The following table presents the changes in the carrying value of goodwill by reportable segment. The Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Advanced Materials and 3D Printing Technology, and Eastman Business Park segments do not have goodwill and are therefore not presented.

(in millions)	Print Systems			Kodak Software		Brand, Film and Imaging		Advanced Materials and 3D Printing Technology			Consolidated Total
As of December 31, 2017
Goodwill	$	56		$	6	$	6	$	8		$	76
Accumulated impairment losses		(56	)		—		—		(8	)		(64	)
Balance as of December 31, 2017		—			6		6		—			12
Impairment		—			—		—		—			—
Balance as of December 31, 2018		—			6		6		—			12
Impairment		—			—		—		—			—
As of December 31, 2019
Goodwill		56			6		6		8			76
Accumulated impairment losses		(56	)		—		—		(8	)		(64	)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	—		$	6	$	6	$	—		$	12

The Print Systems segment has two goodwill reporting units: Prepress Solutions and Electrophotographic Printing Solutions. The Brand, Film and Imaging segment has three goodwill reporting units: Consumer Products, Motion Picture, Industrial Chemicals and Films, and Kodak Technology Solutions and Kodak Services for Business. The Enterprise Inkjet Systems segment, Kodak Software segment, Advanced Materials and 3D Printing Technology segment and the Eastman Business Park segment each have one goodwill reporting unit. As of December 31, 2019, goodwill is recorded in the Kodak Software and Consumer Products reporting units. Both reporting units have negative carrying values as of December 31, 2019.

Based upon the results of Kodak’s December 31, 2019 annual impairment test, no impairment of goodwill is indicated.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization by major intangible asset category as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

	As of December 31, 2019
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Weighted-Average
(in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amortization Period
Technology-based	$	99	$	76	$	23	5 years
Kodak trade name		21		—		21	Indefinite life
Customer-related		11		8		3	4 years
Total	$	131	$	84	$	47

	As of December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Weighted-Average
(in millions)	Amount		Amortization		Net		Amortization Period
Technology-based	$	99	$	70	$	29	6 years
Kodak trade name		25		—		25	Indefinite life
Customer-related		11		7		4	5 years
Total	$	135	$	77	$	58

The annual impairment test of the Kodak trade name uses the income approach, specifically the relief from royalty method. In the fourth quarters of both 2019 and 2018, Kodak concluded the carrying value of the Kodak trade name exceeded its fair value. Pre-tax impairment charges of $4 million and $13 million, respectively, are included in Other operating expense, net in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $7 million and $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets that are currently being amortized as of December 31, 2019 was as follows: