20. Employee Incentive, Deferred Compensation, and Retirement Plans

A summary of the Company’s stock-based compensation and related income tax benefit is as follows:


Year Ended December 31,	2011			2010			2009
Stock option expense	$	61		$	53		$	44
Restricted stock award expense		12			21			27
Restricted stock unit expense		23			10			1
Employee stock purchase plan expense		3			3			3

Total stock-based compensation expense	$	99		$	87		$	75

Income tax benefit on stock-based compensation	$	(37	)	$	(33	)	$	(29	)

The Company issues shares for stock options and restricted stock awards from treasury stock. At December 31, 2011, the Company was authorized to grant up to 52 million common shares under its existing stock incentive plans.

As of December 31, 2011, there was $192 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of forfeitures, related to outstanding stock options, restricted stock awards, and restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized through 2016 with a remaining weighted-average service period of 2.8 years.

Stock Option Plans

The Company’s stock incentive plans provide for granting options to employees, officers, and directors. Options are granted for the purchase of shares of common stock at an exercise price not less than market value on the date of grant, and expire within seven or ten years from the date of grant. Options generally vest annually over a three- to five-year period from the date of grant. Certain options were granted at an exercise price above the market value of common stock on the date of grant (i.e., premium-priced options).

The Company’s stock option activity is summarized below:


	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2010		60		$	16.41
Granted		13		$	13.07
Exercised		(8	)	$	12.03
Forfeited		(2	)	$	16.32
Expired		(5	)	$	17.21

Outstanding at December 31, 2011		58		$	16.20		6.30	$	4

Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2011		54		$	16.31		6.15	$	4

Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2011		31		$	17.53		4.24	$	3

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between CSC’s closing stock price and the exercise price of each in-the-money option on the last trading day of the period presented.

Information on stock options granted and exercised is presented below:


Year Ended December 31,	2011		2010		2009
Weighted-average fair value of options granted per share	$	4.16	$	5.36	$	6.42
Cash received from options exercised	$	96	$	35	$	53
Tax benefit realized on options exercised	$	7	$	5	$	8
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised	$	38	$	17	$	25

Management uses a binomial option pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted. The binomial model takes into account the contractual term of the stock option, expected volatility, dividend yield, and risk-free interest rate. Expected volatility is based on the implied volatility of publicly-traded options on CSC’s stock. Dividend yield is based on the average historical CSC dividend yield. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a remaining term equal to the contractual term of the option. Management uses historical option exercise data, which includes employee termination data to estimate the probability of future option exercises. Management uses the Black-Scholes model to solve for the expected life of options valued with the binomial model presented below. The assumptions used to value the Company’s options granted during the years presented and their expected lives were as follows:


Year Ended December 31,	2011			2010			2009
Weighted-average expected dividend yield		.85	%		.71	%		.58	%
Weighted-average expected volatility		36	%		35	%		52	%
Weighted-average risk-free interest rate		2.1	%		2.8	%		3.0	%
Expected life (in years)		0.0 – 6.3			3.0 – 5.9			1.4 – 5.3

Restricted Stock Plans

The Company’s stock incentive plans provide for granting restricted stock awards and restricted stock units to employees, officers, and directors. Restricted stock units are awards that entitle the holder to receive shares of CSC’s common stock following a vesting period.

Restricted stock awards and units are restricted from transfer or sale and generally vest annually over a three- to five-year period, but some vest based upon the Company achieving certain financial or other measures. The fair value of restricted stock awards and units is based on the market price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The grant date fair value is amortized to compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The total fair value of the restricted stock awards and units that vested during each of the years 2011, 2010, and 2009 was $24 million, $27 million, and $28 million, respectively.

The Company’s restricted stock awards and units activity is summarized below:


	Restricted Stock Awards					Restricted Stock Units
	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share		Number of Units			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value per Unit
Outstanding at December 31, 2010		1		$	20.49		4		$	16.04
Granted		—		$	—		5		$	11.94
Vested		(1	)	$	20.69		(1	)	$	16.28
Forfeited		—		$	—		—		$	—

Outstanding at December 31, 2011		—		$	—		8		$	13.23

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), eligible employees can purchase shares of CSC’s common stock using amounts withheld through payroll deductions, subject to limitations. Payroll deductions are accumulated during six-month offering periods that start each year on February 1^st and August 1^st. Share purchases are made on the last trading day of each three-month purchase period within the offering period. The three-month purchase periods end on January 31^st, April 30^th, July 31^st, and October 31^st of each year. The purchase price for each share of common stock is 85% of the fair market value of the shares on the last trading day of the purchase period. At December 31, 2011, the Company had 45 million shares reserved for future issuance under the ESPP.

Other Deferred Compensation Plans

The Company sponsors deferred compensation plans for eligible officers and non-employee directors. The Company’s deferred compensation plan for officers permits participants to defer the receipt of certain cash compensation. The deferred compensation liability was $128 million and $139 million at December 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The Company’s deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors permits participants to defer receipt of all or a portion of their director fees and to receive either a grant of stock options, or upon ceasing to serve as a director, the number of shares of CSC’s common stock that would have resulted from investing the deferred fee amount into CSC’s common stock.

Retirement Plan

Upon completing three months of consecutive service, employees of the Company can participate in the Company’s qualified retirement plan, the SchwabPlan^® Retirement Savings and Investment Plan. The Company may match certain employee contributions or make additional contributions to this plan at its discretion. The Company’s total contribution expense was $53 million, $50 million, and $49 million in 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively.