Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The changes in the net carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, are as follows (in millions):



Balance as of January 1, 2017	$	7,410
Goodwill related to current year acquisitions	619
Goodwill related to disposals	(5		)
Goodwill related to prior year acquisitions	(13		)
Foreign currency translation	347
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	8,358
Goodwill related to current year acquisitions	38
Goodwill related to disposals	(2		)
Goodwill related to prior year acquisitions	4
Foreign currency translation	(227		)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	8,171

Other intangible assets by asset class are as follows (in millions):



	As of December 31
	2018						2017
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization and Impairment		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization and Impairment		Net Carrying Amount
Customer related and contract based	2,240		1,444		796		2,550		1,415		1,135
Tradenames	1,027		740		287		1,047		533		514
Technology and other	391		325		66		416		332		84
Total	$	3,658	$	2,509	$	1,149	$	4,013	$	2,280	$	1,733

In the second quarter of 2017, and in connection with the completion of the sale of the Divested Business, the Company recognized a non-cash impairment charge to the associated tradenames of $380 million. The fair value of the tradenames was determined using the Relief from Royalty Method. This impairment was included in Amortization and impairment of intangible assets on the Consolidated Statement of Income. Refer to Note 5 “Discontinued Operations” for further information.

Amortization expense and impairment charges from finite lived intangible assets were $593 million, $704 million, and $157 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

The estimated future amortization for finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (in millions):



	Estimated Future Amortization
For the years ended	Estimated Future Amortization
2019	$	385
2020	219
2021	126
2022	84
2023	72
Thereafter	263
Total	$	1,149