	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
(in millions)	2021			2020			2021			2020
Earnings (loss) from operations before income taxes	$	19		$	(4	)	$	26		$	50
Effective tax rate		15.8	%		(25.0	)%		15.4	%		332.0	%
Provision for income taxes		3			1			4			166
Provision (benefit) for income taxes at U.S. statutory tax rate		4			(1	)		5			11
Difference between tax at effective vs. statutory rate	$	(1	)	$	2		$	(1	)	$	155

For the three months ended June 30, 2021, the difference between Kodak’s effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21.0% is primarily attributable to: (1) the impact related to existing valuation allowances associated with changes in net deferred tax assets from current earnings and losses and (2) the results from operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, the difference between Kodak’s effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21.0% is primarily attributable to: (1) the impact related to existing valuation allowances associated with changes in net deferred tax assets from current earnings and losses, (2) the results from operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S., (3) a benefit associated with foreign withholding taxes on undistributed earnings and (4) changes in audit reserves, including a settlement with a taxing authority in a location outside the U.S.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, Kodak agreed to terms with a taxing authority outside the U.S. and settled open tax audits for years through 2014. For these years, Kodak originally recorded liabilities for unrecognized tax positions totaling $3 million (plus interest of approximately $4 million), which were substantially offset by pre-paid assets.

For the three months ended June 30, 2020, the difference between Kodak’s effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21.0% is primarily attributable to: (1) the impact related to existing valuation allowances associated with changes in net deferred tax assets from current earnings and losses, (2) the results from operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S. and (3) a provision associated with foreign withholding taxes on undistributed earnings.

For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the difference between Kodak’s effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory rate of 21.0% is primarily attributable to: (1) a provision of $167 million associated with the establishment of valuation allowances in certain outside U.S. jurisdictions, (2) the impact related to existing valuation allowances associated with changes in net deferred tax assets from current earnings and losses and (3) the results from operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S.

Kodak establishes valuation allowances for deferred income tax assets in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which provides that such valuation allowances shall be established unless realization of the income tax benefits is more likely than not. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. At each reporting period, Kodak considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities and assets, available taxes in carryback periods, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income in making this assessment.

As of March 31, 2020, Kodak determined that it was more likely than not that deferred tax assets outside the U.S. which were not offset with valuation allowances as of March 31, 2020 would not be realized due to reductions in estimates of future profitability as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in locations outside the U.S. Accordingly, Kodak recorded a provision of $167 million associated with the establishment of a valuation allowance on those deferred tax assets.

Additionally, on February 21, 2020, Kodak agreed to terms with the IRS and settled the federal audit for calendar years 2013 and 2014. For these years, Kodak originally recorded a federal unrecognized tax position totaling $41 million, which was fully offset by tax attributes. This settlement resulted in an increase in net deferred tax assets and was fully offset by a corresponding increase in Kodak’s U.S. valuation allowance, resulting in no net tax benefit.