(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all of our subsidiaries. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates and changes in these estimates are recorded when known.

Business Segment Information

We have evaluated how we are organized and managed and have identified only one operating segment, which is the exploration and production of natural gas, NGLs and oil in the United States. We consider our gathering, processing and marketing functions as integral to our natural gas and oil producing activities. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses for which separate operational financial information is available and this information is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker for the purpose of allocating resources and assessing performance.

We have a single company-wide management team that administers all properties as a whole rather than by discrete operating segments. We track only basic operational data by area. We do not maintain complete separate financial statement information by area. We measure financial performance as a single enterprise and not on a geographical or area-by-area basis. Throughout the year, we allocate capital resources on a project-by-project basis, across our entire asset base to optimize returns without regard to individual areas.

Revenue Recognition, Accounts Receivable and Gas Imbalances

Natural gas, NGLs and oil sales are recognized when we deliver our production to the customer and collectability is reasonably assured. We generally sell natural gas, NGLs and oil under two types of agreements, which are common in our industry. Both types of agreements include transportation charges. We are reporting our gathering and transportation costs in accordance with Accounting Standards Code Section 605-45-05 of Subtopic 605-45 for Revenue Recognition. One type of agreement is a netback arrangement, under which we sell natural gas and oil at the wellhead and collect a price, net of transportation incurred by the purchaser. In this case, we record revenue at the price we receive from the purchaser. For the sale of our NGLs, in some cases, we receive a price from the purchaser (which is net of processing costs) that is recorded in revenue at the net price we receive. Under the other type of agreement, we sell natural gas, NGLs or oil at a specific delivery point, pay transportation, gathering, processing and compression expenses to a third party and receive proceeds from the purchaser with no deduction. In that case, we record revenue at the price received from the purchaser and record the expenses we incur as transportation, gathering, processing and compression expense.

We realize brokered margins as a result of buying and selling natural gas utilizing separate purchase and sale transactions, typically with separate counterparties, whereby Range or the counterparty takes title to the natural gas purchased or sold. Revenues and expenses related to brokered natural gas are reported gross as part of revenues and expenses in accordance with applicable accounting standards. Our net brokered margin was a loss of $5.7 million in 2017 compared to losses of $2.8 million in 2016 and losses of $2.7 million in 2015.

Although receivables are concentrated in the oil and gas industry, we do not view this as an unusual credit risk. We provide for an allowance for doubtful accounts for specific receivables judged unlikely to be collected based on the age of the receivable, our experience with the debtor, potential offsets to the amount owed and economic conditions. In certain instances, we require purchasers to post stand-by letters of credit. Many of our receivables are from joint interest owners of properties we operate. Thus, we may have the ability to withhold future revenue disbursements to recover any non-payment of joint interest billings. We have allowances for doubtful accounts relating to exploration and production receivables of $7.1 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $5.6 million at December 31, 2016. We recorded bad debt expense of $1.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $800,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016 and $2.3 million in the year ended 2015.

Revenues from the production of natural gas, NGLs and oil on properties in which we have joint ownership are recorded under the sales method. Under the sales method, we and other joint owners may sell more or less than our entitled share of production. Should our sales exceed our share of remaining reasonable reserves, a liability is recorded. Imbalances are not significant in the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and on deposit and investments in highly liquid debt instruments with maturities of three months or less. Outstanding checks in excess of funds on deposit are included in accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheets and the change in such overdrafts is classified as a financing activity on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Marketable Securities

Investments in unaffiliated equity securities held in our deferred compensation plans qualify as trading securities and are recorded at fair value. Investments held in the deferred compensation plans consist of various publicly-traded mutual funds. These funds include equity securities and money market instruments and are reported in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory

Inventories were comprised of $12.1 million of materials and supplies at December 31, 2017 compared to $9.4 million at December 31, 2016. Inventories consist primarily of tubular goods and equipment used in our operations and are stated at the lower of specific cost of each inventory item or net realizable value, on a first-in, first-out basis. Our material and supplies inventory is primarily acquired for use in future drilling operations or repair operations and is reviewed periodically for obsolescence or impairment when market conditions indicate. At December 31, 2017, we also had commodity inventory of $508,000, compared to $8.3 million at December 31, 2016, which is carried at lower of weighted average cost or net realizable value, on a first-in, first-out basis. Commodity inventory at December 31, 2017 consists of NGLs held as line fill in pipelines or tanks.

Goodwill

As a result of our merger with Memorial Resource Development Corp. (the “MRD Merger” or “Memorial”) in September 2016, we have goodwill in the amount of $1.6 billion at December 31, 2017, the excess of consideration transferred over the fair value of Memorial. Goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment annually, as of November 1^st, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. We apply a fair value based impairment test to the carrying value of our business (our reporting unit). We assess the value of our business under either a qualitative or quantitative approach. Under a qualitative approach, we consider various market factors, including applicable key assumptions we have listed below. These factors are analyzed to determine if events and circumstances have affected the fair value of our business. If we determine that it is more likely than not that our business is impaired, the quantitative approach is used to assess our fair value and the amount of the impairment. Under a quantitative approach, the fair value is calculated based on key assumptions we have listed below. If our carrying value exceeds our fair value calculated using the quantitative approach, an impairment charge is recorded for the difference between fair value and carrying value. For more information, see Note 4.

Performing a qualitative impairment assessment of our business requires an examination of relevant events and circumstances that could have a negative impact on our business, such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions (including current commodity price), earnings and cash flows, overall financial performance and other relevant entity specific events.

When performing a quantitative impairment assessment of goodwill, fair value is estimated based on a combination of (i) recent market transactions, where available; and (ii) projected discounted cash flows (an income approach). Under the income approach, the fair value is based on the present value of expected future cash flows. The income approach is dependent on a number of factors including estimates of forecasted revenue and operating costs, proved reserves, as well as the success of future exploration for and development of unproved reserves, discount rates and other variables. Negative revisions of estimated reserves quantities, increases in future cost estimates, divestitures or sustained decreases in crude oil or natural gas prices could lead to a reduction in expected future cash flows and possibly an impairment of all or a portion of goodwill in future periods. Key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model include estimated quantities of crude oil, natural gas and NGLs reserves, including both proved reserves and risk-adjusted unproved reserves; estimates of market prices considering forward commodity price curves as of the measurement date; and estimates of operating, administrative and capital costs adjusted for inflation. We discount the resulting future cash flows using a peer company based weighted average cost of capital. Under the market approach, we would estimate fair value by a comparison to similar businesses whose securities are actively traded in the public market. This requires management to make certain judgments including the selection of comparable companies and/or comparable recent company asset transactions, transaction premiums and selected financial metrics. If natural gas, NGLs and oil prices decrease, drilling efforts are unsuccessful or our market capitalization declines further, it is reasonably possible that we would be required to record additional impairments.

Natural Gas and Oil Properties

Property Acquisition Costs. We use the successful efforts method of accounting for natural gas and oil producing activities. Costs to drill exploratory wells that do not find proved reserves, geological and geophysical costs, delay rentals and costs of carrying and retaining unproved properties are expensed. Costs incurred for exploratory wells that find reserves that cannot yet be classified as proved are capitalized if (a) the well has found a sufficient quantity of reserves to justify its completion as a producing well and (b) we are making sufficient progress assessing the reserves and the economic and operating viability of the project. The status of suspended well costs is monitored continuously and reviewed not less than quarterly. We capitalize successful exploratory wells and all developmental wells, whether successful or not. Due to the capital-intensive nature and the geographical location of certain projects, it may take an extended period of time to evaluate the future potential of an exploration project and the economics associated with making a determination on its commercial viability. In these instances, the project’s feasibility is not contingent upon price improvements or advances in technology, but rather our ongoing efforts and expenditures related to accurately predicting the hydrocarbon recoverability based on well information, gaining access to other companies’ production data in the area, transportation or processing facilities and/or obtaining partner approval to drill additional appraisal wells. These activities are ongoing and are being pursued constantly. Consequently, our assessment of suspended exploratory well costs is continuous until a decision can be made that the project has found proved reserves to sanction the project or is noncommercial and is charged to exploration expense. For more information regarding suspended exploratory well costs, see Note 7.

Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization. Depreciation, depletion and amortization of proved producing properties, including other property and equipment such as gathering lines related to natural gas and oil producing activities, is provided on the units of production method. Historically, we have adjusted our depletion rates in the fourth quarter of each year based on the year-end reserve report and at other times during the year when circumstances indicate there has been a significant change in reserves or costs. In the year ended December 31, 2015, the fair value of our natural gas and oil properties in Northwest Pennsylvania was determined to be zero. As a result, any future adjustments to the asset retirement liability for these properties represents an impairment expense and we have elected to record such expense in depreciation, depletion and amortization. In the year ended December 31, 2017, additional expense of $158,000 was recorded related to these costs compared to $1.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2016.

