SECTION 1. BACKGROUND
This Code of Ethics (“Code”) applies to all Funds
and has been adopted in order to establish standards and procedures for the
detection and prevention of activities by which persons having knowledge of the
investments and investment intentions of a Fund may abuse their fiduciary
duties to the Trust and to deal with other types of conflict of interest
situations. Upon discovering a violation of the Code, the Board may impose
such sanctions as it deems appropriate.
A specific purpose of the Code is to promote honest
and ethical conduct, compliance with applicable laws and accountability for
adherence to the Code. All Access Persons should adhere to a high standard of
business ethics and should be sensitive to situations that may give rise to
conflicts of interest.
SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS
(1)
Each Trustee and Officer;
(2)
(i) Any officer, director or general partner of the Adviser; and (ii)
any officer, director or general partner of the Distributor, where the
Distributor in the ordinary course of business either (a) makes, participates
in or obtains information regarding the Fund’s purchase or sale of Covered
Investments or (b) fills a function related to the making of any recommendation
regarding the Fund’s purchase or sale of Covered Investments;
(3)
Any employee of the Fund or Adviser, or of any company in a control
relationship with the Fund or Adviser, whose regular functions (i) relate to
the making of any recommendation regarding the Fund’s purchase or sale of
Covered Investments or (ii) include making, participating in or obtaining
information regarding the purchase or sale of Covered Investments by a Fund;
and
(4)
Any natural person in a control relationship with a Fund or Adviser who
obtains information concerning recommendations made to a Fund about the
purchase or sale of a Covered Investment.
(B)
Beneficial Owner means “beneficial owner” as defined in Rule
16a-1(a)(2) under the 1934 Act except that the determination of direct or
indirect beneficial ownership shall apply to all Covered Investments which an
Access Person owns or acquires. A Beneficial Owner of an investment is any
person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement,
understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect
pecuniary interest (the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share
in any profit derived from a transaction in the subject securities) in a
security. Indirect pecuniary interest in an investment includes securities
held by a person’s immediate family And immediate family means any child,
stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling,
mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or
sister-in-law (including adoptive relationships).
(C)
Control means the power to exercise a controlling influence over
the management or policies of a company, unless the power is solely the result
of an official position with the company.
(D)
Covered
Officer means the PEO, PFO and PAO as those terms are used in Section 406
of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
(E)
Covered Investment means any investment except:
(1)
Direct obligations of the United States Government;
(2)
Bankers’ acceptances and bank certificates of deposit;
(3)
Commercial paper and debt instruments with a maturity at issuance of
less than 366 days and that are rated in one of the two highest rating
categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization;
(4)
Repurchase agreements covering any of the foregoing; and
(5)
Shares of registered open-end investment companies other than Funds.
(F)
Investment Personnel, means any employee of the Fund or Adviser
who makes or participates in making recommendations to the Fund regarding the
purchase or sale of investments by the Fund. No Fund or the Trust shall employ
such a person without prior approval of the Board and the Review Officer.
(G)
Security
Held or to be Acquired means
(1)
Any Covered Investment which, within the most recent 15 days (a) is or
has been held by a Fund or (b) is being or has been considered by a Fund or an
Adviser for purchase by a Fund; and
(2)
Any option to purchase or sell, and any investment convertible into or
exchangeable for, a Covered Investment.
(H)
Purchase
or sale includes the writing of an option to purchase or sell.
(I)
Material non-public information means information (i) that there
is a substantial likelihood a reasonable investor would consider important in
making an investment decision, or that is reasonably certain to have a
substantial effect on the price of Shares and (ii) that has not been
effectively communicated to the market place. Examples include: (a) valuation
issues; (b) liquidity issues; (c) significant increase in expenses; (d)
proposal for liquidation or reorganization; (e) regulatory developments that
affect a Fund; and (f) extraordinary developments at the Adviser. Public
information includes information found in a report filed with the SEC or
appearing in a news service.
SECTION 3. PROHIBITED
TRANSACTIONS
(A)
Prohibition Against Fraudulent Conduct. No Access Person shall
use any information concerning the operating activities, investments or
investment intentions of a Fund, or the Access Person’s ability to influence
such operating activities or investment intentions, for personal gain or in a
manner detrimental to the interests of a Fund. In addition, no Affiliated
Person of a Fund shall, directly or indirectly in connection with the operating
activities of the Fund or the purchase or sale of a security held or to be
acquired by a Fund:
(1)
Employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud a Fund;
(2)
Make to a Fund or to the Adviser or Distributor any untrue statement of
a material fact or omit to state to any of the foregoing a material fact
necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under
which they are made, not misleading;
(3)
Engage in any act, practice, or course of business that operates or
would operate as a fraud or deceit upon a Fund; or
(4)
Engage in any manipulative practice with respect to a Fund.
(B)
Other Prohibited Transactions. Access Persons are prohibited
from:
(1)
Inducing or causing a Fund to take action, or to fail to take action,
for the benefit of a person either in addition to or other than the Fund;
(2)
Accepting anything other than of de minimis value or any other
preferential treatment from any entity with which a Fund does business;
(3)
Using knowledge of the operating activities or portfolio transactions of
a Fund for their benefit or the benefit of any person other than the Fund;
(4)
Violating the anti-fraud provisions of the securities laws; or
(5)
Except for the Independent Trustees, serving on the boards of directors
of publicly traded companies, absent prior authorization based upon a
determination by the Review Officer that the board service would be consistent
with the interests of the Fund and its shareholders.
(C)
Undue Influence; Disclosure of Personal Interest. No Access
Person shall cause or attempt to cause a Fund to purchase, sell or hold any
investment in a manner or engage in operating activity calculated to create any
benefit to the Access Person. No Access Person shall recommend any operating
activity or investment transactions for a Fund without having disclosed to the
Review Officer the Access Person’s interest, if any, in Shares or such
investment or the issuer thereof, including, without limitation:
(1)
The Access Person’s direct or indirect beneficial ownership of any
securities of the subject issuer or in the investment;
(2)
Any position with such issuer or its Affiliated Persons; and
(3)
Any present or proposed business relationship between such issuer or its
Affiliated Persons, on the one hand, and such person or any party in which such
person has a significant interest, on the other hand.
(D)
Corporate
Opportunities. Access Persons are prohibited from taking advantage of any
opportunity properly belonging to a Fund.
(E)
Confidentiality. Except as required in the normal course of
carrying out an Access Person’s business responsibilities, Access Persons are
prohibited from revealing information relating to the investment intentions or
activities of any Fund, or investment that are being considered for purchase or
sale on behalf of any Fund.
(F)
Prohibited Transactions in Fund Shares. Access Persons are
prohibited from trading in Shares while in possession of material non-public information
regarding the operating activities of the Fund.
SECTION 4. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
(A)
Access Person Reporting. Access Persons must report the
information described in this Section 4 with respect to transactions in any
Covered Investment in which the Access Person has, or by reason of such
transaction acquires, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership. Access
Persons must report to the Review Officer, unless they are required to report
to an Adviser or the Distributor pursuant to a code of ethics adopted by those
persons; and, in the case of (i) the Adviser or (ii) the Distributor if the
Distributor is (a) an Affiliated Person of the Trust or (b) has any officer,
director or general partner that serves the Trust or the Adviser in the same
capacity (“Affiliated Distributor”), has been approved by the Board. The Board
shall not approve such code of ethics unless it is maintained and enforced as
if it were subject to the same rules as provided in Rule 17j-1 under the 1940
Act. Access Persons will promptly:
(1)
Provide full access to the Trust to any and all records and documents
which the Trust considers relevant to any investment transactions or other
matters subject to the Code;
(2)
Cooperate with the Trust in investigating any investment transactions or
other matter subject to the Code;
(3)
Provide the Trust with an explanation (in writing if requested) of the
facts and circumstances surrounding any investment transaction or other matter
subject to the Code; and
Notify
the Review Officer in writing, from time to time, of any incident of
noncompliance with the Code by any Access Person.
(B)
Independent Trustee Reporting. An Independent Trustee need not
provide the account opening, holdings or transaction reports required by this
Section 4, except that an Independent Trustee must report a transaction if the
Independent Trustee knew at the time of the transaction, or in the ordinary
course of fulfilling the official duties as an Independent Trustee should have
known:
(1)
That during the 15-day period immediately preceding or immediately
following the transaction in a Covered Investment by the Independent Trustee,
the Covered Investment is or was purchased or sold or was being considered for
purchase or sale by a Fund or that Fund’s Adviser, or
(2)
The Independent Trustee possessed material non-public information about
the operating activities of a Fund or the Trust preceding a transaction in
Shares of the Fund.
(C)
Exclusions from Reporting. Purchases or sales of Covered
Investments in an account over which an Access Person has no direct or indirect
influence or control are not subject to the reporting requirements of this
Section.
