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Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-term Investments [Abstract]  
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments Cash and Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments
Cash and cash equivalents include cash balances and all highly liquid instruments with initial maturities of three months or less.  Short-term investments consist of money market funds. The estimated fair value of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximates their carrying values.
At September 30, 2019, Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments were $779 million compared to $828 million at December 31, 2018, a decrease of $49 million. Of the total balances, $96 million and $91 million were restricted as to their use at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Included within Short-term investments as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were £42.7 million ($52.6 million at September 30, 2019 exchange rates and $53.9 million at December 31, 2018 exchange rates) of operating funds required to be held by the Company in the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) by the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), a U.K.-based regulator.