Impairments. Our proved natural gas and oil properties are reviewed for impairment annually and periodically as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. These assets are reviewed for potential impairment at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of other groups of assets which is the level at which depletion is calculated. The review is done by determining if the historical cost of proved properties less the applicable accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization is less than the estimated expected undiscounted future net cash flows. The expected future net cash flows are estimated based on our plans to produce and develop reserves. Expected future net cash inflow from the sale of produced reserves is calculated based on estimated future prices and estimated operating and development costs. We estimate prices based upon market-related information including published futures prices. The estimated future level of production, which is based on proved and risk adjusted probable and possible reserves, has assumptions surrounding the future levels of prices and costs, field decline rates, market demand and supply, and the economic and regulatory climate. In certain circumstances, we also consider potential sales of properties to third parties in our estimates of cash flows. When the carrying value exceeds the sum of undiscounted future net cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair market value (as determined by discounted future net cash flows using a discount rate similar to that used by market participants) and the carrying value of the asset. A significant amount of judgment is involved in performing these evaluations since the results are based on estimated future events. Such events include a projection of future natural gas and oil prices, an estimate of the ultimate amount of recoverable natural gas and oil reserves that will be produced from an asset group, the timing of future production, future production costs, future abandonment costs and future inflation. We cannot predict whether impairment charges may be required in the future. If natural gas, NGLs and oil prices decrease or drilling efforts are unsuccessful, we may be required to record additional impairments. For additional information regarding proved property impairments, see Note 12.

We evaluate our unproved property investment periodically for impairment. The majority of these costs generally relate to the acquisition of leasehold costs. The costs are capitalized and evaluated (at least quarterly) as to recoverability, based on changes brought about by economic factors and potential shifts in business strategy employed by management. Impairment of a significant portion of our unproved properties is assessed and amortized on an aggregate basis based on our average holding period, expected forfeiture rate and anticipated drilling success. Impairment of individually significant unproved property is assessed on a property-by-property basis considering a combination of time, geologic and engineering factors. In certain circumstances, our future plans to develop acreage may accelerate our impairment. Unproved properties had a net book value of $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2017 compared to $2.9 billion in 2016. We have recorded abandonment and impairment expense related to unproved properties of $269.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $30.1 million in 2016 and $47.6 million in 2015.

Dispositions. Proceeds from the disposal of natural gas and oil producing properties that are part of an amortization base are credited to the net book value of the amortization group with no immediate effect on income. However, gain or loss is recognized if the disposition is significant enough to materially impact the depletion rate of the remaining properties in the amortization base. Dispositions are accounted for as a sale of assets. For additional information regarding our dispositions, see Note 3.

Acquisitions. Acquisitions of proved properties are accounted for as either a business combination or an asset acquisition and, accordingly, the results of operations are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations from the closing date of the acquisition. In a business combination, purchase prices are allocated to acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on their estimated fair value at the time of the acquisition. In an asset acquisition, fair value is assigned to the assets acquired. In the past, acquisitions have been funded with internal cash flow, bank borrowings and the issuance of debt and equity securities. For additional information regarding our acquisitions, see Note 3.

Other Property and Equipment

Other property and equipment includes assets such as buildings, furniture and fixtures, field equipment, leasehold improvements and data processing and communication equipment. These items are generally depreciated by individual components on a straight-line basis over their economic useful life, which is generally from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their economic useful lives or the underlying terms of the associated leases. Depreciation expense was $7.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $8.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 and $11.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2015.

Other Assets

Other assets at December 31, 2017 include $67.1 million of marketable securities held in our deferred compensation plans and $9.6 million of other investments including surface acreage. Other assets at December 31, 2016 include $61.7 million of marketable securities held in our deferred compensation plans and $10.6 million of other investments including surface acreage.

