The following table presents the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment.

(in millions)	Traditional Printing			Digital Printing		Advanced Materials and Chemicals			Brand		Consolidated Total
As of December 31, 2019
Goodwill	$	56		$	6	$	14		$	—	$	76
Accumulated impairment losses		(56	)		—		(8	)		—		(64	)
Balance as of December 31, 2019		—			6		6			—		12
Goodwill reallocation		—			—		(6	)		6		—
Balance as of December 31, 2020		—			6		—			6		12
Impairment		—			—		—			—		—
As of December 31, 2021		—			6		—			6		12

Goodwill		56			6		8			6		76
Accumulated impairment losses		(56	)		—		(8	)		—		(64	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	—		$	6	$	—		$	6	$	12

The Digital Printing segment has three goodwill reporting units: Electrophotographic Printing Solutions; Prosper and Versamark; and Software. The Advanced Materials and Chemicals segment has two goodwill reporting units: Motion Picture and Industrial Films and Chemicals; and Advanced Materials and Functional Printing. The Traditional Printing segment and Brand segment each have one goodwill reporting unit. As of December 31, 2021, goodwill is only recorded in the Brand and Software reporting units.

Kodak performed interim tests of impairment for goodwill as of June 30, 2020 due to the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its operations, and as of March 31, 2020, due to the decline in market capitalization as of that date since the last goodwill impairment test (December 31, 2019) and the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at that time.

Based on the results of the June 30, 2020 and March 31, 2020 analyses, no impairment of goodwill was indicated. No interim impairment test for goodwill was performed as of September 30, 2020. No interim impairment tests for goodwill were required to be performed for any interim periods in the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2019.

Based upon the results of Kodak’s December 31, 2021 and 2020 annual impairment tests, no impairment of goodwill is indicated. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020 the Brand reporting unit had negative carrying values.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by major intangible asset category as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2021
							Weighted Average
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Remaining
(in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amortization Period
Technology-based	$	99	$	84	$	15	4 years
Kodak trade name		18		—		18	Indefinite life
Customer-related		9		8		1	2 years
Total	$	126	$	92	$	34

	As of December 31, 2020
							Weighted Average
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Remaining
(in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amortization Period
Technology-based	$	99	$	80	$	19	5 years
Kodak trade name		18		—		18	Indefinite life
Customer-related		11		9		2	3 years
Total	$	128	$	89	$	39

The annual and interim impairment tests of the Kodak trade name use the income approach, specifically the relief from royalty method.

Based upon the results of Kodak’s annual December 31, 2021 and 2020 impairment tests, no impairment of the Kodak trade name was indicated.

In the first quarter of 2020, due to the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at that time, Kodak performed an interim test of impairment for the Kodak trade name. Based on the result of the interim impairment test, Kodak concluded the carrying value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its fair value. Pre-tax impairment charges of $3 million are included in Other operating (income) expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2020 in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Kodak also performed an interim test of impairment for the Kodak trade name as of June 30, 2020 due to the uncertainty regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the result of the interim impairment test as of June 30, 2020, Kodak concluded the fair value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its’ carrying value resulting in no additional impairment. No interim impairment test for the Kodak tradename was performed as of September 30, 2020. No interim impairment tests for the Kodak tradename were required to be performed for any interim periods in the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2019.

In the fourth quarter of 2019, Kodak concluded the carrying value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its fair value. Pre-tax impairment charges of $4 million are included in Other operating (income) expense, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $5 million for both the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets that are currently being amortized as of December 31, 2021 was as follows: