

Net liability for unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses for the accident years presented	$	85,293
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance		172
Liabilities for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses

Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Loss Development
to the Liability for Loss and LAE Reserves
	As of
(in thousands)	September 30, 2023
Liabilities for allocated loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		32,303
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		3,907
Total gross liability for loss and LAE reserves	$	121,675
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

Reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims

Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Loss Development
to the Liability for Loss and LAE Reserves
	As of
(in thousands)	September 30, 2023
Liabilities for allocated loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$	85,465
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses		32,303
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		3,907
Total gross liability for loss and LAE reserves	$	121,675
(Components may not sum to totals due to rounding)

	Treaty Period
			2023/2024 Treaty						2021/2023 Treaty
	January 2,		July 1,			January 1,			July 1,			December 31,
	2024		2023			2023			2022			2021
	to		to			to			to			to
	June 30,		January 1,			June 30,			January 1,			June 30,
Line of Business	2024		2024			2023			2023			2022
Personal Lines:
Homeowners, dwelling fire and canine legal liability
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded (7)		(6)		30	%		30	%		30	%		30	%
Risk retained on initial $1,000,000 of losses (5) (6) (7)	$	1,000,000	$	700,000		$	700,000		$	700,000		$	700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage		(6)	$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000		$	1,000,000
Expiration date		(6)	January 1, 2024			January 1, 2024			January 1, 2023			January 1, 2023
Excess of loss coverage and facultative facility coverage (1) (5) (6)	$	8,000,000	$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000		$	8,400,000
	in excess of		in excess of			in excess of			in excess of			in excess of
	$	1,000,000	$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000		$	600,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence (5) (6)	$	8,000,000	$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000		$	8,500,000
Losses per occurrence subject to reinsurance coverage	$	8,000,000	$	8,000,000		$	8,000,000		$	9,000,000		$	9,000,000
Expiration date (6)	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Catastrophe Reinsurance:
Initial loss subject to personal lines quota share treaty (6)	$	10,000,000	$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000		$	10,000,000
Risk retained per catastrophe occurrence (6) (7) (8)	$	10,000,000	$	8,750,000		$	8,750,000		$	7,400,000		$	7,400,000
Catastrophe loss coverage in excess of quota share coverage (2) (6)	$	315,000,000	$	315,000,000		$	335,000,000		$	335,000,000		$	490,000,000
Reinstatement premium protection (3) (4)	Yes		Yes			Yes			Yes			Yes

Supplementary unaudited information about average historical claims duration

		Treaty Year
		July 1, 2023		July 1, 2022			July 1, 2021
		to		to			to
Line of Business		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Personal Lines:
Personal Umbrella
Quota share treaty:
Percent ceded - first $1,000,000 of coverage		90	%		90	%		90	%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage		95	%		95	%		95	%
Risk retained	$	300,000		$	300,000		$	300,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000		$	4,700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage	$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000		$	5,000,000
Expiration date		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023			June 30, 2022
Commercial Lines (1)

Schedule of Ceding commission revenue

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Provisional ceding commissions earned	$	4,992,312	$	4,881,580	$	15,733,145	$	14,116,044
Contingent ceding commissions earned		544,015		4,514		660,799		167,033
	$	5,536,327	$	4,886,094	$	16,393,944	$	14,283,077

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Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt

Long-term debt

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
2022 Notes, net	$	18,129,327	$	17,252,868
Equipment financing		7,095,366		7,905,655
Balance at end of period	$	25,224,693	$	25,158,523

Schedule of Note and Warrant Exchange

	September 30,			December 31,
	2023			2022
12.0% Senior Unsecured Notes	$	19,950,000		$	19,950,000
Warrants		(734,763	)		(979,684	)
Issuance costs		(1,085,910	)		(1,717,448	)
2022 Notes, net	$	18,129,327		$	17,252,868

Schedule of percentages of the principal amount

Period:	Percentage
December 30, 2022 to December 29, 2023		102.00	%
December 30, 2023 to September 29, 2024		101.00	%
September 30, 2024 to December 29, 2024		100.00	%

Schedule of Future contractual payment obligations

For the Year
Ending
December 31,	Total
Remainder of 2023	$	278,083
2024		1,153,862
2025		1,223,293
2026		1,296,901
2027		1,119,021
		5,071,160
2027 purchase price		2,024,206
Total	$	7,095,366

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Stockholders Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Stockholders Equity

Schedule of Stock Options Activity

Stock Options	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.92	$	-
Granted		-	$	-		-	$	-
Exercised		-	$	-		-	$	-
Expired/Forfeited		-	$	-		-	$	-
Outstanding at September 30, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.18	$	-
Vested and Exercisable at September 30, 2023		107,201	$	8.31		1.18	$	-

Schedule of the restricted Common Stock activity

Restricted Stock Awards	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share		Aggregate Fair Value
Balance at January 1, 2023		366,597		$	6.97	$	2,555,181
Granted		272,682		$	1.37	$	373,499
Vested		(56,977	)	$	6.67	$	(380,199	)
Forfeited		(12,620	)	$	4.11	$	(51,926	)
Balance at September 30, 2023		569,682		$	3.83	$	2,181,882

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Income Taxes (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Taxes

Schedule of Deferrred Tax Assets and Liabilities

	September 30,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax asset:
Net operating loss carryovers (1)	$	6,411,993	$	3,828,947
Claims reserve discount		1,220,674		1,238,544
Unearned premium		2,395,542		3,574,840
Deferred ceding commission revenue		1,972,541		2,230,109
Net unrealized losses on securities		4,912,057		4,920,837
Other		1,193,445		503,692
Total deferred tax assets		18,106,252		16,296,969
Deferred tax liability:
Investment in KICO (2)		759,543		759,543
Deferred acquisition costs		4,311,788		5,002,085
Intangibles		105,000		105,000
Depreciation and amortization		140,761		99,183
Total deferred tax liabilities		5,317,092		5,965,811
Net deferred income tax asset	$	12,789,160	$	10,331,158

Schedule of net operating loss carryovers

	September 30,			December 31,
Type of NOL	2023			2022			Expiration
Federal only, NOL from 2021 - 2023	$	6,411,993		$	3,828,947		None
State only (A)		2,555,609			2,276,595		December 2027 - December 2043
Valuation allowance		(2,555,609	)		(2,276,595	)
State only, net of valuation allowance		-			-
Total deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryovers	$	6,411,993		$	3,828,947

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Loss Per Common Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Loss Per Common Share

Reconciliation of the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share

	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Weighted average number of shares outstanding		10,756,156		10,645,675		10,754,709		10,640,290
Effect of dilutive securities, common share equivalents:
Stock options		-		-		-		-
Warrants		-		-		-		-
Restricted stock awards		-		-		-		-
Weighted average number of shares outstanding,
used for computing diluted loss per share		10,756,156		10,645,675		10,754,709		10,640,290

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies

Lease cost

	Three months ended						Nine months ended
	September 30,						September 30,
Lease cost	2023			2022			2023			2022
Operating lease (1) (2)	$	41,342		$	41,342		$	124,026		$	131,152
Total lease cost (1) (2)	$	41,342		$	41,342		$	124,026		$	131,152
Other information on operating leases
Cash payments included in the measurement of lease
liability reported in operating cash flows	$	49,145		$	47,483		$	145,774		$	147,969
Discount rate		5.50	%		5.50	%		5.50	%		5.50	%
Remaining lease term in years		0.50			1.50			0.50			1.50

Schedule of lease liability maturities

For the Nine Months
Ending
September 30,	Total
Remainder of 2023	$	49,145
2024		49,145
Total undiscounted lease payments		98,290
Less: present value adjustment		8,993
Operating lease liability (1)	$	89,297

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Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation (Details Narrative)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation
Direct written premiums, percentage	88.50%	80.50%	88.10%	80.30%

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Investments (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed-Maturity Securities Political Subdivisions Of States Territories And Possessions [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	$ 16,615,369	$ 17,108,154
Gross unrealized gains	0	0
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	0	(2,195,273)
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	(4,201,015)	(1,771,494)
Estimated fair value	42,414,354	13,141,387
Net unrealized gains	(4,201,015)	(3,966,767)
Fixed-Maturity Securities Corporate And Other Bonds Industrial And Miscellaneous [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	7,816,754	80,338,464
Gross unrealized gains	0	0
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	0	(5,796,994)
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	(8,651,516)	(2,458,985)
Estimated fair value	69,465,238	72,082,485
Net unrealized gains	(8,651,516)	(8,255,979)
Fixed Maturity Securities Residential Mortgage and other asset backed securities [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	51,503,046	53,597,264
Gross unrealized gains	63,626	58,398
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(5,987)	(882,664)
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	(8,821,223)	(7,150,803)
Estimated fair value	42,739,462	45,622,195
Net unrealized gains	(8,763,584)	(7,975,069)
Fixed Maturity Securities Total Fixed Maturity Securities [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	154,459,849	174,918,427
Gross unrealized gains	63,626	59,877
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(62,822)	(8,881,859)
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	(21,673,754)	(11,381,282)
Estimated fair value	132,786,899	154,715,163
Net unrealized gains	(21,672,950)	(20,203,264)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	8,224,680	23,874,545
Gross unrealized gains	0	1,479
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(56,835)	(6,928)
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	0	0
Estimated fair value	8,167,845	23,869,096
Net unrealized gains	$ (56,835)	$ (5,449)

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Investments (Details 1) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amortized cost	$ 154,459,849	$ 174,918,427
Estimated fair value	132,786,899	154,715,163
Less Than One Year [Member]
Amortized cost	11,053,509	16,359,100
Estimated fair value	10,894,062	16,307,991
One To Five Years [Member]
Amortized cost	44,834,816	18,605,987
Estimated fair value	42,323,786	14,085,113
Five To Ten Years [Member]
Amortized cost	30,124,267	54,559,158
Estimated fair value	24,401,458	52,230,283
More Than 10 Years [Member]
Amortized cost	16,944,211	31,796,918
Estimated fair value	12,428,131	26,469,581
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities [Member]
Amortized cost	51,503,046	53,597,264
Estimated fair value	$ 42,739,462	$ 45,622,195