Stock-based Compensation Arrangements

We account for stock-based compensation under the fair value method of accounting. We grant various types of stock-based awards including restricted stock and performance-based awards. The fair value of our restricted stock awards and our performance-based awards (where the performance condition is based on internal performance metrics) is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of our performance-based awards where the performance condition is based on market conditions is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation method.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. The expense we recognize is net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate our forfeiture rate based on prior experience and adjust it as circumstances warrant. If actual forfeitures are different than expected, adjustments to recognize expense may be required in future periods. To the extent possible, we limit the amount of shares to be issued for these awards by satisfying tax withholding requirements with cash. All awards have been issued at prevailing market prices at the time of grant and the vesting of these awards is based on an employee’s continued employment with us, with the exception of employment termination due to death, disability or retirement. For additional information regarding stock-based compensation, see Note 13.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging

All of our derivative instruments are issued to manage the price risk attributable to our expected natural gas, NGLs and oil production. While there is risk that the financial benefit of rising natural gas, NGLs and oil prices may not be captured, we believe the benefits of stable and predictable cash flow are more important. Among these benefits are more efficient utilization of existing personnel and planning for future staff additions, the flexibility to enter into long-term projects requiring substantial committed capital, smoother and more efficient execution of our ongoing development drilling and production enhancement programs, more consistent returns on invested capital and better access to bank and other capital markets. All unsettled derivative instruments are recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as either an asset or a liability measured at their fair value. In most cases, our derivatives are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets on a net basis by brokerage firm when they are governed by master netting agreements. Changes in a derivative’s fair value are recognized in earnings. Cash flows from derivative contract settlements are reflected in operating activities in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows.

All realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivatives are accounted for using the mark-to-market accounting method. We recognize all unrealized and realized gains and losses related to these contracts in each period in derivative fair value in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Certain of our derivatives are swaps where we receive a fixed price for our production and pay market prices to the counterparty. We also have collars which establish a minimum floor price and a predetermined ceiling price. At times, we have also entered into basis swap agreements. The price we receive for our natural gas production can be more or less than the NYMEX price because of adjustments for delivery location (“basis”), relative quality and other factors; therefore, we have entered into natural gas basis swap agreements that effectively fix our basis adjustments. We have also entered into propane basis swaps which lock in the differential between Mont Belvieu and international propane indexes. In third quarter 2017, we entered into combined natural gas derivative instruments containing a fixed price swap and a sold option to extend or double the volume (which we refer to as a swaption). The swap price is a fixed price determined at the time of the swaption contract. If the option is exercised, the contract will become a swap treated consistently with our fixed-price swaps. For additional information regarding our derivatives, see Note 11.

From time to time, we may enter into derivative contracts and pay or receive premium payments at the inception of the derivative contract which represent the fair value of the contract at its inception. These amounts would be included within the net derivative asset or liability on our consolidated balance sheets. The amounts paid or received for derivative premiums reduce or increase the amount of gains and losses that are recorded in the earnings each period as the derivative contracts settle. During 2017, we did not modify any existing derivative contracts.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

As of December 31, 2017, our primary concentrations of credit risk are the risks of collecting accounts receivable and the risk of counterparties’ failure to perform under derivative contracts. Most of our receivables are from a diverse group of companies, including major energy companies, pipeline companies, local distribution companies, financial institutions, commodity traders and end-users in various industries and such receivables are generally unsecured. To manage risks of collecting accounts receivable, we monitor our counterparties’ financial strength and/or credit ratings and where we deem necessary, we obtain parent company guarantees, prepayments, letters of credit or other credit enhancements to reduce risk of loss. Our allowance for doubtful accounts was $7.1 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $5.6 million at December 31, 2016.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we had one customer that accounted for 10% or more of total natural gas, NGLs and oil sales. We believe that the loss of any one customer would not have an adverse effect on our ability to sell our natural gas, NGLs and oil production.

We have executed International Swap Dealers Association Master Agreements (“ISDA Agreements”) with counterparties for the purpose of entering into derivative contracts. To manage counterparty risk associated with our derivatives, we select and monitor counterparties based on assessment of their financial strength and/or credit ratings. We may also limit the level of exposure with any single counterparty. Additionally, the terms of our ISDA Agreements provide us and our counterparties with netting rights such that we may offset payables against receivables with a counterparty under separate derivative contracts. Our ISDA Agreements also generally contain set-off rights such that, upon the occurrence of defined acts of default by either us or a counterparty to a derivative contract, the non-defaulting party may set-off receivables owed under all derivative contracts against payables from other agreements with that counterparty. The majority of our derivative contracts have no margin requirements or collateral provisions that would require us to fund or post additional collateral prior to the scheduled cash settlement date.

At December 31, 2017, our derivative counterparties included nineteen financial institutions and commodity traders, of which all but five are secured lenders in our bank credit facility. At December 31, 2017, our net derivative asset includes a payable to the counterparties not included in our bank credit facility totaling $28.2 million. In determining fair value of derivative assets, we evaluate the risk of non-performance and incorporate factors such as amounts owed under other agreements permitting set-off, as well as pricing of credit default swaps for the counterparty. Net derivative liabilities are determined in part by using our market based credit spread to incorporate our theoretical risk of non-performance.

Asset Retirement Obligations

The fair value of asset retirement obligations is recognized in the period they are incurred, if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. Asset retirement obligations primarily relate to the abandonment of natural gas and oil producing facilities and include costs to dismantle and relocate or dispose of production platforms, gathering systems, wells and related structures. Estimates are based on historical experience of plugging and abandoning wells, estimated remaining lives of those wells based on reserve estimates, external estimates of the cost to plug and abandon the wells in the future and federal and state regulatory requirements. We are required to operate and maintain our natural gas pipeline systems and intend to do so as long as supply and demand for natural gas exists, which we expect for the foreseeable future. Therefore, these assets have indeterminate lives. Depreciation of capitalized asset retirement costs will generally be determined on a units-of-production basis while accretion to be recognized will escalate over the life of the producing assets. See Note 9 for additional information.

Environmental Costs

Environmental expenditures are capitalized if the costs mitigate or prevent future contamination or if the costs improve environmental safety or efficiency of the existing assets. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations that have no future economic benefits are expensed.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases as reported in our filings with the respective taxing authorities. Deferred tax assets are recorded when it is more likely than not that they will be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets is assessed periodically based on several interrelated factors. These factors may include our expectation to generate sufficient taxable income in the periods before tax credits and operating loss carryforwards expire. All deferred taxes are classified as long-term on the balance sheet.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted

In January 2017, an accounting standards update was issued that eliminates the requirements to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure any goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and should be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for any goodwill impairment tests performed in first quarter 2017 or later. We elected to adopt this accounting standards update in first quarter 2017. The adoption did not have a significant impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position, cash flows or financial disclosures; however, this standard did change our policy for our goodwill impairment assessment by eliminating the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill.

In March 2016, an accounting standards update was issued that simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions. Among other things, this new guidance will require all income tax effects of share-based awards to be recognized in the statement of operations when the awards vest or are settled, will allow an employer to repurchase more of an employee’s shares for tax withholding purposes than it can today without triggering liability accounting and will allow a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. This new standard will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption was permitted. We elected to early adopt this accounting standards update in fourth quarter 2016 which required us to reflect any adjustments as of January 1, 2016, the beginning of the annual period that included the interim period of adoption. The following summarizes the impact of this new standard on our consolidated financial statements:

Income taxes - Upon adoption of this standard, all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in our consolidated statements of operations. The tax effects of exercised or vested awards are treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. Adoption of this new standard resulted in the recognition of an excess tax deficiency in our provision for income taxes rather than paid-in capital of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and affected our previously reported first quarter 2016 results as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

		For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
		As Reported			As Adjusted
Statements of Operations:
Income tax benefit	$	(44,038	)	$	(41,976	)
Net loss		(91,710	)		(93,772	)
Basic earnings per share		(0.55	)		(0.56	)
Diluted earnings per share		(0.55	)		(0.56	)

In addition, we have recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings (deficit) and reduced our deferred tax liability for $101.1 million for previously unrecognized tax benefits due to our NOL position.

Forfeitures - Prior to adoption, share-based compensation expense was recognized on a straight line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, such that expense was recognized only for share-based awards that are expected to vest. We have elected to continue to estimate forfeitures.

