Variable Interest Entities

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, all of Schwab’s involvement with variable interest entities (VIEs) is through CSB’s Community Reinvestment Act-related investments and most of those are related to Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) investments. As part of CSB’s community reinvestment initiatives, CSB generally invests with other institutional investors in funds that make equity investments in multifamily affordable housing properties. CSB receives tax credits and other tax benefits for these investments. CSB’s LIHTC investments are accounted for using the proportional amortization method, which amortizes the cost of the investment over the period in which the investor expects to receive tax credits and other tax benefits, and the resulting amortization is included in taxes on income on the consolidated statements of income.

Aggregate assets, liabilities, and maximum exposure to loss

The aggregate assets, liabilities, and maximum exposure to loss from those VIEs in which Schwab holds a variable interest, but is not the primary beneficiary, are summarized in the table below:



	September 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Aggregate assets		Aggregate liabilities		Maximum exposure to loss		Aggregate assets		Aggregate liabilities		Maximum exposure to loss
LIHTC investments ⁽¹⁾	$	347	$	204	$	347	$	304	$	203	$	304
Other CRA investments ⁽²⁾	68		—		116		69		—		125
Total	$	415	$	204	$	463	$	373	$	203	$	429

⁽¹⁾Aggregate assets and aggregate liabilities are included in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

⁽²⁾ Other CRA investments are recorded using either the adjusted cost method, equity method, or as HTM securities. Aggregate assets are included in HTM securities, bank loans – net, or other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Schwab’s maximum exposure to loss would result from the loss of the investments, including any committed amounts. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, Schwab did not provide or intend to provide financial or other support to the VIEs that it was not contractually required to provide. CSB’s funding of these remaining commitments is dependent upon the occurrence of certain conditions, and CSB expects to pay substantially all of these commitments between 2018 and 2021.