(D)
Initial
Holding Reports. No later than ten (10) days after the person becomes an
Access Person, an Access Person must report the following information:
(1)
The title, number of shares and principal amount of each Covered
Investment in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial
ownership when the person became an Access Person;
(2)
The name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person
maintained an account in which any securities were held for the direct or
indirect benefit of the Access Person as of the date the person became an
Access Person; and
(3)
The date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
(E)
Quarterly Transaction Reports. No later than ten (10) days after
the end of a calendar quarter, an Access Person must report the following
information:
(1)
With respect to any transaction during the quarter in a Covered
Investment in which the Access Person had, or by reason of such transaction
acquired, any direct or indirect beneficial ownership:
(a)
The date of the transaction, the title, the interest rate and maturity
date (if applicable), the number of shares and the principal amount of each
Covered Investment involved;
(b)
The nature of the transaction (i.e., purchase, sale or any other type of
acquisition or disposition);
(c)
The price of the Covered Investment at which the transaction was
effected; the name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through which the
transaction was effected; and
(d)
The date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
(2)
With respect to any account established by the Access Person in which
any investment were held during the quarter for the direct or indirect benefit
of the Access Person:
(a)
The name of the broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person
established the account;
(b)
The date the account was established; and
(c)
The date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
(F)
Annual Holdings Reports. Annually, an Access Person must report
the following information (which information must be current as of a date no
more than thirty (30) days before the report is submitted):
(1)
The title, number of shares and principal amount of each Covered
Investment in which the Access Person had any direct or indirect beneficial
ownership;
(2)
The name of any broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person
maintains an account in which any securities are held for the direct or
indirect benefit of the Access Person; and
(3)
The date that the report is submitted by the Access Person.
(G)
Certification
of Compliance. Upon becoming an Access Person, the person shall certify
(in the form of Appendix A) that the Access Person has read and understood this
Code and recognizes that the Access Person is subject to this Code. Further,
each Access Person is required to certify annually that the Access Person has
complied with all the requirements of this Code and that the Access Person has
disclosed or reported all personal investment transactions pursuant to the requirements
of this Code.
(H)
Alternative
Reporting. The submission to the Review Officer of duplicate broker trade
confirmations and statements on all Covered Investments transactions shall be
deemed to satisfy these reporting requirements. The annual holdings report may
be satisfied by confirming annually, in writing, the accuracy of the records
maintained by the Review Officer and recording the date of the confirmation.
(I)
Report Qualification. Any report may contain a statement that
the report shall not be construed as an admission by the person making the
report that the person has any direct or indirect beneficial ownership in the
Covered Investments to which the report relates.
SECTION 5. COVERED OFFICERS
(A)
Conflicts of Interest. A “conflict of interest” occurs when a
Covered Officer’s employment or personal interest interferes with the interests
of, or service to, the Trust. For example, a conflict of interest would arise
if a Covered Officer receives improper personal benefits as a result of the
Covered Officer’s position with the Trust. A Covered Officer may be an officer
or employee of a Service Provider, another investment company or another
company. Conflicts may arise from, or as a result of, the contractual
relationship between the Trust and its Service Providers or otherwise due to
the Covered Officers’ positions, but such other positions of a Covered Officer
do not by itself give rise to a conflict of interest. As applicable to a
Covered Officer, the following must be approved by the Audit Committee
:
(1)
Service on the board of directors or governing board of a publicly
traded entity;
(2)
The receipt of any non-nominal gifts from persons or entities who have
or are seeking business relationships with the Trust or a Fund;
(3)
The receipt of any entertainment from any company with which the Trust
has current or prospective business dealings unless such entertainment is
business-related, reasonable in cost, appropriate as to time and place, and not
so frequent as to raise any question of impropriety;
(4)
Any ownership interest (material to the officer) in, or any consulting
or employment relationship with, any entities doing business with the Trust,
other than its service providers and their respective Affiliated Persons; and
(5)
Any direct or indirect financial interest in commissions, transaction
charges or spreads paid by the Trust for effecting portfolio transactions or
for selling or redeeming shares other than an interest arising from the Covered
Officer’s employment with the Trust’s service providers or their respective
Affiliated Persons.
(B)
Duties. A Covered Officer shall:
(1)
Become familiar with the disclosure requirements generally applicable to
the Trust;
(2)
Not knowingly misrepresent, or cause others to misrepresent, facts about
the Trust to others;
(3)
To the extent appropriate, consult with other Officers and employees of
the Trust and its service providers;
(4)
Promote compliance with the standards and restrictions imposed by
applicable laws; and
(5)
Not retaliate against any other Covered Officer or any employee of the
Fund or its Service Providers for reporting potential violations of by the
Fund, its Service Providers, or another Covered Officer that are made in good
faith.