Statements of cash flows - The presentation requirements for cash flows related to employee taxes paid for withheld shares will be adjusted retrospectively. These cash flows have historically been presented as an operating activity. Upon adoption of this new standard, these cash outflows will be classified as a financing activity. Prior periods have been adjusted as follows (in thousands):

		As Reported		As Adjusted
		Net cash provided from operating activities		Net cash provided from operating activities
Year ended 2015	$	683,700	$	691,402
Year ended 2014		954,135		974,353
Year ended 2013		743,538		757,373
Three months ended March 31, 2016		87,424		90,785
Six months ended June 30, 2016		169,604		173,201
Nine months ended September 30, 2016		202,037		205,837

		As Reported			As Adjusted
		Net cash (used in) provided from financing activities			Net cash (used in) provided from financing activities
Year ended 2015	$	(464,905	)	$	(472,607	)
Year ended 2014		291,421			271,203
Year ended 2013		239,994			226,159
Three months ended March 31, 2016		(72,473	)		(75,834	)
Six months ended June 30, 2016		(95,411	)		(99,008	)
Nine months ended September 30, 2016		(35,229	)		(39,029	)

In July 2015, an accounting standards update was issued that requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. This excludes inventory measured using LIFO or the retail inventory method. This standard was effective for us in first quarter 2017 and was applied prospectively. Adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In August 2016, an accounting standards update was issued that clarifies how entities classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for us in first quarter 2018 and should be applied retrospectively with early adoption permitted. We adopted this new standard in the fourth quarter 2017 on a retrospective basis. Adoption of this standard did not have an impact on our consolidated cash flow statement presentation.

In January 2017, an accounting standards update was issued which clarifies the definition of a business. This new standard is effective for us in first quarter 2018 with early adoption permitted. We adopted this new standard in the fourth quarter 2017. Adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In May 2014, an accounting standards update was issued that supersedes the existing revenue recognition requirements. This standard includes a five-step revenue recognition model to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Among other things, the standard also eliminates industry-specific revenue guidance, requires enhanced disclosures about revenue, provides guidance for transactions that were not previously addressed comprehensively and improves guidance for multiple-element arrangements. This standard is effective for us in first quarter 2018 and we expect to adopt the new standard using the modified retrospective method of adoption. We have utilized a bottom-up approach to analyze the impact of the new standard on our contracts by reviewing our current accounting policies and practices to identify potential differences that would result from applying the requirements of the new standard to our revenue contracts and the impact of adopting this standards update on our total revenues, operating income (loss) and our consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2017, we have substantially completed our evaluation of our sources of revenue and the impact of this accounting standards update on our consolidated results of operations, financial position, cash flows and financial disclosures, in addition to developing and implementing any process or control changes necessary. We do not expect to record a cumulative effect adjustment on date of adoption; however, our financial statement presentation related to revenue received from certain gas processing contracts will change. Based on current accounting guidance, certain of our gas processing contracts are reported in revenue at the net price (net of processing costs) we receive. Upon adoption of this accounting standards update, these contracts will be reported as a gross price received at a delivery point and additional transportation, marketing and processing expense.

In February 2016, an accounting standards update was issued that requires an entity to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than twelve months. Classification of leases as either a finance or operating lease will determine the recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses. This accounting standards update also requires certain quantitative and qualitative disclosures about leasing arrangements. This standards update is effective for us in first quarter 2019 and should be applied using a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements, with early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the provisions of this accounting standards update and assessing the impact it will have on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows but based on our preliminary review of the update, we expect that we will have operating leases with durations greater than twelve months on the balance sheet. As we continue to evaluate and implement the standards update, we will provide additional information about the expected financial impact at a future date.

In June 2016, an accounting standards update was issued that changes the impairment model for trade receivables, net investments in leases, debt securities, loans and certain other instruments. The standards update requires the use of a forward-looking “expected loss” model as opposed to the current “incurred loss” model. This standards update is effective for us in first quarter 2020 and will be adopted on a modified retrospective basis though a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the adoption period. Early adoption is permitted starting January 2019. We are evaluating the provisions of this accounting standards update and assessing the impact, if any, it may have on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

In March 2017, an accounting standards update was issued which provides additional guidance on the presentation of net benefit cost in the statement of operations. Employers will present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same consolidated results of operations line item as other employee compensation costs rising from services rendered during the period. This new standards update will be effective for us for annual reporting periods in first quarter 2018, with early adoption permitted. We anticipate this standard will not have a material impact on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2017, an accounting standards update was issued which clarifies what constitutes a modification of a share-based award. This standards update is intended to provide clarity and reduce both diversity in practice and cost and complexity to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. This standards update will be effective for us in first quarter 2018 and we do not anticipate it will have a material impact on our financial position or consolidated results of operations.