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Fair value measurement
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair value measurement Fair value measurement
To estimate the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, we use valuation approaches within a hierarchy that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is divided into three levels based on the sources of inputs as follows:
Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access
Level 2—Valuations for which all significant inputs are observable either directly or indirectly—other than Level 1 inputs
Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement
The availability of observable inputs can vary among different types of financial assets and liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. In certain cases, inputs used for measuring fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for financial statement disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level of input used that is significant to the overall fair value measurement.
The fair values of each major class of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
Quoted prices
in active markets 
for identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant
other observable
inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Fair value measurement as of September 30, 2024, using:Total
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury bills$— $996 $— $996 
Money market mutual funds7,437 — — 7,437 
Other short-term interest-bearing securities— 143 — 143 
Equity securities5,057 — — 5,057 
Derivatives:
Foreign currency forward contracts— 99 — 99 
Cross-currency swap contracts— 4 — 4 
Interest rate swap contracts— 9 — 9 
Total assets$12,494 $1,251 $— $13,745 
Liabilities:
Derivatives:
Foreign currency forward contracts$— $121 $— $121 
Cross-currency swap contracts— 361 — 361 
Interest rate swap contracts— 404 — 404 
Contingent consideration obligations
— — 112 112 
Total liabilities$— $886 $112 $998 
Quoted prices
in active markets 
for identical assets
(Level 1)		Significant
other observable
inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
unobservable
inputs
(Level 3)
Fair value measurement as of December 31, 2023, using:Total
Assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. Treasury bills$— $— $— $— 
Money market mutual funds10,266 — — 10,266 
Other short-term interest-bearing securities— 138 — 138 
Equity securities4,514 — — 4,514 
Derivatives:
Foreign currency forward contracts— 145 — 145 
Cross-currency swap contracts— — — — 
Interest rate swap contracts— — — — 
Total assets$14,780 $283 $— $15,063 
Liabilities:
Derivatives:
Foreign currency forward contracts$— $116 $— $116 
Cross-currency swap contracts— 405 — 405 
Interest rate swap contracts— 571 — 571 
Contingent consideration obligations
— — 96 96 
Total liabilities$— $1,092 $96 $1,188 

Interest-bearing and equity securities
The fair values of our money market mutual funds and equity investments in publicly traded securities, including our equity investments in BeiGene and Neumora, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are based on quoted market prices in active markets, with no valuation adjustment.
Derivatives
All of our foreign currency forward contracts, cross-currency swap contracts and interest rate swap contracts are with counterparties that have minimum credit ratings of A– or equivalent by S&P, Moody’s or Fitch. We estimate the fair values of these contracts by taking into consideration valuations obtained from a third-party valuation service that uses an income-based industry-standard valuation model for which all significant inputs are observable either directly or indirectly. These inputs, as applicable, include foreign currency exchange rates, SOFR, swap rates, obligor credit default swap rates and cross-currency basis swap spreads. Certain inputs, when applicable, are at commonly quoted intervals. See Note 12, Derivative instruments.
Contingent consideration obligations
As a result of our business acquisitions, we have incurred contingent consideration obligations as discussed below. The contingent consideration obligations are recorded at their fair values by using probability-adjusted discounted cash flows, and we revalue these obligations each reporting period until the related contingencies have been resolved. The fair value measurements of these obligations are based on significant unobservable inputs related to licensing rights and product candidates acquired in business combinations, and they are reviewed quarterly by management in our R&D and commercial sales organizations. The inputs include, as applicable, estimated probabilities and the timing of achieving specified development, regulatory and commercial milestones as well as estimated annual sales. Significant changes that increase or decrease the probabilities of achieving the related development, regulatory and commercial events or that shorten or lengthen the time required to achieve such events or that increase or decrease estimated annual sales would result in corresponding increases or decreases in the fair values of the obligations, as applicable. Changes in the fair values of contingent consideration obligations are recognized in Other operating expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
Changes in the carrying amounts of contingent consideration obligations were as follows (in millions):
Three months ended
September 30,		Nine months ended
September 30,
2024202320242023
Beginning balance$107 $248 $96 $270 
Payments(2)(3)(6)(7)
Net changes in valuations7 (147)22 (165)
Ending balance$112 $98 $112 $98 
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our contingent consideration obligations are primarily the result of our acquisition of Teneobio, Inc. in October 2021, which obligates us to pay the former shareholders payments upon achieving separate development and regulatory milestones with regard to various R&D programs.
Summary of the fair values of other financial instruments
Cash equivalents
The fair values of cash equivalents are approximated at their carrying values due to the short-term nature of such financial instruments.
Borrowings
We estimate the fair values of our fixed-rate notes by using Level 2 inputs. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair values of our fixed-rate notes were $58.0 billion and $59.2 billion, respectively, and the carrying values of this debt were $58.6 billion and $60.6 billion, respectively. The estimate of the fair values of our Term loans is approximated as the carrying values as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 as these debt instruments bear interest at floating rates.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no transfers of assets or liabilities between fair value measurement levels, and there were no material remeasurements to the fair values of assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.