26. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To determine fair value, the company uses various methods including market and income approaches. The company utilizes valuation models and techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs. The models are industry-standard models that consider various assumptions including time values and yield curves as well as other economic measures. These valuation techniques are consistently applied.

Level 1 measurements consist of quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 measurements include significant other observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets; observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves; and other market-corroborated inputs. Level 3 measurements include significant unobservable inputs.

The fair values of financial instruments that do not approximate the carrying values at October 31 in millions of dollars follow:


	2016				2015
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Value		Value*		Value		Value*
Financing receivables – net	$	23,702	$	23,564	$	24,809	$	24,719

Financing receivables securitized – net	$	5,127	$	5,114	$	4,835	$	4,820

Short-term securitization borrowings	$	5,003	$	5,005	$	4,590	$	4,590

Long-term borrowings due within one year:
Equipment operations	$	85	$	80	$	86	$	78
Financial services		5,259		5,259		5,167		5,167
Total	$	5,344	$	5,339	$	5,253	$	5,245
Long-term borrowings:
Equipment operations	$	4,586	$	5,184	$	4,461	$	4,835
Financial services		19,174		19,273		19,372		19,348
Total	$	23,760	$	24,457	$	23,833	$	24,183

* Fair value measurements above were Level 3 for all financing receivables and Level 2 for all borrowings.

Fair values of the financing receivables that were issued long-term were based on the discounted values of their related cash flows at interest rates currently being offered by the company for similar financing receivables. The fair values of the remaining financing receivables approximated the carrying amounts.

Fair values of long-term borrowings and short-term securitization borrowings were based on current market quotes for identical or similar borrowings and credit risk, or on the discounted values of their related cash flows at current market interest rates. Certain long-term borrowings have been swapped to current variable interest rates. The carrying values of these long-term borrowings included adjustments related to fair value hedges.

Assets and liabilities measured at October 31 at fair value on a recurring basis in millions of dollars follow:


	2016*		2015*
Marketable securities
Equity fund	$	45	$	43
Fixed income fund		15
U.S. government debt securities		88		82
Municipal debt securities		43		31
Corporate debt securities		118		124
International debt securities		34		47
Mortgage-backed securities**		111		110
Total marketable securities		454		437
Other assets
Derivatives:
Interest rate contracts		294		353
Foreign exchange contracts		60		50
Cross-currency interest rate contracts		21		25
Total assets***	$	829	$	865
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
Derivatives:
Interest rate contracts	$	29	$	60
Foreign exchange contracts		43		18
Total liabilities	$	72	$	78

* All measurements above were Level 2 measurements except for Level 1 measurements of U.S. government debt securities of $53 million and $37 million at October 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and the equity fund of $45 million and $43 million at October 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and the fixed income fund of $15 million at October 31, 2016. In addition, $28 million and $29 million of the international debt securities were Level 3 measurements at October 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2016 and 2015.

** Primarily issued by U.S. government sponsored enterprises.

*** Excluded from this table were cash equivalents, which were carried at cost that approximates fair value. The cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds that were Level 1 measurements.

Fair value, recurring, Level 3 measurements from available-for-sale marketable securities at October 31 in millions of dollars follow:


	2016		2015
Beginning of period balance	$	29
Purchases		25	$	30
Principal payments		(22)
Change in unrealized gain (loss)		(4)		(1)
End of period balance	$	28	$	29

Fair value, nonrecurring, Level 3 measurements from impairments at October 31 in millions of dollars follow:


	Fair Value*				Losses*
	2016		2015		2016		2015		2014
Equipment on operating leases – net	$	654	$	479	$	31	$	10
Property and equipment – net	$	31	$	33	$	13	$	10	$	44
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates	$	1			$	12
Other assets	$	184	$	112	$	29	$	15	$	16
Assets held for sale – Water operations									$	36

* See financing receivables with specific allowances in Note 12 that were not significant. See Note 5 for impairments.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies the company uses to measure certain financial instruments on the balance sheet and nonmonetary assets at fair value:

Marketable Securities – The portfolio of investments, except for the Level 3 measurement international debt securities, is primarily valued on a market approach (matrix pricing model) in which all significant inputs are observable or can be derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as interest rates, yield curves, volatilities, credit risk and prepayment speeds. Funds are primarily valued using the fund’s net asset value, based on the fair value of the underlying securities. The Level 3 measurement international debt securities are primarily valued using an income approach based on discounted cash flows using yield curves derived from limited, observable market data.

Derivatives – The company’s derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate swaps and caps, foreign currency futures, forwards and swaps, and cross-currency interest rate swaps. The portfolio is valued based on an income approach (discounted cash flow) using market observable inputs, including swap curves and both forward and spot exchange rates for currencies.

Financing Receivables – Specific reserve impairments are based on the fair value of the collateral, which is measured using a market approach (appraisal values or realizable values). Inputs include a selection of realizable values (see Note 12).

Equipment on Operating Leases-Net – The impairments are based on an income approach (discounted cash flow), using the contractual payments, plus an estimate of equipment sale price at lease maturity. Inputs include realized sales values (see Note 5).

Property and Equipment-Net – The impairments are measured at the lower of the carrying amount, or fair value. The valuations were based on a cost approach. The inputs include replacement cost estimates adjusted for physical deterioration and economic obsolescence (see Note 5).

Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliates – Other than temporary impairments for investments are measured as the difference between the implied fair value and the carrying value of the investments. The estimated fair value is determined by an income approach (discounted cash flows), which includes inputs such as interest rates and margins (see Note 5).

Other Assets – The impairments are measured at the lower of the carrying amount, or fair value. The valuations were based on a market approach. The inputs include sales of comparable assets (see Note 5).

Assets Held For Sale-Water Operations – The impairment of the disposal group was measured at the lower of carrying amount, or fair value less cost to sell. Fair value was based on the probable sale price. The inputs included estimates of the final sale price (see Note 5).