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Investments (Details 2) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Estimated fair value	$ 3,213,318	$ 2,771,652
Hedge Funds [Member]
Cost	1,987,040	1,987,040
Gross gains	1,226,278	784,612
Estimated fair value	3,213,318	2,771,652
Total [Member]
Cost	17,986,783	18,086,700
Gross gains	225,001	158,635
Gross losses	(4,304,133)	(4,410,945)
Estimated fair value	13,907,651	13,834,390
Preferred Stock [Member]
Cost	13,583,942	13,583,942
Gross gains	0	0
Gross losses	(3,384,701)	(3,589,313)
Estimated fair value	10,199,241	9,994,629
Common stock, mutual fund and exchange traded funds [Member]
Cost	4,402,841	4,502,758
Gross gains	225,001	158,635
Gross losses	(919,432)	(821,632)
Estimated fair value	$ 3,708,410	$ 3,839,761

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Investments (Details 3) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cost or amortized cost	$ 7,053,825	$ 7,766,140
Gross unrealized gains	0	67,460
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	(110,452)	(872,934)
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(1,243,875)	(360,278)
Estimated fair value	5,699,498	6,600,388
Net unrealized gains	(1,354,327)	(1,165,752)
Fixed-Maturity Securities Political Subdivisions Of States Territories And Possessions [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	499,036	498,638
Gross unrealized gains	0	2,092
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	0	0
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	9,046	0
Estimated fair value	489,990	500,730
Net unrealized gains	(9,046)	2,092
Fixed-Maturity Securities Corporate And Other Bonds Industrial And Miscellaneous [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	5,021,895	5,734,831
Gross unrealized gains	0	36,968
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	1,212,380	(360,278)
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	0	(809,746)
Estimated fair value	3,809,515	4,601,775
Net unrealized gains	(1,212,380)	(1,133,056)
Held-to-Maturity Securities US Treasury Securities [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	1,228,783	1,228,560
Gross unrealized gains	0	28,400
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	(31,495)	0
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(49,795)	(34,077)
Estimated fair value	1,147,493	1,222,883
Net unrealized gains	(81,290)	(5,677)
Exchange Traded Debt [Member]
Cost or amortized cost	304,111	304,111
Gross unrealized gains	0	0
Gross unrealized loss - more than 12 months	0	0
Gross unrealized losses - less than 12 months	51,611	(29,111)
Estimated fair value	252,500	275,000
Net unrealized gains	$ (51,611)	$ (29,111)

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Investments (Details 4) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Amortized cost	$ 7,053,825	$ 7,766,140
Estimated fair value	5,699,498	6,600,388
Less Than One Year [Member]
Amortized cost	0	708,535
Estimated fair value	0	743,575
One To Five Years [Member]
Amortized cost	1,121,091	1,120,507
Estimated fair value	1,069,974	1,088,522
Five To Ten Years [Member]
Amortized cost	1,411,819	1,402,704
Estimated fair value	1,166,505	1,200,720
More Than 10 Years [Member]
Amortized cost	4,520,915	4,534,394
Estimated fair value	$ 3,463,019	$ 3,567,571

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Investments (Details 5) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Investments
Fixed-maturity securities	$ 1,245,353	$ 1,234,427	$ 3,982,573	$ 2,832,557
Equity securities	187,018	247,275	540,788	872,005
Cash and cash equivalents	98,763	26,630	171,015	29,796
Total	1,531,134	1,508,332	4,694,376	3,734,358
Investment expenses	86,774	89,811	257,168	322,412
Net investment income	$ 1,444,360	$ 1,418,521	$ 4,437,208	$ 3,411,946

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Investments (Details 6) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net unrealized gains (losses)	$ (820,189)	$ (1,797,564)	$ 614,844	$ (10,502,442)
Net gains (losses) on investments	(824,370)	(397,658)	597,643	(9,313,436)
Realized Gains Losses Fixed-maturity securities [Member]
Gross realized gains	263	363	1,207	102,774
Gross realized losses	(4,444)	(4,610)	(18,408)	(158,701)
Total fixed-maturity securities	(4,181)	(4,247)	(17,201)	(55,927)
Realized Gains Losses Equity securities [Member]
Gross realized gains	0	907,079	0	1,384,432
Gross realized losses	0	(92,159)	0	(728,732)
Total equity securities	0	814,920	0	655,700
Realized Gains Losses Other Investments [Member]
Gross realized gains	0	589,233	0	589,233
Gross realized losses	0	0	0	0
Total other investments	0	589,233	0	589,233
Net realized (losses) gains	(4,181)	1,399,906	(17,201)	1,189,006
Unrealized Losses Gains Equity securities [Member]
Gross realized gains	0	0	173,178	0
Total equity securities	(483,967)	(1,132,595)	173,178	(7,549,640)
Gross losses	(483,967)	(1,132,595)	0	(7,549,640)
Unrealized Losses Gains Other Investments [Member]
Gross realized gains	0	0	441,666	0
Total other investments	(336,222)	(664,969)	441,666	(2,952,802)
Gross losses	$ (336,222)	$ (664,969)	$ 0	$ (2,952,802)

