Substantially all U.S. employees are covered by a noncontributory defined benefit plan, the Kodak Retirement Income Plan (“KRIP”), which is funded by Company contributions to an irrevocable trust fund. The funding policy for KRIP is to contribute amounts sufficient to meet minimum funding requirements as determined by employee benefit and tax laws plus any additional amounts the Company determines to be appropriate. Assets in the trust fund are held for the sole benefit of participating employees and retirees. They are composed of corporate equity and debt securities, U.S. government securities, partnership investments, interests in pooled funds, commodities, real estate, and various types of interest rate, foreign currency, debt, and equity market financial instruments.

For U.S. employees hired prior to March 1999, KRIP’s benefits were generally based on a formula recognizing length of service and final average earnings. KRIP included a separate cash balance formula for all U.S. employees hired after February 1999, as well as employees hired prior to that date who opted into the cash balance formula during a special election period. Effective January 1, 2015 the KRIP was amended to provide that all participants accrue benefits under a single, revised cash balance formula (the “Cash Balance Plan”). The Cash Balance Plan credits employees' hypothetical accounts with an amount equal to either 7% or 8% of their pay, plus interest based on the 30-year Treasury bond rate. Effective January 1, 2020, the credits will increase to either 9% or 10% of pay.

Many subsidiaries and branches operating outside the U.S. have defined benefit retirement plans covering substantially all employees. Contributions by Kodak for these plans are typically deposited under government or other fiduciary-type arrangements. Retirement benefits are generally based on contractual agreements that provide for benefit formulas using years of service and/or compensation prior to retirement. The actuarial assumptions used for these plans reflect the diverse economic environments within the various countries in which Kodak operates.

Information on the major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans is presented below. The composition of the major plans may vary from year to year. If the major plan composition changes, prior year data is conformed to ensure comparability.

The measurement date used to determine the pension obligation for all funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans is December 31.

	Year Ended December 31, 2019						Year Ended December 31, 2018
(in millions)	U.S.			Non-U.S.			U.S.			Non-U.S.
Change in Benefit Obligation
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of period	$	3,405		$	834		$	3,866		$	885
Service cost		10			3			13			3
Interest cost		122			13			109			12
Benefit payments		(349	)		(48	)		(414	)		(50	)
Actuarial loss (gain)		284			36			(174	)		—
Special termination benefits		3			—			5			—
Currency adjustments		—			(4	)		—			(16	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of period	$	3,475		$	834		$	3,405		$	834

Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period	$	3,445		$	671		$	3,804		$	722
Gain on plan assets		514			28			55			5
Employer contributions		—			10			—			4
Benefit payments		(349	)		(48	)		(414	)		(50	)
Currency adjustments		—			—			—			(10	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of period	$	3,610		$	661		$	3,445		$	671

Over (under) funded status at end of period	$	135		$	(173	)	$	40		$	(163	)

Accumulated benefit obligation at end of period	$	3,474		$	825		$	3,403		$	824

Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position for all major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans are as follows (in millions):

Information with respect to the major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows (in millions):

Information with respect to the major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows (in millions):

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for all major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans consist of (in millions):

Other changes in major plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in Other comprehensive income (expense) are as follows (in millions):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019						2018
	U.S.			Non-U.S.			U.S.			Non-U.S.
Newly established gain (loss)	$	16		$	(30	)	$	6		$	(21	)
Amortization of:
Prior service credit		(7	)		—			(7	)		—
Net actuarial loss		—			5			5			5
Curtailment gain recognized in expense		(2	)		—			—			—
Total income (loss) recognized in Other comprehensive income	$	7		$	(25	)	$	4		$	(16	)

The Company expects to recognize $7 million of prior service credits and $21 million of net actuarial losses as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next year.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019						2018
	U.S.			Non-U.S.			U.S.			Non-U.S.
Major defined benefit plans:
Service cost	$	10		$	3		$	13		$	3
Interest cost		122			13			109			12
Expected return on plan assets		(214	)		(22	)		(223	)		(26	)
Amortization of:
Prior service credit		(7	)		—			(7	)		—
Actuarial loss		—			5			5			5
Pension income before special termination benefits		(89	)		(1	)		(103	)		(6	)
Special termination benefits		3			—			5			—
Curtailment gains		(2	)		—			—			—
Net pension income for major defined benefit plans		(88	)		(1	)		(98	)		(6	)
Other plans including unfunded plans		—			(3	)		—			(4	)
Net pension income	$	(88	)	$	(4	)	$	(98	)	$	(10	)

The pension income before special termination benefits reported above for the year ended December 31, 2018 included $1 million which is reported as Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations.