(C)
A Covered Officer shall notify the Chairman of the Audit Committee
promptly if the officer knows of any violation of this Code.
SECTION 6. REVIEW OFFICER
(A)
Appointment. A Review Officer shall be appointed by the PEO.
(B)
Duties of Review Officer. The Review Officer shall :
(1)
Review all investment transaction and holdings reports or shall maintain
the names of persons responsible for reviewing these reports;
(2)
Identify all Access Persons who are required to make these reports,
maintain and periodically update a list of such Access Persons, and promptly
inform each Access Person of the requirements of this Code;
(3)
Compare, on a quarterly basis, all Access Persons’ transactions in
Covered Investments with each Fund’s completed portfolio transactions and in
the case of transactions in Shares, with operating activities of the Fund, to
determine whether a Code violation may have occurred;
(4)
Maintain a signed acknowledgment by each person who is then an Access
Person;
(5)
Identify persons who are Investment Personnel, maintain and periodically
update a list of such Investment Personnel, and inform those persons of their
requirements to obtain prior written approval from the Review Officer prior to
directly or indirectly acquiring ownership of a security in any private
placement or initial public offering; and
(6)
Annually prepare a written report to the Trustees that
(a)
Describes any issues under this Code since the last report to the
Trustees, including information about material violations of the Code and
sanctions imposed in response to the material violations; and
(b)
Confirm that the Trust has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to
prevent Access Persons from violating this Code.
(C)
Potential Trade Conflict. When there appears to be a transaction
that conflicts with this Code, the Review Officer shall request a written
explanation of the Access Person’s transaction. If after the review it is
determined that there has been a violation of this Code, the Review Officer
shall make a recommendation of appropriate action to the Board.
(D)
Required
Records. The Review Officer shall maintain:
(1)
A copy of this and any other code of ethics adopted by the Trust,
Adviser or Affiliated Distributor, which has been in effect at any time during
the previous five (5) years, in an easily accessible place;
(2)
A record of any violation of this Code, and of any action taken as a
result of such violation, in an easily accessible place for at least five (5)
years after the end of the fiscal year in which the violation occurs;
(3)
A copy of each report made by an Access Person as required by this Code
for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal year in which the
report is made, the first two (2) years in an easily accessible place;
(4)
A list of all persons who are, or at any time within the past five years
have been, required to make reports or who were responsible for reviewing these
reports pursuant to any code of ethics, in an easily accessible place;
(5)
A copy of each written report and certification required pursuant to
Section 7(D) of this Code for at least five (5) years after the end of the
fiscal year in which it is made, the first two (2) years in an easily
accessible place; and
(6)
A record of any decision, and the reasons supporting the decision,
approving the acquisition by Investment Personnel of securities under Section
6(B)(5) of this Code, for at least five (5) years after the end of the fiscal
year in which the approval is granted.
SECTION 7. BOARD
REVIEW
The Board, including a majority of the Independent
Trustees, shall:
(A)
Approve the (i) Code and any material changes to the Code and (ii)
before initially retaining their services, the code of ethics of each Adviser
and Affiliated Distributor, and any material changes to these codes within six
months of the change;
(B)
Base its approval of a code of ethics, and any material changes thereto,
on a determination that the code contains provisions reasonably necessary to
prevent Access Persons (or the equivalent persons) from engaging in prohibited
conduct;
(C)
Receive, prior to approving a code or any amendment to a code, a
certification from the Trust, Adviser or Affiliated Distributor that it has
adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons (or the
equivalent persons) from violating the Code; and
(D)
Receive
and consider, no less frequently than annually: (i) a written report from the
Trust, Adviser and Affiliated Distributor, as applicable, describing any
issues, material violations or sanctions arising under the respective codes;
and (ii) a written certification from the Trust, Adviser and Affiliated
Distributor, as applicable, that it has adopted procedures reasonably necessary
to prevent Access Persons (or the equivalent persons) from violating its code.
APPENDIX A
Code of Ethics Certification
I understand that I am an Access Person as defined
in the Forum Funds Code of Ethics.
I have read and I understand the Code of Ethics
and that I am subject to it. In addition, I will comply with the
requirements of the Code of Ethics applicable to my position and will disclose
or report all personal investment transactions that are required to be
disclosed or reported pursuant to the requirements of the Code.
If I am also a Covered Officer, I understand that I
am a Covered Officer as defined in the Forum Funds Code of Ethics and will
request from the Forum Funds’ Audit Committee Chairman all approvals that are
required under Section 5(A) of the Code.
[NAME] Date
This Certification must be
completed and returned to the Trust’s Review Officer.