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Investments (Details 7) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
US Treasury and Government [Member]
Estimated fair value - less than 12 months	$ 8,167,845	$ 18,918,196
Unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(56,835)	(6,928)
Number of positions held - less than 12 months	2	3
Estimated fair value - 12 months or more	0	0
Unrealized losses - 12 months or more	0	0
Number of positions held - 12 months or more	0	0
Estimated fair value - total	8,167,845	18,918,196
Unrealized losses - total	(56,835)	(6,928)
Fixed-Maturity Securities Political Subdivisions Of States Territories And Possessions [Member]
Estimated fair value - less than 12 months	0	7,970,633
Unrealized losses - less than 12 months	0	(2,195,273)
Number of positions held - less than 12 months	0	9
Estimated fair value - 12 months or more	12,414,354	5,170,753
Unrealized losses - 12 months or more	(4,201,015)	(1,771,494)
Number of positions held - 12 months or more	13	5
Estimated fair value - total	12,414,354	13,141,386
Unrealized losses - total	(4,201,015)	(3,966,767)
Fixed-Maturity Securities Corporate And Other Bonds Industrial And Miscellaneous [Member]
Estimated fair value - less than 12 months	0	56,910,104
Unrealized losses - less than 12 months	0	(5,796,994)
Number of positions held - less than 12 months	0	75
Estimated fair value - 12 months or more	69,465,238	15,172,381
Unrealized losses - 12 months or more	(8,651,516)	(2,458,985)
Number of positions held - 12 months or more	88	15
Estimated fair value - total	69,465,238	72,082,485
Unrealized losses - total	(8,651,516)	(8,255,979)
Fixed Maturity Securities Residential Mortgage and other asset backed securities [Member]
Estimated fair value - less than 12 months	204,418	10,145,880
Unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(5,987)	(882,664)
Number of positions held - less than 12 months	9	22
Estimated fair value - 12 months or more	38,962,381	34,753,178
Unrealized losses - 12 months or more	(8,821,223)	(7,150,803)
Number of positions held - 12 months or more	38	26
Estimated fair value - total	39,166,799	44,899,058
Unrealized losses - total	(8,827,210)	(8,033,467)
Fixed Maturity Securities Total Fixed Maturity Securities [Member]
Estimated fair value - less than 12 months	8,372,263	93,944,813
Unrealized losses - less than 12 months	(62,822)	(8,881,859)
Number of positions held - less than 12 months	11	109
Estimated fair value - 12 months or more	120,841,973	55,096,312
Unrealized losses - 12 months or more	(21,673,754)	(11,381,282)
Number of positions held - 12 months or more	139	46
Estimated fair value - total	129,214,236	149,041,125
Unrealized losses - total	$ (21,736,576)	$ (20,263,141)

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Investments (Details Narrativee) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Investments
Proceeds from the sale and redemption of fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity	$ 750,000	$ 1,000,000
Proceeds from the sale or maturity of fixed-maturity securities available-for-sale	33,453,349	14,213,435
Sale - equity securities	99,917	$ 11,962,513
Amount of required collateral	7,422,000		$ 8,691,000
Fair value of the eligible investments	10,911,000		12,228,000
Estimated fair value	$ 8,168,000		$ 8,691,000

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$ 8,167,845	$ 23,869,096
Political subdivisions of states, territories and possessions	12,414,354	13,141,387
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous	69,465,238	72,082,485
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities	42,739,462	45,622,195
Total fixed maturities	132,786,899	154,715,163
Equity securities	13,907,651	13,834,390
Total investments	146,694,550	168,549,553
Level 1 [Member]
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	8,167,845	23,869,096
Political subdivisions of states, territories and possessions	0	0
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous	69,465,238	71,585,115
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities	0	0
Total fixed maturities	77,633,083	95,454,211
Equity securities	13,907,651	13,834,390
Total investments	91,540,734	109,288,601
Level 2 [Member]
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	0	0
Political subdivisions of states, territories and possessions	12,414,354	13,141,387
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous	0	497,370
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities	42,739,462	45,622,195
Total fixed maturities	55,153,816	59,260,952
Equity securities	0	0
Total investments	55,153,816	59,260,952
Level 3 [Member]
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	0	0
Political subdivisions of states, territories and possessions	0	0
Corporate and other bonds industrial and miscellaneous	0	0
Residential mortgage and other asset backed securities	0	0
Total fixed maturities	0	0
Equity securities	0	0
Total investments	$ 0	$ 0

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Fair Value Measurements (Details 1) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Hedge Funds [Member]
Hedge fund investments	$ 3,213,318	$ 2,771,652

