(10) Past due balances of financing receivables still accruing finance income represent the total balance held (principal plus accrued interest) with any payment amounts 30 days or more past the contractual payment due date. Non-performing financing receivables represent loans for which the Company has ceased accruing finance income. These receivables are generally 120 days delinquent and the estimated uncollectible amount, after charging the dealer’s withholding account, if any, has been written off to the allowance for credit losses. Finance income for non-performing receivables is recognized on a cash basis. Accrual of finance income is generally resumed when the receivable becomes contractually current and collections are reasonably assured.

An age analysis of past due financing receivables that are still accruing interest and non-performing financing receivables in millions of dollars follows:


	April 30, 2016
					90 Days
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		or Greater		Total
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due
Retail Notes:
Agriculture and turf	$	137	$	70	$	71	$	278
Construction and forestry		79		29		28		136
Other:
Agriculture and turf		28		12		33		73
Construction and forestry		10		6		2		18
Total	$	254	$	117	$	134	$	505

							Total
	Total		Total				Financing
	Past Due		Non-Performing		Current		Receivables
Retail Notes:
Agriculture and turf	$	278	$	129	$	17,436	$	17,843
Construction and forestry		136		32		2,556		2,724
Other:
Agriculture and turf		73		12		6,671		6,756
Construction and forestry		18		23		951		992
Total	$	505	$	196	$	27,614		28,315
Less allowance for credit losses								165
Total financing receivables - net							$	28,150


	October 31, 2015
					90 Days
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		or Greater		Total
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due
Retail Notes:
Agriculture and turf	$	112	$	54	$	47	$	213
Construction and forestry		64		29		12		105
Other:
Agriculture and turf		26		12		4		42
Construction and forestry		13		5		3		21
Total	$	215	$	100	$	66	$	381

							Total
	Total		Total				Financing
	Past Due		Non-Performing		Current		Receivables
Retail Notes:
Agriculture and turf	$	213	$	98	$	18,574	$	18,885
Construction and forestry		105		21		2,556		2,682
Other:
Agriculture and turf		42		13		7,175		7,230
Construction and forestry		21		10		973		1,004
Total	$	381	$	142	$	29,278		29,801
Less allowance for credit losses								157
Total financing receivables - net							$	29,644


	April 30, 2015
					90 Days
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		or Greater		Total
	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due
Retail Notes:
Agriculture and turf	$	108	$	55	$	49	$	212
Construction and forestry		57		24		12		93
Other:
Agriculture and turf		32		13		20		65
Construction and forestry		14		6		2		22
Total	$	211	$	98	$	83	$	392

							Total
	Total		Total				Financing
	Past Due		Non-Performing		Current		Receivables
Retail Notes:
Agriculture and turf	$	212	$	96	$	18,543	$	18,851
Construction and forestry		93		18		2,511		2,622
Other:
Agriculture and turf		65		16		7,051		7,132
Construction and forestry		22		7		1,016		1,045
Total	$	392	$	137	$	29,121		29,650
Less allowance for credit losses								163
Total financing receivables - net							$	29,487

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses and investment in financing receivables in millions of dollars during the periods follows:


	Three Months Ended April 30, 2016
			Revolving
	Retail		Charge
	Notes		Accounts		Other		Total
Allowance:
Beginning of period balance	$	93	$	40	$	22	$	155
Provision		12		11		1		24
Write-offs		(12)		(15)		(1)		(28)
Recoveries		3		4				7
Translation adjustments		6				1		7
End of period balance *	$	102	$	40	$	23	$	165

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2016
Allowance:
Beginning of period balance	$	95	$	40	$	22	$	157
Provision		17		13		2		32
Write-offs		(19)		(22)		(1)		(42)
Recoveries		5		9				14
Translation adjustments		4						4
End of period balance *	$	102	$	40	$	23	$	165
Financing receivables:
End of period balance	$	20,567	$	2,636	$	5,112	$	28,315
Balance individually evaluated **	$	73	$	2	$	26	$	101


	Three Months Ended April 30, 2015
			Revolving
	Retail		Charge
	Notes		Accounts		Other		Total
Allowance:
Beginning of period balance	$	104	$	41	$	23	$	168
Provision		5		8		1		14
Write-offs		(6)		(11)		(2)		(19)
Recoveries		2		3		1		6
Translation adjustments		(6)						(6)
End of period balance *	$	99	$	41	$	23	$	163

	Six Months Ended April 30, 2015
Allowance:
Beginning of period balance	$	109	$	41	$	25	$	175
Provision		5		8		2		15
Write-offs		(9)		(15)		(2)		(26)
Recoveries		4		7				11
Translation adjustments		(10)				(2)		(12)
End of period balance *	$	99	$	41	$	23	$	163
Financing receivables:
End of period balance	$	21,473	$	2,345	$	5,832	$	29,650
Balance individually evaluated **	$	19					$	19

* Individual allowances were not significant.

** Remainder is collectively evaluated.

Financing receivables are considered impaired when it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms. Receivables reviewed for impairment generally include those that are either past due, or have provided bankruptcy notification, or require significant collection efforts. Receivables that are impaired are generally classified as non-performing.

An analysis of the impaired financing receivables in millions of dollars follows:


			Unpaid				Average
	Recorded		Principal		Specific		Recorded
	Investment		Balance		Allowance		Investment
April 30, 2016*
Receivables with specific allowance **	$	27	$	26	$	5	$	23
Receivables without a specific allowance ***		36		35				31
Total	$	63	$	61	$	5	$	54
Agriculture and turf	$	32	$	31	$	5	$	28
Construction and forestry	$	31	$	30			$	26

October 31, 2015*
Receivables with specific allowance **	$	14	$	13	$	2	$	13
Receivables without a specific allowance ***		14		14				20
Total	$	28	$	27	$	2	$	33
Agriculture and turf	$	19	$	18	$	2	$	20
Construction and forestry	$	9	$	9			$	13

April 30, 2015*
Receivables with specific allowance **	$	3	$	3	$	2	$	6
Receivables without a specific allowance **		12		11				12
Total	$	15	$	14	$	2	$	18
Agriculture and turf	$	9	$	8	$	2	$	12
Construction and forestry	$	6	$	6			$	6

* Finance income recognized was not material.

** Primarily retail notes.

*** Primarily retail notes and wholesale receivables.

A troubled debt restructuring is generally the modification of debt in which a creditor grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a debtor that is experiencing financial difficulties. These modifications may include a reduction of the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity dates, a reduction of the face amount or maturity amount of the debt, or a reduction of accrued interest. During the first six months of 2016, the Company identified 46 financing receivable contracts, primarily wholesale receivables, as troubled debt restructurings with aggregate balances of $17.6 million pre-modification and $17.1 million post-modification. During the first six months of 2015, there were 50 financing receivable contracts, primarily retail notes, identified as troubled debt restructurings with aggregate balances of $1.5 million pre-modification and $1.1 million post-modification. During these same periods, there were no significant troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted and were written off. At April 30, 2016, the Company had no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose accounts were modified in troubled debt restructurings.