22. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The company generally determines its warranty liability by applying historical claims rate experience to the estimated amount of equipment that has been sold and is still under warranty based on dealer inventories and retail sales. The historical claims rate is primarily determined by a review of five-year claims costs and current quality developments.

The premiums for the company’s extended warranties are primarily recognized in income in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred over the contract period. The unamortized extended warranty premiums (unearned revenue) included in the following table totaled $461 million and $447 million at October 29, 2017 and October 30, 2016, respectively.

A reconciliation of the changes in the warranty liability and unearned premiums in millions of dollars follows:


	Warranty Liability/
	Unearned Premiums
	2017		2016
Beginning of year balance	$	1,226	$	1,261
Payments		(743)		(783)
Amortization of premiums received		(207)		(202)
Accruals for warranties		959		758
Premiums received		224		181
Foreign exchange		9		11
End of year balance	$	1,468	$	1,226

At October 29, 2017, the company had approximately $131 million of guarantees issued primarily to banks outside the U.S. related to third-party receivables for the retail financing of John Deere equipment. The company may recover a portion of any required payments incurred under these agreements from repossession of the equipment collateralizing the receivables. At October 29, 2017, the company had accrued losses of approximately $4 million under these agreements. The maximum remaining term of the receivables guaranteed at October 29, 2017 was approximately five years.

At October 29, 2017, the company had commitments of approximately $170 million for the construction and acquisition of property and equipment. At October 29, 2017, the company also had pledged or restricted assets of $122 million, primarily as collateral for borrowings and restricted other assets. In addition, see Note 13 for restricted assets associated with borrowings related to securitizations.

The company also had other miscellaneous contingencies totaling approximately $70 million at October 29, 2017, for which it believes the probability for payment is substantially remote. The accrued liability for these contingencies was not material at October 29, 2017.

The company is subject to various unresolved legal actions which arise in the normal course of its business, the most prevalent of which relate to product liability (including asbestos related liability), retail credit, employment, software licensing, patent, trademark, and environmental matters. The company believes the reasonably possible range of losses for these unresolved legal actions in addition to the amounts accrued would not have a material effect on its financial statements.