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Fair Value Measurements (Details 2) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Senior Notes due 2024	$ 17,314,915	$ 15,829,096
Level 1 [Member]
Senior Notes due 2024	0	0
Level 2 [Member]
Senior Notes due 2024	17,314,915	15,829,096
Level 3 [Member]
Senior Notes due 2024	$ 0	$ 0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Real Estate (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Reinsurance balances payable	$ 20,263,484	$ 13,061,966
Fair Value [Member]
Fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity	5,699,498	6,600,388
Cash and cash equivalents	15,132,969	11,958,228
Reinsurance receivables, net	84,257,926	66,465,061
Premiums receivable, net	13,326,369	13,880,504
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	2,800,000	2,800,000
Reinsurance balances payable	20,263,484	13,061,966
US Treasury and Government One [Member]
Fixed-maturity securities held-to-maturity	7,053,825	7,766,140
Cash and cash equivalents	15,132,969	11,958,228
Reinsurance receivables, net	84,257,926	66,465,061
Premiums receivable, net	13,326,369	13,880,504
Real estate, net of accumulated depreciation	2,015,414	2,050,644
Reinsurance balances payable	$ 20,263,484	$ 13,061,966

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Change in unearned premiums [Member]
Assumed	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Ceeded	25,509,675	23,900,665	25,143,466	23,925,498
Net	24,263,018	18,264,244	29,474,692	17,895,724
Direct	(1,246,657)	(5,636,421)	4,331,226	(6,029,774)
Premiums earned [Member]
Assumed	0	0	0	0
Ceeded	(22,807,271)	(19,594,154)	(65,866,395)	(57,387,713)
Net	27,938,318	29,360,976	85,701,467	83,936,424
Direct	50,745,589	48,955,130	151,567,862	141,324,137
Premiums written Member
Assumed	0	0	0	0
Ceeded	(48,316,946)	(43,494,819)	(91,009,861)	(81,313,211)
Net	3,675,300	11,096,732	56,226,775	66,040,700
Direct	$ 51,992,246	$ 54,591,551	$ 147,236,636	$ 147,353,911

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 1) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Property and Casualty Insurance Activity
Balance at beginning of period	$ 118,339,513	$ 94,948,745
Less reinsurance recoverables	(27,659,500)	(10,637,679)
Net balance, beginning of period	90,680,013	84,311,066
Current year	66,568,985	62,910,967
Prior years	(16,420)	713,788
Total incurred	66,552,565	63,624,755
Current year	37,932,760	35,774,958
Prior years	29,928,162	26,938,462
Total paid	67,860,922	62,713,420
Net balance at end of period	89,371,656	85,222,401
Add reinsurance recoverables	32,303,291	21,706,497
Balance at end of period	$ 121,674,947	$ 106,928,898

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 2)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) integer
Total incurred claims	$ 540,280,000
2014
2014 incurred claims	14,193,000
IBNR	$ 17,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	2,138
2015
2014 incurred claims	$ 14,260,000
IBNR	$ 300,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	2,559
2015 incurred claims	$ 22,340,000
2016
2014 incurred claims	14,218,000
IBNR	$ 125,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	2,881
2015 incurred claims	$ 21,994,000
2016 incurred claims	26,062,000
2017
2014 incurred claims	14,564,000
IBNR	$ 260,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	3,400
2015 incurred claims	$ 22,148,000
2016 incurred claims	24,941,000
2017 incurred claims	31,605,000
2018
2014 incurred claims	15,023,000
IBNR	$ 909,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	4,233
2015 incurred claims	$ 22,491,000
2016 incurred claims	24,789,000
2017 incurred claims	32,169,000
2018 incurred claims	54,455,000
2019
2014 incurred claims	16,381,000
IBNR	$ 1,126,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	4,501
2015 incurred claims	$ 23,386,000
2016 incurred claims	27,887,000
2017 incurred claims	35,304,000
2018 incurred claims	56,351,000
2019 incurred claims	75,092,000
2020
2014 incurred claims	16,428,000
IBNR	$ 2,431,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	5,883
2015 incurred claims	$ 23,291,000
2016 incurred claims	27,966,000
2017 incurred claims	36,160,000
2018 incurred claims	58,441,000
2019 incurred claims	72,368,000
2020 incurred claims	63,083,000
2021
2014 incurred claims	16,434,000
IBNR	$ 4,099,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	5,808
2015 incurred claims	$ 23,528,000
2016 incurred claims	27,417,000
2017 incurred claims	36,532,000
2018 incurred claims	59,404,000
2019 incurred claims	71,544,000
2020 incurred claims	62,833,000
2021 incurred claims	96,425,000
2022
2014 incurred claims	16,486,000
IBNR	$ 8,691,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	4,674
2015 incurred claims	$ 23,533,000
2016 incurred claims	27,352,000
2017 incurred claims	36,502,000
2018 incurred claims	61,237,000
2019 incurred claims	71,964,000
2020 incurred claims	63,217,000
2021 incurred claims	96,673,000
2022 incurred claims	79,835,000
2023 [Member]
2014 incurred claims	16,486,000
IBNR	$ 14,044,000
Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | integer	2,840
2015 incurred claims	$ 23,464,000
2016 incurred claims	27,300,000
2017 incurred claims	36,731,000
2018 incurred claims	61,024,000
2019 incurred claims	72,811,000
2020 incurred claims	63,255,000
2021 incurred claims	95,839,000
2023 incurred claims	63,392,000
2022 incurred claims	$ 79,978,000