The $2 million curtailment gain for the year ended December 31, 2019 was incurred as a result of the sale of FPD. In addition, the amounts shown in Other Plans for the year ended December 31, 2019 include $5 million of settlement gains due to the transfer of non-major, non-U.S. pension liabilities as a result of the sale of FPD. These amounts are included in Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The special termination benefits of $3 million and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were incurred as a result of Kodak's restructuring actions and, therefore, has been included in Restructuring costs and other in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for those periods.

The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation amounts for all major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans were as follows:

The weighted-average assumptions used to determine net pension (income) expense for all the major funded and unfunded U.S. and Non-U.S. defined benefit plans were as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2019						2018
	U.S.			Non-U.S.			U.S.			Non-U.S.
Effective rate for service cost		4.03	%		2.47	%		3.33	%		2.32	%
Effective rate for interest cost		3.75	%		1.89	%		2.96	%		1.70	%
Salary increase rate		3.50	%		2.06	%		3.50	%		2.17	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		6.50	%		3.46	%		6.40	%		3.98	%

The investment strategy underlying the asset allocation for the pension assets is to achieve an optimal return on assets with an acceptable level of risk while providing for the long-term liabilities and maintaining sufficient liquidity to pay current benefits and other cash obligations of the plans. This is primarily achieved by investing in a broad portfolio constructed of various asset classes including equity and equity-like investments, debt and debt-like investments, real estate, private equity and other assets and instruments. Long duration bonds and Treasury bond futures are used to partially match the long-term nature of plan liabilities. Other investment objectives include maintaining broad diversification between and within asset classes and fund managers and managing asset volatility relative to plan liabilities.

Every three years, or when market conditions have changed materially, each of Kodak’s major pension plans will undertake an asset allocation or asset and liability modeling study. The asset allocation and expected return on the plans’ assets are individually set to provide for benefits and other cash obligations within each country’s legal investment constraints.

Actual allocations may vary from the target asset allocations due to market value fluctuations, the length of time it takes to implement changes in strategy, and the timing of cash contributions and cash requirements of the plans. The asset allocations are monitored and are rebalanced in accordance with the policy set forth for each plan.

The total plan assets attributable to the major U.S. defined benefit plans as of December 31, 2019 relate to KRIP. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption (“EROA”) is based on a combination of formal asset and liability studies that include forward-looking return expectations given the current asset allocation. A review of the EROA as of December 31, 2019, based upon the current asset allocation and forward-looking expected returns for the various asset classes in which KRIP invests, resulted in an EROA of 6.0%.

As with KRIP, the EROA assumptions for certain of Kodak’s other pension plans were reassessed as of December 31, 2019. The weighted average annual expected return on plan assets for the major non-U.S. pension plans was 3.3% based on the plans’ respective asset allocations as of December 31, 2019.

Kodak evaluates its defined benefit plans’ asset portfolios for the existence of significant concentrations of risk. Types of concentrations that are evaluated include, but are not limited to, investment concentrations in a single entity, type of industry, foreign country, and individual fund. Foreign currency contracts and swaps are used to partially hedge foreign currency risk. Additionally, Kodak’s major defined benefit pension plans invest in government bond futures and long duration investment grade bonds to partially hedge the liability risk of the plans. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no significant concentrations (defined as greater than 10% of plan assets) of risk in Kodak’s defined benefit plan assets.

