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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES  
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES

14. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES

Research expenditures that relate to the development of new products and processes, including significant improvements and refinements to existing products, are expensed as incurred. Such costs were $192 million in 2023, $190 million in 2022 and $186 million in 2021. The Company did not participate in any material customer sponsored research during any of the years.