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 3)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Net liability for unpaid claim and allocated claim adjustment expenses for the accident years presented	$ 85,293,000
All outstanding liabilities before 2014, net of reinsurance	172,000
Total	454,987,000
Liabilities for claims and claim adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	85,465,000
2014
2014	5,710,000
2015
2014	9,429,000
2015	12,295,000
2016
2014	10,738,000
2015	16,181,000
2016	15,364,000
2017
2014	11,770,000
2015	18,266,000
2016	19,001,000
2017	16,704,000
2018
2014	13,819,000
2015	19,984,000
2016	21,106,000
2017	24,820,000
2018	32,383,000
2019
2014	14,901,000
2015	21,067,000
2016	23,974,000
2017	28,693,000
2018	44,516,000
2019	40,933,000
2020
2014	15,491,000
2015	22,104,000
2016	25,234,000
2017	31,393,000
2018	50,553,000
2019	54,897,000
2020	39,045,000
2021
2014	15,770,000
2015	22,318,000
2016	25,750,000
2017	32,529,000
2018	52,025,000
2019	58,055,000
2020	50,719,000
2021	56,282,000
2022
2014	16,120,000
2015	22,473,000
2016	26,382,000
2017	33,522,000
2018	54,424,000
2019	60,374,000
2020	53,432,000
2021	77,756,000
2022	45,856,000
2023 [Member]
2014	16,133,000
2015	22,516,000
2016	26,732,000
2017	34,606,000
2018	55,373,000
2019	63,311,000
2020	55,830,000
2021	80,267,000
2022	64,417,000
2023	$ 35,801,000

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 4) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Property and Casualty Insurance Activity
Liabilities for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance	$ 85,465
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	32,303
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses	3,907
Total gross liability for loss and LAE reserves	$ 121,675

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 5) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jan. 01, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jan. 02, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Catastrophe [Member]
Initial loss subject to personal lines quota share treaty	$ 10,000,000	$ 10,000,000	$ 10,000,000	$ 10,000,000	$ 10,000,000
Risk retained per catastrophe occurrence	10,000,000	8,750,000	8,750,000	7,400,000	7,400,000
Catastrophe loss coverage in excess of quota share coverage	$ 315,000,000	$ 315,000,000	$ 335,000,000	$ 335,000,000	$ 490,000,000
Reinstatement premium protection	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Property And Casualty Personal Insurance Product Line [Member]
Quota share treaty percent ceded		30.00%	30.00%	30.00%	30.00%
Risk retained on initial $1,000,000 of losses	$ 1,000,000	$ 700,000	$ 700,000	$ 700,000	$ 700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage		$ 1,000,000	$ 1,000,000	$ 1,000,000	$ 1,000,000
Expiration		Jan. 01, 2024	Jan. 01, 2024	Jan. 01, 2023	Jan. 01, 2023
Excess of loss coverage and facultative facility coverage	$ 8,000,000	$ 8,400,000	$ 8,400,000	$ 8,400,000	$ 8,400,000
In excess of	in excess of	in excess of	in excess of	in excess of	in excess of
in excess of 1	$ 1,000,000	$ 600,000	$ 600,000	$ 600,000	$ 600,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	8,000,000	8,500,000	8,500,000	8,500,000	8,500,000
Losses per occurrence subject to reinsurance coverage	$ 8,000,000	$ 8,000,000	$ 8,000,000	$ 9,000,000	$ 9,000,000
Expiration Date	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 6) - Personal Umbrella - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Percent ceded - first $1000000 of coverage		90.00%	90.00%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage		95.00%	95.00%
Risk retained		$ 300,000	$ 300,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence		4,700,000	4,700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage		$ 5,000,000	$ 5,000,000
Expiration date		Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Scenario Forecast [Member]
Percent ceded - first $1000000 of coverage	90.00%
Percent ceded - excess of $1,000,000 dollars of coverage	95.00%
Risk retained	$ 300,000
Total reinsurance coverage per occurrence	4,700,000
Losses per occurrence subject to quota share reinsurance coverage	$ 5,000,000
Expiration date	Jun. 30, 2024

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details 7) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Property and Casualty Insurance Activity
Provisional ceding commissions earned	$ 4,992,312	$ 4,881,580	$ 15,733,145	$ 14,116,044
Contingent ceding commissions earned	544,015	4,514	660,799	167,033
Total commissions earned	$ 5,536,327	$ 4,886,094	$ 16,393,944	$ 14,283,077

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Property and Casualty Insurance Activity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)		6 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 02, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Reinsurance description	Effective January 1, 2022, the Company entered into an underlying excess of loss reinsurance treaty (“Underlying XOL Treaty”) covering the period from January 1, 2022 through January 1, 2023. The treaty provides 50% reinsurance coverage for losses of $400,000 in excess of $600,000. Losses from named storms are excluded from the treaty
Net contingent ceding commissions payable			$ 2,007,000		$ 2,667,000
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses are net of reinsurance recoveries under reinsurance contracts			6,288,223		$ 2,839,028
Prior year loss development		$ 713,788	16,420
Reinsurance contracts		$ 27,230,814	$ 34,019,370
Loss in excess coverage description			For the 2021/2023 Treaty, 4% of the 30% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event. For the 2023/2024 Treaty, 17.5% of the 30% total of losses ceded under this treaty are excluded from a named catastrophe event
Personal Lines
Single risk coverage			$ 9,000,000
Personal Lines | Minimum [Member]
Direct loss			3,500,000
Personal Lines | Maximum [Member]
Direct loss			$ 9,000,000
Reinstatement Premium Protection [Member]
Excess of catastrophe coverage				$ 9,800,000		$ 10,000,000
Reinstatement of premium protection, amount				$ 10,000,000		$ 70,000,000