The Company’s weighted-average asset allocations for its major U.S. defined benefit pension plans by asset category, are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2019			2018			2019 Target
Asset Category
Equity securities		10	%		11	%	7-13%
Debt securities		44	%		40	%	35-45%
Real estate		1	%		2	%	0-6%
Cash and cash equivalents		1	%		1	%	0-6%
Global balanced asset allocation funds		15	%		13	%	12-18%
Other		29	%		33	%	27-39%
Total		100	%		100	%

Kodak’s weighted-average asset allocations for its major Non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans by asset category, are as follows:

	As of December 31,
	2019			2018			2019 Target
Asset Category
Equity securities		5	%		3	%	0-10%
Debt securities		31	%		33	%	30-40%
Real estate		2	%		1	%	0-6%
Cash and cash equivalents		2	%		2	%	0-6%
Global balanced asset allocation funds		5	%		4	%	0-10%
Other		55	%		57	%	55-65%
Total		100	%		100	%

Kodak’s asset allocations by level within the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are presented in the tables below for Kodak’s major defined benefit plans. Kodak’s plan assets are accounted for at fair value and are classified within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement, with the exception of investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share expedient. Kodak’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of fair value of assets and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.

Assets not utilizing the net asset value per share expedient are valued as follows: Equity and debt securities traded on an active market are valued using a market approach based on the closing price on the last business day of the year. Real estate investments are valued primarily based on independent appraisals and discounted cash flow models, taking into consideration discount rates and local market conditions. Cash and cash equivalents are valued utilizing cost approach valuation techniques. Other investments are valued using a combination of market, income, and cost approaches, based on the nature of the investment. Private equity investments are valued primarily based on independent appraisals, discounted cash flow models, cost, and comparable market transactions, which include inputs such as discount rates and pricing data from the most recent equity financing. Insurance contracts are primarily valued based on contract values, which approximate fair value. For investments with lagged pricing, Kodak uses the available net asset values, and also considers expected return, subsequent cash flows and relevant material events.

	U.S.
(in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)			Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Measured at NAV		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	38	$	38

Equity Securities		4			—		—		374		378

Debt Securities:
Government Bonds		—			—		—		1,110		1,110
Investment Grade Bonds		—			457		—		—		457

Real Estate		—			—		—		42		42

Global Balanced Asset Allocation Funds		—			—		—		544		544

Other:
Absolute Return		—			—		—		370		370
Private Equity		—			—		7		680		687
Derivatives with unrealized gains		2			—		—		—		2
Derivatives with unrealized losses		(18	)		—		—		—		(18	)
	$	(12	)	$	457	$	7	$	3,158	$	3,610

	U.S.
(in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)			Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Measured at NAV		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	50	$	50

Equity Securities		4			—		—		364		368

Debt Securities:
Government Bonds		—			—		—		1,005		1,005
Investment Grade Bonds		—			391		—		—		391

Real Estate		—			—		—		57		57

Global Balanced Asset Allocation Funds		—			—		—		438		438

Other:
Absolute Return		—			—		—		431		431
Private Equity		—			—		6		659		665
Derivatives with unrealized gains		46			—		—		—		46
Derivatives with unrealized losses		(6	)		—		—		—		(6	)
	$	44		$	391	$	6	$	3,004	$	3,445

For Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plans, equity investments are invested broadly in U.S. equity, developed international equity, and emerging markets. Fixed income investments are comprised primarily of long duration U.S. Treasuries and investment-grade corporate bonds. Real estate investments primarily include investments in limited partnerships that invest in office, industrial, retail and apartment properties. Global Balanced Asset Allocation investments are commingled funds that hold a diversified portfolio of passive market exposures, including equities, debt, currencies and commodities. Absolute return investments are comprised of a diversified portfolio of hedge funds using equity, debt, commodity and currency strategies held separate from the derivative-linked hedge funds described later in this footnote. Private equity investments are primarily comprised of limited partnerships and fund-of-fund investments that invest in distressed investments, venture capital, leveraged buyouts and special situations. Natural resource investments in oil and gas partnerships and timber funds are also included in this category.