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Debt (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt	$ 25,224,693	$ 25,158,523
2022 [Member]
Debt	18,129,327	17,252,868
Equipment Financing [Member]
Debt	$ 7,095,366	$ 7,905,655

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Debt (Details 1) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Long-term debt, net	$ 18,129,327	$ 17,252,868
Warrants [Member]
Long-term debt, net	(734,763)	(979,684)
Senior Unsecured Notes [Member]
Long-term debt, net	19,950,000	19,950,000
Issuance costs [Member]
Long-term debt, net	$ (1,085,910)	$ (1,717,448)

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Debt (Details 2)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
December 30, 2022 to December 29, 2023
Accrued and unpaid interest	102.00%
December 30, 2023 to September 29, 2024
Accrued and unpaid interest	101.00%
September 30, 2024 to December 29, 2024
Accrued and unpaid interest	100.00%

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Debt (Details 3)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Debt
Remainder of 2023	$ 278,083
2024	1,153,862
2025	1,223,293
2026	1,296,901
2027	1,119,021
Total	5,071,160
2027 purchase price	2,024,206
Total purchase price	$ 7,095,366

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Debt (Details Narrative) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 15, 2022	Oct. 27, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Principal balance					$ 21,545,000		$ 30,000,000
Operating expenses			$ 38,633,229	$ 40,096,924	118,848,087	$ 116,075,459
Collateral amount					$ 10,911,000		12,228,000
Description of noteholder exchange					(i) new 12.0% Senior Notes due December 30, 2024 of the Company in the aggregate approximate principal amount of $19,950,000 (the “2022 Notes”); (ii) cash in the aggregate approximate amount of $1,595,000, together with accrued interest on the 2017 Notes
Senior Notes [Member]
Debt instrument, face amount	$ 19,950,000
Debt instrument, interest rate	12.00%
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured notes	$ 993,200
Debt instrument, transaction cost	$ 1,758,112
Debt instrument, yield percentage	13.92%
2022 Notes [Member]
Operating expenses	$ 2,500,000
Debt instrument, yield percentage			31.40%		31.40%
Equipment [Financing]
Total Treasury Bills			$ 7,422,000		$ 7,422,000		8,168,000
Debt instrument, interest rate			25.00%		25.00%
Total Rental Rate			$ 2,030,036		$ 2,030,036
Sale of fixed assets		$ 8,096,824
Interest rate		5.86%
Finance amount principal		$ 126,877
Purchase of fixed assets		$ 2,024,206
Collateral for the lease obligation			8,691,000		$ 8,691,000		8,691,000
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York [Member]
Advances limit, description					Advances are limited to 85% of the amount of available collateral
Maximum allowable advances			$ 12,668,000		$ 12,668,000		$ 13,192,000

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Stockholders Equity (Details) - Exchange Traded Debt [Member]	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
Number of options outstanding, ending | shares	107,201
Number of options outstanding, beggining | shares	107,201
Number of options outstanding, vested and exercisable | shares	107,201
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual, Beginning balance	1 month 28 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual term, Ending balance	1 month 5 days
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual life, vested and exercisable	1 month 5 days
Weighted average exercise price, Beginning balance	$ 8.31
Weighted average exercise price, granted	0
Weighted average exercise price, Exercised	0
Weighted average exercise price, Forfeited	0
Weighted average exercise price, Ending balance	8.31
Weighted Average Price per share outstanding, vested and exercisable	8.31
Aggregate Intrinsic Value , vested and exercisable	$ 0

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Stockholders Equity (Details 1) - Restricted Stock [Member]	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Number of options outstanding, beginning | shares | shares	366,597
Granted shares | shares	272,682
Vested shares | shares	(56,977)
Forfeited shares	$ (12,620)
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share, granted	1.37
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share, vested	6.67
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share, forfeited	4.11
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share, ending balance	3.83
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share, beginning balance	$ 6.97
Aggregate Fair Value, beginning balance | $	$ 2,555,181
Aggregate Fair Value, granted | $	373,499
Aggregate Fair Value, vested | $	(380,199)
Aggregate Fair Value, forfeited | $	(51,926)
Aggregate Fair Value, ending balance | $	$ 2,181,882

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Stockholders Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 25, 2025	Dec. 31, 2022	Aug. 05, 2020
Stock based compensation for stock options	$ 0	$ 2,000	$ 0	$ 9,000
Net of estimated forfeitures of approximately			18.00%
Stock based compensation for grants			$ 591,383
Stock based compensation for grants totataling	$ 207,000	$ 186,000	$ 636,000	$ 1,180,000
Weighted-average vesting period			36 months 15 days
Exercise price					$ 1.00
Closing price of common stock	$ 1.79		$ 1.79
warrants issued to purchase common stock			969,525
Fair value of unamortized compensation cost			$ 5,000
Maximum share purchase under ESPP			750,000
Maximum share purchased by employee			5,000
Price per share	$ 1.82		$ 1.82
Total purchase	$ 60,464		$ 60,464
Common stock shares authorized	993,200		993,200
Share issued for offering period			33,222
Common stock shares authorized	20,000,000		20,000,000			20,000,000
10 May 2023 [Member]
Purchase Of Warrants	16,000		16,000
Common stock shares authorized	1,900,000		1,900,000
Held-to-Maturity Securities US Treasury Securities [Member]
Common stock shares authorized	700,000		700,000				1,400,000

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Income Taxes (Details ) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred tax asset:
Net operating loss carryovers (1)	$ 6,411,993	$ 3,828,947
Claims reserve discount	1,220,674	1,238,544
Unearned premium	2,395,542	3,574,840
Deferred ceding commission revenues	1,972,541	2,230,109
Net unrealized losses on securities	4,912,057	4,920,837
Other	1,193,445	503,692
Total deferred tax assets	18,106,252	16,296,969
Deferred tax liability:
Investment in KICO (2)	759,543	759,543
Deferred acquisition costs	4,311,788	5,002,085
Intangibles	105,000	105,000
Depreciation and amortization	140,761	99,183
Total deferred tax liabilities	5,317,092	5,965,811
Net deferred income tax (liability) asset	$ 12,789,160	$ 10,331,158

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Income Taxes (Details 1) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Taxes
Federal only, NOL	$ 6,411,993	$ 3,828,947
State only (A)	2,555,609	2,276,595
Valuation allowance	$ (2,555,609)	(2,276,595)
State only A	December 2027 - December 2043
State only, net of valuation allowance	$ 0	0
Total deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryovers	$ 6,411,993	$ 3,828,947

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Income Taxes (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2017
Net operating loss carryover	$ 39,317,000	$ 35,025,000
Computer Equipment [Member]
Consideration exchange principal amount	$ 3,750,000
Acquired equity interest rate	100.00%
Original purchase surplus notes	$ 2,921,319
Untaxed interest	1,169,000
Deferred tax liability reduced			$ 759,543
Deferred tax liability	$ 759,543

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Loss Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Loss Per Common Share
Weighted average number of shares outstanding	10,756,156	10,645,675	10,754,709	10,640,290
Effect of dilutive securities, common share equivalents: Stock options	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Effect of dilutive securities, common share equivalents: Restricted stock awards	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, used for computing diluted earnings per share	10,756,156	10,645,675	10,754,709	10,640,290

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies
Total lease cost	$ 41,342	$ 41,342	$ 124,026	$ 131,152
Operating leases	41,342	41,342	124,026	131,152
Cash payments included in the measurement of lease liability in operating cash flows	$ 49,145	$ 47,483	$ 145,774	$ 147,969
Discount rate	5.50%	5.50%	5.50%	5.50%
Remaining lease term in years in KICO	6 months	1 year 6 months	6 months	1 year 6 months

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details 1)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
2023	$ 49,145
2024	49,145
Total undiscounted lease payments	98,290
Less: present value adjustment	8,993
Operating lease liability	$ 89,297

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Sep. 16, 2019	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jul. 08, 2019
Rent expenses					$ 41,342	$ 41,342	$ 124,026	$ 131,152
Stock-based compensation					$ 207,123	$ 188,422	$ 636,178	$ 1,204,865
Amended Employment Agreement [Member] | January 2020 [Member]
Restricted stock issued	230,769	17,191					157,431
Restricted stock value	$ 1,500,000	$ 136,500
Mery Golden Chief Operating Officer [Member] | Golden Emloyment Agreement [Member]
Annual base salary	$ 500,000			$ 500,000
Percent of average per annum	14.00%
Option purchase				50,000
Percent of annual bonus	6.00%
Mery Golden Chief Operating Officer [Member] | Golden Emloyment Agreement [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Stock-based compensation	$ 945,000
Mery Golden Chief Operating Officer [Member] | Golden Emloyment Agreement [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Stock-based compensation	$ 2,835,000
Cosi Lease [Member]
Lease costs									$ 40,000
Employment Agreement [Member] | Barry Goldstein, President, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of the Board [Member]
Restricted stock issued			27,300	30,000
Employment Agreement [Member] | Barry GoldsteinMr. Goldstein [Member]
Restricted stock issued	21,000
January 2023 [Member] | Amended Employment Agreement [Member]
Restricted stock value							$ 136,500
Annual base salary							$ 500,000
Percent of average per annum							3.00%

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Employee Benefit Plans (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 18, 2018	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Employee Benefit Plans
Contribution expense		$ 90,000	$ 71,000	$ 249,000	$ 207,000
Deferred compensation liability		$ 873,768		$ 873,768		$ 1,155,860
Deferred compensation	4.00%