	Non - U.S.
(in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Measured at NAV		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5	$	—	$	—	$	8	$	13

Equity Securities		—		—		—		33		33

Debt Securities:
Government Bonds		—		—		—		51		51
Inflation-Linked Bonds		—		—		—		4		4
Investment Grade Bonds		—		61		—		65		126
Global High Yield & Emerging Market Debt		—		—		—		26		26

Real Estate		—		—		—		11		11

Global Balanced Asset Allocation Funds		—		—		—		34		34

Other:
Absolute Return		—		—		—		7		7
Private Equity		—		—		—		38		38
Insurance Contracts		—		317		—		—		317
Derivatives with unrealized gains		1		—		—		—		1
Derivatives with unrealized losses		—		—		—		—		—
	$	6	$	378	$	—	$	277	$	661

	Non - U.S.
(in millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)			Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Measured at NAV		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8		$	—	$	—	$	5	$	13

Equity Securities		—			—		—		21		21

Debt Securities:
Government Bonds		—			—		—		53		53
Inflation-Linked Bonds		—			—		—		4		4
Investment Grade Bonds		—			66		—		68		134
Global High Yield & Emerging Market Debt		—			—		—		28		28

Real Estate		—			—		—		9		9

Global Balanced Asset Allocation Funds		—			—		—		27		27

Other:
Absolute Return		—			—		—		7		7
Private Equity		—			—		—		42		42
Insurance Contracts		—			333		—		—		333
Derivatives with unrealized gains		1			—		—		—		1
Derivatives with unrealized losses		(1	)		—		—		—		(1	)
	$	8		$	399	$	—	$	264	$	671

For Kodak’s major non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans, equity investments are invested broadly in local equity, developed international and emerging markets. Fixed income investments are comprised primarily of government and investment grade corporate bonds. Real estate investments primarily include investments in limited partnerships that invest in office, industrial, and retail properties. Global Balanced Asset Allocation investments are commingled funds that hold a diversified portfolio of passive market exposures, including equities, debt, currencies and commodities. Absolute return investments are comprised of a diversified portfolio of hedge funds using equity, debt, commodity, and currency strategies held separate from the derivative-linked hedge funds described later in this footnote. Private equity investments are comprised of limited partnerships and fund-of-fund investments that invest in distressed investments, venture capital and leveraged buyouts. Insurance contracts are typically annuities from life insurance companies covering specific pension obligations.

For Kodak’s major defined benefit pension plans, certain investment managers are authorized to invest in derivatives such as futures, swaps, and currency forward contracts. Investments in derivatives are used to obtain desired exposure to a particular asset, index or bond duration and require only a portion of the total exposure to be invested as cash collateral. In instances where exposures are obtained via derivatives, the majority of the exposure value is available to be invested, and is typically invested, in a diversified portfolio of hedge fund strategies that generate returns in addition to the return generated by the derivatives. Of the December 31, 2019 investments shown in the major U.S. plans table above, 4% of the total pension assets represented equity securities exposure obtained via derivatives and are reported in equity securities, and 30% of the total pension assets represented U.S. government bond exposure with 12 years duration, obtained via derivatives and are reported in government bonds. Of the December 31, 2018 investments shown in the major U.S. plans table above, 5% of the total pension assets represented equity securities exposure obtained via derivatives and are reported in equity securities, and 30% of the total pension assets represented U.S. government bond exposure with 12 years duration, obtained via derivatives and are reported in government bonds.

Of the December 31, 2019 investments shown in the major Non-U.S. plans table above, 0% and 7% of the total pension assets represented derivative exposures to equity securities and government bonds with 2 years duration and are reported in those respective classes. Of the December 31, 2018 investments shown in the major Non-U.S. plans table above, 0% and 7% of the total pension assets represented derivative exposures to equity securities and government bonds with 5 years duration and are reported in those respective classes.

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of level 3 assets of Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plans:

	U.S.
			Net Realized and Unrealized Gains
(in millions)	Balance at January 1, 2019		Relating to Assets Still Held		Relating to Assets Sold During the Period		Net Purchases, Sales and Settlements			Balance at December 31, 2019
Private Equity		6		2		—		(1	)		7
Total	$	6	$	2	$	—	$	(1	)	$	7

	U.S.
			Net Realized and Unrealized Gains
(in millions)	Balance at January 1, 2018		Relating to Assets Still Held		Relating to Assets Sold During the Period		Net Purchases, Sales and Settlements			Balance at December 31, 2018
Real Estate	$	26	$	—	$	14	$	(40	)	$	—
Private Equity		14		1		—		(9	)		6
Total	$	40	$	1	$	14	$	(49	)	$	6

The following pension benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid (in millions):